AP bio unit 1 evolution mastering
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals that are heterozygous for this allele? 0.04 0.16 0.020 0.32
.32
A fruit fly population has a gene with two alleles, A1 and A2. Tests show that 70% of the gametes produced in the population contain the A1 allele. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the flies carry both A1 and A2? 0.42 0.7 0.21 0.09 0.49
.42
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype? 0.42 0.32 0.81 0.20
.81
Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection?1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals.2. A change occurs in the environment.3. Genetic frequencies within the population change.4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 4 → 2 → 1 → 3 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 2 → 4 → 1 → 3
2 → 4 → 1 → 3
Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be 14. 56. 28. 16. 12.
28
Suppose 64% of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait? -48% -32% -16% -40%
48%
What does it mean that organisms have a nearly universal genetic code? -Nearly all organisms have the same mRNAs. -Nearly all organisms have the same genes. -A specific DNA sequence encodes the same information in one species as it would in nearly any other. -The genes of nearly all organisms encode the same proteins.
A specific DNA sequence encodes the same information in one species as it would in nearly any other.
Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? -The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs. -A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population. -Gene flow between the two populations is extensive. -The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population. -Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations.
Gene flow between the two populations is extensive.
For which one of the following observations were both Lamarck's hypothesis and Darwin's hypothesis in complete agreement? -More complex species are descended from less complex species. -Gradual evolutionary change explains why organisms are well-suited to their environments. -Use and disuse of organs determines their size in progeny. -Acquired characteristics are inherited.
Gradual evolutionary change explains why organisms are well-suited to their environments.
In Europe, there is a long narrow hybrid zone, shown in red on the map, between the high-altitude habitat of the yellow-bellied toad and the lowland habitat of the fire-bellied toad. Despite this, there is little gene flow between the two species. Select the correct explanation. -Yellow-bellied toads and fire-bellied toads are two different species. -Hybrids have poor survival and reproduction and thus produce few viable offspring with members of either parent species. -Toads mate only with their own kind in order to avoid producing unhealthy hybrid young.
Hybrids have poor survival and reproduction and thus produce few viable offspring with members of either parent species.
Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, which can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined. If the human flu virus contributes a gene for Tamiflu resistance (Tamiflu is an antiviral drug) to the new virus, and if the new virus is introduced to an environment lacking Tamiflu, then what is most likely to occur? -The new virus will maintain its Tamiflu-resistance gene, in case of future exposure to Tamiflu. -The Tamiflu-resistance gene will undergo mutations that convert it into a gene that has a useful function in this environment -.If the Tamiflu-resistance gene confers no benefit in the current environment, and has no cost, the virus will increase in frequency. -If the Tamiflu-resistance gene involves a cost, it will experience directional selection leading to reduction in its frequency.
If the Tamiflu-resistance gene involves a cost, it will experience directional selection leading to reduction in its frequency.
Which organisms are not examples of an adaptive radiation? -Honeycreeper songbirds of the Hawaiian islands -Horses and deer in the post-dinosaur age -Anolis lizards of the Caribbean -Mammals and reptiles in the post-dinosaur age
Mammals and reptiles in the post-dinosaur age
Which of these is an example of temporal isolation? -One species is found only in New York, the other only in London. -One species performs a specific courtship dance. the other species does not. -One is a type of primate, the other is a type of marsupial. -The average weight of the individuals in one species is 45 kg; in the other species the average is 290 kg. -One species is nocturnal, and the other species is not.
One species is nocturnal, and the other species is not.
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? -Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. -Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive. -There is heritable variation among individuals. -Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited. -Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.
Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
A paleontologist finds a new tyrannosaur in a site she is excavating, and wishes to date the fossil. What is the most likely method she will use? -She will infer the age of the fossil by dating layers of volcanic rock above and below the stratum containing the fossil. -She will determine the fossil's age by measuring the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in the fossil. -She will measure the amount of the radioisotope uranium-238 in the stratum where she found the tyrannosaur.
She will infer the age of the fossil by dating layers of volcanic rock above and below the stratum containing the fossil.
Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis of "an RNA world" on early Earth? -The oldest known fossils contain traces of RNA molecules. -Single-stranded RNA molecules are linear and cannot form three-dimensional shapes. -Some RNA molecules are important catalysts in modern cells.
Some RNA molecules are important catalysts in modern cells.
Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained? -A patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community. -In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug-resistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug.S. aureus can resist vaccines. -Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency. -The drug caused the S. aureus DNA to change.
Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.
Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? -Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents. -Earthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions. -South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe. -Birds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance. -Species diversity declines farther from the equator.
South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.
