AP Euro Review

How was Marat remembered by the radicals who led the "Reign of Terror"?

Marat was revered as a secular "saint" during the period when the "Cult of Reason" and the Cult of the Supreme Being" required the de-Christianization of France

Source 1 "Nothing is more terrible than the events at Paris between 12th and 15th July: the Invalides broken into; canon and armed force used against the Bastille; this fortress taken by storm; the governor, Monsieur de Launay, dragged by the mob to the Place de Grève and decapitated; his head carried in triumph around the town; the same treatment meted out to the chief magistrate; the formation of a civil militia of 48,000 men; and the King, alone with the Comte de Provence and the Comte d'Artois, going on foot, without escort, to the Assembly, almost to apologise, and to request assistance to put down the disturbances: this is how weakness, uncertainty and an imprudent violence will overturn the throne of Louis XVI. I am still so disturbed by this news that I am afraid my letter shows it. Letter from Swedish King Gustav III to Count Stendingk, his ambassador at St Petersburg, 7 August 1789 Source 2 First, the people tried to enter this fortress [the Bastille] by the Rue St.-Antoine, this fortress, which no one has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided. It was a terrible scene.... The fighting grew steadily more intense; the citizens had become hardened to the fire... the fury was at its height; people bravely faced death and every danger; women, in their eagerness, helped us to the utmost; even the children, after the discharge of fire from the fortress, ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot; [and so the Bastille fell and the governor, De Launey, was captured].... On arriving at the square, the people, anxious to avenge themselves, allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial; they seized them from the hands of their conquerors, and trampled them underfoot one after the other. De Launey was struck by a thousand blows, his head was cut off and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides.... This glorious day must amaze our enemies, and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty. A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille, July, 1789 The accounts differ in tone because of which of the following?

The first author had more to lose from the disregard for traditional authority posed by French actions

Source 1 "Nothing is more terrible than the events at Paris between 12th and 15th July: the Invalides broken into; canon and armed force used against the Bastille; this fortress taken by storm; the governor, Monsieur de Launay, dragged by the mob to the Place de Grève and decapitated; his head carried in triumph around the town; the same treatment meted out to the chief magistrate; the formation of a civil militia of 48,000 men; and the King, alone with the Comte de Provence and the Comte d'Artois, going on foot, without escort, to the Assembly, almost to apologise, and to request assistance to put down the disturbances: this is how weakness, uncertainty and an imprudent violence will overturn the throne of Louis XVI. I am still so disturbed by this news that I am afraid my letter shows it. Letter from Swedish King Gustav III to Count Stendingk, his ambassador at St Petersburg, 7 August 1789 Source 2 First, the people tried to enter this fortress [the Bastille] by the Rue St.-Antoine, this fortress, which no one has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided. It was a terrible scene.... The fighting grew steadily more intense; the citizens had become hardened to the fire... the fury was at its height; people bravely faced death and every danger; women, in their eagerness, helped us to the utmost; even the children, after the discharge of fire from the fortress, ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot; [and so the Bastille fell and the governor, De Launey, was captured].... On arriving at the square, the people, anxious to avenge themselves, allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial; they seized them from the hands of their conquerors, and trampled them underfoot one after the other. De Launey was struck by a thousand blows, his head was cut off and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides.... This glorious day must amaze our enemies, and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty. A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille, July, 1789 Which of the following occurred just after the event described in the documents?

he abolition of feudal privilege

"The exercise of civil rights is independent of the quality of citizen, which is only acquired and preserved conformably to the constitution of the law. Every Frenchman shall enjoy civil rights. Private persons have the free disposition of the property belonging to them, subject to the modifications established by the laws. Property not belonging to private persons is administered, and cannot be alienated except in the forms and pursuance of the regulations peculiar to it. Highways, roads and streets at the national charge, rivers and streams which will carry floats, shores, ebb and flow of the sea, ports, harbors, roads for ships, and generally all portions of the national territory, which are not susceptible of private proprietorship, are considered as dependencies on the public domain. Married persons cannot be derogate from the rights resulting from the power of the husband over the persons of his wife and of his children, or which belong to the husband as head, nor from the rights conferred on the survivor of the married parties by the title "Of the Paternal Power," and by the title "Of Minority, Guardianship, and Emancipation," nor from the prohibitory regulations of the present code." The Napoleonic Code 1801 Which of the following aspects of the Napoleonic Code shows the greatest contradiction to the teachings of the Enlightenment?

