AP Gov Unit 4

Administrative adjudication

a quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes

Rule making

a quasi-legislative process resulting in regulations that have the characteristics of a legislative act

administrative discretion

the ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional or executive intentions

Spoils system

the firing of public office holders of a defeated political party to replace them with loyalists of a newly elected party

Cabinet

the formal body of the presidential advisers who head the 15 executive departments (presidents often add others).

civil service system

the merit system by which many federal bureaucrats are selected

What percentage of federal workers work in the capital?

15%

How many presidents failed to earn a 2nd term? How many have sought at 3rd?

10 total have failed to earn a second term. Grant unsuccessfully sought a third and FDR managed to serve 4 terms.

How many daily newspapers are still independently owned?

300

How many companies control 90% of news media content?

6

Federal Register

A publication of the U.S. government that prints executive orders, rules, and regulations.

Merit system

A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather than political patronage.

Explain how administrative adjudication works.

Agencies often find that people or businesses are not in compliance with agency rules and settle disputes with administrative law judges who are employed by the agency but strictly independent. Their actions can be reviewed by courts if necessary.

Identify and explain the five ways that media influences the public.

Agenda setting: significant media attention of an issue increases its importance to the public. Then, citizens often pressure the government to take action. Framing: The subtle difference in the way news outlets present the same information can sway public opinion on an issue such as presenting a KKK rally as a civil rights issue vs a law and order issue. Indirect influence on public perception of government: if the media reports on a weak economy, it can negatively impact an incumbent president's reelection prospects. Reporting can more easily shape the opinions of people without strong political beliefs: media has more influence on independents than strong partisans. Reporting can more easily shape opinions on far-removed issues like events in foreign countries because citizens can't rely on personal experience

What is the purpose of an interagency council?

An interagency council coordinates policy-making and implementation among multiple different agencies (ex: there was one after 9/11 to address econ. crisis).

Explain the provisions in the Pendleton Act.

Applied the merit system to 10% federal employment through open, competitive exams and a 3 member bipartisan civil service commission. Now it applies to 90%.

How does the exec. branch of government check the bureaucracy?

Appoint and remove agency heads and other top bureaucrats Reorganize the bureaucracy with Congressional approval Make changes in an agency's annual budget proposals Ignore legislative initiatives in the bureaucracy Initiate or adjust policies to alter bureaucratic activities (if enacted by Congress) Issue executive orders

Identify and describe the "new" journalists in the late 1800s.

At the beginning of the Progressive era, muckraking journalists began to emerge who would research and expose misconduct by the government, businesses and politicians such as Upton Sinclair and his investigation of the meat packing industry.

Government corporations

Businesses established by Congress to perform functions that private businesses could provide

What are the purposes of decentralization?

Facilitates accessibility to the public Distributes jobs and incomes across the country

What are the 15 Cabinet Departments?

Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Education, Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Housing and Urban development, Interior, Justice, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veteran Affairs (see 8.2 for purposes)

Explain the concept of "narrowcasting".

Due to the recent increase in channel availability, competition between news outlets is fiercer than ever. Thus, many outlets choose to cater to a specific audience in order to capture as large of a viewership as possible, often resulting in networks catering to a specific political ideology. Some narrowcasting also targets ethnic of religious groups like Telemundo or CBN.

How did the FCC attempt to promote equity in broadcasting?

Equal time rule (does not include 3rd party candidates in debates) Right of rebuttal

How has "for profit" media decreased democracy?

For-profit media chains are constantly seeking to expand their market shares to please advertisers, so they tend to focus on sensational issues rather than those that may alienate viewers or upset government regulators. Essentially, audiences only get to see what media outlets feel comfortable broadcasting in order to prevent "rocking the boat".

Who was one of the first VPs to truly have power?

George W. Bush's VP, Dick Cheney. Biden also had a fair amount of power b/c Obama had little experience in elected office and Biden was a seasoned Senator.

How does "horse-race" reporting affect elections?

Horse-race coverage places very little emphasis on discussion of public policy issues at hand, preferring to focus on the drama of elections to draw in more viewers.

What is the difference between on and off the record?

If a session is on the record (like a formal press conference), every word an official utters can be printed. If journalists obtain information off the record, nothing an official says can be printed.

Which of Weber's features seems the most idealist when looking at the US government's bureaucracy? Why?

Impersonality- whereby all workers are treated fairly based on merit and all clients are served equally- without discrimination, according to established rules Sadly, everybody has biases, whether they realize it or not. Racism and sexism are still rampant in today's society which could be partially responsible for the relatively low number of Hispanic and female civil servants.

Describe the process of implementation.

Implementation is how agencies carry out congressional wishes. Congress creates agencies, then delegates some of their powers to them, considering it is impractical for Congress to be involved in every single aspect of implementing a law. Congress sets specific guidelines for agencies, and then they implement programs how they see fit within those guidelines.

What is infotainment? Give 4 examples.

Infotainment blends political news and information with entertainment. Examples include comedy shows, daytime talk shows, comedy news shows and even cable news shows that adopt talk show formats. Although many late night comedy shows tend to mock political candidates, many candidates have embraced these programs as ways to connect with wide audiences.

Identify and explain each of the digital media sources.

Internet news : More than half of Americans use this as their news source because they can access the internet from a variety of devices at any time of the day. (still less than TV at 69%) Blogs: Tend to target political elites with abundance of political knowledge, link people with common ideological and issue-specific interests Social networking sites: 61% of millennials get their political news from facebook and politicians have embraced reaching voters through social media by broadcasting live events, answering questions, organizing supporters and attacking opponents.

What are the key differences between an iron triangle and an issue network?

Iron triangles depict the relationship between Congress, interest groups, and bureaucratic agencies. Issue networks include all of these groups, but they can also include layers, consultants, academics, public relations specialists and courts depending on the issue. The relationships within an issue network are much more loose than the strict patterns shown in an iron triangle.

How has the internet complicated how the government and media interact? What steps has the government taken to regulate or not regulate (intentionally)?

It is difficult to protect intellectual property and make a profit from content distribution with the internet. It is very difficult to prevent the free distribution of copyrighted materials. In A&M Records v Napster a court ruled against the file sharing company for infringing on copyright and Congress has attempted to limit access to pirated content with legislation like SOPA and PIPA, but failed to pass do to public fear that the government would be able to shut down any website at will. They are attempting to enter a Trans-Pacific Partnership with other nations to increase penalities for copyright infringement. In 2015, the government instituted the Net Neutrality Act to prevent internet service providers from slowing or denying access to any information.

What was the purpose of the Hatch Act and what did it do?

It prohibited federal employees from directly working for political candidates b/c the public became concerned that with the growing number of federal employees and agencies in the 1930s, civil servants would have too much influence over both implementing policies and electing officials. (Since 1993, it has only prohibited employees from engaging in political actions while on duty, soliciting contributions from the public and running in partisan elections).

Describe patronage under Jackson.

Jackson made use of patronage more than any president before him. He elevated the Post Master to a cabinet position rather than part of the Department of Treasury, allowing him to appoint a postmaster in every U.S. town.

Patronage

Jobs, grants or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends or political allies for their support

In what areas did the size of the bureaucracy increase during and immediately following the Civil War?

Lincoln added thousands of employees to existing departments and created the Department of Agriculture in order to feed troops. After the war, Congress created the Pension Office to compensate Union soldiers and the Department of Justice to handle war litigation.

What is the process to become an employee of the civil service? What percent of the government employees fall into this category?

Lower level civil service positions are filled through competitive written examinations, and higher level positions are filled through an online resumé application. Personnel departments determine which applicants are qualified and online forward those to the agency. 90% of government employees are covered by the Civil Service System. Other 10% = appointive policy making positions, independent regulatory commissioners, low-level non-policy patronage positions

Why can the government limit radio and TV more than print media?

Media ownership: Airwaves are limited in number and leased to private broadcasters from the federal government to prevent widespread interference. Content: the federal government sets content regulations to better serve "the public interest" such as the equal time rule and the right of rebuttal.

What is the biggest concern for the federal workforce in the near future?

More than ⅓ of federal workers are eligible for retirement and the government is facing a shortfall in experienced managers.

How does narrowcasting decrease political knowledge instead of expanding it?

Narrowcasting increases the likelihood that people will only expose themselves to news sources that confirm their preexisting beliefs, contributing to political polarization and decreased willingness to entertain different political perspectives (especially when each person's digital newsfeed is customized). It also allows officials to control their messages like never before by broadcasting a message that caters to the audiences of the shows they appear on.

Explain the difference between "network" and cable news shows.

Network news shows including NBC, ABC and CBS are not solely devoted to news coverage and are available free of charge via antenna while cable news shows like CNN, Fox News, MSNBC and C-span provide 24 hour coverage and must be paid for through a cable provider.

Differentiate on background and deep background.

On background means that none of the information a journalist obtains can be attributed to the informant's name (ex: unnamed senior officials) while deep background information has to be completely unsourced.

How has the Telecommunication Act of 1996 shifted ownership of mass media?

Ownership was deregulated by Congress to allow for multimedia communications companies like Time Warner and Comcast, leading to widespread media consolidation

How does the legislative branch of government check the bureaucracy?

Pass legislation to alter bureaucracy's activities Abolish or create programs/agencies Refuse to appropriate funds for programs Investigate agency activities and compel bureaucrats to testify about them Accept or reject presidential appointments of top officials Write legislation to limit bureaucratic discretion

How have cell phones changed how news is gathered?

Phones allow citizens to upload images and videos to social media of events that may not be covered (or covered accurately) by official news outlets. Citizens may even reach the scenes of events before news crews do.

List some positive and negative aspects of the new digital media.

Positive: easily accessible, many sources are free, rapid dissemination of new information Negatives: sources are often biased and less regulated, tone of political conversations on social media tend to be very disrespectful

Describe how public figures use each of the following:

Press release: provide an official written comment on a position or event Press briefing: press secretary leads discussion with the press on a very small range of topics Press conference: officials try to control the message and spin issues to make themselves appear in a positive light, making it difficult for reporters to get the answers they need. They may even give exclusive access to outlets that are sympathetic to their message.

Identify the main sources of mass media.

Print-sources, movies, tv, radio, internet-based sources

How does the judicial branch of government check the bureaucracy?

Rule on whether bureaucrats have acted within the law and require policy changes to comply with the law. Force agencies to respect the rights of individuals through hearings and other proceedings Rule on the constitutionality of all challenged rules and regulations.

Identify and explain the two formal procedures for administrative discretion?

Rule-making: considering Congress transfers some of their powers to agencies, bureaucratic regulations function similarly to laws. Some agencies are required to have formal hearings (similar to congressional committees) before issuing rules. Citizens can even comment on rules online. Administrative Adjudication: an agency can settle disputes between two parties like a court

How do media outlets self-monitor their journalistic integrity?

Some hire internal media critics called ombudsmen that assess their newspaper and reporters' performance.

Why is it difficult to get and keep state department workers in spite of its prestige?

Some workers are posted in parts of Africa and the Middle East, so the department lacks enough qualified people willing to face potential dangers. (Military has been hiring private contractors to fill these bureaucratic positions.)

How has the SCOTUS limited the media?

TV cameras have never been allowed to film Supreme Court proceedings and only a limited number of print and broadcast reporters are permitted in the court. The justices want to protect the Court's image as a non-political entity. (The general public isn't as interested in complicated legal proceedings anyways).

Hatch Act

The 1939 act to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. This act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or campaigning for a particular candidate.

Explain the basic structure of the seating chart in the White House Briefing Room.

The Press Secretary stands at a podium in the front of the room with prominent news outlets like ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox News occupying the front row with the Associated Press at the front center. Smaller news outlets are seated further back and 30-60 people form a u-shape around the perimeter.

How has the SCOTUS affirmed freedom of the press? How have they limited it?

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional limit on prior restraint, that prevents the government from limiting speech or publication before they occur In New York Times Co. v. U.S in 1971. However, the 1931 case Near v. Minnesota upheld that libel and slander are illegal in all cases, limiting some freedom of the press.

How did the world wars contribute to the size of the bureaucracy?

The economic depression that followed the increased production of goods during World War I led to the creation of numerous federal agencies in order to provide jobs and repair the economy. The bureaucracy grew further during World War II to assist with the war effort and remained fairly sizable afterwards to provide programs for veteran's with the money from the newly increased tax rates.

Which branch of government does the press cover the most? Why?

The executive branch is covered the most because the president is the only nationally elected official and is head of both government and state.

What is the difference between the formal cabinet and the cabinet departments?

The formal cabinet includes the vice president, heads of the cabinet departments and any additional appointees (such as heads of the EPA or OMB), while the cabinet departments themselves contain 60% of the federal workforce.

Why was the income tax necessary?

