AP Biology Chapter 2-5
Polar Molecule
(water) Unequal distribution of electrons, 2 ends of the molecule have opposite charges.
Cation
+
anion
-
Kilocalorie
1,000 cal, amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius
Compound
2 different elements
What is a glycosidic linkage?
2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
dipeptide
2 peptide chains
Fat is composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol, how many water molecules will be removed?
3 are removed
Carbon
4 Valence Electrons 4 Covalent bonds It can be a single, double, or triple covalent bond can form large molecules These molecules can be chains, ring shaped or branched
Name all the C's in Carbohydrates and explain
6C= hexose (glucose) 5C= Pentose (ribose) 3C= Triose (glyceraldehyde) 5C and 6C sugars form _rings_ in solution
ATP "Powers"
ATP "powers" chemical reactions, both synthesis and breakdown of molecules.
What is the difference between aldehyde sugar and ketone sugar?
Aldehyde sugar has a hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon-oxygen bond. Ketone does not have a hydrogen.
Protein Structure/Monomer
Amino Acids (20 different kinds)
Specific Heat
Amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost
Linear vs. Branched Polysaccharides
Amylase- Starches (plants) Glycogen- animal fat release
What is Trans Fat?
An unsaturated fat containing 1 or more trans double bond.
Phopholipids
Bonded hydrophiliac phosphate group "head" and 2 hydrophobic hydrocarbon "tails". Bilayer makes up the basis of the cell membrane
Polymers can make monomers
Breaks down for energy Made through hydrolysis reaction
Monomers Build Polymers
C6H1206 Monomers= Building Blocks Through dehydration reaction
Polymers of life
Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Lipids (Polyglycerides) Proteins (Polypeptides) Nucleic acid (..)
Carbohydrates are composed of
Carbohydrates are composed of C,H,O CH20 C6H12O6
Large molecules of all living things fall into 4 main categories
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid.
Most abundant organic compound on Earth
Cellulose
Structure of Polysaccharides
Cellulose (plants) Chitin ( animals)
Ion
Charged atom
Steroids
Chemical messengers derived from lipid structures 4 rings bonded with another chemical group Examples: Cholesterol, Testerone, Estradiol (femal sex hormone)
Cockroaches have their crunch
Chitin
Adhesion
Clinging to one substance to another
Polusaccharides-COST
Cost little energy to build
Structural Isomer
Differ in covalent arrangement
Example of Protein
Digestive enzymes, Membrane channels, actin, insulin hormone.
Functional Group
Directly involved in chemical reaction, Carbon skeletal have diverse properties
Has 1-4B glucose Linkages
Dissaccharides and polysaccharides
Function of Lipid
Energy Storage Membrane Hormone (not all proteins have hormones lipids do to)
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion (atoms and molecules)
4 functions of fat
Energy storage Adipose tissue cushions vital organs such as the kidney food reserves (long term) insulation
Joule
Energy unit
Function of Protein
Enzymes transport signals defense structure receptors
Lipid Bond?
Ester Bond
Example of Lipid
Fats Phospholipid Steroid
Types of Lipids
Fats: Monomer- glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains Phospholipid: Monomer- phosphate and lipid tails Steroids: Monomer- 4 rings and different chemical
Heat
Form of energy
Function of Carbohydrates
Function: energy, energy storage, raw materials, structural materials.
Lipid Structure/monomer
Glycogen fatty acid tail H-C chain Cholesterol Phospholipid
Bond of Carbohydrates
Glycosidic linkage
Evaporative cooloing
Hottest Molecule, leave a gas
7 chemical groups
Hydoxal, carbonxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methly, sulfhydryl.
What is a Polymer?
Identical building blocks linked by a covalent bond
Carbonic Acid
Important buffer. pH in blood plasma and ocean
Lipids are hydrophobic How?
In nonpolar regions
Acid
Increase hydrogen ion. Excess H+ below pH 7
Cohesion
Linkling like Molecules. Hydrogen bonds hold substance together.
Evaporation
Liquid to gas
(Chart) Disaccharide, 2 Monosaccharide, Found Where?
Maltose + 2 glucose= found in beer brewing Sucrose + Fructose = table sugar Lactose + glucose and glucose= milk
Surface Tension
Measure of how difficult it is to stretch/ break the surface of a liquid.
Buffer
Minimize change in pH
Trace Element
Minute quantities
Enantiomers
Mirror images
Name sugars in Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides= 1 monomer (glucose) Disaccharides= 2 monomers (sucrose) Polysaccharides= large polyymers (starch)
In the figure of the study guide- Nonpolar Polar Electrically Charged
Mostly Hydrocarbons Includes carboxyl and hydroxl groups Has charge (-acidic, +base)
Transpiration
Movement of water molecules up the very thin xylem tubes and their evaporation from the stomates in plants. Water Molecules-cohesion, Wall of xylem tubes-Adhesion
Importance of glucose
Needed in all living things Needed for ATP
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar doesn't dissolve cells
Radioactive isotope
Nucleus decays spontaneously
Molarity
Number of mass of solute per liter
Hydrocarbons
Only have one carbon and hydrogen
Hydrogen Bonds
Oxygen- negative charge Hydrogen- positive charge Each water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds
Protein Bond?
Peptide Bond
Polpeptide
Polymers of amino acids
Polysaccharides- Polymers of _____
Polymers of sugars (long chains)
Atomic nucleus
Proton and neutron packed together
Base
Reduce hydrogen ion. Excess OH- above pH 7
Polysaccharides- Easily reversible=
Release energy
What is a Monomer?
Repeating units
Peptide bond
Resulting covalent bond.
Geometric Isomer
Same covalent, but differ in spatial arrangement
Isomer
Same molecular formula but differ in arrangement of atom
Isotope
Same number of protons but some have more neutrons
2 types of fats
Saturated- Saturated with hydrogen atoms Can make solids at room temp. Animal Fats Unsaturated- Missing some hydrogens Makes oil at room temp. (fish and plant oils) Can be monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
Covalent Bond
Sharing valence electrons by 2 atoms
Monomer of Carbohydrates
Simple Sugars (monosaccharides)
Solvent
Something is dissolved
Is a storage polysaccharides produced by vertebrases;stored in your liver
Starch
Food Storage in Polysaccharides
Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals), within liver and muscles
Function of Polysaccharides
Stores energy
Example of Carbohydrates
Sugar, Starch, Cellulose, glucose
Calorie
Unit of heat
Water
Water is less dense as a solid than in liquid. Ice is less dense and floats.
Hydrophiliac
Water-soluble
Solute
While substance is being dissolved
Electronegativity
attraction for electrons
Lysis-
break
Carbohydrates are classified by
carbons
Ionic bond (salt)
cation and anion attract
Polar covalent
do not share equally
Element
don't break down
Most sugar ends in
ose
Nonpolar covalent
share equally
Hydro-
water
When two monomers are joined, a molecule of ____ is always removed.
water