"Married persons cannot derogate from the rights resulting from the power of the husband over the persons of his wife and his children"

"Of all our institutions public education is the most important. It is essential that the morals and political ideas of the generation which is now growing up should no longer be dependent upon the news of the day or the circumstances of the moment. Above all we must secure unity: we must be able to cast a whole generation in the same mould. New schools are being opened, and inspectors have been appointed to see that the instruction does not degenerate into vain and sterile examinations. The lycees and the secondary schools are filling with youth eager for instruction. The polytechnic school is peopling our arsenals, ports, and factories with useful citizens. Prizes have been established in various branches of science, letters, and arts, and in the period of ten years fixed by his Majesty for the award of these prizes there can be no doubt that French genius will produce works of distinction." The Reform of Education, Napoleon Which of the following statements BEST describes Napoleon's impact on education?

Education was used to strengthen the state and provide social mobility.

"The exercise of civil rights is independent of the quality of citizen, which is only acquired and preserved conformably to the constitution of the law. Every Frenchman shall enjoy civil rights. Private persons have the free disposition of the property belonging to them, subject to the modifications established by the laws. Property not belonging to private persons is administered, and cannot be alienated except in the forms and pursuance of the regulations peculiar to it. Highways, roads and streets at the national charge, rivers and streams which will carry floats, shores, ebb and flow of the sea, ports, harbors, roads for ships, and generally all portions of the national territory, which are not susceptible of private proprietorship, are considered as dependencies on the public domain. Married persons cannot be derogate from the rights resulting from the power of the husband over the persons of his wife and of his children, or which belong to the husband as head, nor from the rights conferred on the survivor of the married parties by the title "Of the Paternal Power," and by the title "Of Minority, Guardianship, and Emancipation," nor from the prohibitory regulations of the present code." The Napoleonic Code 1801 Which of following best describes Napoleon's rule as reflected in the Napoleonic Code above?

Enlightened Despot

"Article I: Woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights.... Article II: The purpose of any political association is the conservation of the natural...rights of woman and man; these rights are liberty, property, security, and especially resistance to oppression..... Article VI: The law must be the expression of the general will;...it must be the same for all: male and female citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, must be equally admitted to all honors, positions, and public employment according to their capacity and without other distinctions besides those of their virtues and talents...." Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791 In this excerpt, Olympe de Gouges is responding to

New arguments proposed by Enlightenment philosophers like Rousseau promoting the continued exclusion of women from political life.

Describe on short term cause of French Revolution.

Poor Harvests and high Bread Prices Financial crisis of the 1780's Spanish civil wars American was of Independence

"2. The following are deemed suspects: Those who, by their conduct, associations, comments, or writings have shown them-selves partisans of tyranny or federalism and enemies of liberty; Those to whom certificates of patriotism have been refused; Those former nobles, together with husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, sons or daughters, brothers or sisters, and agents of the emigres, who have not constantly demonstrated their devotion to the revolution." - The Law of Suspects During "The Reign of Terror" approximately 40,000 French people lost their lives and an additional 300,000 fled the country. Which of the social classes of France experienced the greatest toll on its members as a result?

The Clergy

To arms, citizens... Sacred patriotic love, Lead and support our avenging arms Liberty, cherished liberty, Fight back with your defenders! (repeat) Under our flags, let victory Hurry to your manly tone, So that your enemies, in their last breath, See your triumph and our glory! The Marseillaise The selection above exemplifies which of the following trends during the French Revolution?

The diffusion to all classes of revolutionary ideals such as liberty and nationalism.

Which of the following social classes was most directly challenged by the actions shown in the painting?

a nobility based on hierarchy and status

"Ode to the Napoleon Column ON the foundation that his glory laid, With Indestructible materials made, Alike secure from ruin And from rust, Before whose might all monuments are Dust, The eternal Column, towering far on high, Presents Napoleon's throne unto the sky. Well deemed the hero, when his sovereign hand, Fatigued with war, the lasting trophy planned, That civil Discord would retire in shame Before the vast memorial Of his name; And that the nation would forget to praise The deeds those who shone in ancient days. ...He raised that monument! The grandest age Which E'er the historian's annals might engage Furnished the Subject, and the end of time Shall boast the emblem of His course sublime, Where Rhine and Tiber rolled in Crimson flood, And the tall snow-capped Alps all Trembling stood!" Victor Hugo According to Hugo's poem, Napoleon saved France from