The income tax was used to support new federal agencies, services and programs.

What three groups does the media focus on in congress and why?

The leader's of both parties in both chambers b/c only they are able to speak for the majority of their party members (whips get some attention too). Key committee chairs receive attention when issues revolving around their committee's subject area are receiving national attention. Judiciary and Appropriations committees receive frequent coverage. Local newspapers and broadcast stations devote some coverage to local representatives and senators to inform constituents about their performance.

Do newspaper endorsements cater more to republicans or democrats? Explain.

The majority of newspaper sources that endorse candidates prefer Republican candidates. Which candidate newspapers endorse usually depends on the market the paper is catering to (KC Star made lots of liberal endorsements this year, likely because it is catering to an urban area). Also, the majority of journalists tend to be white, male, highly educated and affluent, which is reflected in the issues they cover.

How has the radio impacted politics in America?

The radio allowed many Americans to hear politicians' voices for the first time. Presidents began speaking on the radio on a regular basis, most notably FDR with his fireside chats during the great depression. Although it lost popularity after the invention of the tv, am talk shows became popular in the 80s, allowing a number of (mostly conservative) political commentators to rise to prominence.

Which president championed the need for regulating businesses for the protection of workers and consumers in the early 1900s?

Theodore Roosevelt, a Progressive Republican, advocated for governmental regulation of the economy and disliked the massive amounts of power big corporations were accumulating.

What issue put the government in the business of regulating private industry?

There was public outcry regarding the incredibly high prices railroad companies charged to haul freight which led Congress to establish the regulatory Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887 (signaling government bureaucracies' shift from service to regulation oriented).

What can a president do if there is an extremely complex policy problem that cannot be managed by a singular iron triangle?

They can set up a policy-coordinating committee like the Homeland Security Council (made up of members of CIA, FBI, FEMA, VP, etc.) to facilitate interaction among agencies.

How do street-level bureaucrats exercise independence?

They exercise broad judgement when interacting with citizens. Their individual actions add up to agency behavior.

Describe the merit system.

Unlike the spoils system, the merit system (introduced by Rutherford B. Hayes) determines employment through test scores, qualification and ability rather than political loyalty.

How did the Constitution create tension between the President and Congress regarding foreign policy?

While the President is Commander in Chief, only Congress is permitted to declare war.

What is an example of an appointment that does not require Senate confirmation?

White House staff- president's closest assistants and aids

What demographics have most presidents been a part of?

White, male, Protestant (Kennedy was first Catholic President, Obama was first Black President)

Why has the power of the press secretary increased in the last 100 years?

With the massive increase in media coverage and scrutiny of the presidency in recent years, the president has become reluctant to appear directly in front of the media, leaving that job to his press secretary instead. Now president's take great care to appoint close, trustworthy advisers as their press secretaries to protect their image.

How did "yellow journalism" change print media?

Yellow journalism emerged in the late 1800s featuring pictures, comics, colors and sensational headlines to attract wide readership, especially the large population of immigrants.

Is the media biased? Why or why not?

Yes, every person has conscious and subconscious biases and journalists are not excluded. Biases often appear in the way journalists describe candidates. Demographics, a desire for high rating and celebrity status/connections with interest groups can easily influence coverage.

Press release

a document offering an official comment or position

Independent regulatory commission

an entity created by Congress outside a major executive department

Examples of Government Corporations

businesses established by Congress that provide services private businesses could provide (but often are not profitable) U.S. Postal Service Amtrak Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Examples of Independent Regulatory Commissions

created by Congress to regulate economic activity, members of older boards like the Federal Reserve Board and the Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate but cannot be easily removed by the president Federal Communications Commissions National Labor Relations Board OSHA (head is directly appointed by pres., more subject to political pressure)

agenda setting

forming list of issues to be addressed by the government

Independent Executive Agencies

governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have narrower areas of responsibility and perform services rather than regulatory functions

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Volatility and changes in public opinion within a short period of time as a result of the content of news coverage is called

media effects

Pendleton Act of 1883

reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and creation of the Civil Service Commission

Press briefing

relatively restricted session between press secretary or an aide and the press

Regulations

rules governing the operation of all government programs that have the force of law

Examples of Independent Executive Agencies

similar to cabinet departments, but with narrower areas of responsibility and tasked with performing services rather than implementing regulations NASA EPA

Policy coordinating committees (PCCs)

subcabinet-level committees created to facilitate interactions between agencies and departments to handle complex policy problems

Implementation

the process by which a law or policy is put into operation

Interagency councils

working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies

What is the maximum number of years someone can be president according to the Twenty-Second Amendment?

