AP Government Test Bank Questions Chapters 1-20

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103) Economic sanctions are A) non-military sanctions imposed on a foreign government in an attempt to modify its behavior. B) sanctions imposed by the United States government on multinational corporations. C) accomplished through the use of tariffs and quotas. D) typically used as a second resort in an escalating military conflict. E) an example of a last resort sanction.

106) All of the following countries are seeking to acquire nuclear weapons EXCEPT A) Algeria. B) Iran. C) Iraq. D) North Korea. E) none of the above

106) In 1995, the Republican majority in Congress, in contrast to previous Democratic Congresses, A) limited the use of unfunded mandates. B) prohibited the states from using unfunded mandates. C) limited the use of block grants. D) avoided funded mandates. E) all of the above

109) Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Federal grants can put an unwanted financial burden on states. B) When Congress imposes a program on the states, it also provides the funds for the program. C) Congress decreased funding of Medicaid in the 1980s to relieve state financial burdens. D) States are always seeking increases in grant programs. E) all of the above

112) Sometimes states tackle problems that are generally considered national problems. This is most likely to occur when the federal government acts in a way that most state residents do not like. An example of this is A) state funding for stem cell research in California. B) lowering the minimum wage. C) collecting taxes on purchases made on the Internet. D) restrictions on the chemicals that can be used for developing digital photographs. E) local school board policies about which textbooks are appropriate.

113) Business interests have traditionally found their demands received most favorably by A) state governments. B) the courts. C) Congress. D) the president. E) cities.

13) Which one of the following countries has federalism as its method of governing? A) Canada B) China C) France D) Kenya E) No other country uses federalism.

19) All of the following are examples of how federalism decentralizes our policies EXCEPT A) federal income tax. B) regulation of abortion. C) death penalty. D) funding of education. E) homeland security.

2) All of the following are instruments of foreign policy EXCEPT A) taxation. B) military. C) economic. D) diplomacy. E) none of the above

2) Federalism is A) a system of shared power by the state and national governments. B) the same as unitary government. C) sole government authority in the national government. D) sole government authority in the states. E) a three-branch government with a system of checks and balances.

22) Multinational corporations A) have been known to link forces with the CIA to overturn governments they disliked. B) are usually strictly regulated by their host country. C) are among the oldest actors on the international stage. D) contribute two-thirds of the worldʹs industrial output. E) all of the above

25) Which of the following statements about federalism is FALSE? A) Federalism was hotly debated at the Constitutional Convention. B) Eighteenth-century Americans had little experience in thinking of themselves as Americans first and state citizens second. C) There was no other practical choice in 1787 but to create a federal system of government. D) Loyalty to state governments was so strong that the Constitution would have been resoundingly defeated had it tried to abolish them. E) None of the above; all are TRUE.

29) The supremacy clause A) establishes the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. B) establishes the Supreme Court as the final arbiter in all civil and criminal disputes. C) declares that the national government is superior to the states in every concern. D) states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved to the states. E) states that the people are the supreme authority in the United States and that the government shall be subservient to them.

3) Diplomacy refers to A) formal and informal communications with representatives of other governments. B) regulation of international travel. C) the exchange of military officials between countries. D) a recent philosophy regarding world relations. E) multi-sided arms negotiations.

33) The chief role of the Secretary of Defense is to A) manage the military budget. B) be the presidentʹs chief foreign policy advisor. C) coordinate American foreign and military policy. D) act as Commander in Chief of the armed forces. E) declare war.

34) The National Security Council is officially composed of the president and all of the following EXCEPT the A) director of the Central Intelligence Agency. B) Secretary of Defense. C) Secretary of State. D) vice president. E) Secretary of Homeland Security.

35) Which of these was NOT a principle established in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland? A) State governments are forbidden spending more money than they raise each year, while there is no such requirement on the national government. B) The national government can establish a national bank, even though the Constitution does not say it can. C) The national government is supreme to the states when it is acting within its sphere of action. D) The national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its enumerated powers. E) State laws preempt national laws when the national government clearly exceeds its constitutional powers and intrudes upon state powers.

5) Member countries of the United Nations agree to A) renounce war and respect certain human and economic freedoms. B) elect their leaders through the democratic process. C) adopt the United States Constitution as their model for self-government. D) limit the organizationʹs activities to a peacekeeping function, and not involve themselves in economic development or health, education, and welfare concerns. E) adopt capitalist economic systems.

52) Throughout most of its history up to the early twentieth century, the United States followed a foreign policy course of ________, particularly with regard to Europe. A) isolationism B) internationalism C) intervention D) collective security E) laissez faire

798 15) Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have A) veto power over any Security Council decisions, including any effort to deploy UN peacekeeping troops. B) two votes each on the Security Council, making them more important than non-permanent members. C) no more or no less clout on the Security Council than the non-permanent members, just guaranteed membership. D) no voting power on the Security Council, but are guaranteed the right to listen in or speak at any meeting. E) none of the above

8) Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The American states have unitary governments. B) Federalism is the typical way nations organize their governments. C) Great Britain has a federal system. D) Most European countries are confederations. E) none of the above

801 25) The ________ is the primary foreign policy arm of the United States government. A) State Department B) Department of Defense C) Joint Chiefs of Staff D) National Security Council E) Central Intelligence Agency

807 44) The Central Intelligence Agency is required by law to report its activities to A) relevant Congressional committees. B) the Joint Chiefs of Staff. C) the United Nations Security Council. D) the Secretary of State. E) no one, not even the president.

809 50) Throughout most of American history, American foreign policy has centered on the concept of A) isolationism. B) brinkmanship. C) containment. D) McCarthyism. E) internationalism.

82) The main instrument the national government uses to influence state governments is A) grants-in-aid. B) mandates. C) judicial review. D) the Tenth Amendment. E) presidential decrees.

821 87) Defense spending now makes up about ________ of the federal budget. A) one-fifth B) one-third C) one-half D) three-fifths E) one-fourth

822 90) Which of the following statements about defense spending is FALSE? A) Evidence indicates that as defense spending increases, domestic spending decreases. B) Pressures to cut defense spending and allocate funds to decrease the budget deficit are strong. C) Conservatives fight deep cuts in defense spending in order to maintain readiness at a high level. D) Liberals maintain that the Pentagon wastes money and that the United States buys too many guns and too little butter. E) Defense spending now comprises half of the federal budget.

830 116) Which of the following statements about the balance of trade is FALSE? A) When a country exports more than it imports, it has a balance of trade deficit. B) The excess of imports over exports decreases the dollarʹs buying power against foreign currencies. C) Since the late 1980s, the United States has experienced an export boom that has given us a balance of trade surplus with Western Europe. D) A poor balance of trade exacerbates unemployment. E) A decline in the dollar makes American products cheaper abroad and increases exports.

831 119) The United States A) donates more total aid than any other country. B) devotes a larger share of its GNP to foreign economic development than any other country. C) no longer gives military aid to less developed countries. D) funnels all of its foreign aid through the United Nations. E) all of the above

86) The threat posed by terrorist groups and the hostile states supporting them has caused America to A) reconsider basic principles of its foreign policy. B) recall many of its senior diplomats from the Middle East. C) emphasize the principles of deterrence and containment in foreign policy. D) make dramatic cuts in domestic expenditures to pay for the new war on terrorism. E) shift back to isolationism.

87) The principal type of federal aid for states and localities is A) categorical grants. B) disaster loans. C) revenue sharing. D) block grants. E) urban renewal grants.

88) Which of the following is NOT true about categorical grants? A) The federal government is less likely to apply conditions to these grants today than in the 1970s. B) There are several hundred specific purposes or categories for which these grants can be used. C) Virtually every one is enshrouded in rules and regulations for its use. D) A project grant is the most typical type of categorical grant. E) Categorical grants are monies that can be spent in broad categories of functions.

90) The requirement of a drinking age provision before states can receive federal highway aid is an example of A) a string attached to categorical grants. B) an important element of the ʺformulaʺ used to calculate formula grants. C) a project grant supported by the interest groups. D) the efforts of state agencies to get federal funds. E) an unfunded mandate.

92) Whatever their ideology, members of Congress tend to support military spending most consistently A) when it means jobs for their constituents. B) when the Pentagon argues that such programs are necessary. C) if they are asked to do so by the president. D) once a project has already begun and needs additional funding. E) during election years.

94) Which of the following is NOT part of Americaʹs triad of nuclear weapons delivery systems? A) Strategic Defense Initiative B) intercontinental ballistic missiles C) strategic bombers D) submarine-launched ballistic missiles E) both A and C

97) On the whole, federal grant distribution follows the principle of A) universalism. B) stinginess. C) cronyism. D) to the victors go the spoils. E) needs-testing.

98) The Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty is a significant event in arms control because A) it is the first treaty to reduce current levels of nuclear weapons. B) the United States agreed to scrap its SDI proposal. C) it eliminated nuclear weapons in Europe. D) it prohibited the development of antiballistic missiles. E) it was illegally abrogated by the Soviet Union and lead to the Reagan arms buildup of the early 1980s.

99) Grants for specific programs distributed according to community demographic factors, such as population or income, are A) formula grants. B) categorical grants. C) revenue sharing grants. D) project grants. E) block grants.

A ________ tax takes a higher percentage from the incomes of the rich than the poor. A) progressive B) proportional C) regressive D) relative deprivation E) flat

A shield law A) gives reporters the right to withhold information from the courts. B) gives judges the right to issue a gag order. C) protects certain religious practices not covered by Supreme Court rulings. D) prevents the courts from closing criminal trials to the press. E) prevents reporters from disclosing secret government information.

A(n) ________ group is composed of all people who might be group members because they share some common interest. A) potential B) interest C) actual D) single-issue E) latent

About ________ of the United States is now designated as protected wilderness. A) 4 percent B) 12 percent C) 24 percent D) 35 percent E) 17 percent

According to Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups, A) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. B) the smaller the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. C) the more levels of authority within a group, the more faith its members will have in it. D) the more levels of authority within a group, the less faith its members will have in it. E) the larger the group, the more likely it is to win.

According to the text, one of the most common function of lobbyists is to A) provide information and ideas to members of Congress. B) recruit former officeholders to help with public relations. C) convert members of Congress to the point of view the lobbyists represent. D) actually introduce new legislation. E) raise funds for preferred political candidates.

An example of a public interest group is A) Common Cause. B) American Medical Association. C) National Organization for Women. D) National Association of Manufacturers. E) National Rifle Association

Appeals regarding patents would be heard by A) the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. B) the Court of Claims. C) the Solicitor General. D) a Federal District Court. E) the United States Supreme Court.

Approximately how many states allow voters to register at the polls on election day? A) 6 B) 14 C) 34 D) 44 E) 49

At the time of the ratification of the Constitution, A) all states had bills of rights but there was no national Bill of Rights. B) the national Bill of Rights also applied to the states. C) there were no bills of rights in the United States. D) both the national government and the states had bills of rights. E) the national government had a Bill of Rights but, there were no state bills of rights.

Auto companies have been partially successful in their efforts to delay implementation of A) clean air standards. B) mandatory air bag requirements. C) oil price deregulation. D) the National Environmental Policy Act. E) auto safety legislation.

Cases that involve statutory construction A) can be overturned by Congress by clarifying an existing law. B) must be decided according to a strict construction of the Constitution. C) are usually precedent setting. D) involve policy issues. E) can only be changed through a Constitutional amendment.

Charles Murrayʹs study of the programs of the Great Society concluded all of the following EXCEPT A) a key problem all along was inadequate funding to see the anti-poverty programs through. B) public policies discouraged the poor from solving their own problems. C) the programs actually made it profitable to be poor and victimized. D) many of the programs not only failed to halt the spread of poverty, they actually made matters worse. E) many of the programs actually increase poverty in the U.S.

Class action suits A) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated. B) are cases in which the government sues on behalf of groups of people unable to go to court for a variety of reasons. C) are civil suits brought to the courts by interest groups. D) are civil or criminal cases involving discrimination on the basis of income. E) involve groups of people suing each other rather than individuals.

Compared to Western European nations, the United States has a ________ infant mortality rate. A) higher B) nearly identical C) slightly lower D) significantly lower E) faster growing

Compared to most Western democracies, the United States provides A) relatively few social welfare benefits. B) selective rather than universal social welfare payments. C) an average amount of social welfare benefits. D) more cash transfers, but fewer in-kind transfers. E) overly generous social welfare benefits.

Doctors have no reason to compete with each other to offer cheaper health care expenses because A) insurance companies and government pay for most health care expenses. B) government mandates that everyone receives equal access to health care. C) technology has made medical care more efficient and less costly. D) specialization has made competition unnecessary. E) All of the above

During the first half of the twentieth century, the Supreme Court A) paid more attention to the ʺseparateʺ than to the ʺequalʺ part of the separate but equal doctrine. B) allowed segregation in the armed forces. C) upheld the legality of all-white primaries. D) declared all Jim Crow laws unconstitutional. E) all of the above

Freedom of expression A) has sometimes been limited when it conflicts with other rights and values. B) is protected by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. C) is an absolute right protected by the First Amendment. D) includes freedom of speech and press, but not actions. E) would not protect a political rally to attack an opposition candidateʹs stand on issues.

Hispanic Americans comprise approximately ________ percent of the United States population. A) 14 B) 5 C) 22 D) 10 E) 20

Homophobia refers to A) fear and hatred toward gay men and lesbian women. B) the tendency to be sexually attracted to members of oneʹs own sex. C) the development of positive stereotypes concerning gay men and lesbian women. D) promoting the Civil Rights of gay men and lesbian women. E) an attitude of tolerance and acceptance toward gay men and lesbian women.

How many times has the Supreme Court ruled a federal law unconstitutional? A) fewer than 200 B) more than 500 C) once D) never E) about 1,000

If engaged in retrospective voting, an individual would ask: A) What have you done for me lately? B) Who will do more for me next year? C) Who is the more attractive candidate? D) Why should I vote at all? E) Who will be lowering taxes?

If the government takes a bigger bite from the income of a rich family than from the income of a poor family, then the tax system is A) progressive. B) proportional. C) regressive. D) redistributive. E) retrogressive.

If the presidential election is thrown into the House of Representatives, A) each stateʹs House delegation may cast only one vote, regardless of its number of representatives. B) each stateʹs House delegation casts as many votes as it has electoral votes. C) each House member has one vote and majority rules. D) the House vote is subject to veto by the president. E) each House member has one vote but a sixty percent majority is required to win the presidency.

In 1896, who liked silver money? A) debtors B) bankers C) exporters D) Eastern manufacturers E) coin collectors and dealers

In addition to fighting segregation and discrimination, civil rights interest groups have also focused on A) broader economic problems. B) the environment. C) transportation. D) housing quality. E) gender equality.

In free exercise cases, the Supreme Court A) allows the government to interfere with religious practices as long as it is not specifically aimed at religion. B) permits the government to interfere with religious practices. C) prohibits prayer in public schools but permits government aid to religious schools. D) prohibits the government from interfering with religious practices. E) never allows the government to interfere with religious practices.

In the 2004 election, John Kerry won votes among those most concerned with A) the economy, health care, and education. B) the fairness of the tax system. C) the environment, the economy, and transportation issues. D) the environment and urban affairs. E) civil rights, the environment, and the economy.

In the immediate aftermath of the Supreme Courtʹs famous Brown v. Board of Education decision, the president and Congress A) refused to enforce speedy compliance with the ruling, thus severely weakening implementation over the next decade. B) celebrated the fact that the Supreme Court had now joined them in supporting swift compliance with a new federal law. C) overruled the Supreme Court in a rare instance of judicial review. D) worked quickly to implement the decision nationwide. E) proposed a Constitutional amendment to overturn the Courtʹs decision, although the amendment was never ratified by the states.

In the original constitutional system, A) each presidential elector cast two ballots and the top vote-getter was named president and the runner-up became vice president. B) the Senate elected the president and the House of Representatives elected the vice president. C) each presidential elector cast one ballot for one of the president/vice president teams running. D) the state legislatures elected the president and vice president, with the candidate getting the second most votes becoming vice president. E) the president, once elected by the electoral college, chose the vice president.

Interest group liberalism is associated with which of the following criticisms? A) In an effort to please and appease every interest, agencies proliferate, conflicting regulations expand, programs multiply, and the budgets skyrocket. B) Real power is held by relatively few people, key groups, and institutions that get nearly all they want from government. C) Interest groups win some and lose some, but no group wins or loses all the time, and democratic government is well served by their competition. D) The framers of the Constitution intended that groups serve to bargain for various interests in American society, and this has proven a wise and relatively fair, open system. E) The interest group system is dominated by liberal interest groups who have been successfully pushing an agenda that has made it hard for the police to fight crime, contributed to declining moral values and bankrupted the government with giveaways to welfare freeloaders.

Of the following, which is the most direct form of democracy? A) initiative B) referendum C) direct primary D) presidential election E) recall

Of the following, who can not be considered a strong advocate for stem cell research? A) George W. Bush B) Michael J. Fox C) Nancy Reagan D) Christopher Reeve E) the State of California

Oregon started rationing health care provided under Medicaid by A) deciding not to pay for some costly treatments in order to provide medical care to more people. B) moving toward greater high-tech breakthroughs in medicine. C) giving everyone a certain number of health care ʺcredits,ʺ which they can spend annually as they see fit. D) requiring Medicaid recipients to stop bearing children in order to receive free health coverage for their present families. E) distributing Medicare patients to a greater number of physicians.

Part of Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups is the argument that A) the larger the potential group, the less likely potential members are to contribute. B) the larger the potential group, the more likely potential members are to contribute. C) potential group size does not have any measurable affect on the willingness of potential members to contribute. D) an actual group and a potential group are virtually the same when it comes to effectiveness. E) the smaller the group the less likely the potential members are to contribute.

Poverty among the elderly declined over the past several decades primarily due to A) Social Security payments. B) the booming economy in the 1980s. C) changing attitudes in society regarding the elderly. D) the larger proportion of savings held by the elderly. E) none of the above

President Reaganʹs nomination of Robert Bork as an associate justice on the Supreme Court A) was rejected by the Senate. B) was rejected by both the House and the Senate. C) was withdrawn after it came to light that Bork had smoked marijuana while a law professor at Harvard. D) was confirmed by the closest margin in the twentieth century. E) based on Borkʹs extensive legal experience.

Since its Roe v. Wade decision, the Supreme Court has A) generally moved to allow states more room to regulate abortions (e.g., waiting periods) than was true in Roe. B) not moved an inch from its dramatic original ruling. C) greatly extended the right of a woman to make her own decision about terminating her pregnancy. D) reversed itself within the last few years, and has now overturned the Roe decision. E) been silent on the politically divisive issue of abortion.

Single-issue groups A) include members with narrow, uncompromising interests. B) have had little effect on the outcomes of elections. C) mainly focus on the issue of abortion. D) are not taken seriously because they lack a large constituency. E) tend to focus on their specific economic interest rather than on collective social issues.

Steve Sovernʹs LASTPAC and Common Cause A) agree that all candidates and officeholders should not accept money from political action groups. B) disagree on the issue of whether PACs engage in influence peddling. C) disagree on the issue of whether electioneering is an appropriate policy arena for interest groups. D) agree that the $5,000 limit on PAC contributions makes such contributions meaningless in multimillion -dollar presidential campaigns and should be rescinded. E) agree that the income tax check-off to support public financing of presidential campaign should be eliminated.

Suffrage means A) the right to vote. B) turning out to vote. C) voting for the winner. D) voting for the loser. E) the struggle for equal rights for women.

Supporters of affirmative action believe that A) affirmative action produces so important a social goal that some reverse discrimination is acceptable. B) merit is the only fair basis for distributing benefits. C) discrimination is wrong, even when its purpose is to rectify past injustices. D) any form of quota system is unjust. E) some discrimination is acceptable.

The Nineteenth Amendment A) gave women the constitutional right to vote. B) outlawed the poll tax in federal elections. C) repealed Prohibition. D) gave African Americans the constitutional right to vote. E) ended slavery.

The Pentagon Papers dealt with A) a documented history of United States involvement in the Vietnam War which the government wanted kept secret. B) a documented history of United States involvement in the Korean War which the government wanted kept secret. C) prisoners of war from World War II. D) secret agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union. E) all of the above

The Persian Gulf War showed that A) women could serve as combat pilots. B) women would not volunteer for combat positions. C) there is no place in the military for women. D) women did well in the military, but should not serve in combat positions. E) womenʹs military performance was inferior to menʹs.

The Rehnquist Court A) has slowly chipped away at liberal decisions. B) has been deeply divided between liberals and conservatives, and personality conflicts have added to a court in turmoil. C) created a revolution in constitutional law. D) has been a disappointment to conservatives. E) has gone further to shape public policy than the Warren Court.

The Social Security Act of 1935 A) brought government into the equation of the obligations of one generation to another. B) substantially freed adults from the obligation of caring for both their children and parents. C) provided for free medical care for all citizens over the age of 65 until it was repealed by the Republican congress of 1953. D) freed American citizens from the obligation of supporting the poor. E) substantially freed children and adults from paying their parentsʹ medical expenses.

The Superfund was created to A) clean up toxic waste. B) preserve endangered species. C) buy land for wilderness protection. D) finance the national park system. E) all of the above

The Supreme Court ________ overrule is own precedents. A) can B) can, but has not tried to C) will routinely D) has tried but has failed to E) cannot

The Supreme Court case of Gideon v. Wainwright A) extended the right to counsel to everyone accused of a felony. B) prohibited government officials from issuing gag orders to the media. C) ruled that illegally seized evidence can not be used in court. D) gave only those accused of capital crimes the right to counsel. E) set guidelines for police questioning of suspects.

The Supreme Court case of Korematsu v. United States (1944) A) upheld the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. B) ruled that public discrimination against Japanese Americans is unconstitutional. C) set the stage for the extension of equal rights to Japanese Americans. D) awarded benefits to Japanese Americans interned during World War II. E) upheld the prohibition of the ownership of land by people of Japanese descent.

The Supreme Court consists of the chief justice and ________ associate justices. A) eight B) ten C) six D) twelve E) nine

The Thirteenth Amendment A) forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. B) gave African Americans the right to vote. C) repealed the Twelfth Amendment. D) established the principle of separate but equal. E) repealed Prohibition.

The United States Supreme Court has handed down each of the following decisions concerning gender discrimination in employment and business activity EXCEPT A) requiring the federal government to give women equal pay for jobs of comparable worth. B) prohibiting gender discrimination in private business and service clubs. C) voiding laws and rules barring women from jobs through arbitrary height and weight requirements. D) protecting women from being required to take mandatory pregnancy leaves from their jobs. E) None of the above; the court has handed down each of the decisions above.

The ________ banned gender discrimination in employment by law. A) Civil Rights Act of 1964 B) Fair Labor Standards Act C) Supreme Court ruling in National Organization for Women v. Bank of America D) Nineteenth Amendment E) Gender Equity Act of 1972

The ________ of poverty refers to the increased concentration of poverty among women. A) feminization B) gender-enhancement C) female-orientation D) ʺpinkʺening E) sexualization

The amount of money collected between two points of time is called A) income. B) wealth. C) taxes. D) savings. E) asset accumulation.

The case of a black man named Virgil Hawkins who tried to get admitted to the University of Florida Law School illustrates A) how other courts and other institutions of government can be roadblocks in the way of judicial implementation. B) how controversial issues shape the Supreme Court agenda. C) the ability of the Supreme Court to resolve issues once and for all. D) the ways Supreme Court judges enforce their decisions. E) how the Supreme Court can remove all roadblocks in the way of judicial implementation.

The concept of equality before the law was introduced to the Constitution in the A) Fourteenth Amendment. B) Preamble. C) Fifteenth Amendment. D) Sixteenth Amendment. E) Thirteenth Amendment.

The concept of original intent holds that A) judges and justices should determine the intent of the framers of the Constitution regarding a particular matter and decide cases in line with that intent. B) the founders intended judges to use discretion. C) it is necessary to adapt the principles in the Constitution to the demands of each era. D) the founders embraced general principles that are open to interpretation. E) the founders intended judges to interpret the Constitution but make new law when necessary.

The feminization of poverty refers to A) the high incidence of poverty among unmarried mothers and their children. B) high poverty levels among the elderly, who tend to be female. C) higher incarceration rates of women today compared to twenty years ago. D) higher rates of homelessness among women. E) the high incidence of poverty among married mothers and their children.

The first ________ in April 1970 helped to spur on a number of environmental groups. A) Earth Day B) smog alert C) serious oil spill D) nuclear power plant accident E) nuclear plant explosion

The first and only place in which the idea of equality appears in the Constitution is in the A) Fourteenth Amendment. B) Ninth Amendment. C) Preamble. D) First Amendment. E) Declaration of Independence.

The first woman appointed to the United States Supreme Court was A) Sandra Day OʹConnor. B) Frances Perkins. C) Hillary Clinton. D) Charlotte Perkins Gilman. E) Ruth Bader Ginsberg.

The great majority of Americaʹs judicial business is transacted in A) state courts of original jurisdiction. B) Tax Court. C) Supreme Courts. D) the United States courts of appeal. E) federal courts of original jurisdiction.

The most successful tactic that civil rights and environmental groups have used to influence policy is A) litigation. B) electioneering. C) lobbying. D) media advertising. E) protest demonstrations.

The president who tried to pack the Supreme Court by increasing its size in order to effect a sympathetic majority was A) Franklin Roosevelt. B) Harry Truman. C) Richard Nixon. D) Dwight Eisenhower. E) Thomas Jefferson.

The public policy paths for women and minorities converged in the debate about A) affirmative action. B) the Equal Rights Amendment. C) military service. D) gay rights. E) comparable worth.

The significance of Gitlow v. New York (1925) was that A) a provision of the Bill of Rights was applied to the states for the first time. B) the national government was prevented from violating the Bill of Rights. C) a state constitution had precedence over the United States Constitution within that state. D) the Bill of Rights was interpreted as restraining only the national government and not cities or states. E) the U.S. Constitution has precedence over the state constitution within the state.

The successes of civil rights and womenʹs rights groups in redirecting the course of public policy, once they were organized, is pointed to as evidence to support the ________ theory that American politics is open and not a problem. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elite D) hyperelitist E) free market

The text identifies two types of lobbyists, A) full-time employees and consultants. B) policy experts and legal specialists. C) attorneys and non-attorneys. D) those based in Washington, D.C., and those based elsewhere. E) ʺold schoolʺ and ʺmodern styleʺ lobbyists.

The vast majority of all civil and criminal cases A) begin and end in state courts. B) involve federal law, but are tried in state courts. C) begin and end in federal courts. D) begin in state courts and are appealed to federal courts. E) involve state laws that are tried in federal courts.

The ʺWar on Povertyʺ was the set of social welfare policy initiatives begun by President A) Lyndon Johnson. B) Jimmy Carter. C) Franklin D. Roosevelt. D) Ronald Reagan. E) Harry S. Truman.

The ʺdirtiestʺ type of fuel is A) coal. B) oil. C) natural gas. D) nuclear fuel. E) wood.

Ticket-splitting is best understood as A) voting with one party for one office and another for other offices. B) voting for Democratic candidates for president and Republican candidates for Congress. C) a tactic used to commit voter fraud, which enables a voter to cast multiple ballots. D) staying with the same party in an election, voting down the partyʹs line for every race. E) voting for Republican candidates for president and Democratic candidates for Congress.

Today, courts must provide a lawyer for a defendant A) whenever imprisonment could be imposed. B) only in felony cases or where civil fines exceeding $10,000 could be levied. C) whenever they plead not guilty. D) only in capital cases where the punishment would be execution. E) immediately after being arrested.

Under Bill Clintonʹs proposed Health Security Act, the brunt of the increased health care costs would have fallen most directly on A) employers. B) employees. C) those who purchased tobacco, alcohol, and pornography. D) patients. E) doctors.

Voter turnout in the United States is much lower than in other countries in part because A) of the unique American requirement of voter registration. B) Americans are asked to vote less often and do not sustain interest in the electoral process. C) Americans vote for fewer political offices and lack a sense of political efficacy. D) the choice offered Americans is greater than in other countries, which confuses potential voters. E) of the strident positions taken by the parties, which alienate middle-of-the-road voters.

When President Herbert Hoover and the Republicans were crushed in the election of 1932, voters were responding to the severity of the Great Depression under Hooverʹs presidency by A) retrospective voting. B) indirect primary voting. C) direct primary voting. D) initiative. E) irrational choice voting.

When proposition 209 was passed in California in 1996, it banned A) affirmative action in public hiring, contracting, and educational admissions. B) affirmative action in federal hiring. C) affirmative action on behalf of homosexuals. D) affirmative action in the private sector. E) affirmative action on behalf of women.

Which best characterizes the distribution of wealth and income in the United States? A) Wealth is more unequally distributed than income. B) Income is more unequally distributed than wealth. C) Wealth and income are each distributed in roughly the same pattern. D) The distribution of wealth is becoming slightly more equal, while the distribution of income is becoming slightly more unequal. E) The distribution of income is becoming slightly more equal, while the distribution of wealth continues to grow more unequal.

Which is FALSE regarding the electoral college? A) Whoever wins the most votes in the electoral college wins, even if that isnʹt a majority. B) Maine and Nebraska do not use the ʺwinner-take-allʺ system. C) Electors can vote for whomever they want, regardless of how their stateʹs voters voted. D) In most states ALL the electors vote for whomever won the most votes in their state, even if that wasnʹt a majority. E) The electors themselves are selected by state parties.

Which of the following characteristics would make one more likely to vote in an election? A) having a college degree B) being a young adult C) having a low income D) being a college student E) bring a welfare recipient

Which of the following does NOT characterize presidential elections around 1800? A) The candidates barnstormed the country campaigning and giving speeches. B) Most of the campaigning was done by state and local party organizations. C) Campaigns were directed at state legislators, not the voters. D) Newspaper coverage of the campaign was extremely biased and dishonest. E) All of these describe the pathetic, sordid, sorry state of early American elections- weʹve come a long way baby!

Which of the following is INCORRECT? A) Congress requires voter registration nationwide. B) The Motor Voter Act allows eligible voters to register by checking a box on their driverʹs license application. C) In North Dakota, you donʹt have to register to vote. D) In a few states, you can register to vote on election day. E) Some states let you register at supermarkets.

Which of the following is NOT one of the elements involved in the implementation of judicial decisions according to the categories noted by Charles Johnson and Bradley Canon? A) institutionalized population B) interpreting population C) consumer population D) implementing population E) defining population

Which of the following is NOT protected in the First Amendment? A) right to privacy B) right of people to petition the government for a redress of grievances C) no establishment of religion D) freedom of speech E) freedom of the press

Which of the following is NOT specifically stated in the Bill of Rights? A) right to privacy B) protection against double jeopardy C) right to bear arms D) freedom of speech E) All of these are specifically stated.

Which of the following is TRUE about the Supreme Courtʹs decision in Miranda v. Arizona? A) Mirandaʹs innocence or guilt was not at issue; his rights had been violated, so his conviction was overturned. B) The Courtʹs decision greatly relieved members of police departments throughout the country. C) The Court ruled that Miranda was innocent, and Miranda later became a famous public defender in the local courts. D) The Court ruled that Mirandaʹs constitutional rights had not been violated and that he could be legally executed. E) The Court concluded that Miranda was innocent, overturned his conviction, and ordered him freed from prison.

Which of the following is TRUE about the electoral college? A) On very rare occasions, an elector has voted differently from the popular vote winner of his state. B) It is scheduled to be phased out in 2006, though some still argue its usefulness and want to rescind the phase-out. C) It is used in nearly half of the democratic nations around the world. D) An elector has never voted differently from the popular vote winner of his state. E) none of the above

Which of the following is TRUE? A) Many sex discrimination cases have involved men seeking equality with women. B) The Supreme Court first struck down a law on the basis of sex discrimination in 1920. C) The Supreme Court has so far struck down only a handful of laws for discriminating on the basis of gender. D) All of these are true. E) None of these are true.

Which of the following statements about the 1800 presidential election is TRUE? A) The 1800 election was ultimately decided in the House of Representatives. B) The 1800 election was the first one in which the candidates were chosen by party conventions. C) For the first time the focus of the 1800 election was on the citizen voters. D) The candidates in the 1800 election vigorously campaigned in each of the states. E) all of the above

Which of the following statements about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is FALSE? A) The ERA was ratified in 1982. B) The ERA battle stimulated vigorous feminist activity. C) The ERA battle stimulated vigorous anti-feminist activity. D) The ERA was first introduced in the 1920s. E) Congress passed the ERA in 1972.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) In the American economy, government directly determines wages, prices, and profits. B) Public policy in America has economic effects through regulations, tax advantages, subsidies and contracts, and international trade. C) Even a minor change in government regulatory policy can cost industries a great deal or bring increased profits. D) How the tax code is written determines whether people and producers pay a lot or a little of their incomes to the government. E) B and D only

Which of the following statements regarding libel is FALSE? A) Public figures are protected against libel since publications must prove that what they wrote is true and not malicious. B) Libel cases are very difficult for public figures to win. C) Libel laws do inhibit the press to some extent. D) General William Westmoreland failed to prove libel. E) It is more difficult for a public figure than a private individual to win a libel suit.

Which of the following theories offers the most positive interpretation of the effect of interest groups on American democracy? A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elite D) hyperelitist E) free market

Which of these is the least important dimension of a candidateʹs image? A) intelligence B) integrity C) reliability D) competence E) experience

Which of these would be most likely to vote? A) a well-educated, middle-aged government worker B) a young southerner without a high school diploma C) a well-educated senior citizen who used to work for a big corporation D) a young southern high school teacher E) a middle-aged professor at a private university

________ are crucial for many voters because they provide a regular perspective through which voters can view the political world. A) Party identifications B) Civic duties C) Direct primary elections D) Initiative petitions E) Party platforms

________ helps to explain why public interest lobbies have relatively small proportions of actual members. A) The free-rider problem B) Special interest liberalism C) The rise of political action committees D) Tougher regulation of all lobbyists E) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups

101) An agreement between President Bush and President Yeltsin in January 1993 called for A) the total elimination of nuclear weapons in Europe. B) elimination of over two-thirds of their long-range nuclear weapons. C) a moratorium on the manufacture of nuclear weapons. D) a ban on all intermediate-range nuclear weapons. E) an indefinite freeze on overall levels of nuclear weapons.

104) The largest percentage of federal grants to states and localities is in the area of A) defense. B) health. C) transportation. D) education. E) homeland security.

114) Federalism is advantageous for democracy for each of the following reasons EXCEPT A) allows for a greater diversity of opinion to be reflected in public policies. B) increases the number of decisions and compromises made at the national level. C) increases access to government. D) allows more opportunities for political participation. E) allows customization of policies for local needs.

117) Each of the following is considered a disadvantage of federalism for democracy EXCEPT A) local interests may be able to thwart national majority support of certain policies. B) powerful interests in a state can use the state as a power base to promote their interests. C) voter turnout rates in state and local elections are even lower than in national elections. D) large number of governments in the United States make exercising democratic control more difficult. E) policy diversity can discourage states from providing services that would otherwise be available.

119) How many governments are there in the United States? A) 538 B) over 100,000 C) 51 D) one E) 50

124) Today, the national government spends roughly ________ of the gross domestic product. A) 15 percent B) 20 percent C) 2.5 percent D) 9 percent E) 44 percent

125) The proportion of the United States gross national product spent by state and local governments has ________ since 1929. A) increased at a much faster rate compared to the national government B) increased, but not nearly as fast as the national governmentʹs C) dropped considerably D) remained steady E) dropped slightly

16) After the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the United Nations A) sided with Iraq, but many countries refused to go along. B) authorized an embargo on the shipment of goods into and out of Iraq, then authorized the use of force against Iraq. C) authorized an embargo on the shipment of goods into and out of Iraq, but would not authorize the use of military force. D) remained a neutral ground for diplomacy, siding neither with nor against Iraqʹs actions, but calling for a peaceful resolution. E) sided with Iraq.

18) Laws that directly regulate abortion, drinking ages, marriage and divorce, or sexual behavior are policy prerogatives that belong to A) the bureaucracy. B) the states. C) Congress. D) local governments. E) federal courts.

24) Almost every policy the national government has adopted has originated with A) the Senate. B) the states. C) the House of Representatives. D) the Supreme Court. E) the president.

26) After the president, the ________ is considered the nationʹs foremost diplomat in the United States. A) National Security Adviser B) Secretary of State C) Secretary of Defense D) United States Ambassador to the United Nations E) chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

30) The primary thrust of the original intent and wording of the Tenth Amendment is that A) state legislatures have the ultimate authority to determine what a state governmentʹs powers are. B) states have certain powers that the national government cannot encroach upon. C) the national government can take control of a state government during a national emergency. D) national laws override state laws when there is a conflict between the two. E) both the states and national government are bound by the limitations in the Bill of Rights.

33) Only the national government is allowed to A) levy taxes. B) regulate commerce with foreign nations. C) take private property for public purposes. D) make and enforce laws. E) all of the above

39) The Iran-Contra affair involved covert activities staged by the A) State Department. B) National Security Council. C) Pentagon. D) Central Intelligence Agency. E) Joint Chiefs of Staff.

39) The Supreme Court case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) A) established Baltimore as the capital of Maryland. B) stated that the Constitution gave Congress implied powers. C) established the principle of judicial review. D) established the supremacy of state governments. E) recognized that Congress was limited to its enumerated powers.

46) What caused a public uproar involving the National Security Agency in 2005? A) revelations that the NSA had tortured prisoners at Guantanamo, Cuba B) revelations that the NSA was monitoring the communications of American citizens without obtaining warrants C) a leaked memo that linked the events of September 11, 2001 with the Democratic National Committee D) a scathing report condemning the George W. Bush administration for ʺbuilding a case for the war in Iraq on a quicksand foundationʺ E) the resignation of Donald Rumsfeld under a cloud of suspicion for his role in a Columbian-based drug smuggling operation

5) The workings of the federal system are sometimes called A) internal relations. B) intergovernmental relations. C) intrastate relations. D) interstate relations. E) international relations.

55) A marriage license issued in one state is valid and honored in all states under the constitutional provision of A) separation of powers. B) full faith and credit. C) national supremacy. D) national licensure. E) privileges and immunities.

56) Americaʹs principal foreign policy strategy toward the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War, proposed by the foreign policy strategist George Kennan in 1947, was A) isolationism. B) containment. C) peaceful coexistence. D) covert operations. E) laissez faire.

57) The constitutional requirement that the states return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment is known as A) forfeiture. B) extradition. C) privileges and immunities. D) full faith and credit. E) the elastic clause.

60) In ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of the different levels of government are distinct, like a layer cake. A) fiscal B) dual C) tripartite D) cooperative E) anti-

61) Fear of a serious communist conspiracy in the United States during the early years of the Cold War led to the rise of a near panic that communism was infiltrating American government and cultural institutions, and became known as A) brinkmanship. B) McCarthyism. C) de´tente. D) isolationism. E) the Deep Freeze.

62) In Saenz v. Roe, the Supreme Court ruled that A) California was required to recognize the legality of same sex marriages. B) California could not require a new resident to wait one year before being eligible for welfare benefits. C) California could withhold educational benefits from children of illegal immigrants. D) California was required to offer bilingual education programs in the public elementary schools. E) California could not provide welfare benefits to illegal immigrants.

64) The cold war led to all of the following EXCEPT A) an arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. B) the use of atomic weapons. C) the growth of the military-industrial complex. D) mutual assured destruction. E) none of the above

68) The Vietnam War A) began during the Johnson administration. B) illustrates the ability of government to lie to its citizens. C) received widespread popular support despite the attention given to a very vocal minority opposition. D) ended with a compromise settlement in the Peace Treaty of 1973. E) began during the Nixon administration.

69) In cooperative federalism, A) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres. B) responsibilities are mingled and distinctions are blurred between the levels of government. C) powers and policy assignments of the layers of government are distinct. D) states are supreme over the national government. E) both A and B

71) Which of the following statements about federalism is false? A) In cooperative federalism, sometimes even blame is shared when programs do not work well. B) The American system has always been neatly separated into purely state and purely national responsibilities. C) In cooperative federalism, policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. D) Cooperative federalism today rests on several standard operating procedures. E) None; all are true.

73) A product of de´tente was the A) end of the Korean War. B) start of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. C) 1979 Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. D) creation of the United Nations. E) all of the above

73) Funding for the interstate highway system is an example of A) dual federalism. B) cooperative federalism. C) tripartite federalism. D) a unitary system of government. E) national federalism.

74) The National Defense Education Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and the Interstate Highway System are all examples of A) dual federalism. B) cooperative federalism. C) triangulation. D) layer cake federalism. E) unitary federalism

816 72) In de´tente, A) nuclear rearmament was emphasized. B) diplomacy and propaganda replaced the threat of force. C) unilateral arms reductions were common. D) international relations shifted from a multipolar to a bipolar world. E) international relations shifted from a bipolar to a multipolar world.

96) In response to complaints from state and local governments about the paperwork and requirements attached to most grants, Congress has established ________ to support programs in areas like community development and social services. A) formula grants B) block grants C) project grants D) categorical grants E) computerized grant applications

A transfer payment is one which A) requires some form of work in exchange for government assistance. B) provides money from the governmentʹs general treasury to those in specific need. C) is paid in lieu of cash. D) is not based on need. E) provides tax credits from the government general treasury to those in need.

A voter supporting a candidate based specifically on comparing the candidateʹs stances on the issues of abortion rights, health care, and government aid to education to the voterʹs own preferences on such issues is an example of A) retrospective voting. B) policy voting. C) civic duty. D) initiative. E) agenda setting.

A ʺcommunication by someone other than a citizen acting on his or her own behalf, directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his or her decisionʺ is a definition of A) campaigning. B) lobbying. C) electioneering. D) litigation. E) a policy output.

About ________ of Americans recently reported that they agreed that ʺsuccess in life is pretty much determined by forces outside our control.ʺ A) one-tenth B) two-thirds C) three-fourths D) one-half E) seven-eighths

According to James Madison in Federalist Paper No. 1, the way to prevent any one group from having too much power is to A) eliminate most groups. B) increase the scope and number of groups. C) strictly regulate them. D) make them unconstitutional. E) none of the above

According to Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups, A) the larger the group, the more effective it will be. B) the smaller the group, the more effective it will be. C) the size of a group does not determine its effectiveness, the leadership structure is the key. D) all groups have a life cycle of birth, growth, maintenance, and decline, although many never decline completely. E) large groups are more democratic.

Affirmative action programs are referred to by critics as A) negative reaction. B) reverse discrimination. C) positive negativism. D) comparable worth. E) degenderizing.

All of the following were tactics of the Civil Rights Movement EXCEPT A) marches. B) civil disobedience. C) sit-ins. D) bus boycotts. E) none of the above

American political parties differ from interest groups in that parties A) are policy specialists. B) are policy generalists. C) are policy-driven. D) do not take positions on policy issues. E) have a narrower scope than interest groups.

Americans pay about ________ of their health care costs out of their own pockets. A) 4 percent B) 20 percent C) 40 percent D) 33 percent E) 54 percent

Americansʹ civil liberties are set down in A) the Declaration of Independence. B) the Bill of Rights. C) Article I of the Constitution. D) no written document or law. E) the Preamble to the Constitution.

Anthony Downsʹ theory of rational voting behavior predicts that people will vote if they A) can afford the time and energy to do so. B) think one party will give them more policy benefits than the other. C) think their vote will make the difference for a particular candidate. D) identify with a particular candidate, even though they doubt that one vote can make a difference. E) feel obligated to do so.

As the right to vote has been extended, A) voter turnout has increased proportionately. B) proportionately fewer of those eligible have chosen to vote. C) the number of candidates running for office has increased. D) voter turnout has actually remained about the same. E) the scope of American government has shrunk.

At the end of 1997, 150 nations met in Kyoto, Japan, and agreed in principle to A) stop producing carbon monoxide. B) reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases below 1990 levels by about 2010. C) increase their reliance on renewable resources by 200 percent of their 1990 levels. D) offer tax incentives for reducing carbon monoxide production. E) stop using nuclear energy.

Compared to the general population, poverty is more common among all of the following EXCEPT A) African Americans and Hispanics. B) the elderly. C) children. D) inner city residents. E) Asian Americans.

Comparison between members of the House and Senate concerning the impact of incumbency on their reelection chances shows that one of the reasons that senators have a smaller advantage is because they A) have become over-specialized as policymakers. B) are more likely to be held accountable on controversial issues. C) are less visible. D) have longer terms that increase the chance of scandal. E) represent more homogenous constituencies.

Courts of original jurisdiction are A) usually federal courts. B) trial courts. C) highly specialized in the types of cases they hear. D) usually appellate courts. E) the courts that were established by the original Constitution rather than by Congress.

Courts with appellate jurisdiction A) determine the facts about a case. B) review the legal issues involved in a case. C) hear only criminal cases. D) have no original jurisdiction. E) hear only civil cases

Daniel Smith argues that initiatives typically stem from A) broad public demand for the policy. B) the actions of a dedicated policy entrepreneur. C) the natural emergence of policy issues. D) responsive elected officials, working in coalition. E) none of the above

During the early New Deal era, the Supreme Court was dominated by conservatives who A) came to be known as the Bad Deal Five for thwarting New Deal legislation and were impeached and removed as a group by Congress. B) viewed federal intervention in the economy as unconstitutional, and declared several laws invalid. C) strongly supported federal intervention in the economy, and voted to uphold all New Deal acts. D) overturned the precedent of Marbury v. Madison and ruled that the Supreme Court has no power of judicial review. E) were impeached one by one by Congress.

Elections have a tendency to expand the scope of government because A) so many people become involved in the process. B) voters like to feel that they are sending a message to government to accomplish something. C) so much money is involved in campaigns. D) elections open opportunities for more government employment. E) because they are so expensive to conduct.

Elitist views of interest groups emphasize that A) groups are essentially equal in their power and thus cancel each othersʹ influence on policymakers. B) a system of interlocking directorates reinforces the power of the few dominant groups. C) group competition weakens the ability of any one group to dominate. D) because there are so many groups, their effect on policy is insignificant. E) the leaders of powerful interest groups tend to think they are superior to the average citizen and thus they demand special privileges from government not accorded the rest of society in order to maintain themselves as a privileged elite.

Environmental groups A) are an example of an economic interest group. B) grew dramatically after the first Earth Day in 1970. C) support nuclear power as a clean alternative to coal mining. D) have had very little influence on Congress and state legislatures. E) tend to avoid energy issues, while concentrating on the preservation of wilderness.

Europeans tend to A) see poverty and social welfare needs as individual. B) have a more positive attitude toward government than Americans. C) distrust government action in areas like social welfare policy. D) leave people at low-income levels more on their own. E) prefer the perpetuation of a privileged and aristocratic upper class whose lifestyle they can envy even though they cannot live it.

From about 1920-1960, the feminist movement A) experienced great growth and activity. B) was in a period of hibernation. C) was preoccupied with winning the right to vote. D) concentrated on anti-war causes. E) first coalesced as a significant political movement in the United States.

Health care in the United States A) has decreased in cost due to the technological revolution. B) constitutes nearly 15 percent of Americaʹs gross domestic product. C) has made the United States the healthiest country in the world. D) has failed to keep up with the technological revolution. E) All of the above

Highly educated individuals are more likely to vote because A) they are smarter. B) they see more policy differences between candidates. C) they have a lower sense of political efficacy. D) most of them are white males. E) they have more influence.

In Bush v. Gore (2000), the United States Supreme Court ruled that A) the Florida Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over the presidential election legal issues. B) although a recount was legal, the same (or more precise) standards for evaluating ballots would have to be applied in all counties. C) the butterfly ballot was unconstitutional. D) the time used to recount ballots could extend past December 12, when the Florida electors would meet. E) punch card ballots were illegal if not used in all counties.

In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), Chief Justice Taney declared that A) the importation of slaves into the United States was illegal, but slavery itself was not. B) Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories. C) a slave who had escaped to a free state became a free man. D) slavery is inherently unconstitutional. E) slavery can be practiced in the so-called free states.

In Europe, interest groups A) do not exist. B) often form political parties. C) exist but are not as powerful as in the United States. D) have the same role and power as in the United States. E) do not have the same constitutional protection that they have in the United States and are frequently persecuted.

In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that A) states can prohibit pornography despite the freedom of the press. B) aid to church-related schools must have a secular legislative purpose. C) religious freedom takes precedence over compulsory education laws. D) an official prayer at a public-school graduation violated the constitutional separation of church and state. E) voluntary prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.

In Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Supreme Court established that aid to church-related schools must do all of the following EXCEPT A) have a secular purpose. B) inhibit religion. C) not advance religion. D) not create excessive government entanglement with religion. E) treat all religions equally.

In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court A) struck down a law requiring minors to notify one or both parents or a judge before obtaining an abortion. B) changed its standard for evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of ʺstrict scrutinyʺ of any restraints on a ʺfundamental rightʺ to one of ʺundue burdenʺ that permits more regulation. C) specified that family planning services receiving federal funds could not provide women any counseling regarding abortion. D) affirmed a provision requiring a married woman to tell her husband of her intent to have an abortion. E) made abortions for minors illegal.

In many countries with multiparty systems and proportional representation, interest groups A) frequently win a majority of seats in the national legislature. B) frequently win some seats in the national legislature. C) frequently run candidates for seats in the national legislature, but these candidates almost never win. D) are barred from running candidates for office. E) are guaranteed by law seats in the national parliament in proportion to their percentage of the general population.

In order for the Supreme Court to hear oral arguments or decide a case on the written record, A) a majority of the justices must agree to take the case. B) four justices must agree to take the case. C) the case must first be sent to it by the president. D) only the chief justice must agree to take the case. E) all justices must agree to take the case.

In the case of Dennis v. United States, the Supreme Court A) upheld the federal law banning the Nazi party in the United States and prohibiting its activities. B) upheld the convictions of Communist party officials who had been sent to prison because of their beliefs. C) overturned the convictions of Communist party officials who had been sent to prison because of their beliefs. D) ruled that burning a draft card was not covered under free speech. E) overturned the federal law against burning or desecrating the American flag, arguing that it violated free speech.

In the case of Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court ruled that A) illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in a trial. B) police must inform any suspect of a series of rights, including the constitutional right to remain silent. C) the death penalty could be imposed for the most extreme of crimes. D) defendants in all felony cases have a right to counsel, even if the state has to provide such legal assistance. E) the police must show probable cause before making an arrest.

In the case of New York Times v. United States in 1971, the Supreme Court ruled A) against permitting racy advertisements for massage parlors, saunas, and escort services which could be deemed obscene. B) against prior restraint in the case of the Pentagon Papers, which allowed them to be published. C) that the government cannot file libel suits against newspapers, because, it would result in government censorship. D) in favor of permitting racy advertisements for massage parlors, saunas, and escort services as freedom of speech. E) in favor of prior restraint in order to prevent publication of the Pentagon Papers.

In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that requiring an organization to turn over its membership lists was an unconstitutional restriction on freedom of association. A) Planned Parenthood v. Casey B) NAACP v. Alabama C) Near v. Minnesota D) Mapp v. Ohio E) United States v. Communist Party

In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not states and cities. A) Miranda v. Arizona B) Barron v. Baltimore C) New York v. the United States D) Engel v. Vitale E) Gitlow v. New York

In ʺgoing publicʺ interest groups A) extend membership to a broader range of people. B) use advertising and public relations to enhance their image. C) bring class action suits against their opponents. D) issue stock. E) open their decision-making meetings to the general public.

Interest group liberalism refers to A) government freedom to favor some interest groups over others. B) governmentʹs excessive deference to interest groups. C) the liberal political ideology of most interest groups. D) the proliferation of the number of interest groups. E) the strong tendency of interest groups to back the Democratic party and not the Republican party and that keeps the Democratic party in power.

Lower federal courts of general jurisdiction were established by A) President George Washington. B) the Judiciary Act of 1789. C) the Eleventh Amendment. D) the Constitution. E) the Supreme Court.

Many voters have come to feel that they no longer need the parties to guide their electoral choices because A) the parties have become so much alike that it makes little difference. B) modern technology makes it possible for them to evaluate and make their own decisions about the candidates. C) the parties tend to rely on groups that lean heavily in their favor. D) once in office, candidates rarely follow the party line anyway. E) parties have become the captives of powerful interest groups that control the candidates, and the candidates donʹt look out for the interests of ordinary people.

Most criminal and civil cases A) are decided by jury trial in state courts. B) never reach trial, but are settled out of court. C) are appealed to a higher court. D) are decided by a judge in federal district court. E) eventually end up in the Supreme Court.

Most criminal cases are settled in A) the Supreme Court. B) plea bargaining. C) municipal and county courts. D) district court. E) the jury room.

Native-American Indians were made citizens of the United States in A) 1964. B) 1924. C) 1789. D) 1868. E) They were never made citizens of the United States.

Over the last 100 years, the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment have become the vehicle for A) extending the right to vote to non-whites, women, and 18-year-olds. B) expansive constitutional interpretation to outlaw arbitrary classifications which deny equality under the law. C) limiting the national governmentʹs ability to interfere in matters affecting individual states. D) government regulation of business and industry. E) all of the above

Overall, about ________ of the Gross Domestic Product goes to the health industry. A) 20 percent B) 15 percent C) 25 percent D) 40 percent E) 8 percent

People with higher than average education A) are no more and no less likely to vote than people of lower educational levels. B) are more likely to vote than people of lower educational levels. C) are somewhat less likely to vote than people of lower educational levels. D) are much less likely to vote than people of lower educational levels because they know it wonʹt do any good. E) are more likely to vote than high school dropouts, but less likely to vote than those with high school diplomas.

Perhaps the most consistently successful environmental campaigns in the post-war era have been those aimed at A) air pollution. B) wilderness preservation. C) water pollution. D) energy conservation. E) toxic waste cleanup.

Pluralists argue that lobbying A) is dominated by wealthy corporations and the wealthiest individuals and is a danger to the democratic system. B) is open to all and is therefore not to be regarded as a problem. C) by so many interest groups who get what they want indicates that the relation between groups and government has grown too cozy. D) must be suspended until tighter regulations can be put into place to protect the public interest. E) has no effect on policymaking.

Policy voting has increased in recent years primarily because A) the media is paying closer attention to the issues rather than the horse race. B) candidates are regularly forced to take some clear stands in order to appeal to their own partyʹs primary voters. C) voters in general have become more sophisticated and educated about the issues. D) policy issues are of greater consequence than they were in the past. E) voters frustrated by the inaction of Congress have turned to the initiative process to enact specific policies placed right on the ballot.

Political scientists tend to focus on each of the following major elements of votersʹ decisions EXCEPT A) votersʹ party identification. B) votersʹ ideology and world view. C) votersʹ evaluation of the candidates. D) the match between votersʹ policy positions and those of the candidates and parties. E) none of the above

Programs to assist the poor have always been A) politically popular. B) controversial. C) supported at increasingly high levels. D) provided as entitlements. E) none of the above

Technological improvements in communication have caused interest groups to A) consolidate. B) sharply increase in number. C) sharply decline in number. D) move out of Washington, D.C. E) form broad coalitions to expand their clout.

The Bill of Rights was adopted primarily in response to A) the Spanish Inquisition. B) British abuses of the colonistsʹ civil liberties. C) the abuses committed by the United States Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. D) the horrors of the French Revolution. E) Shaysʹ Rebellion.

The Civil Rights Act of ________, the most important law since the Emancipation Proclamation, made racial discrimination illegal in public accommodations throughout America. A) 1947 B) 1964 C) 1984 D) 1974 E) 1954

The Fair Share program is an effort by the A) National Organization of Women to renew the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment. B) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to negotiate agreements with businesses to increase minority hiring and the use of minority contractors. C) National Organization of Women to get equal pay for comparable work. D) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to desegregate private clubs. E) American Taxpayersʹ Union to raise the wages and cut the taxes of lower- and middle-income people.

The Fifth Amendment forbids A) cruel and unusual punishment. B) forced self-incrimination. C) illegal searches and seizures. D) the government establishment of a national religion. E) all of the above except D

The Fourteenth Amendment was one of three passed A) during the 1960s. B) directly following the Civil War. C) during George Washingtonʹs administration. D) during the Depression of the 1930s. E) right after the Revolutionary War.

The National Institutes of Health A) administers the national health insurance system in the United States. B) provides funds for medical research in the United States. C) is the largest hospital and physiciansʹ interest group in the United States. D) administers the Medicare and Medicaid programs. E) is the federal agency that regulates private health insurance companies.

The Sixth Amendment right to counsel in federal courts was expanded in the famous 1963 Supreme Court case of A) Gregg v. Georgia. B) Gideon v. Wainwright. C) Arizona v. the United States. D) Mapp v. Ohio. E) Miranda v. Arizona.

The Superfund is paid for by A) a voluntary check-off system on federal income tax forms. B) taxes on chemical products. C) a special tax on automobiles, trucks, snowmobiles, and motorized farm vehicles. D) the federal gasoline tax. E) aviation fuel taxes.

The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade (1973) ruled that A) abortions are not protected under the Constitution. B) a state cannot forbid abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy. C) a state cannot regulate abortions under any circumstances. D) family planning services cannot provide women any abortion counseling. E) states must permit abortions on demand during all nine months of pregnancy.

The Supreme Court has ruled that government aid to church-related schools A) is acceptable for things such as field trips and teacher salaries, but not for textbooks or transportation to school. B) is permitted when the aid is for a non-religious purpose. C) is acceptable if the school is affiliated with a major religion but not for small, fringe religious sects. D) violates the Establishment Clause. E) does not constitute an establishment of religion.

The Supreme Court has voided each of the following sexual discrimination laws EXCEPT laws that A) provided for alimony payments to women only. B) made statutory rape a crime for men only. C) set a higher age for drinking for men than for women. D) closed a stateʹs nursing school to men. E) provided child support for women only.

The Supreme Court ruled that freedom of religious practice was more important than the right of the government to interfere in deciding in favor of A) a Mormon who justified polygamy on religious grounds. B) the right of Amish parents in Wisconsin to take their children out of public school after the eighth grade. C) the right of an orthodox Jewish Air Force captain to wear his yarmulke despite the strict military dress code. D) the Louisiana law requiring schools that taught Darwinian theory to teach the Bibleʹs version of creation as well. E) Christian Scientistsʹ religious opposition to scientific medical treatment for themselves or their children.

The ________ includes the clause ʺCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.ʺ A) Fifth Amendment B) First Amendment C) Second Amendment D) Religious Rights Amendment E) Fourteenth Amendment

The ________ is a presidential appointee who is in charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government, works out of the Department of Justice, and can have an important influence on the Supreme Court. A) Adjutant General B) Solicitor General C) United States attorney D) Attorney General E) chief justice

The biggest obstacle to the effectiveness of large groups is the A) difficulty of finding effective leadership. B) problem of raising funds and attracting government support. C) formation of counter-groups to oppose them. D) discrepancy between potential and actual membership. E) government regulations on lobbying activities.

The case of Swann v.Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools (1971) A) prohibited busing for school integration. B) permitted judges to achieve racially balanced schools through busing. C) ruled that schools must set aside a federal judge-determined number of spots for blacks before they would be considered desegregated. D) gave state legislatures the power to determine school desegregation procedures in each state. E) ruled that schools could not limit the number of black students enrolled in an effort to minimize desegregation.

The content and nature of radio and television broadcasting are regulated by A) the Public Broadcasting System. B) the Federal Communications Commission. C) the Federal Trade Commission. D) the Department of Commerce. E) no government agency, as any such regulation would be a violation of the freedoms of speech and the press.

The criticism that government refuses to make tough choices between X or Y, instead pretending there is no need to choose and trying to favor both is most often made by ________ theorists. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) rational choice

The election of 1896 left a legacy of a political alignment that endured for several decades, wherein A) the Democrats won the more populous Northeast and Midwest, and the Republicans won in the South and West. B) the Democrats won the South and West, while the Republicans won in the more populous Northeast and Midwest. C) the Democrats won the Midwest and the South, while the Republicans won in the Northeast and West. D) the Democrats won in the Northeast and West, while the Republicans won in the Northeast and South. E) the Republicans swept the South, and the Democrats won in all other regions.

The first peaceful transfer of power between parties via the electoral process in the history of the world occurred as a result of the presidential election of A) 1796. B) 1800. C) 1860. D) 1896. E) 1789.

The principle that statements about public figures are libelous only if made with malice and reckless disregard for the truth was established in A) Texas v. Johnson. B) New York Times v. Sullivan. C) Osborne v. Ohio. D) the Anti-Defamation Act of 1952. E) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell.

Time and time again, the Supreme Court has protected freedom of the press by A) ruling in favor of strict libel laws. B) striking down prior restraint. C) refusing to allow the subpoena of reporters. D) relaxing due process procedures. E) all of the above

Wearing an arm band and burning a United States flag are examples of ________: actions that do not consist of speaking or writing but that express an opinion. A) commercial speech B) symbolic speech C) obscenity D) the free exercise clause E) unspoken speech

What happened when Jacksonville, Florida, tried to ban movies with nudity in them from being shown at drive-in theaters on grounds of obscenity? A) The Court upheld the ban to protect citizensʹ rights to privacy. B) The Supreme Court ruled that all nudity cannot be deemed obscene. C) The ban was upheld to help the community rid itself of a public nuisance and potential traffic hazard. D) The Court ruled that X-rated movies were protected under the First Amendment. E) a riot

Which aspect of health care costs has increased the fastest? A) emergency room care B) prescription drugs C) prenatal care D) out-patient surgery E) treatment for drug and alcohol abuse

Which of the following elements of the Bill of Rights was extended to the states by the Supreme Court case of Near v. Minnesota? A) freedom of speech B) freedom of the press C) right to counsel in felony cases D) grand jury requirement E) right to privacy

Which of the following functions do elections LEAST serve? A) selecting public officials B) making and coordinating public policy C) providing regular access to political power D) providing legitimacy to the political system E) connecting citizens to government officials

Which of the following groups has the largest potential membership? A) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People B) National Organization for Women C) American Medical Association D) Air Transport Association of America E) American Political Science Association

Which of the following is FALSE about the Constitution? A) It creates many government access points where groups can attempt to initiate or block policy changes. B) It discourages hyperpluralism. C) It places many limits on the governmentʹs powers. D) It protects individual liberty. E) It creates government gridlock and inaction.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which a lobbyist can help a member of Congress? A) obtaining group support for the politicianʹs reelection B) introducing legislation in Congress C) providing valuable information on specialized policy areas D) helping with political strategy E) assisting with the cost of traveling between their home district and Washington, D.C.

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic interest group strategies in America? A) lobbying B) running candidates for office C) litigation D) electioneering E) implementation

Which of the following is NOT true about Political Action Committees? A) There are far more PACs now than there were in 1974. B) Most PAC money goes to challengers rather than incumbents. C) Some PACs contribute to both challenger and incumbent, playing it safe. D) Only a handful of candidates have completely resisted the lure of PAC money. E) PACs contribute before and after elections.

Which of the following is NOT true about Superfund? A) Taxes on chemical products are used to pay for it. B) It has successfully located and isolated the countryʹs toxic waste dump sites and has completely cleaned more than half of those sites. C) It was created by Congress in part to respond to the Love Canal disaster in New York state. D) Its costs represent the fastest growing segment of the nationʹs environmental budget. E) It is administered by the EPA.

Which of the following is NOT true about health care in America? A) The United States spends a higher proportion of its wealth on health care than any other country. B) Americans are the healthiest people in the world. C) Much of the money Americans pay for health care goes to services like organ transplants, kidney dialysis, and other treatments that are not widely available outside the United States. D) By the mid-1990s, Americans had spent over $1 trillion a year on health care. E) Informally, health care is rationed in the U.S.

Which of the following statements about the courts and pluralism is FALSE? A) Almost every major policy decision these days ends up in court. B) Interest groups find it difficult to find judges who will rule in their favor. C) When groups go to court, they use litigation to achieve their policy objectives. D) The habit of always turning to the courts as a last resort can add to policy delay, deadlock, and inconsistency. E) Even though the courts are the least democratic institution, groups can still us them to achieve their goals.

Which of the following statements about the courts is FALSE? A) Supreme Court decisions may directly shape peopleʹs lives. B) Most of American judicial policy is made in the Supreme Court. C) The great bulk of American legal business is transacted in the less-noticed courts. D) The Supreme Court decides a handful of key issues each year. E) The judicial system in the U.S. is, at least in principle, an adversarial one.

Which of the following statements about the selection of Supreme Court justices is FALSE? A) The president usually relies on the Attorney General and the Department of Justice to identify and screen candidates for the Court. B) Senators play a greater role in the recruitment of Supreme Court justices than in the selection of lower court judges. C) The president usually operates under fewer constraints in nominating members to the Supreme Court than to the lower courts. D) Candidates for nomination to the Supreme Court usually keep a low profile. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements concerning the public airways is FALSE? A) The FCC restricts the use of obscene words on public airways. B) The same restrictions that apply to radio and television also apply to newspapers. C) About two-thirds of American homes have cable TV. D) Cable television has fewer restrictions placed on them than the public airways. E) The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates radio and television broadcasting.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The American Revolution was fought principally in the name of equality. B) The delegates to the Constitutional Convention did not resolve the tension between slavery and the principles of the Declaration of Independence. C) Womenʹs rights were hotly debated at the Constitutional Convention. D) Most colonists were eager to defend slavery. E) all of the above

Which one of the following is NOT true about the federal district courts? A) Each district has between 2 and 27 judges, with one judge usually presiding alone over most cases. B) They hear appeals from municipal, county, and state courts. C) They are the only federal courts in which trials are held, and juries may be impaneled. D) They are the entry points for most litigation in the federal court system. E) All federal district court judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by Congress.

________ is the amount of money owned, including stocks, bonds, bank accounts, cars, houses, and so forth. A) Income B) Wealth C) Taxable income D) Net earnings E) Net profit

ʺCovertureʺ A) was the combination of electric shock therapy and drugs once used to ʺcureʺ homosexuals of their homosexuality. B) was the legal doctrine that deprived married women of any identity separate from that of their husbands. C) is a term used to describe the time when minority groups will outnumber Caucasians of European descent. D) was the principle used to justify the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. E) was the legal doctrine used to discriminate against Native Americans by placing them in reservations.

105) Expansions of mandated programs by the national government present especially difficult funding problems for A) Congress. B) federal taxpayers. C) state and local governments. D) foreign governments. E) the recipient of the service or program.

108) A tariff is a A) good imported from another country. B) good exported to another country. C) tax added to the price of imported goods. D) tax added to the price of exported goods. E) tax added to the price of technological goods.

111) ________ have usually found the individual state governments to be more sympathetic than the national government to their demands. A) Feminists B) Civil rights advocates C) Business interests D) Those favoring the closing of military bases E) Supporters of organized labor

113) The North American Free Trade Agreement is designed to eventually eliminate most ________ among Canada, Mexico, and the United States. A) subsidies B) imports C) tariffs D) border patrols E) exports

118) Spending on public education illustrates A) cooperation between states and federal government for unified policy. B) the advantages of fiscal federalism. C) the diversity in the quality of education among states as a result of federalism. D) the national curriculum that exists in the United States. E) advantages of relying on states to supply public services.

120) Which of the following countries spends the smallest percentage of its gross domestic product on foreign economic development? A) New Zealand B) Japan C) United States D) Italy E) Norway

123) Americaʹs ________ society makes it more sensible to have Social Security administered on a national rather than a state-by-state basis. A) electronic B) free enterprise C) mobile D) multi-ethnic E) aging

123) When the American people hold strong opinions regarding international relations, A) they are usually ignored. B) policymakers manipulate the agenda to emphasize domestic issues. C) they find policymakers responsive to them. D) they follow the lead of the president. E) national security policy decisions are delayed.

14) Regional organizations have ________ in the post-World War II era. A) declined in number B) decreased in influence C) proliferated D) disappeared E) remained active

23) An example of an interest group involved in international affairs would be A) the World Bank. B) the European Economic Community. C) Greenpeace. D) tourists. E) immigrants.

24) As chief diplomat, the president does all of the following EXCEPT A) negotiates treaties. B) deploys troops abroad. C) entertains foreign heads of state. D) appoints United States ambassadors. E) none of the above

26) The supremacy clause of the Constitution states that all of the following are the supreme law of the land, EXCEPT A) laws of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution). B) the United States Constitution. C) state constitutions. D) treaties of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution). E) both C and D

27) The Constitutionʹs supremacy clause A) does not apply to state and local matters. B) gives the states superiority over the national governmentʹs Constitution and laws. C) made the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and the national governmentʹs treaties the supreme law of the land. D) is vague about which level of government should prevail in a dispute involving federalism. E) makes the president supreme in any constitutional conflicts with the other two branches.

27) The ________ staffs United States embassies and consulates in about 300 overseas posts from Albania to Zimbabwe, representing the interests of Americans. A) Department of Defense B) Justice Department C) State Department D) National Security Council E) Executive Office of the President

36) In its McCulloch v. Maryland decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of A) judicial restraint. B) judicial review. C) the supremacy of the national government over the states. D) the supremacy of the states over the national government. E) Maryland in a dispute with the national government.

4) A form of governmental structure in which the national government is weak and most or all power is in the hands of its components (e.g., states) is known as A) federalism. B) statist. C) a confederation. D) parliamentary. E) a unitary government.

42) Which of the following statements about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is FALSE? A) The CIA was created after World War II to coordinate American information and intelligence activities abroad. B) The bulk of the material gathered and analyzed by the CIA comes from readily available sources. C) The CIA has never been involved in domestic affairs. D) Congress requires the CIA to inform relevant Congressional committees of current and anticipated covert operations. E) It was involved in the overthrow of the Iranian government.

43) The ________ helped to overthrow the governments of Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954, and has a long history of involvement in the internal affairs of other nations. A) Department of Defense B) National Security Council C) Central Intelligence Agency D) Joint Chiefs of Staff E) Federal Bureau of Investigation

45) A study by Richard Betts showed that the advice given to the president by the Joint Chiefs of Staff tends to A) be split, with the Army and Marine Corps favoring aggressive policies and the Navy favoring peaceful policies. B) favor aggressive solutions to crises. C) be no more aggressive than advice given by civilian advisors. D) be ignored by the president who listens mainly to the national security advisor. E) favor the use of nuclear weapons.

48) Which of the following is NOT a power of Congress in foreign and defense policy? A) to declare war B) to ratify treaties C) to appoint ambassadors D) to confirm presidential nominees to head the State Department and Department of Defense E) to provide oversight of the CIA

51) The Supreme Court case of Printz v. United States A) enhanced the powers of Congress by expanding its interpretation of commerce. B) denied Congress the power of regulating guns in school zones. C) voided the congressional mandate in the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requiring local community officials to conduct background checks on prospective gun purchasers. D) affirmed the provisions of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. E) none of the above

52) In the 1950s and 1960s, the proclamation of statesʹ rights was usually made by those opposing the national governmentʹs efforts in the area of A) the Vietnam War. B) abortion rights. C) civil rights for African Americans. D) the interstate highway system. E) the Korean War.

53) The Constitution requires that states give ________ to the public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings of every other state. A) privileges and immunities B) due process C) full faith and credit D) some consideration E) extradition

55) The containment doctrine did not prevent the communists from winning a stunning victory in ________ in 1949. A) Turkey B) West Berlin C) China D) Taiwan E) Vietnam

58) One recently controversial application of the ʺfull faith and creditʺ provision of the Constitution is for A) extradition. B) birth certificates. C) same gender marriages. D) bigamy. E) abortion

6) The United Nations General Assembly is made up of about ________ members. A) 15 B) 60 C) 185 D) 320 E) 144

62) McCarthyism was strongest during A) World War II. B) the Vietnam War. C) the Korean War. D) de´tente. E) World War I.

65) The growth of the military budget during the 1950s under President Eisenhower led him to remark at the end of his second term that A) although the Soviets were not aware of it yet, the United States had won the Cold War. B) atomic bombs should be dropped on the Soviet Union. C) the military-industrial complex that had developed between private defense contractors and the Pentagon was worrisome. D) due to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite, peaceful coexistence between the superpowers was over. E) none of the above

70) Since the ratification of the Constitution, American federalism has gradually changed from A) cooperative to dual federalism. B) state domination to national domination. C) dual to cooperative federalism. D) a unitary to a federal system. E) a federal system to a unitary one.

74) The United States and Soviet Union agreement on SALT I reflected A) a policy of containment. B) brinkmanship. C) a policy of de´tente. D) McCarthyism. E) the two nationsʹ first effort to coordinate the development of a natural resource.

76) President Ronald Reagan proposed a massive new spending program called the ________ to create a global umbrella in space, wherein computers would scan the skies and use various high-tech devices to destroy invading missiles. A) brinkmanship B) Superpatriot Missile Shield C) Strategic Defense Initiative D) Anti-Ballistic Missile System E) Early Warning System

77) Standard operating procedures in cooperative federalism include each of the following EXCEPT A) shared administration. B) shared costs. C) federal funding with no strings attached. D) federal guidelines. E) categorical and block grants.

79) Federal regulation of state governments is usually accomplished through A) United States Supreme Court decisions. B) presidential decrees. C) attaching conditions to grants it gives them. D) federalization of a stateʹs national guard. E) direct, executive orders.

800 21) The ________ is a regional economic organization of major nations. A) North Atlantic Treaty Organization B) Warsaw Pact C) European Union D) Trilateral Commission E) Geneva Convention

802 28) The head of the foreign policy arm of the federal government who traditionally advises the president is the A) National Security Assistant. B) Secretary of Defense. C) Secretary of State. D) United States Ambassador to the United Nations. E) chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

803 31) The commanding officers of each of the services, plus a chair, constitute the A) Armed Services Committee. B) National Security Council. C) Joint Chiefs of Staff. D) Department of Defense. E) Central Intelligence Agency.

810 54) The death-blow to American isolationism occurred as a result of A) the Monroe Doctrine. B) World War I. C) World War II. D) the League of Nations. E) the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe.

813 63) McCarthyism A) was an anti-war movement during the Korean War. B) was the clandestine name of the communist movement in the United States. C) claimed that communism was infiltrating American government and cultural institutions. D) was the name of the policy that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union. E) was the policy of using United States tax dollars to rebuild Germany and Japan after World War II.

814 66) By the mid-1950s, defense expenditures A) declined below World War II levels. B) gave way to expenditures on social-welfare policies. C) grew to be the largest component of the federal budget. D) reduced the profits of defense contractors. E) shifted to the Middle East to protect American oil supplies.

818 78) The Strategic Defense Initiative was a(n) A) proposal for arms reduction between the United States and the Soviet Union. B) treaty between the United States and Western European countries for mutual defense. C) proposal for an umbrella in space to destroy invading missiles. D) attempt by the military to increase its nuclear forces during the Reagan administration. E) secret Pentagon operation to topple communist governments worldwide through assassinations if necessary.

825 99) The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was the first accord A) on nuclear weapons signed between the United States and the Soviet Union. B) to reduce current levels of nuclear weapons. C) mandating the elimination of many long-range nuclear missiles. D) cutting conventional arms in Europe. E) to be rejected by the United States Senate.

827 105) All of the following countries have agreed to give up their nuclear weapons EXCEPT A) Argentina. B) Sweden. C) North Korea. D) Brazil. E) Norway.

85) The Unites States originally pursued a ʺdecapitationʺ strategy for confronting al-Qaida. What did this strategy propose to do? A) attack the root causes of terrorism, namely poverty B) reduce Americaʹs cultural influence on the Muslim world C) eliminate a small number of al-Qaida leaders D) execute publicly all al-Qaida members by way of the guillotine E) spread democracy to the Middle East

85) The main instrument the national government uses for both aiding and influencing states and localities is A) judicial decisions. B) politics. C) grants-in-aid. D) mandates. E) revenue sharing.

86) Of all the funds spent by state and local governments, federal aid accounts for about A) two-thirds. B) one-half. C) one-fourth. D) three percent. E) one-third.

88) The phrase ʺguns and butterʺ refers to A) politicians who promise money for both military and domestic spending programs. B) the general economic improvement accompanying the nationʹs involvement in a major war, though at a high human cost. C) what many scholars claim is the trade-off a nation faces between defense spending and social spending. D) the economic impact on cities and towns with military bases or large defense industries. E) the economic impact of foreign countries with large defense industries.

89) In general, American conservatives argue that the breakup of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the demise of the Soviet Union were principally due to A) the serious defects of the Soviet economythe inertia, the wastefulness, and the corruption inherent in the system. B) Mikhail Gorbachevʹs unexpected and unyielding commitment to glasnost and perestroika. C) Americaʹs defense build-up during the 1980s which the Soviet Union could not match and eventually toppled it. D) brilliant efforts over several years by various agencies and representatives of the United Nations. E) political revolution in the Soviet Union.

89) The main type of federal aid to state and local governments is in the form of A) block grants. B) formula grants. C) categorical grants. D) project grants E) revenue sharing.

93) Programs such as Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children, where applicants automatically qualify for aid if they meet the requirements, are examples of A) dual federalism. B) project grants. C) formula grants. D) block grants. E) welfare.

94) In contrast to the Democratic Congress of recent decades, the new Republican majority in Congress is passing more federal aid in the form of A) revenue sharing. B) categorical grants. C) block grants. D) tax credits. E) tax expenditures.

97) The first American president to sign a treaty to reduce existing levels of nuclear weapons was A) Richard Nixon. B) Jimmy Carter. C) Ronald Reagan. D) George Bush. E) Bill Clinton.

A ________ tax takes a higher percentage from those with lower incomes, and less from the wealthy. A) progressive B) proportional C) regressive D) relative deprivation E) flat

A large number of legal suits currently involve conflicts over who will pay to A) protect endangered species. B) fund environmental research. C) clean up radioactive wastes. D) administer wilderness preserves. E) purchase new wilderness lands.

A legislative court is A) a state-level court. B) the initial level of federal courts for most disputes. C) staffed by judges who lack the protections against removal or salary reductions while in office. D) staffed by judges who serve for life. E) one that specializes in the review of legislation for its constitutionality.

A major reason cited for Americaʹs level of voter turnout compared to other industrialized countries is A) bad weather in certain parts of the United States on election day. B) greater interest in democracy in the United States. C) registration is more cumbersome in the United States. D) registration is more cumbersome in other nations. E) Americansʹ high sense of political efficacy.

A written opinion in a Supreme Court case is a A) legal argument submitted by an attorney in a case seeking to sway a justiceʹs decision. B) way of establishing the Courtʹs agenda. C) statement of the legal reasoning behind a decision. D) formality handled by the chief justiceʹs law clerks. E) form of press release written by the chief justice.

About 98 percent of all criminal cases in the United States are heard in A) federal district courts. B) appellate courts. C) state and local court systems. D) the Supreme Court. E) legislative courts.

Access to health insurance in the United States is strongly related to A) race and geographic location. B) gender and income. C) race and income. D) gender and geographic location. E) race and gender.

According to Charles Murray, the problem with social welfare policies is that they A) cost too much. B) did not receive adequate funding. C) discouraged the poor from solving their own problems. D) did not address the basic problem of racism as a cause of poverty. E) robbed hard-working Peter to pay lazy Paul.

According to Mancur Olson, A) large groups are the most effective groups B) the bigger the group, the smaller the free-rider problem. C) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. D) the larger the group, the more effective it is in influencing public policies. E) the key to group power is to form broad coalitions with other groups, making themselves nearly invincible.

According to Mancur Olson, small interest groups generally are ________ compared to all other groups. A) insignificant B) incoherent C) less focused D) more effective E) more democratic

According to Robert Salisbury, the increase in lobbying activity has resulted in A) greater clout for business and industry groups. B) less democracy. C) less clout overall for interest groups. D) government by minority interests. E) elitist policymaking.

According to exit polls, ________ was a major reason voters selected Bush in 2004. A) welfare reform B) health care reform C) the war on terrorism D) freedom of speech E) strategic voting

According to the text, lobbying works best A) with people who are undecided about a policy. B) when large amounts of money are involved. C) on people already committed to the lobbyistʹs policy position. D) when the lobbyist uses pressure tactics. E) when the lobbyist starts crying and pleading.

All subgovernments have the same goal A) protecting the public interest. B) attacking the government head-on. C) protecting their self-interest. D) electing the most qualified people to office. E) to join the main government.

An advantage for small groups is that A) free-riders can be forced out of the organization, creating more unity. B) it is easier to reconcile divergent interests in small groups. C) there is more at stake for each member, making it easier to organize and activate all members. D) collective goods do not have to share with the big interests. E) they are able to ʺhideʺ in the political process so that opposing groups are not able to organize against them.

An interest group is more likely to form its own political party where A) voters choose their legislators in single-member districts. B) voters choose their legislators in dual-member districts. C) voters choose their legislators using proportional representation. D) the government has a bicameral legislature. E) there is a strong two-party system, and the major parties ignore their demands.

At the urging of feminists and conservative Christians, some cities have banned pornography on the grounds it dehumanizes and endangers women. How have the courts dealt with these bans? A) They have upheld them based on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. B) They have refused to review them. C) They have struck them down as violations of the First Amendment. D) They have upheld them based on the First Amendment. E) The courts have been erratic, allowing some ordinances and revoking others.

Californiaʹs Proposition 209, which intended to end affirmative action programs in the state, is an example of A) a direct primary. B) an indirect primary. C) an initiative. D) a referendum. E) a voter override.

Californiaʹs famous Proposition 13, in which voters frustrated by a lack of action by their legislature forced an issue on the ballot and voted to limit the rise in property taxes, was an example of A) a direct primary. B) an indirect primary. C) an initiative. D) a referendum. E) a voter override.

Each of the following were provisions of the 1996 welfare reform bill EXCEPT A) each state would receive a fixed amount of money to run its own welfare programs. B) people on welfare would have to find work within two years or lose all their benefits. C) basic health care benefits would be provided to those who found jobs. D) a lifetime maximum of five years on welfare was set. E) All of the above were provisional the 1996 welfare reform bill.

Electors in the electoral college meet in their states in December (following the November general election) to officially cast their ballots, then mail their votes to A) the House of Representatives. B) the president. C) the vice president. D) the Supreme Court. E) the Federal Election Commission.

For handling cases at the courts of appeal level, the United States is divided into ________ judicial circuits, including one for the District of Columbia. A) 55 B) 26 C) 12 D) 51 E) 91

If no candidate receives an electoral college majority, A) a runoff election is held nationwide between the top two vote-getters. B) the candidate with the plurality of electoral votes is automatically elected. C) the House of Representatives chooses among the top three electoral vote winners. D) the electoral college takes a second ballot between the top two vote-getters, and the candidate who wins the majority is elected. E) Congress is free to elect the president.

In 1993, the Supreme Court ruled that sexual harassment is sex discrimination that violates the Civil Rights Act when A) the target objects a second time to touching, body language, or dirty talk. B) it causes severe psychological injury. C) the workplace environment becomes hostile or abusive. D) an employee can no longer perform his or her job. E) the target suffers a nervous breakdown.

In 2005, the Supreme Court found that two Kentucky counties violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment by A) establishing English as the ʺofficial first language of the State of Kentucky.ʺ B) by posting the Ten Commandments as a way of promoting religion. C) banning ʺintelligent designʺ from the curriculum D) providing an ʺinefficientʺ system of public education. E) requiring students to say the Pledge of Allegiance.

In Gitlow v. New York (1925), the decision that states could not abridge the freedoms of expression protected by the First Amendment was based on the A) Fifth Amendment. B) New York State Constitution. C) Fourteenth Amendment. D) First Amendment. E) exclusionary rule of the judiciary.

In Miller v. California (1971), the Court ruled that decisions regarding whether or not material was obscene should generally be made by A) Congress, through statutory law. B) lower federal judges as they see fit, but in conformance with the First Amendment. C) local communities, with some guidelines provided by the Court itself about how to make such judgments. D) the Supreme Court itself, on a case-by-case basis. E) individual persons in their own private lives.

In Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, the Supreme Court ruled that A) the Stanford Daily had complete control over its photograph files. B) the Stanford Daily must cease publication of military strategy papers. C) the Stanford Daily must open its files for use as police evidence. D) the Stanford Daily must disclose the location of its reporters. E) the Stanford Daily is controlled by the University president, not state laws.

In considering gender discrimination in employment and business activity, the Supreme Court has ruled that any prerequisites based on gender or appearance A) fall within the penumbra of the commerce clause, and thus enjoy its constitutional protection. B) are unconstitutional. C) must have a direct relationship with the duties required in a particular position, or are otherwise discriminatory. D) can be accepted as non-discriminatory if the requirements have a longstanding tradition in the industry. E) are matters of private business concern and therefore not under the protection of the Constitution.

In dealing with First Amendment cases involving religion, the Supreme Court has ruled that A) the Constitution does not protect anti-religious beliefs and practices. B) such questions should be resolved at the state and local levels of government. C) while all religious beliefs are constitutionally protected, all religious practices are not. D) government must not interfere with any expression of religious faith. E) none of the above

In the case of Craig v. Boren, the Supreme Court ruled that A) sex classifications would be treated by the Court as inherently suspect. B) racial classifications were constitutional if they have a compelling, legitimate, and rational purpose. C) it would employ a ʺmedium scrutinyʺ standard: sex discrimination would be treated as neither valid nor invalid. D) sex classifications would be treated by the Court as valid. E) all sex classifications were unconstitutional.

In the case of NAACP v. Alabama (1958), the Supreme Court ruled that A) Alabama could not require segregated schools. B) the First Amendmentʹs freedom of assembly does not include freedom of association. C) the state of Alabama was unlawfully restricting the NAACPʹs freedom of association. D) picketing in residential neighborhoods can be restricted. E) the NAACP had to turn over its membership list to the government.

In the case of United States v. Nixon, the Supreme Court ruled that A) President Nixon did not have to hand over White House tape recordings to the courts. B) John Kennedy had lawfully won the presidential election of 1960, and Richard Nixonʹs challenge was unfounded. C) President Nixon had to hand over White House tape recordings to the courts. D) President Nixon be removed from office and that Vice President Gerald Ford take over the presidency. E) President Nixon was guilty of conspiracy to obstruct justice by impeding the investigation of the Watergate burglary.

In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that affirmative action programs were not unconstitutional, but they could not involve a set-aside quota of spots available only to members of particular groups. A) Craig v. Boren B) Korematsu v. United States C) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke D) Reed v. Reed E) Roe v. Wade

In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of races by law was constitutional so long as the facilities that were separate were also equal. A) Amos v. Alabama B) Brown v. Board of Education C) Plessy v. Ferguson D) Craig v. Boren E) Dred Scott v. Sandford

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that a newspaper, no matter how outrageous its opinions, must be allowed to publish without prior restraint? A) Wisconsin v. Yoder B) Miranda v. Arizona C) Near v. Minnesota D) New York Times v. Sullivan E) Mapp v. Ohio

Interest group liberalism is promoted by A) ideologically liberal interest groups and not conservative groups. B) one group winning and another losing in the competition for government action or funding. C) subgovernments. D) hyperpluralists. E) all of the above

Interest groups seeking to exert influence on the electoral process can honestly and openly funnel money into the campaign coffers of their supporters through A) lobbying. B) electioneering. C) Political Action Committees. D) subgovernments. E) electronic banking.

Means-tested public assistance programs A) are funded at much higher levels than entitlement programs. B) were eliminated by President Reagan. C) were strengthened as a result of Lyndon Johnsonʹs ʺWar on Poverty.ʺ D) include Medicare, Unemployment Insurance and Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. E) were eliminated by President Bush.

Medicaid provides A) hospital care for the retired and disabled people covered by Social Security. B) medical insurance to those over 65 and disabled. C) medical and hospital aid to the poor on the basis of need through federally assisted state health programs. D) cash payments to aged, blind, or disabled people whose income is below a certain amount. E) hospital care for people covered by Social Security.

One study of American families found that ________ were below the poverty line at least once during their lifetimes. A) nearly one-tenth B) nearly one-third C) nearly one-half D) nearly two-thirds E) nearly three-quarters

Richard Nixon chose ________ as the new chief justice in 1969, hoping with this appointment to move the Supreme Court toward a more ʺstrict constructionʺ interpretation of the Constitution in its subsequent decisions. A) John Marshall B) Nelson Rockefeller C) Warren Burger D) Harry Blackmun E) Earl Warren

Single-issue group politics has been especially emotional over the issue of A) consumerism. B) equality. C) abortion. D) foreign policy. E) affirmative action.

Social Security was begun in the United States during A) the Civil War. B) World War I. C) the New Deal. D) the Great Society era. E) Spanish American War.

Studies have shown that during the 1960s and 1970s, A) voting according to political party identification increased. B) Democrats voted along party lines more than Republicans. C) the hold of the parties on voters eroded substantially. D) political party identification no longer affected voting behavior. E) large numbers of people who had been eligible to vote but never voted surged into the electorate.

Supreme Court justices often try to time their retirement A) to maximize their government retirement pension. B) in such a way as to maximize their historical impact. C) so that a president with compatible views will choose their successor. D) so they can resign in protest of a major majority decision that they disagree with. E) near election time so that the Supreme Court nomination becomes an election issue.

The Clean Air Act of 1970 A) banned cigarette advertisements on television. B) empowered the Department of Interior with enforcing tough anti-pollution laws on industries near national forests or national parks. C) empowered the Department of Transportation to authorize mandatory reductions in automobile emissions. D) never passed Congress due to economic concerns about its effect. E) banned cigarette smoking in public buildings.

