AP European History Unit 3 Study Guide

Debt Peonage

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.

Pietism

A protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs.

Rationalism

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.

Natural Philosophy

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, it's purpose, and how it functioned

The Atlantic Economy

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed...

a military coup against her husband

Catherine the Great of Russia came into power in 1762 through...

Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

Copernicus's theory of the universe did what?

Cartesian Dualism

Descarte's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind an matter

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

Describe the enclosure movement of the 18th century...

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules

During the 18th century the guild system...

Views, standpoints, and philosophies evolved, due to the change in ideas

During the 18th century, what changes occurred in marriage and the family

Empiricism

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as...

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to?

Superior

How did Europeans see themselves towards other races?

From being extremely hard and tough on kids to thinking that they need love and nourishment.

How did attitudes towards child care develop throughout the 17th and 18th century?

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century?

He believed that a good monarch would be the best kind of government

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude towards the way a government should be run?

London

In the 18th century the West's largest and richest city was...

improved water supply and sewage systems

In the 18th century, European public health measures...

an economic advantage

In western Europe, what did late marriage between couples result in?

were opposed by both nobles and peasants

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments...

20s

Most Couples married in their ______s

Maids, beaten & raped

Most young girls were _______ they were often _______ & ________

1.) They wanted to be financially stable 2.) They needed to wait for their inherited land 3.) Marriage required permission from your lord

Name 3 reasons why people delayed marriage...

"science"

Natural Philosophy encompassed what we call _______ today

it led to merchants employing the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages

Since the spinning of the loom required so many workers, what happened in result?

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

The Industrious Revolution resulted because of?

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family, to reading diverse texts individually

The concept of the "reading revolution" refers to...

simplifying Prussia's laws

The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included what?

change to general way of thinking

The fundamental goal of the "Encyclopedia" was to...

Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldwide view based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Enclosure

The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture

required the work of several spinners for each loom,

The spinning of thread for the loom...

Proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

Consumer Revolution

The wide ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes towards consumer goods that emerged in the cities of Northwestern Europe in the 2nd half of the 18th century

True

True or False: Jews were prosecuted in the new world.

False: they wanted to live apart; this made a decline in having a whole family live in one house

True or False: When young couples were married they wanted to live close to their parents

people has finally believed they had surpassed the ancient world. And believed they were more wise and had come up with better ways of thinking and doing things

What differed about the Enlightenment Thinkers?

People are born with a blank slate and that their personalities are formed by their experiences and the way they were rasied

What was John Locke's idea "Tabula Rasa"?

Philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class all intermingled

What was a striking feature of the salons during the enlightenment?

Everyone would be able to read and study the bible independently

What was the goal of Protestant Education?

way more illegitimate births were happening because people didn't care what the community thought of them

What was the illegitimacy explosion?

Masters began to hire more female works, often in defiance of guild rules

What was the role of women in guilds in the 18th century

the scientists and philosophers of the Scientific Revolution did not set out to change the world; individually, they worked on their own problems in their own fields. However, all challenged traditional views of the world and fostered a new way of thinking that relied on empiricism and skepticism rather than accepted, fundamental truths - a development which changed the world forever.

What was the scientific revolution?

He discovered gravity, and also he combined everyone's theories to help influence his ideas

What was the significance of Isaac Newton's discoveries?

low wages and the break down of community control

What were the causes of the illegitimacy explosion?

Incomes were rising so much that people had money left over to buy luxury goods

What were the effects of the consumer revolution?

domination of Atlantic Trade

What were the goals of trade wars in the 17th and 18th century?

Amputations and the Small Pox vaccination

What were the greatest medical advancements in the 18th and 19th century?

Their ideas unintentionally questioned the government, religion, and social order. Making them often enemies of the government.

What were the influences of the of scientific revolution thinkers towards life?

they occupied the summit of the world of work. They employed managed the works of workplaces called "Guilds". They controlled what and how much they were selling as well as to whom.

What were the roles and actions of Guild Masters?

1)Reason: The most important and original idea was that the methods of natural science could be used to examine and understand all aspects of life. Everything was to be submitted to rationalism. 2) Scientific Method: The scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature. 3)Progress: The goal of Enlightenment thinkers to create better societies and better people by discarding outmoded traditions and embracing rationalism.

What were the three central concepts of the Enlightenment?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland

It was too expensive and not always 100% safe

Why couldn't/didn't most couples in the 17th and 18th century use birth control?

communities would force marriages if a couple was having a baby.

Why were illegitimate births rare in the 18th century?

Social & Economical

_______ & _______ transformation in the community changed the marriage and family patterns

6.5

_______ million africans were purchased for in the Atlantic Slave trade.

Salon

a product of The Enlightenment in the early 18th century, was a key institution in which women played a central role. it provided a place for women and men to congregate for intellectual discourse

Navigation Acts

a series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies

Charivari

a special occasion also known as rough music with the theme of "the world turned upside down". In the set pieces in a procession, a fool might be dressed up as a king, a woman might be shown beating her husband etc.

John Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding"

a work concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. it presents a detailed, systematic philosophy of mind and thought. The Essay wrestles with fundamental questions about how we think and perceive, and it even touches on how we express ourselves through language, logic, and religious practices.

Deism

belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.

Voltaire

he was a reformer, not a revolutionary, in politics. He pessimistically concluded that the best on could hope for in the way of government was a good monarch, since human beings are "very rarely worthy to govern themselves."

Pugachev's Serf Rebellion

the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762. The rebellion managed to consolidate support from various groups including the peasants, the Cossacks, and Old Believers priesthood.

Empiricism

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries