AP Euro Chapter 3: The Reformation

Edward VI

"boy-king" Henry VIII was father; instituted genuine Protestant theology into church.

Thomas More

(1466-1536) leading English humanist; promoter of new learning; author of Utopia.

Erasmus

(1469-1536) greatest humanist in northern Europe; Christian humanism; critic of scholasticism, monastic life.

Luther

(1483-1546) German; near death experience became monk; unworthy of salvation. 95 Theses--disagreed with Tetzel.

Zwingli

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism; state to supervise church; justification by faith alone, emphasized scripture; no indulgence; denied all sacraments; killed in battle.

Thomas Cromwell

(1485-1540) advisor of Henry VIII who was responsible for acquisition of land and financial overseer.

Thomas Cranmer

(1489-1556) Archbishop (Canterbury) during reign of Edward VI; simplified liturgy, invited Protestant theologians to England; First Book of Common Prayer; convinced Henry VIII to establish new church, tried to pass Protestant laws.

Menno Simons

(1496-1561) Anabaptist religious leader; helped it transition to pacifism.

Michael Servetus

(1511-1553) denied the existence of the Trinity; Spanish Inquisition to Geneva; Calvin rearrested him. Rejected child-baptism, (Anabaptists) that a person under 20 can't commit a mortal sin, executed.

John Knox

(1513-1572) Dominated movement for reform in Scotland. Persuaded Parliament to end papal authority, abolished Mass, and established Presbyterian Church of Scotland.

Charles V

(1519-1556) heir to Spanish, Habsburg and Burgundian lines; Holy Roman Emperor.

Act of Supremacy

(1534) Parliament legislated that the king is supreme Head of Church of England.

Council of Trent

(1545-1563) reforms to the Catholic Church and reestablished many church doctrines; dominated by papacy; limits on simony; forbade selling indulgence.

Society of Jesus

(Jesuits) Ignatius Loyola; if Bible didn't exist there was still the spirit; contrary to Luther's beliefs.

Justification by faith alone

(Ulrich Zwingli) Doctrine of Martin Luther saying that only faith allowed someone to get into heaven; good works had nothing to do with salvation.

95 Thesis

(by Luther) protest against sale of indulgences—sparked the Reformation.

Mary

(r. 1553-1558) "Bloody Mary" daughter of Catherine of Aragon; married to Phillip II. Condemned Protestant beliefs burned hundreds as heretics (sister to Elizabeth)

Elizabeth

(r.1558-1603) "Virgin Queen" final religious settlement—church of England followed "middle-road" Protestant course. (sister to Mary)

Roman Inquisition

A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution.

Calvin

French; reformer of the Protestant Reformation who built upon Luther's ideas and created Calvinism; Institutes of Christian Religion.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

In it the doctrine of predestination and other Protestant teachings were explained. Written by Calvin.

Vulgate

Latin edition of the Bible translated from Hebrew and Greek mainly by St. Jerome at the end of the 4th century.

Anabaptists

Protestant, didn't believe in infant baptism only adult—more aware/ own decision as adult.

St. Teresa of Avila

Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun

Solas

Themes of the Reformation: salvation by faith alone, known through Scripture alone, because of the work of Christ alone, given to us by grace alone, to the glory of God alone.

Transubstantiation

bread and wine turn into the actual flesh and blood of Jesus

indulgences

in Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds—became regular practice in High Middle Ages—sparked Luther's reform.

Peace of Augsburg

legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories ruled by Lutheran leaders; Catholic territories stayed Catholic. Each ruler would decide.

Index of Prohibited Books

list of books banned by Catholic Church; including Erasmus, Galileo, Calvin, Luther.

Henry VIII

powerful English monarch, supported Catholic Church. Wife: Catherine of Aragon; Children: Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth; Ann Boleyn: mistress. Criticized Luther with Defense of Seven Sacrament. Act of Supremacy.