The Communications Decency Act banning obscene material and criminalizing the transmission of indecent speech or images to anyone under the age of 18 was A) affirmed by the Court. B) opposed by Christian groups. C) overturned by the Supreme Court. D) the first regulation of obscenity affirmed by the Court. E) none of the above

The Constitution specifically provided that there would be a Supreme Court, A) and established a system of lower federal courts throughout the nation. B) but left it up to the individual states to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction. C) but left it to the discretion of Congress to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction. D) but left it up to the Supreme Court itself to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction. E) and granted the President the power to establish any lower federal courts he deemed necessary.

The Endangered Species Act of 1973, as originally passed, required that the government A) choose which species were significant enough to protect from extinction, while others would be allowed to die off. B) merely acknowledge that some species were likely to go extinct. C) actively protect each of the hundreds of species listed as endangered, regardless of the economic effect on the surrounding region. D) actively protect each of the hundreds of species listed as endangered unless that protection would cause severe economic harm to the local region. E) none of the above

The National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Water Pollution Control Act are implemented by the A) Department of the Interior (DOI). B) Department of Transportation (DOT). C) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). D) Department of Energy (DOE). E) Presidentʹs National Environmental Council.

The Supreme Court decision in Barron v. Baltimore (1833) maintained that the Bill of Rights intended to prevent A) both the national and state governments from violating civil rights. B) cities from taking private property without due process. C) only the national government from abridging civil liberties. D) the states from infringing on individual rights. E) the United States government from granting titles of royalty.

The Supreme Court has interpreted the establishment clause of the First Amendment as A) grounds for denying federal aid to children attending parochial schools. B) merely preventing the establishment of a national church. C) prohibiting school-organized Bible-reading and prayer in public schools. D) allowing nondenominational school prayer. E) all of the above

The Supreme Court has ruled that racial and ethnic classifications are A) legal if they are reasonable. B) not covered by the Fourteenth Amendment. C) inherently suspect. D) never permissible. E) exempt from the constitutional penumbras of the Bill of Rights.

The Supreme Court ruled against some of the basic principles of affirmative action in which of the following cases? A) Metro Broadcasting Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission B) Fullilove v. Klutznick C) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke D) United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO v. Weber E) all of the above

The Supreme Courtʹs Roe v. Wade decision was issued in A) 1979. B) 1954. C) 1973. D) 1991. E) 1985.

The Supreme Courtʹs decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson A) for the first time established race as a suspect classification and ruled that former slaves must be granted land or otherwise compensated for their years of forced labor. B) outlawed slavery. C) stated that the principle of separate but equal public facilities for African Americans was constitutional. D) stated that the principle of separate but equal public facilities for African Americans was unconstitutional. E) ruled that slaves were chattel property and entitled to no rights under the Constitution.

The ________ Amendment forbids forced self-incrimination, stating that no person ʺshall be compelled to be a witness against himself.ʺ A) First B) Twenty-sixth C) Fifth D) Fourth E) Ninth

The ________ is the final interpreter of the content and scope of Americansʹ civil liberties. A) president B) Congress C) Supreme Court D) American Civil Liberties Union E) Constitution

The abortion decision in Roe v. Wade (1973) was justified by the Supreme Court largely on the grounds of A) the freedom of religion clause of the First Amendment. B) the free exercise clause of the First Amendment. C) the right of privacy implied in the Bill of Rights. D) our constitutional right to life. E) new advances in medical technology.

The case involving Eli Lilly and Company illustrates how A) little influence special interests actually have on Congress. B) special interests can still bribe members of Congress. C) special interestsʹ campaign contributions can influence congressional action. D) Congress can regulate the activities of special interests. E) the increasing importance of multinational corporations.

The distribution of income across segments of the American population is A) just about even. B) slightly uneven. C) highly uneven. D) impossible to gauge. E) constantly changing.

The election of 1800 was A) decided by the direct vote of the people. B) decided by the electoral college. C) decided by the House of Representatives. D) overturned by the Supreme Court. E) decided by the full Congress.

The electoral college was originally established in order to A) provide direct election of the president by the people, although its operation has had the opposite effect. B) merely certify the results of the peopleʹs choice for president and vice president. C) give the nationʹs elite the power to choose the president and vice president rather than the people directly. D) insure high voter turnouts in elections throughout the country. E) give legitimacy to the presidency, which was regarded suspiciously by most people as another potential monarchy.

The functions of the Supreme Court include each of the following EXCEPT A) maintaining national supremacy in the law. B) resolving conflicts among the states. C) reviewing the evidence in cases involving crimes committed by public officials. D) ensuring uniformity in the interpretation of national laws. E) rule on cases accepted from lower courts.

The grandfather clause was passed by Oklahoma and other southern states to A) exclude blacks from having the right to vote in primary elections, though they could vote in general elections. B) guarantee the equal rights of senior citizens in employment. C) deny African Americans the right to vote. D) deny land to anyone whose grandfathers were not white. E) distribute land to former slaves on the basis of how many generations they had served on a particular plantation.

The group theory of politics offered by pluralist theorists argues all of the following EXCEPT A) groups provide a key link between people and government. B) no one group is likely to become too dominant. C) groups are all of equal strength. D) groups usually play by the rules of the game. E) different groups win at different times.

The growth of both interest groups and the scope of government over the past several decades represents A) the former increasing the latter. B) the latter increasing the former. C) both A and B D) the latter decreasing the former. E) Neither A nor B; there is no relationship between the two.

The idea that too many groups are getting too much of what they want is associated with A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) proliferation theory.

The infant mortality rate in the United States A) is the lowest in the world. B) is second lowest in the world after Japan. C) ranks 18th among the worldʹs nations. D) is only worse than Finland, Japan, and Iceland. E) is half of what it is in Japan.

The initiative is put on the ballot as a result of A) the governorʹs order. B) a Supreme Court ruling. C) a petition signed by a certain percentage of the voters in the previous election. D) public opinion polls showing strong support for a certain measure not acted upon by the legislature. E) a special, legally constituted convention voting to place it there.

The mandate theory of elections is the idea that A) a candidate must get at least sixty percent of the vote to win. B) a candidate must get a majority of the votes cast (fifty percent plus one) in order to take office. C) the election winner has authorization from the voters to carry out his or her promised policies. D) in order to improve turnout rates in the United States, voting must be made a legal requirement of all citizens, with the failure to vote resulting in a small fine. E) a candidate must get at least seventy-five percent of the vote to win.

The median American household income is approximately A) $27,000. B) $32,000. C) $46,000. D) $59,000.

The most liberal court of the modern era has been the A) Rehnquist Court. B) Marshall Court. C) Warren Court. D) Taft Court. E) Burger Court.

The nearly two centuries of American electoral history has been characterized by A) consistently close elections. B) increasing voter turnouts. C) expansion of the right to vote. D) a proliferation of presidential candidates. E) all of the above

The one institution most responsible for putting civil rights goals on the nationʹs policy agenda was A) Congress. B) the presidency. C) the courts. D) the political parties. E) the state governments.

The overall incidence of taxes in America is proportional, because A) federal, state, and local taxes all tend to be proportional. B) generally regressive federal taxes are counterbalanced by more progressive state and local taxes. C) generally regressive state and local taxes are counterbalanced by progressive federal taxes. D) relative deprivation serves as a counterbalance at each level. E) federal taxes are proportional.

The presence and power of multinational corporations illustrates A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) global unity theory.

The proposal to add justices to the Supreme Court, known as the ʺcourt packing planʺ to critics, was made by President ________ who wanted to be able to appoint justices more sympathetic to his philosophy than the ʺnine old men.ʺ A) Dwight Eisenhower B) Harry Truman C) Franklin Roosevelt D) Richard Nixon E) John F. Kennedy

The smaller size of American cars, the use of unleaded gasoline, and the lower gas consumption of new cars are all due in large part to A) self-regulation of the automobile industry. B) Supreme Court rulings. C) Department of Transportation regulations. D) consumer demands. E) the dramatic increases of Middle Eastern oil prices in the 1970s.

The strongest and most controversial form of affirmative action is A) busing. B) comparable worth. C) numerical quotas. D) comparative worth. E) equal opportunity.

The type of public policy that seems to have the greatest effect on elections today is A) foreign policy. B) social policy. C) economic policy. D) military policy. E) racial policies.

The union shop A) serves as the headquarters of an organized labor group. B) sells only goods made by laborers affiliated with a union. C) requires that all employees in a unionized business join the union. D) is a retail store whose employees are unionized. E) both B and D

The white primary A) was the examination voters had to pass before being allowed to vote, designed to prevent blacks from voting because they had been denied educational opportunities. B) denied blacks the right to run for office in primary elections in the South. C) excluded blacks from primary elections, thus depriving them of a voice in the real electoral contests in the South. D) denied blacks the right to vote in all southern elections. E) allowed blacks to vote only in Republican primaries in the heavily Democratic South.

The ʺWar on Povertyʺ programs were later attacked and had their funding reduced substantially by President A) Dwight Eisenhower. B) Lyndon Johnson. C) Ronald Reagan. D) Richard Nixon. E) George Bush.

The ʺelectorsʺ in the electoral college are A) the members of Congress from each state, who vote strictly according to who won the majority of their stateʹs votes. B) the members of the House from each state, who vote strictly according to who won the majority of their districtʹs votes. C) selected by state parties, usually as a reward for faithful service to the party over the years. D) a bipartisan group of political scientists, public officials, jurists, and other respected individuals chosen by the governor of each state. E) selected by state legislatures well in advance of the presidential election, and each elector votes his or her own conscience as to who would be the best president.

Thomas Jefferson, who wrote in the Declaration of Independence ʺWe hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal,ʺ believed A) that slavery was immoral. B) in the principle of equal rewards. C) that blacks were genetically inferior to whites. D) that there were no differences among human beings. E) that all people are created equal at birth, but become unequal over time.

Those who are interested in the outcome of a case, but are not formal litigants, sometimes submit ________ briefs, raising points of view and presenting information that they hope will influence the Supreme Courtʹs decision. A) certiorari B) stare decisis C) amicus curiae D) per curiam decision E) concurring

Today the equal protection clause is interpreted broadly enough to do all of the following EXCEPT A) reapportion state legislatures. B) prohibit job discrimination. C) permit sexual harassment. D) forbid racial segregation in the public schools. E) none of the above

Today, ________ have (has) an established church that is officially supported by the government. A) the United States B) no nation C) Great Britain D) all nations E) both the United States and Great Britain

Under Ronald Reaganʹs administration, there was a strong tendency to appoint federal judges on the basis of A) ascriptive characteristics. B) experience in the law profession. C) ideology. D) partisan involvement. E) their contributions to Reaganʹs presidential campaign.

Until the Civil War, the dominant questions before the Supreme Court regarded A) questions of the relationship between the federal government and the economy. B) presidential powers. C) the powers and legitimacy of the federal government. D) issues of social and political equality and the expansion of the right to vote. E) the interpretation of First Amendment rights.

Voter registration procedures were adopted around the turn of the century as a means to A) prevent African Americans from voting. B) increase voter participation. C) prevent corruption associated with stuffing ballot boxes. D) increase the number of potential voters. E) establish minimum voting qualifications, such as passing the Political Literacy Test or a civic education course.

Voter registration was begun around the turn of the twentieth century A) to encourage voting through advance notice. B) by party bosses to discourage people from voting. C) to make elections more ethical. D) to allow for the secret ballot. E) to discourage patronage.

Which of the following contributes to higher costs of medical care in the United States? A) The best doctors tend to practice abroad where insurance premiums are lower. B) Americans are the healthiest people in the world. C) Insured patients have little incentive to ask for cheaper care. D) Malpractice insurance costs for doctors are covered by the federal government. E) None of the above

Which of the following countries has a lower voter turnout rate than the United States? A) Australia B) Great Britain C) Switzerland D) Italy E) France

Which of the following countries has the lowest life expectancy? A) Italy B) Japan C) United States D) Canada E) France

Which of the following is NOT a function of the United States Solicitor Generalʹs office? A) decide whether or not to appeal cases the government has lost in the lower courts B) review and modify the briefs presented in government appeals C) require the Supreme Court to review a government case on appeal D) represent the government before the Supreme Court E) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the major elements of the subgovernment system at the national level? A) interest group B) congressional committee C) federal court D) federal agency E) bureaucrats

Which of the following is NOT true about Medicaid? A) It is funded by both the states and national government. B) It is a means-tested program. C) It provides health care for all poor Americans. D) The costs of Medicaid are increasing rapidly. E) States have cut Medicaid coverage in recent years.

Which of the following is NOT true of coal? A) It is the nationʹs most abundant fuel. B) It is responsible for the ʺblack lungsʺ health hazard to coal miners. C) It accounts for half the energy Americans use. D) Its use to produce electricity is linked to acid rain. E) About 90 percent of all of Americaʹs energy resources are in coal.

Which of the following is an example of an entitlement? A) Food Stamps B) Aid to Families with Dependent Children C) Social Security D) low-interest college loans E) Pell Grants

Which of the following statements about senatorial courtesy is FALSE? A) When there is a vacancy for a federal judgeship, the relevant senator will suggest one or more names to the Attorney General and the president. B) Presidents usually check carefully with the relevant senator ahead of time so that they will avoid making a nomination that will fail to be confirmed. C) To invoke senatorial courtesy, the relevant senator must provide documented evidence why the nominee is not fit for office. D) Federal judicial nominations are not confirmed when opposed by a senator of the presidentʹs party from the state in which the nominee is to serve. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the American Association of Retired Persons is FALSE? A) It is the largest voluntary association in the world. B) It can claim to represent one American in eight. C) Its widespread respect and authority are due to the fact that it has avoided involvement in political activity. D) It speaks with authority on all questions associated with the elderly. E) Its membership has been growing dramatically.

Which of the following statements about the Bill of Rights is FALSE? A) The Bill of Rights was written by the First Congress of the United States. B) The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments to the Constitution. C) Most state constitutions did not have a Bill of Rights at the time of the Constitutional Convention. D) Many states made adoption of a Bill of Rights a condition of ratification of the Constitution. E) The Constitution of 1787 contained no Bill of Rights.

Which of the following statements about the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison is FALSE? A) The Court established its power to hold acts of Congress in violation of the Constitution. B) The Court ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. C) The Court ruled that Madison was in the right to withhold Marburyʹs commission. D) The Court ruled that it had no power to require that Marburyʹs commission be delivered. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the distribution of wealth in America is TRUE? A) Many of the poor are slowly gaining ground, relatively speaking, to higher -income groups. B) All groups are increasing their wealth, with the poor increasing at a slightly lower rate. C) Many of the poor are losing ground to the higher-income groups in absolute terms. D) All groups are increasing their wealth, with the poor increasing at a slightly higher rate. E) The middle class (the middle quintile of the population) is increasing its share of the national income, while the top and bottom quintiles are losing their share of national income.