What was the "oxygen revolution," which took place 2.3 billion years ago? -The "oxygen revolution" was the rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen that took place 2.3 billion years ago, with the origin of plants. -The "oxygen revolution" was the rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen that took place 2.3 billion years ago, immediately preceding the origin of animals. -The "oxygen revolution" was the rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen that took place 2.3 billion years ago, dooming many prokaryotic groups.
The "oxygen revolution" was the rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen that took place 2.3 billion years ago, dooming many prokaryotic groups.
Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? -a temporal reproductive isolating mechanism -a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism -a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism -a postzygotic isolating mechanism
a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism
An adaptation is ________? -a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment -a trait that gives rise to a new species -an individual's attempt to conform to its environment -the cause of natural selection -all of the above
a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today? -Disruptive selection -Stabilizing selection -Directional selection
directional selection
Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____. -was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation -was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time -dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations -proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time
dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations
Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers? -Stabilizing selection -Directional selection -Disruptive selection
disruptive selection
Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation? -Stabilizing selection -Directional selection -Disruptive selection
disruptive selection
Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" to explain ________. -that habitat differences stimulate change in organisms -unity of life -descent of all organisms from a single, ancient ancestor -evolution of the unity and diversity of life
evolution of the unity and diversity of life
True or false? Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.
false
True or false? The evolution of different ecomorphs on the Caribbean islands is an example of stabilizing selection.
false
The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. -baleen -tail -rib cage -blowhole -flipper
flipper
Which of the following steps has not yet been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life? -formation of molecular aggregates with selectively permeable membranes -formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids -abiotic synthesis of polypeptides -abiotic synthesis of organic molecules -synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes
formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids
In Darwin's tree of life, each fork in the tree represents ________. -groups of living organisms -morphologic gaps in the fossil record -the most recent common ancestor of the subsequent branches -groups of extinct organisms
the most recent common ancestor of the subsequent branches
No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among human individuals is -new mutations that occurred in the preceding generation. -environmental effects. -geographic variation within the population. -genetic drift due to the small size of the population. -the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction.
the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction
There are 40 individuals in population 1, all with genotype A1A1, and there are 25 individuals in population 2, all with genotype A2A2. Assume that these populations are located far from each other and that their environmental conditions are very similar. Based on the information given here, the observed genetic variation is most likely an example of -genetic drift. -disruptive selection. -discrete variation. -gene flow. -directional selection.
genetic drift
Which Hardy-Weinberg condition is affected by population size? -genetic drift -gene flow -selection -no mutation
genetic drift
Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. What keeps the two populations separate? -behavior isolates reproductive activities -temporal reproductive isolation -habitat isolation -lack of hybrid viability
habitat isolation
How was early Earth from more than three billion years ago different from today's Earth? Unlike Earth today, early Earth ________. -had an atmosphere rich in gases released from volcanic eruptions -experienced little high-energy radiation from the sun -had an oxidizing atmosphere -had an atmosphere with significant quantities of ozone
had an atmosphere rich in gases released from volcanic eruptions
DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that -humans evolved from chimpanzees. -convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities. -humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. -humans and chimpanzees are not closely related. -chimpanzees evolved from humans.
humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.
Genetic variation ________. -must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population -arises in response to changes in the environment -tends to be reduced when diploid organisms produce gametes -is created by the direct action of natural selection
must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population
The original source of all genetic variation is _____. -recombination -independent assortment -mutation -natural selection -sexual reproduction
mutation
The higher the proportion of loci that are "fixed" in a population, the lower are that population's ________. -nucleotide variability and average heterozygosity -nucleotide variability -chromosome number -average heterozygosity
nucleotide variability and average heterozygosity
Fossils found in strata reveal that ________. -innate drive to complexity of life -unused body parts decrease in size -older strata carry fossils that differ greatly from living organisms -geologic changes occur quickly on Earth
older strata carry fossils that differ greatly from living organisms
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by _____. -reduced hybrid viability -hybrid breakdown -reduced hybrid fertility -gametic isolation
reduced hybrid viability
are not found there because their seeds have yet to land in the meadow. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to scientifically evaluate this hypothesis? -observing how long it takes the seeds to eventually reach the meadow -constructing a logical argument about why her hypothesis must be true -measuring how far the seeds typically travel from their parent plant -scattering seeds in several areas of the meadow and observing whether they start to grow
scattering seeds in several areas of the meadow and observing whether they start to grow
The first genetic material on Earth was probably ________. -oligopeptides located within protocells -DNA produced by reverse transcriptase from abiotically produced RNA -self-replicating RNA molecules -DNA molecules whose information was transcribed to RNA and later translated in polypeptides
self-replicating RNA molecules
According to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if _____ is the only process that affects the gene pool. -mutation -sexual reproduction -immigration -genetic drift -sexual selection
sexual reproduction
Which one of the following conditions would allow gene frequencies to change by chance? -mutation -small populations -gene flow -large population
small populations
The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a -population. -species. -phylum. -genus. -hybrid.
species
What was the main selective pressure behind the evolution of different Anolis lizard species in the Caribbean? -Phylogeny -Competitors -Conspecifics -specific ecological niches
specific ecological niches
Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards? -Stabilizing selection -Directional selection -Disruptive selection
stabilizing selection
Sparrows with average-sized wings survive severe storms better than those with longer or shorter wings, illustrating -stabilizing selection. -disruptive selection. -frequency-dependent selection. -the bottleneck effect. -neutral variation.
stabilizing selection
Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies? -Stabilizing selection -Directional selection -Disruptive selection
stabilizing selection
The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? -the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria -the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen -the evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryotes -the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules -the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats
the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules
Which of the following is an example of the pattern of evolution? -natural selection -the fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans -the inheritance of acquired characteristics -heredity -descent with modification
the fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans
How long does it take new species to form on Earth? -millions of years -The time required varies considerably. -Speciation no longer takes place on Earth.
the time required varies considerably
Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____. -genetic drift -macroevolution -microevolution -mutation -natural selection
microevolution
You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? -genetic -biological -ecological -morphological
morphological
According to the punctuated equilibria model, -speciation is usually due to a single mutation. -most evolution occurs in sympatric populations. -most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species -.given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. -natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution.
most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species
Which of the following statements about adaptive radiation is correct? -Adaptive radiation occurs in the presence of competitors. -Adaptive radiation occurs very slowly over time. -Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage. -Adaptive radiation occurs in species that live in one habitat.
Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage.
Which of the following statements best explains why modification or change in an organ or tissue during the lifetime of an individual is not inherited? -Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. -Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. -Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. -Only favorable adaptations have survival value.
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.
Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable.Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success.Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime. -Condition 2 only -Condition 1 only -Conditions 1 and 2 -Conditions 2 and 3
Conditions 1 and 2
Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct? -Heritable variation is low in wild mustard-otherwise this wild strain would have different characteristics. -Natural selection is rare in wild populations of wild mustard. -In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties. -In wild mustard, most of the variation is due to differences in soil or other aspects of the environment.
In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties.
Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia? -Life in India was wiped out by ancient volcanic eruptions. -India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago. -The climates of the two regions are similar. -The species became separated by convergent evolution. -India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia.
India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.
What must be true of any organ described as vestigial? -It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor. -It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor. -It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor. -It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.
It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.
Which statement about natural selection on early Earth is correct? -Natural selection could only act on populations of living organisms that had DNA as their genetic material. -Natural selection acted on populations of proto-cells on early Earth in order to make them more like modern living cells that have DNA as their genetic material. -Natural selection could act on a population of proto-cells on early Earth, selecting for those that were stable and had self-replicating, catalytic RNA that allowed them to grow and divide to produce similar daughter proto-cells.
Natural selection could act on a population of proto-cells on early Earth, selecting for those that were stable and had self-replicating, catalytic RNA that allowed them to grow and divide to produce similar daughter proto-cells.
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? -Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy. -Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats.Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales. -Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms. -Whales are not properly classified as mammals.
Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.
Researchers studying a small milkweed population note that some plants produce a toxin and other plants do not. They identify the gene responsible for toxin production. The dominant allele (T) codes for an enzyme that makes the toxin, and the recessive allele (t) codes for a nonfunctional enzyme that cannot produce the toxin. Heterozygotes produce an intermediate amount of toxin. The genotypes of all individuals in the population are determined (see chart) and used to determine the actual allele frequencies in the population. TT- .56 Tt- .28 tt- .16 Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? -No; there are more heterozygotes than expected. -No; there are more homozygotes than expected. -Yes. -More information is needed to answer this question.
No; there are more homozygotes than expected.
The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The light-colored form of the moth was predominant in England before the Industrial Revolution. In the mid-19th century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. By about 1900, approximately 90% of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and, therefore, were eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species? -No; they still can interbreed. -Yes; natural selection has affected the frequency of the two different forms. -Yes; they have completely different coloration. -Yes; they are reproductively isolated based on habitat.
No; they still can interbreed.
DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have prevented this evolution of DDT resistance in insect pests? -All habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time. -The frequency of DDT application should have been higher. -None of the insect pests would have genetic variations that resulted in DDT resistance. -DDT application should have been continual.