the violence of the French Revolution

"Ode to the Napoleon Column ON the foundation that his glory laid, With Indestructible materials made, Alike secure from ruin And from rust, Before whose might all monuments are Dust, The eternal Column, towering far on high, Presents Napoleon's throne unto the sky. Well deemed the hero, when his sovereign hand, Fatigued with war, the lasting trophy planned, That civil Discord would retire in shame Before the vast memorial Of his name; And that the nation would forget to praise The deeds those who shone in ancient days. ...He raised that monument! The grandest age Which E'er the historian's annals might engage Furnished the Subject, and the end of time Shall boast the emblem of His course sublime, Where Rhine and Tiber rolled in Crimson flood, And the tall snow-capped Alps all Trembling stood!" Victor Hugo Hugo's poem, as well as the actual construction of the column, were reflections of

Nationalism

The political cartoon above is a representation of which of the following? (French caricature of priest and a nobleman on the back of a peasant)

The French estates system prior to the French Revolution

"New schools are being opened, and inspectors have been appointed to see that the instruction does not degenerate into vain and sterile examinations. The lycees and secondary schools are filling with youth eager for instruction. The polytechnic school is peopling our arsenals, ports, and factories with useful citizens. Prizes have been established in various branches of science, letters, and arts and in the period of ten years fixed by his majesty for the award of these prizes there can be no doubt that French genius will produce works of distinction. Religion has resumed its sway, but exhibits itself only in acts of humanity. Adhering to a wise policy of toleration, the ministers of different sects who worship the same God do themselves honor by their mutual respect; and their rivalry confines itself to emulation in virtue. Such is our situation at home." Napoleon's Account of the Internal Situation in France 1804 Napoleon's education system is a reflection of the policies of which of the following earlier European rulers?

Maria Therese of Austria

"1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and the resistance to oppression. 3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. 11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law." - The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 26, 1789 19. The Constitution of 1791, which was established during the first phase of the Revolution, failed to accomplish which of the following aspects from the excerpt above?

"All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities"

"1. That his subjects of the third estate, equal by such status as to all other citizens, present themselves before the common father without other distinction which might degrade them. 3. That no citizen lose his liberty except according to law; that, consequently, no one be arrested by virtue of special orders, or, if imperative circumstances necessitate such orders, that the prisoner be handed over to the regular courts... 5. That the property of all citizens be inviolable, and that no one be required to make sacrifice thereof for the public welfare, except upon assurance of indemnification based on the statement of freely selected appraisers... 16. That such tax be borne equally, without distinction, by all classes of citizens and by all kinds of property, even feudal and contingent rights." -The Third Estate of Dourdon, Cahiers Source: John Hall Stewart, ed. A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution, (New York; Macmillan, 1951), pp. 76-82. Which of the following documents served the same essential purpose as the cahiers served for the French Revolution?

Martin Luther's 95 Thesis for the Reformation

"1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and the resistance to oppression. 3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. 11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law." - The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 26, 1789 Which of the following philosophes ideas are most clearly reflected in #6 of the excerpt above?

Rousseau

"Of all our institutions public education is the most important. It is essential that the morals and political ideas of the generation which is now growing up should no longer be dependent upon the news of the day or the circumstances of the moment. Above all we must secure unity: we must be able to cast a whole generation in the same mould. New schools are being opened, and inspectors have been appointed to see that the instruction does not degenerate into vain and sterile examinations. The lycees and the secondary schools are filling with youth eager for instruction. The polytechnic school is peopling our arsenals, ports, and factories with useful citizens. Prizes have been established in various branches of science, letters, and arts, and in the period of ten years fixed by his Majesty for the award of these prizes there can be no doubt that French genius will produce works of distinction." The Reform of Education, Napoleon As religious authority weakened in France, Napoleon reformed education in large part to do which of the following?

Strengthen state regulation of morality

"1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and the resistance to oppression. 3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. 11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law." - The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 26, 1789 Which of the following most directly contributed to the creation of the document above?

The Cahiers

To arms, citizens... Sacred patriotic love, Lead and support our avenging arms Liberty, cherished liberty, Fight back with your defenders! (repeat) Under our flags, let victory Hurry to your manly tone, So that your enemies, in their last breath, See your triumph and our glory! The Marseillaise The sentiment expressed in the passage was ultimately opposed the most forcefully by which of the following?