10 years (Vice president can serve two years of an elected president's term and still be eligible to run for two elections).

List a few of the precedents established by the Washington Administration.

-Established the supremacy of the national government by putting down the Whiskey Rebellion. -He had regular meetings with his Cabinet of advisers. -Maintained his authority to negotiate treaties with foreign nations despite Senate objection. -Established inherent power of the President to declare neutrality, derived from his power to conduct foreign affairs

What was the War Powers Resolution?

. Congress passed this legislation over Nixon's veto 1973, requiring the President to seek Congressional approval before deploying troops unless in a state of emergency (must disclose actions within 48 hours), then must withdraw troops within 60 days if there is no declaration of war. Many presidents ignore this law, considering it unconstitutional, but have not tested it in court.

Presidential Succession Act

1947 law enacted by Congress that provides for the filling of any simultaneous vacancy of the presidency and vice presidency

How many recent presidents (11) have served one term or less, how many have served as governor, how many have served in the legislature?

4, 4, 6

Veto Power

A president can veto Congressional bills, but Congress can override the veto with a ⅔ vote. It is often very difficult for Congress to override a veto, which allows the President to have some influence in lawmaking by prompting Congress to write bills that he will approve of.

How was presidential power viewed in the 50s and 60s? How did it shift in the 70s?

A strong president was viewed positively while a weak president was viewed as a failure in the post-war 50s and 60s, but faith in the presidency deteriorated in the 70s due to the Vietnam war and Watergate. (However, as seen by Americans' repudiation of Ford and Carter's weakness, we still wanted a strong leader, which many turned to Reagan for)

What is the key argument in federalist 70?

A unitary executive is optimal because it allows the president to make quick decisions in times of crisis while also ensuring he remains accountable for his actions (can't lay blame on another executive).

How are American expectations of the President inconsistent?

Americans prefer limited government and fear strong concentration of power. However, we also look to the President to protect against security threats and solve economic and societal problems (especially after the New Deal). As a result, presidential responsibilities have increased while presidential powers have not.

How do President's get their policy agendas passed through Congress?

Bargaining, exploiting to honeymoon period/first 100 days where approval ratings are highest, setting clear priorities (can only successfully introduce a limited number of policies in first 100 days)

Signing statements

occasional written comments attached to a bill signed by the President.

What are examples of formal powers?

Commander in Chief (exclusive), Make treaties with Senate approval (shared)

What are the president's exclusive enumerated powers?

Commander in Chief, Receive Ambassadors, Grant Pardons, Call Congress into Session, give the State of the Union address

What are the president's foreign policy powers?

Commander in chief, appoints ambassadors, negotiates treaties and executive agreements, make executive orders affecting the military, defense, diplomatic and intelligence services report directly to him

What branch did the framers intend to be the strongest?

Congress (today most people would say the president is the strongest, Congress has even given away some power)

Prior restraint

Constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting speech of public before the fact; violation of 1st amendment

What are Congress' foreign policy powers?

Declare war, power of the purse, ratifies treaties, confirms cabinet secretaries, legislation like War Powers Resolution. Congressional oversight.

What is "going public"?

Direct public appeals made by the president used to raise public support and shape public opinion in favor of policies. Ceremonial duties also help build public support.

Citizen journalist

ordinary individuals who collect, report and analyze news content

What are the "two presidencies"?

Domestic and foreign policy. Since the New Deal, presidents have been expected to solve economic problems (which greatly impacts reelection prospects, despite Congress playing a large role as well) while continuing to juggle national security.

Who makes up the President's White House Staff?

Early presidents had few secretaries and even wrote their own letters, but today there are at least 600 members of the White House Staff. The Chief of Staff acts as a gatekeeper. The Press Secretary controls the message to the media. Most other members remain anonymous and are chosen for their loyalty to the President (closest advisers occupy the the West Wing).

What are examples of informal powers?

Executive agreements, signing statements (informs Congress and public of President's interpretation of the law)

What powers does the President have as Chief Diplomat?

He extends diplomatic recognition or other nations by receiving their ambassadors and appointing his own (or terminating relations with countries he deems illegitimate). He can make treaties with Senate approval or executive agreements which don't require Congressional ratification.

