AP Biology Chapter 2-5

Polar Molecule

(water) Unequal distribution of electrons, 2 ends of the molecule have opposite charges.

Cation

+

anion

-

Kilocalorie

1,000 cal, amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Compound

2 different elements

What is a glycosidic linkage?

2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

dipeptide

2 peptide chains

Fat is composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol, how many water molecules will be removed?

3 are removed

Carbon

4 Valence Electrons 4 Covalent bonds It can be a single, double, or triple covalent bond can form large molecules These molecules can be chains, ring shaped or branched

Name all the C's in Carbohydrates and explain

6C= hexose (glucose) 5C= Pentose (ribose) 3C= Triose (glyceraldehyde) 5C and 6C sugars form _rings_ in solution

ATP "Powers"

ATP "powers" chemical reactions, both synthesis and breakdown of molecules.

What is the difference between aldehyde sugar and ketone sugar?

Aldehyde sugar has a hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon-oxygen bond. Ketone does not have a hydrogen.

Protein Structure/Monomer

Amino Acids (20 different kinds)

Specific Heat

Amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost

Linear vs. Branched Polysaccharides

Amylase- Starches (plants) Glycogen- animal fat release

What is Trans Fat?

An unsaturated fat containing 1 or more trans double bond.

Phopholipids

Bonded hydrophiliac phosphate group "head" and 2 hydrophobic hydrocarbon "tails". Bilayer makes up the basis of the cell membrane

Polymers can make monomers

Breaks down for energy Made through hydrolysis reaction

Monomers Build Polymers

C6H1206 Monomers= Building Blocks Through dehydration reaction

Polymers of life

Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Lipids (Polyglycerides) Proteins (Polypeptides) Nucleic acid (..)

Carbohydrates are composed of

Carbohydrates are composed of C,H,O CH20 C6H12O6

Large molecules of all living things fall into 4 main categories

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid.

Most abundant organic compound on Earth

Cellulose

Structure of Polysaccharides

Cellulose (plants) Chitin ( animals)

Ion

Charged atom

Steroids

Chemical messengers derived from lipid structures 4 rings bonded with another chemical group Examples: Cholesterol, Testerone, Estradiol (femal sex hormone)

Cockroaches have their crunch

Chitin

Adhesion

Clinging to one substance to another

Polusaccharides-COST

Cost little energy to build

Structural Isomer

Differ in covalent arrangement

Example of Protein

Digestive enzymes, Membrane channels, actin, insulin hormone.

Functional Group

Directly involved in chemical reaction, Carbon skeletal have diverse properties

Has 1-4B glucose Linkages

Dissaccharides and polysaccharides

Function of Lipid

Energy Storage Membrane Hormone (not all proteins have hormones lipids do to)

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion (atoms and molecules)

4 functions of fat

Energy storage Adipose tissue cushions vital organs such as the kidney food reserves (long term) insulation

Joule

Energy unit

Function of Protein

Enzymes transport signals defense structure receptors

Lipid Bond?

Ester Bond

Example of Lipid

Fats Phospholipid Steroid

Types of Lipids

Fats: Monomer- glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains Phospholipid: Monomer- phosphate and lipid tails Steroids: Monomer- 4 rings and different chemical

Heat

Form of energy

Function of Carbohydrates

Function: energy, energy storage, raw materials, structural materials.

Lipid Structure/monomer

Glycogen fatty acid tail H-C chain Cholesterol Phospholipid

Bond of Carbohydrates

Glycosidic linkage

Evaporative cooloing

Hottest Molecule, leave a gas

7 chemical groups

Hydoxal, carbonxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methly, sulfhydryl.

What is a Polymer?

Identical building blocks linked by a covalent bond

Carbonic Acid

Important buffer. pH in blood plasma and ocean

Lipids are hydrophobic How?

In nonpolar regions

Acid

Increase hydrogen ion. Excess H+ below pH 7

Cohesion

Linkling like Molecules. Hydrogen bonds hold substance together.

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

(Chart) Disaccharide, 2 Monosaccharide, Found Where?

Maltose + 2 glucose= found in beer brewing Sucrose + Fructose = table sugar Lactose + glucose and glucose= milk

Surface Tension

Measure of how difficult it is to stretch/ break the surface of a liquid.

Buffer

Minimize change in pH

Trace Element

Minute quantities

Enantiomers

Mirror images

Name sugars in Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides= 1 monomer (glucose) Disaccharides= 2 monomers (sucrose) Polysaccharides= large polyymers (starch)

In the figure of the study guide- Nonpolar Polar Electrically Charged

Mostly Hydrocarbons Includes carboxyl and hydroxl groups Has charge (-acidic, +base)

Transpiration

Movement of water molecules up the very thin xylem tubes and their evaporation from the stomates in plants. Water Molecules-cohesion, Wall of xylem tubes-Adhesion

Importance of glucose

Needed in all living things Needed for ATP

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar doesn't dissolve cells

Radioactive isotope

Nucleus decays spontaneously

Molarity

Number of mass of solute per liter

Hydrocarbons

Only have one carbon and hydrogen

Hydrogen Bonds

Oxygen- negative charge Hydrogen- positive charge Each water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds

Protein Bond?

Peptide Bond

Polpeptide

Polymers of amino acids

Polysaccharides- Polymers of _____

Polymers of sugars (long chains)

Atomic nucleus

Proton and neutron packed together

Base

Reduce hydrogen ion. Excess OH- above pH 7

Polysaccharides- Easily reversible=

Release energy

What is a Monomer?

Repeating units

Peptide bond

Resulting covalent bond.

Geometric Isomer

Same covalent, but differ in spatial arrangement

Isomer

Same molecular formula but differ in arrangement of atom

Isotope

Same number of protons but some have more neutrons

2 types of fats

Saturated- Saturated with hydrogen atoms Can make solids at room temp. Animal Fats Unsaturated- Missing some hydrogens Makes oil at room temp. (fish and plant oils) Can be monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

Covalent Bond

Sharing valence electrons by 2 atoms

Monomer of Carbohydrates

Simple Sugars (monosaccharides)

Solvent

Something is dissolved

Is a storage polysaccharides produced by vertebrases;stored in your liver

Starch

Food Storage in Polysaccharides

Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals), within liver and muscles

Function of Polysaccharides

Stores energy

Example of Carbohydrates

Sugar, Starch, Cellulose, glucose

Calorie

Unit of heat

Water

Water is less dense as a solid than in liquid. Ice is less dense and floats.

Hydrophiliac

Water-soluble

Solute

While substance is being dissolved

Electronegativity

attraction for electrons

Lysis-

break

Carbohydrates are classified by

carbons

Ionic bond (salt)

cation and anion attract

Polar covalent

do not share equally

Element

don't break down

Most sugar ends in

ose

Nonpolar covalent

share equally

Hydro-

water

When two monomers are joined, a molecule of ____ is always removed.

water