The Congress of Vienna

"1. That his subjects of the third estate, equal by such status as to all other citizens, present themselves before the common father without other distinction which might degrade them. 3. That no citizen lose his liberty except according to law; that, consequently, no one be arrested by virtue of special orders, or, if imperative circumstances necessitate such orders, that the prisoner be handed over to the regular courts... 5. That the property of all citizens be inviolable, and that no one be required to make sacrifice thereof for the public welfare, except upon assurance of indemnification based on the statement of freely selected appraisers... 16. That such tax be borne equally, without distinction, by all classes of citizens and by all kinds of property, even feudal and contingent rights." -The Third Estate of Dourdon, Cahiers Source: John Hall Stewart, ed. A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution, (New York; Macmillan, 1951), pp. 76-82. Which of the following events in France most clearly reflected the unhappiness shown in this passage? The calling of the Estates General The beheading of Louis XVI The Tennis Court Oath The Great Fear*

The Great Fear

"New schools are being opened, and inspectors have been appointed to see that the instruction does not degenerate into vain and sterile examinations. The lycees and secondary schools are filling with youth eager for instruction. The polytechnic school is peopling our arsenals, ports, and factories with useful citizens. Prizes have been established in various branches of science, letters, and arts and in the period of ten years fixed by his majesty for the award of these prizes there can be no doubt that French genius will produce works of distinction. Religion has resumed its sway, but exhibits itself only in acts of humanity. Adhering to a wise policy of toleration, the ministers of different sects who worship the same God do themselves honor by their mutual respect; and their rivalry confines itself to emulation in virtue. Such is our situation at home." Napoleon's Account of the Internal Situation in France 1804 According to Napoleon's account above, his religious beliefs align most with which of the following?

The Hohenzollern Dynasty in Prussia

"New schools are being opened, and inspectors have been appointed to see that the instruction does not degenerate into vain and sterile examinations. The lycees and secondary schools are filling with youth eager for instruction. The polytechnic school is peopling our arsenals, ports, and factories with useful citizens. Prizes have been established in various branches of science, letters, and arts and in the period of ten years fixed by his majesty for the award of these prizes there can be no doubt that French genius will produce works of distinction. Religion has resumed its sway, but exhibits itself only in acts of humanity. Adhering to a wise policy of toleration, the ministers of different sects who worship the same God do themselves honor by their mutual respect; and their rivalry confines itself to emulation in virtue. Such is our situation at home." Napoleon's Account of the Internal Situation in France 1804 Which of the following reforms did Napoleon believe would not only help to stabilize France, but would allow it to progress?

The Lycees

"The National Assembly, considering that it has been called to establish the constitution of the realm, to bring about the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; nothing may prevent it from continuing its deliberations in any place it is forced to establish itself; and, finally, the National Assembly exists wherever its members are gathered. Decrees that all members of the assembly immediately take a solemn oath never to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is established and fixed upon solid foundations; and that said oath having been sworn, all members and each one individually confirm this unwavering resolution with his signature." -The Oath of the Tennis Court June 20, 1789 Which of the following events most directly led to the issuing of the above oath?

The Meeting of the Estates General

"The National Assembly, considering that it has been called to establish the constitution of the realm, to bring about the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; nothing may prevent it from continuing its deliberations in any place it is forced to establish itself; and, finally, the National Assembly exists wherever its members are gathered. Decrees that all members of the assembly immediately take a solemn oath never to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is established and fixed upon solid foundations; and that said oath having been sworn, all members and each one individually confirm this unwavering resolution with his signature." -The Oath of the Tennis Court June 20, 1789 What did the 3rd Estate demand in "The Oath of the Tennis Court"?

The creation of a Constitutional Monarchy

"1. That his subjects of the third estate, equal by such status as to all other citizens, present themselves before the common father without other distinction which might degrade them. 3. That no citizen lose his liberty except according to law; that, consequently, no one be arrestd by virtue of special orders, or, if imperative circumstances necessitate such orders, that the prisoner be handed over to the regular courts... 5. That the property of all citizens be inviolable, and that no one be required to make sacrifice thereof for the public welfare, except upon assurance of indemnification based on the statement of freely selected appraisers... 16. That such tax be borne equally, without distinction, by all classes of citizens and by all kinds of property, even feudal and contingent rights." -The Third Estate of Dourdon, Cahiers Source: John Hall Stewart, ed. A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution, (New York; Macmillan, 1951), pp. 76-82. Which of the following aspects of France in the 18th century is most reflected in the cahiers? The use of Versailles to subvert the power of the nobility The monarchy's implementation of absolute power The social structure of France* The power exerted by the Catholic Church

The social structure of France

"The exercise of civil rights is independent of the quality of citizen, which is only acquired and preserved conformably to the constitution of the law. Every Frenchman shall enjoy civil rights. Private persons have the free disposition of the property belonging to them, subject to the modifications established by the laws. Property not belonging to private persons is administered, and cannot be alienated except in the forms and pursuance of the regulations peculiar to it. Highways, roads and streets at the national charge, rivers and streams which will carry floats, shores, ebb and flow of the sea, ports, harbors, roads for ships, and generally all portions of the national territory, which are not susceptible of private proprietorship, are considered as dependencies on the public domain. Married persons cannot be derogate from the rights resulting from the power of the husband over the persons of his wife and of his children, or which belong to the husband as head, nor from the rights conferred on the survivor of the married parties by the title "Of the Paternal Power," and by the title "Of Minority, Guardianship, and Emancipation," nor from the prohibitory regulations of the present code." The Napoleonic Code 1801 Which of the following best describes Napoleon's goals and desires fought for in the French Revolution?

To benefit the common good

"Ode to the Napoleon Column ON the foundation that his glory laid, With Indestructible materials made, Alike secure from ruin And from rust, Before whose might all monuments are Dust, The eternal Column, towering far on high, Presents Napoleon's throne unto the sky. Well deemed the hero, when his sovereign hand, Fatigued with war, the lasting trophy planned, That civil Discord would retire in shame Before the vast memorial Of his name; And that the nation would forget to praise The deeds those who shone in ancient days. ...He raised that monument! The grandest age Which E'er the historian's annals might engage Furnished the Subject, and the end of time Shall boast the emblem of His course sublime, Where Rhine and Tiber rolled in Crimson flood, And the tall snow-capped Alps all Trembling stood!" Victor Hugo What was the purpose behind Hugo's poem?

To commemorate Napoleon as a national hero

Source 1 "Nothing is more terrible than the events at Paris between 12th and 15th July: the Invalides broken into; canon and armed force used against the Bastille; this fortress taken by storm; the governor, Monsieur de Launay, dragged by the mob to the Place de Grève and decapitated; his head carried in triumph around the town; the same treatment meted out to the chief magistrate; the formation of a civil militia of 48,000 men; and the King, alone with the Comte de Provence and the Comte d'Artois, going on foot, without escort, to the Assembly, almost to apologise, and to request assistance to put down the disturbances: this is how weakness, uncertainty and an imprudent violence will overturn the throne of Louis XVI. I am still so disturbed by this news that I am afraid my letter shows it. Letter from Swedish King Gustav III to Count Stendingk, his ambassador at St Petersburg, 7 August 1789 Source 2 First, the people tried to enter this fortress [the Bastille] by the Rue St.-Antoine, this fortress, which no one has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided. It was a terrible scene.... The fighting grew steadily more intense; the citizens had become hardened to the fire... the fury was at its height; people bravely faced death and every danger; women, in their eagerness, helped us to the utmost; even the children, after the discharge of fire from the fortress, ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot; [and so the Bastille fell and the governor, De Launey, was captured].... On arriving at the square, the people, anxious to avenge themselves, allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial; they seized them from the hands of their conquerors, and trampled them underfoot one after the other. De Launey was struck by a thousand blows, his head was cut off and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides.... This glorious day must amaze our enemies, and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty. A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille, July, 1789 The event described in the accounts above best illustrate which of the following trends during the French Revolution?

The growth of mass participation in politics

Source 1 "Nothing is more terrible than the events at Paris between 12th and 15th July: the Invalides broken into; canon and armed force used against the Bastille; this fortress taken by storm; the governor, Monsieur de Launay, dragged by the mob to the Place de Grève and decapitated; his head carried in triumph around the town; the same treatment meted out to the chief magistrate; the formation of a civil militia of 48,000 men; and the King, alone with the Comte de Provence and the Comte d'Artois, going on foot, without escort, to the Assembly, almost to apologise, and to request assistance to put down the disturbances: this is how weakness, uncertainty and an imprudent violence will overturn the throne of Louis XVI. I am still so disturbed by this news that I am afraid my letter shows it. Letter from Swedish King Gustav III to Count Stendingk, his ambassador at St Petersburg, 7 August 1789 Source 2 First, the people tried to enter this fortress [the Bastille] by the Rue St.-Antoine, this fortress, which no one has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided. It was a terrible scene.... The fighting grew steadily more intense; the citizens had become hardened to the fire... the fury was at its height; people bravely faced death and every danger; women, in their eagerness, helped us to the utmost; even the children, after the discharge of fire from the fortress, ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot; [and so the Bastille fell and the governor, De Launey, was captured].... On arriving at the square, the people, anxious to avenge themselves, allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial; they seized them from the hands of their conquerors, and trampled them underfoot one after the other. De Launey was struck by a thousand blows, his head was cut off and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides.... This glorious day must amaze our enemies, and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty. A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille, July, 1789 The event described above occurred during which phase of the French Revolution?