Why did founder James Wilson feel that the president had to have absolute veto power?

He feared the legislature could easily destroy the executive branch if the president did not have this power.

What is a duty the president has to Congress outlined in the Constitution?

He is required to inform Congress on the State of the Union once a year. For modern president's, it is also an address to the public regarding his legislative agenda since it is televised.

How can the president's approval ratings affect his/her ability to create public policy?

High approval ratings make it easier for the President to pass (sometimes controversial) legislation through Congress because his actions are viewed as a mandate from the public. Sometimes presidents with high approval ratings are also able to flip Congressional seats to their party. On the other hand, unpopular presidents may have difficulty passing legislation through Congress even when their party holds the majority because Congressmen will be reluctant to be affiliated with an unpopular president.

What are the major provisions of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment?

If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president, the president must appoint a new vice president, subject to the approval of both houses of Congress by simple majority. Allows the vice president and the majority of the cabinet to deem a president unable to fulfill his duties, allowing the vice president to take power if a president is incapacitated. The president can voluntarily relinquish power to VP.

What is the purpose of the EOP?

It was established by FDR to help oversee new deal programs. The units change to fit each president's needs and is overseen by the White House Chief of Staff. Today, it includes the National Security Council, the Council of Economic Advisers and the Office of Management and Budget.

What are examples of president's acting as crisis managers?

JFK- Cuban Missile Crisis, Bush-did well with 9/11, not so well with Hurricane Katrina- how presidents handles crises has huge impact on reelection. Modern communications technology forces modern presidents to respond decisively to a wide range of domestic and global crises.

What does the 22nd amendment do?

Limits President to 2 terms (6 have chosen not to run again, 13 have managed to earn 2nd term)

How did Licoln expand the power of the presidency?

Lincoln expanded his power significantly during the Civil War. He suspended the writ of habeas corpus, and expanded the size of the U.S. army (above Congressional limits), ordered blockade of southern ports without Congressional approval and closed the U.S. mail to treasonable correspondence. He believed it was acceptable to stray from the Constitution during a time of crisis to prevent the collapse of the nation.

What changes have led to the expansion of presidential power? What Presidents are known for expanding their role?

Military, technological and economic changes have led to expansion of presidential power. Lincoln expanded his power during the Civil War, but FDR is considered the first modern present due to the significant increase in presidential power he created with the New Deal.

What are the requirements set forth in the Constitution for the job of president?

Must be a natural-born citizen, at least 35 years of age and have lived in the United States for at least 14 years.

Is the President required to have a cabinet?

No, it is not required by the Constitution but has been traditional since Washington's presidency.

Can presidents only veto part of a bill?

No, many presidents have sought this power, and Congress gave it to Clinton, but the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional.

Are all executive department heads cabinet members?

No, the president decides which department heads are granted Cabinet status. Typically modern presidents don't hold full cabinet meetings due to its much larger size since the New Deal.

What precedent did John Adams set?

Not giving the vice president any duties outside of ceremonial ones. (For generations they were simply chosen to balance a ticket and pick up certain states)

What factors influence presidential approval ratings?

Party affiliation, honeymoon period, policy success, integrity and leadership skills, rally event (9/11, finishing first gulf war)

What does the president's legislative influence primarily depend on?

Popularity with the public- Popular presidents who win by a high margin are considered to have an electoral mandate to carry out certain policies, which Congress tends to honor as long as the President is careful not to overreach. Widely supported presidents also allow members of Congress to defend votes for policies their constituents don't necessarily like as support for the president. On the other hand, unpopular presidents can even struggle to gain support from members of their own party, who often try to distance themselves from the president to protect their reelection prospects.

How did FDR expand the power of the presidency?

Presidential decisions began to take precedence over congressional ones after FDR's presidency. In order to combat the massive unemployment rates during the great depression, Congress allowed FDR to establish an array of social programs unlike any the nation had seen before. He was also one of the first presidents to use technology to develop an intimate relationship with the people through his fireside chats. Since the 1930s, presidents have taken a much more active role in legislation and domestic policy.

Explain the differences between executive agreements/orders and signing statements.

Presidents can circumvent Congressional approval by issuing executive orders, which have the effect of law, or forming executive agreements with foreign nations instead of treaties, which do not require Senate ratification. Presidents also add signing statements to bills passed by Congress, especially those they have objections to, signaling they may attempt to implement the bill in other ways or deem parts of it unconstitutional.

What are the primary duties of the OMB?

The OMB is part of the EOP that employs budget and policy experts to prepare the president's annual budget proposal, assess the costs of proposals, review progress, budget and program proposals of executive agencies. They also provide economic forecasts.

How do presidents depend on bonds of party? Does it always prove reliable?

Presidents depend on support from members of their party in Congress to get their legislative agenda passed, considering members of the opposing party often vote against the president's bills due to ideological differences or to make him look bad. However, Congress members are most concerned with pleasing their constituents to earn reelection, so party members' votes are not guaranteed, especially if the president is unpopular.

What makes it difficult for presidents to sway public opinion?

Public is uninterested in politics and tend to base support based on partisan preferences and inaccurate facts.

What is the media's role in presidential policy formation?

Serves as the intermediary between the president and the public, but does not always verify the information they report due to the rapid dissemination of information and are often biased.

What is the press secretary's job?

Shape president's interaction with the media, conduct daily press briefings, give prepared announcements, answer questions, schedule private interviews and photo ops.

How did Jackson expand the power of the presidency?

Similar to Washington, Jackson asserted federal supremacy by challenging South Carolina's nullification of a federal tariff. He helped develop the party system we see today by appointing loyal supporters of his party to government positions. He also took advantage of his veto power much more than his predecessors.

What was the president's role under the Articles of Confederation?

Some men had the title of "president" of the Continental Congress, but no executive branch existed.

What are some different interpretations of the presidency?

Some think Congress should defer to the President because he is the only nationally elected official, while others think that the Framers separation of powers should be honored. Some past presidents have expressed concern regarding the widening scope of presidential power prior to taking office, and then take advantage of said powers when in office.

U.S. v. Nixon (1974)

Supreme Court Ruling on the power of the president, holding that no absolute constitutional executive privilege allow the president to refuse to comply with a court order to produce information needed in a criminal trial

Who are the members of the EOP?

The Executive Office of the President is made up of various advisory and policy-making agencies including The Council of Economic advisers, the Office of Management and Budget, the Office of the V President, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and the National Security Council.

What is the official process for removing a president from duty?

The House may impeach the president for treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors with a simple majority vote. If the president is impeached, the Senate will try the president to determine if they should be removed from office, which requires a ⅔ vote.

Appointment Power

The President can appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court and other Officers of the U.S. with the advice and consent of the Senate (which has become increasingly hard to receive since the 1990s). The President can also make about 2,000 other appointments without Senate consent.

What powers does the President have as Commander in Chief?

The President can deploy troops, but Congress must declare ware and appropriate funds which can constrain the President's power to wage undeclared wars. Framers did not envision a standing army or nuclear arsenal (modern presidents don't personally put down rebellions like Washington).

Power to Make Treaties

The President can make treaties with ⅔ of the Senate's approval and can receive ambassadors (or have some Presidents have interpreted, can recognize the existence of other nations). Some Presidents prefer to use executive agreements because they do not require Senate approval, but subsequent administrations are not bound by them.

Power to Convene Congress

The President is required to periodically inform Congress of the State of the Union and can call Congress into a special session in times of national crisis.

Power to Preside over the Military

The President uses this power to ensure laws are faithfully executed and to wage war (although Congress alone is allowed to officially declare war).

What check is known to cause tension between the President and Congress? When can it be applied?

The Senate's power to confirm presidential appointments- applies to the heads of the 15 exec. departments that make up the cabinet (but can be removed by Pres. at any time), ambassadors, amd federal judges (most tension, life term)

What is the vice president's constitutional duty?

The Vice President is to assume the office of the president upon death or other emergency and serve as the presiding officer of the Senate (only voting if there is a tie)

What does it mean to "lie in state"?

The body of an official is placed in a state building for the public to pay their respects.

What is the bully pulpit and how do presidents use it to their benefit?

The bully pulpit is the President's power to draw attention to and generate support for particular issues due to their practically unlimited media access. This influence has grown even more with recent technological advancements like cell phones and social media that allow presidents to reach a wide range of voters to publicize their views and build support for their programs. If a president can generate enough public support, the people can pressure their representatives in Congress to support the president;s programs as well.

What are the constitutional processes of choosing cabinet members?