None of the insect pests would have genetic variations that resulted in DDT resistance.
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has an allele that confers resistance to DDT and similar insecticides. Laboratory strains of D. melanogaster have been established from flies collected in the wild in the 1930s (before the widespread use of insecticides) and the 1960s (after 20 years of DDT use). Lab strains established in the 1930s have no alleles for DDT resistance. In lab strains established in the 1960s, the frequency of the DDT-resistance allele is 37%. Which statement is correct? -Resistance to DDT evolved in some fruit flies in order to allow them to survive. -The evolutionary fitness associated with the heritable trait of DDT resistance changed once DDT use became widespread. -Alleles for DDT resistance arose by mutation during the period of DDT use because of selection for pesticide resistance.
The evolutionary fitness associated with the heritable trait of DDT resistance changed once DDT use became widespread.
Suppose that a group of male pied flycatchers migrated from a region where there were no collared flycatchers to a region where both species were present (see Figure 24.15 in your textbook). Assuming events like this are very rare, which of the following scenarios is least likely? Migrant pied males would produce fewer offspring than would resident pied males. -Migrant males would mate with collared females more often than with pied females. -The frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease. -Pied females would rarely mate with collared males. -The frequency of hybrid offspring would increase.
The frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease.
Which of the following statements about the evolution of Anolis lizards in the Caribbean islands is true? -The genetic relatedness of ecomorphs was determined by comparing their nuclear DNA sequences. -The phylogeny of ecomorphs on a given island reveals that adaptive radiation has taken place. -Twig ecomorphs can jump very well. -A crown ecomorph living on one island is always the same species as a crown ecomorph living on a neighboring island.
The phylogeny of ecomorphs on a given island reveals that adaptive radiation has taken place.
A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? -As the mottled fish are eaten, more will be produced to fill the gap. -There is no way to predict the result.The ratios will not change. -In two generations, all the fish will be mottled. -The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.
The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.
Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____. -developed in response to the use of methicillin -already existed in the population before methicillin was developed -always have an advantage in every environment -were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections -The second and fourth answers are correct.
The second and fourth answers are correct.
Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? -The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. -The two forms live in similar habitats. -The two forms have similar food requirements -.The two forms have many genes in common. -The two forms are very similar in coloration.
The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction.
If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, what would happen in environments that lack antibiotics? -These bacteria would try to make the cost worthwhile by locating and migrating to microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present. -These genes would be maintained in case the antibiotics appear. -The number of genes conveying antibiotic resistance would increase in these bacteria. -These bacteria would be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.
These bacteria would be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.
A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these statements explains why the pigweed reappeared? -Natural selection caused the pigweed to mutate, creating a new triazine-resistant species. -Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce. -Triazine-resistant pigweed has less-efficient photosynthesis metabolism. -The herbicide company lost its triazine formula and started selling poor-quality triazine.
Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce
Which Anolis lizard ecomorph has long legs? -Trunk/crown -Trunk/ground -Twig -Crown
Trunk/ground
The figure shows eyes found among living molluscs, ranging from a patch of pigmented cells in a limpet to a complex, image-forming eye in a squid. Is it possible that a structure as complex as an image-forming eye evolved by natural selection? -Yes. Because an image-forming eye is so useful, natural selection would favor less useful intermediate structures. -No. An image-forming eye needs all of its components to function, so a partial eye would not have been useful. -Yes, if the photoreceptor cells and simple eyes that preceded it were useful to the animals in which they arose.
Yes, if the photoreceptor cells and simple eyes that preceded it were useful to the animals in which they arose.
Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. -adaptive radiation -paedomorphosis -gene flow -genetic drift -microevolution
adaptive radiation
The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____. -mutation -paedomorphosis -adaptive radiation -gene flow -mass extinction
adaptive radiation
The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____. -paedomorphosis -artificial selection -gene flow -mass extinction -adaptive radiation
adaptive radiation
_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition. -Genetic drift -Gene flow -Adaptive radiation Paedomorphosis -Microevolution
adaptive radiation
Which of the following are causes of evolutionary change? -gene flow -genetic drift -natural selection -mutation
all 4
Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____. -gliding -extended hops -flight -courtship -all of these
all of these
How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species? -sympatrically, by a point mutation affecting morphology or behavior -sympatrically, due to extensive inbreeding -allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations -allopatrically, due to extensive inbreeding
allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations
The oldest fossils usually _____. -are found above younger fossils -contain more radioactive isotopes than younger fossils -have the longest half-lives -are found in the deepest strata -are found in sediments formed during the Cenozoic era
are found in the deepest strata
The cow Bos primigenius (which is bred for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related wild species of ungulates. These traits most likely arose by _____. -natural selection, because these traits were not consciously selected by humans -natural selection, because these traits evolved in the population over time -artificial selection, because changes in these traits co-occurred with human selection for high milk output and high muscle content -artificial selection, because these animals differ from their close relatives and common ancestor
artificial selection, because changes in these traits co-occurred with human selection for high milk output and high muscle content
This graph shows the size of the finches' bill by measuring the beak depth in millimeters. The graph shows two species of finch that live in the Galapagos Islands. The two species of finch both live on some islands (sympatric) while on other islands only one species is found (allopatric). If the finch G. fortis established a population on Los Hermanos, based on the information shown in the graph, what would you predict would happen to the beak depth of G. fuliginosa over time? -The beak depth would not change -The beak depth would decrease. -The beak depth would stay the same, but the beak would become longer. -The beak depth would increase.
beak depth would decrease
Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? -gametic isolation -temporal isolation -behavioral isolation -habitat isolation -postzygotic barriers
behavioral isolation
Two animals are considered members of different species if they _____. -live in different habitats -are geographically isolated -cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring -are members of different populations -look different
cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring
What situation most likely explains the occasional high frequency of certain inherited disorders among human populations established by a small population? -founder effect -bottleneck effect -mutation -gene flow -nucleotide variability
founder effect
If the nucleotide variability of a locus equals 0%, what is the gene variability and number of alleles at that locus? -Without more information, gene variability and number of alleles cannot be determined. -gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 2 -gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 1 -gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 0 -gene variability > 0%; number of alleles = 2
gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 1
Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception. -colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species -evolutionary innovation -an adaptive radiation in a group of organisms (such as plants) that another group uses as food -genetic drift -vacant ecological niches
genetic drift
After the drought of 1977, researchers hypothesized that on the Galápagos Island Daphne Major, medium ground finches with large, deep beaks survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. A tourist company sets up reliable feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) so that tourists can get a better look at the finches. Which of these events is now most likely to occur to finch beaks on this island? -evolution of yet larger, deeper beaks over time, until all birds have relatively large, deep beaks -evolution of smaller, pointier beaks over time, until all birds have relatively small, pointy beaks -increased variation in beak size and shape over time -no change in beak size and shape over time
increased variation in beak size and shape over time
Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some _______ survive and reproduce more successfully than others. -gene pools -individuals -alleles -loci -species
individuals
A heritable trait is one that -an organism acquires during its lifetime and passes on to its offspring. -is dominant and hence is always inherited. -is determined at least in part by genes passed from parents to offspring. -is determined by genetic information encoded in proteins.
is determined at least in part by genes passed from parents to offspring.
Fossils of Thrinaxodon, a species that lived during the Triassic period, have been found in both South Africa and Antarctica. Thrinaxodon had a reptile-like skeleton and laid eggs, but small depressions on the front of its skull suggest it had whiskers and, therefore, fur. Thrinaxodon may have been warm-blooded. The fossils of Thrinaxodon are consistent with the hypothesis that _____. -fossils found in a given area look like the modern species in that same area -mammals evolved from a reptilian ancestor -the environment where it lived was very warm -Antarctica and South Africa separated after Thrinaxodon went extinct
mammals evolved from a reptilian ancestor
A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged because _____. -though we may not consider the fit between the current skeletal arrangements and their functions excellent, we should not doubt that natural selection ultimately produces the best design -in many cases, phenotype is determined by genotype and the environment -natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species -natural selection has not had sufficient time to create the optimal design in each case, but will do so given enough time
natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species
If individuals tend to mate within a subset of the population, there is ________. -no random mating -no selection -no gene flow -no genetic drift
no random mating
Pseudogenes are _____. -the same things as introns -nonfunctional vestigial genes -composed of RNA, rather than DNA -unrelated genes that code for the same gene product
nonfunctional vestigial genes
Miller and Urey's experiments that attempted to recreate conditions on early Earth were significant because _____ -they produced the first protocells -they showed how polymers could form spontaneously on a clay substrate -proved the endosymbiotic theory -they showed how radiometric dating could be used to give the absolute ages of rocks and fossils -they showed that organic molecules such as amino acids could be produced from inorganic molecules
they showed that organic molecules such as amino acids could be produced from inorganic molecules
True or false? Convergent evolution is said to have occurred if the mouse species on two islands with similar habitats are found to have similar characteristics even though they originated from different species that did not have these characteristics.
true
Which of the following evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms _____. -use essentially the same genetic code -require energy -reproduce -show heritable variation
use essentially the same genetic code