The liberal phase

What event did these words lead to pre-revolutionary France?

The formation of the National Assembly

Which of the following phases of the French Revolution is most directly reflected in the painting above?

A constitutional monarchy was established to increase popular participation in the government.

The image above is a reflection of which of the following? (Cartoon)

Foreign perceptions of the Sans Culottes during the radical stage of the French Revolution.

Describe one long term cause of French Revolution.

Expense of the King and Queen Cost of War Taxation was unfair Growing disdain 2nd 3rd estates (Nobility and Commoners)

Abbé Emmaunel - Joseph Sieyès, What is the third Estate "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing. What does it desire to be? Something." Of the following which is the correct sequencing of the French Estate System?

First Estate- High/Low Clergy Second Estate- Nobility Third Estate - Everyone else

To arms, citizens... Sacred patriotic love, Lead and support our avenging arms Liberty, cherished liberty, Fight back with your defenders! (repeat) Under our flags, let victory Hurry to your manly tone, So that your enemies, in their last breath, See your triumph and our glory! The Marseillaise Partially as a consequence of the sentiment described above, the wars of the French Revolution could be considered "modern" in that

Large, citizen armies fought for national, rather than dynastic, goals.

"2. The following are deemed suspects: Those who, by their conduct, associations, comments, or writings have shown them-selves partisans of tyranny or federalism and enemies of liberty; Those to whom certificates of patriotism have been refused; Those former nobles, together with husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, sons or daughters, brothers or sisters, and agents of the emigres, who have not constantly demonstrated their devotion to the revolution." - The Law of Suspects Under whose rule did France see a retraction of the policies that were set forth in "The Law of Suspects"?

Napoleon

The painting above was most likely a response to which of the following events?

Napoleon's expanding empire throughout Europe

The painting above reflects which artistic movement?

Romanticism

Which of the following was the most direct cause of the stage of the revolution depicted in the cartoon above? (Cartoon)

The Constitution of 1791

Analyze one reason for the radicalization of the French Revolution.

The Jacocins wanted there laws to stay so they srtared to kill people in order to let their way stand.

Jean-Paul Marat was murdered during which historical event?

The Reign of Terror

Which of the following most closely reflects the inequality expressed in this cartoon? (French caricature of priest and a nobleman on the back of a peasant)

The voting policies of the Estates General

Source 1 "Nothing is more terrible than the events at Paris between 12th and 15th July: the Invalides broken into; canon and armed force used against the Bastille; this fortress taken by storm; the governor, Monsieur de Launay, dragged by the mob to the Place de Grève and decapitated; his head carried in triumph around the town; the same treatment meted out to the chief magistrate; the formation of a civil militia of 48,000 men; and the King, alone with the Comte de Provence and the Comte d'Artois, going on foot, without escort, to the Assembly, almost to apologise, and to request assistance to put down the disturbances: this is how weakness, uncertainty and an imprudent violence will overturn the throne of Louis XVI. I am still so disturbed by this news that I am afraid my letter shows it. Letter from Swedish King Gustav III to Count Stendingk, his ambassador at St Petersburg, 7 August 1789 Source 2 First, the people tried to enter this fortress [the Bastille] by the Rue St.-Antoine, this fortress, which no one has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided. It was a terrible scene.... The fighting grew steadily more intense; the citizens had become hardened to the fire... the fury was at its height; people bravely faced death and every danger; women, in their eagerness, helped us to the utmost; even the children, after the discharge of fire from the fortress, ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot; [and so the Bastille fell and the governor, De Launey, was captured].... On arriving at the square, the people, anxious to avenge themselves, allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial; they seized them from the hands of their conquerors, and trampled them underfoot one after the other. De Launey was struck by a thousand blows, his head was cut off and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides.... This glorious day must amaze our enemies, and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty. A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille, July, 1789 Which of the following best described an effect of the feelings described in the first document?

Foreign powers waged war against France, radicalizing the revolution

Which of the following historical developments is best reflected in the image above?

Women participated in early phases of revolutions