The cabinet is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, but it is implied and has existed since Washington's presidency. The President has the power to choose his Cabinet members (who are also subject to Senate approval), who are traditionally the heads of major executive departments or other agencies.

What are the key differences of the EOP and the White House staff?

The members of the White House Staff are more directly responsible to the President. The President's aides and assistants are not subject to Senate confirmation, unlike some EOP members like the head of the Office of Management and Budget. Staff members' power is derived directly from their relationship with the President, thus they do not have divided loyalties.

How can the president participate in facilitating legislation?

The president is able to write a legislative agenda in order to pass some of their major policy goals, especially within the first year of their presidency when support is still fairly high. As the informal leader of their party, they can successfully pass some of their preferred policies by drawing on party loyalty within Congress (when their party has the majority and or they have helped carry party members into office).

How is the president's party affected in Congress during presidential election years? Midterms?

The president's party typically gains Congressional seats in presidential election years (Presidential coattails, less drastic in recent years) and loses them during midterm elections due to dissatisfaction with presidential performance that typically arises.

What is the purpose of the State of the Union address?

The speech is delivered to both houses of Congress, as outlined in the Constitution, but has been designed for the general public since it has been televised. By working to gain public support for his policy agenda, the President can pressure Congress to give him their support as well.

How much power does the vice president have?

The vice president has as much power as the President is willing to give them. No President had granted the VP more than ceremonial duties before Jimmy Carter. Joe Biden was one of the most powerful VPs to date.

A president will typically have most legislative success when...

Their party controls both houses of Congress.

Why don't they rely on executive orders?

They can be overturned by subsequent administrations and they are often met with criticism b/c they are seen as a way of avoiding checks and balances.

How do presidents make use of social media and technology?

They can communicate directly to the public and promote their policy agenda and respond rapidly to new political issues.

What is Presidential legislative power?

They can sign or (pocket) veto a bill (only 4% are actually overridden, so mere threat of a veto can lead to a bill being rewritten). They can bargain and persuade Congress (mainly at the start of their term) to secure Congressional action. They can issue Executive Orders to manage the federal government which have the power of law through their "executive power".

How are the Founding Fathers' fears of tyranny reflected in the structure of the executive branch?

They did not want to give too much power to the executive, so Article II is much shorter than Article I. Madison implemented a system of shared powers and checks and balances and they chose a short term of office.

How have ladies influenced the White House?

They have no constitutional role but many have been quite influential. Abigail Adams encouraged her husband to consider women. Edith Wilson led while her husband was incapacitated. Eleanor Roosevelt publicly advocated for policies and charitable causes. Hilary Clinton led a planning committee for healthcare reform and Michelle Obama worked to combat childhood obesity.

Pardoning Power

This check on the judicial branch allows the President to release an individual from punishment and restore all their rights of citizenship, except in cases of impeachment. (Ex: Ford pardoned Nixon, Carter pardoned draft dodgers, and Obama pardoned numerous nonviolent drug offenders as a policy statement)

How do modern presidents gain policy support?

Using the bully pulpit effectively with media skills and expert advice on lighting, makeup, pace of delivery, etc.

How does Congress respond to the apathy of today's public?

Without large mobilization of public support for most presidential policies, Congress tends to ignore the president, interpreting public apathy for a mandate to maintain the status quo.

Pardon

an executive grant providing restoration of all rights and privileges of citizenship to a specific individual charged with or convicted of a crime

Executive Privilege

an implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary

veto

formal constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress, preventing them from becoming law without further Congressional action

executive agreement

formal international agreements entered into by the president that do not require the advice and consent of the Senate

framing

how the way a news organization defines a political issues affects public opinion

Media effects

influence of news sources on public opinion

Content regulations

limitations on the content of mass media

Political Scientist, Richard Neustadt, once remarked that the president's power often rests in his power to

persuade

Right of rebuttal

requires broadcast stations to give individuals the right to have the opportunity to respond to personal attacks made on a TV or radio broadcast

Equal time rule

requires broadcast stations to sell air time equally to all candidates in a political campaign if they choose to sell any

Executive Order

rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect of law, must be published in the Federal Register

Narrowcasting

targeting media programming at specific populations within society

Bully pulpit

the view that a major power of the presidency is to draw attention to and generate support for particular positions

Press conference

unrestricted session between elected official and the press