Which of the following statements about the election of 1896 is FALSE? A) The main issue in the election of 1896 was the gold standard and tariffs. B) William Jennings Bryan broke with tradition and campaigned extensively in person. C) The election resulted in the Democrats becoming firmly entrenched as the majority party in the Northeast and Midwest. D) Nearly 80 percent of the eligible electorate voted in 1896. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about voter participation is FALSE? A) As people age, their likelihood of voting increases. B) Minority groups with high levels of income and education have a higher turnout rate than whites with comparable status. C) Men are more likely to vote than women. D) Individuals who have lived at the same address longer are more likely to vote than those who have moved. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Civil rights policies have expanded the power of government. B) The steady expansion of civil rights has brought more groups into the democratic process. C) Current civil rights policies conform to the eighteenth-century idea of limited government. D) The rights ensured by the First Amendment are essential to a democracy. E) Lyndon Johnson was president when civil rights legislation was passed in the 1960s.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Unlike the United States, the governments of most democracies take the responsibility of seeing to it that all of their eligible citizens are on the voting lists. B) American government asks citizens to vote far more often than most democracies. C) Americans are expected to vote for a much narrower range of political offices than most democracies. D) The choice offered Americans at elections is not as great as in other democracies. E) none of the above

While the threat of electoral punishment constrains policymakers, it also helps to increase generalized support for A) the private sector. B) individualistic, rather than, collective policy solutions. C) government and its powers. D) incumbents who have done a good job. E) unelected government officials in the bureaucracy.

________ is a communication by someone other than a citizen acting on his or her own behalf, directed to a government decision maker, particularly in the legislative and executive branch, with the hope of influencing his or her decision. A) Electioneering B) An amicus curiae brief C) Lobbying D) Litigation E) Campaigning

________ opinions are those offered by one or more Supreme Court justices not only to support a majority decision, but also to stress a different Constitutional or legal basis for the judgment. A) Amicus curiae B) Dissenting C) Concurring D) Adjunct E) Differential

________ theorists are impressed by how insignificant most organized interest groups are. A) Pluralist B) Hyperpluralist C) Elitist D) Pluralist and hyperpluralist E) Deconstruction

The case of Near v. Minnesota (1931) A) ruled that newspapers could not publish secret information that threatens national security. B) ruled that states cannot prohibit animal sacrifice. C) held that government had illegally issued a prior restraint. D) identified an exception to the Constitutional guarantees barring government censorship of the press. E) upheld Minnesotaʹs right to close down a newspaper making slanderous remarks.

1) The governmentʹs responses in the wake of Hurricane Katrina underscores A) the neccesity of complying with the letter and the spirit of the Third Amendment. B) the tensions between Congress and the president. C) the ability of the U.S. military to mobilize and deploy quickly. D) the complexity of American federalism. E) all of the above

104) The primary means the United States has used to keep rogue nations from acquiring nuclear weapons has been by A) successful monitoring of the international arms market. B) dramatically increasing foreign aid to rogue nations. C) infiltrating the intelligence communities of the rogue nations. D) encouraging nations to agree that they would not acquire, or at least test, nuclear weapons. E) both A and D

107) Medicaid is an example of A) a federal grant program that produces considerable competition between the states. B) a federal grant program that receives little support from the political parties. C) a federal block grant. D) a federal grant program that puts an economic strain on the states. E) all of the above

110) A number of states have sued the federal government for reimbursement of funds on the grounds that A) overcrowded prisons are a form of cruel and unusual punishment. B) Trick question! States cannot sue the federal government. C) it has no right to charter a national bank. D) the federal government isnʹt preventing illegal immigration into their states. E) the Federal Reserve Board has pushed interest rates too high, increasing state borrowing costs.

116) As a result of our federal form of government, the death penalty in the United States A) is mandatory. B) is in violation of the Eighth Amendment. C) is permissible at the federal level, but banned at the state level. D) varies substantially by state. E) is permissible because it is not considered cruel and unusual punishment.

120) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) The federal government has given billions of dollars in subsidies to private industries. B) The national government took a direct interest in economic affairs from the very founding of the republic. C) As the country became more industrialized many interests asked the national government to restrain monopolies and encourage open competition. D) As the country became more industrialized and urbanized, economic interest groups turned to the state governments rather than the federal government for help. E) The national government has increasingly involved itself in the economic marketplace.

124) The most pervasive characteristic of American international economic policy is A) elitism. B) secrecy. C) the dominance of the president. D) pluralism. E) the lead role played by top State Department officials.

128) Since 1929, the national governmentʹs share of American governmental expenditures has A) dropped. B) remained the same. C) approached nearly 100 percent. D) grown rapidly. E) grown at a slower rate than the statesʹ share.

129) Today, the national government spends about A) a tenth of our gross domestic product. B) a half of our gross domestic product. C) 100 percent of our gross domestic product. D) a fifth of our gross domestic product. E) a third of our gross domestic product.

16) The power to directly regulate such things as drinking ages, marriage and divorce, and sexual behavior has been granted A) to all governments by the Bill of Rights. B) to the national government. C) to the president. D) to state governments. E) to both the state and national governments.

19) During the Cold War era, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies formed a regional organization known as the A) Iron Curtain. B) European Economic Community. C) Trilateral Commission. D) Warsaw Pact. E) Geneva Convention.

21) In our federal system, the powers of the state governments are ultimately granted by A) their stateʹs Supreme Court. B) the people of their state. C) their state legislature. D) the United States Constitution. E) the United States government.

22) As the framers wrote the Constitution they had no practical choice but to adopt a federal system for all but which of the following reasons? A) The confederation had clearly failed in managing the countryʹs problems. B) The population was too dispersed for a unitary system to work. C) Americansʹ loyalty to state governments was stronger than it was to the United States. D) America had always had a federal system and it would have been too radical and disruptive a change to adopt another system. E) The countryʹs transportation and communication systems were too primitive for a unitary government to work.

63) A tuition difference between in-state and out-of-state students is an example of A) dual federalism. B) federal exceptions to the full faith and credit provision. C) full faith and credit being extended to all students. D) how states make exceptions to the privileges and immunities clause. E) project grants to the states.

804 35) The ________ is officially composed of the president, the vice president, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State. A) National Security Agency B) Pentagon C) Joint Chiefs of Staff D) National Security Council E) Trilateral Commission

808 47) Which of the following is NOT true about the Central Intelligence Agency? A) Its precise budget and most of its staff are kept secret. B) Much of its business is collecting basic information from newspapers and government reports in foreign cities. C) It has helped overthrow foreign governments through successful espionage. D) Due to its need for secrecy, it does not have to report to any congressional committee. E) The head of the CIA is a member of the presidentʹs National Security Council.

81) Federal aid to state and local governments accounts for how much of federal spending? A) 33 percent B) 50 percent C) 2 percent D) 18 percent E) 75 percent

812 60) During the 1950s, John Foster Dulles, the Secretary of State under Eisenhower, proclaimed a policy of ________ in Americaʹs dealings with the Soviet Union. A) containment B) de´tente C) peaceful coexistence D) brinkmanship E) laissez faire

815 69) The rise of de´tente and the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) were brought about under President A) Harry Truman. B) Dwight Eisenhower. C) Ronald Reagan. D) Richard Nixon. E) John F. Kennedy.

817 75) The largest increase in peacetime defense spending occurred under President ________, who argued that the Soviets had used arms control agreements to gallop ahead of the United States in military spending. A) Gerald Ford B) Jimmy Carter C) Richard Nixon D) Ronald Reagan E) Harry Truman

820 84) What errors did the United States make in planning post-war Iraq? A) The U.S. believed that the American soldiers would be welcomed as liberators. B) The U.S. believed that Iraqi oil revenues would pay for most reconstruction costs. C) The U.S. believed Iraqis had the skill and infrastructure to do most of the rebuilding. D) all of the above E) none of the above

84) The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system is called A) economic federalism. B) dual federalism. C) cooperative federalism. D) fiscal federalism. E) monetary federalism.

95) The fact that the former Republican majority in Congress prefers block grants to categorical grants indicates that A) they want to increase federal aid to state governments. B) they want federal money to be spent at the neighborhood level rather than the state level. C) they want to decrease federal aid to state governments. D) they want the federal government to exercise less authority over the states. E) they intend to raise more money from state governments to reduce the federal budget deficit.

95) The first American president to sign a treaty to actually reduce current levels of nuclear weapons in the United States arsenal was A) Dwight Eisenhower. B) Richard Nixon. C) Jimmy Carter. D) Ronald Reagan. E) John Kennedy.

About ________ of nominees to the Supreme Court fail to be confirmed. A) 38 percent B) 5 percent C) 50 percent D) 20 percent E) 10 percent

According to Martin Gilens, whitesʹ attitudes toward welfare are strongly influenced by A) whether they had ever personally experienced poverty. B) their religious beliefs about caring for the poor. C) their current wealth. D) whether they viewed African Americans as lazy or not. E) their educational background.

According to the text, the least effective activity of lobbyists in Congress is A) contributing to campaigns. B) providing information. C) activating members of Congress to vote on legislation. D) converting members of Congress to the lobbyistsʹ positions. E) both A and B

An entitlement program is one A) to which only a small group of people are entitled. B) which requires a means test to qualify. C) guaranteed in the Constitution. D) which provides benefits regardless of financial need. E) none of the above

Business groups are becoming increasingly active in health care policymaking because A) businesses contribute the most taxes that pay for Medicare and Medicaid. B) businesses are run primarily by elderly Americans who have a vested interest in health care. C) healthy employees are more profitable to businesses. D) private employers often pay the insurance premiums for their employees. E) all of the above

Charles Murrayʹs evaluation of the Great Society programs concluded they A) helped to curb the spread of poverty and made the situation much better for millions of the nationʹs poor. B) helped to curb the spread of poverty, but did not make the situation any better for the nationʹs poor. C) helped to curb the spread of poverty, but actually made the situation worse for the nationʹs poor. D) did not curb the spread of poverty, and actually increased the number of the nationʹs poor. E) did not curb the spread of poverty, but strengthened the family as a social institution.

Civil liberties A) reflect the wishes of the majority. B) never conflict with each other. C) make government less democratic. D) limit what the majority can ask the government to do. E) were established in the 1960s.

Classifications by race and ethnicity have now been ruled by the Court to be acceptable only in A) matters wherein certain races or ethnic groups show greater talent or less aptitude. B) laws passed by Congress, not those passed by the individual states. C) regard to rules and regulations of the armed forces. D) laws seeking to remedy previous discrimination. E) matters involving national security.

Commercial speech on radio and television is regulated by A) state and local governments. B) no government agency, as such would be a violation of the freedom of speech. C) the Federal Communications Commission. D) the Federal Trade Commission. E) the Bureau of Consumer Affairs.

Compared to other industrialized democracies, the United States has a ________ voter turnout. A) much higher B) slightly higher C) slightly lower D) much lower E) rising

During the 1980s and 1990s, income distribution in the United States A) grew more equitable. B) remained much the same, which is fairly equal. C) remained much the same, which is fairly unequal. D) grew more unequal. E) narrowed considerably.

Examples of Social Welfare policies include A) entitlements. B) means-tested programs. C) project grants. D) A and B E) A and C

Fifth Amendment rights were expanded to include guidelines for police interrogation procedures in the famous case of A) California v. Simpson. B) Dennis v. United States. C) Gideon v. Wainwright. D) Miranda v. Arizona. E) Mapp v. Ohio.

Flight attendants won a(n) ________ against the airline industryʹs regulation that all stewardesses had to be unmarried. A) amicus curiae brief B) writ of habeas corpus C) bill of attainder D) class action lawsuit E) administrative appeal

George W. Bushʹs proposal for lowering medical costs by encouraging health savings accounts can best be described as A) socialist. B) popular. C) cheap. D) market based. E) egalitarian.

In 2000, the Supreme Court ruled that A) government had a legitimate interest in protecting sexually explicit material on cable stations. B) government had no right to regulate sexually explicit material on cable stations. C) government had a legitimate interest in prohibiting sexually explicit material on cable stations. D) government regulation of sexually explicit material on cable stations must be narrowly tailored to promote the governmentʹs interest in protecting children. E) government had a legitimate interest in protecting sexually explicit print material.

In Gregg v. Georgia (1976), concerning applications of the Eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court ruled that A) only the federal government, and not the states, can impose the death penalty. B) execution by electrocution is cruel and unusual punishment. C) Georgiaʹs death penalty law was ʺfreakishʺ and ʺrandom.ʺ D) capital punishment is an extreme sanction, but it is suitable to the most extreme of crimes. E) the death penalty constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.

In Roth v. United States, the Supreme Court held that A) outdoor drive-ins could not be barred from showing a film which included nudity. B) the possession of child pornography was not covered by any right to free speech or press, and could be made a crime. C) the government cannot prohibit discrimination against women priests by churches because it would violate the free exercise of religion. D) obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected free speech. E) the film Carnal Knowledge, which had critical acclaim but a sexual theme and explicit scenes, could not be banned.

In the Lemon v. Kurtzman decision of 1971, the Supreme Court ruled that A) any aid of any sort to church-related schools is not constitutional, because it violates church-state separation. B) aid to church-related schools is fully constitutional, and can be used for any purposes needed by the schools. C) spoken prayers in public schools were unconstitutional. D) aid to church-related schools must be for secular purposes only, and cannot be used to advance or inhibit religion. E) devotional Bible-reading in public schools was unconstitutional.

In the case of Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court A) ruled that the removal of Japanese Americans from the west coast and their placement in internment camps during World War II was barbaric and unconstitutional. B) ruled just prior to World War II that Japanese Americans living in the United States had to be repatriated to Japan. C) upheld the constitutionality of the United States atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. D) upheld the constitutionality of the removal of Japanese Americans from the west coast and their placement in internment camps during World War II. E) ruled that restrictions on Japanese ownership of land in the United States were unconstitutional.

In the case of Reed v. Reed (1971), the Supreme Court A) struck down an Oklahoma law setting different legal drinking ages for men and women. B) declared that a womanʹs place is in the home. C) prohibited sexual discrimination in public schools. D) held that any arbitrary sex-based classification violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. E) declared that women are entitled to half the community property of a marriage when there is a divorce.

In the electoral college vote in the election of 1800, there was a tie between A) Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. B) John Adams and James Madison. C) John Adams and Aaron Burr. D) Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. E) George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.

Interest group liberalism holds that A) the fact that there are numerous interest groups proves nothing, because groups are extremely unequal in power. B) interest groups win some and lose some, but no group wins or loses all the time. C) when one interest group throws its weight around too much, its opponents are likely to intensify their organization and thus restore balance to the system. D) virtually all pressure group demands are legitimate, and the job of government is to advance them all. E) the role of government is to leaven the natural inequalities of the free market system and that entails paying more attention to the needs of economically weak interest groups and less attention to economically powerful groups.

Judicial review means A) the right of the Congress to determine whether a decision of the Supreme Court is or is not Constitutional. B) the power to remove Supreme Court justices from the bench if deemed unfit to retain office. C) the right of the president to determine whether a decision of the Supreme Court is or is not Constitutional. D) the right of the courts to determine whether executive or legislative acts are or are not Constitutional. E) the Solicitor Generalʹs oversight of the courts to make sure that rulings are uniform nationwide and that procedural due process is being followed by all courts.

Miller v. California (1973) A) achieved a workable definition of legal obscenity. B) abolished pornographic material only when it involved children. C) resulted in uniform state laws regulating obscenity. D) stated that local communities should have more responsibility over deciding what constitutes obscenity. E) prohibited hanging as a cruel and unusual punishment.

Most decisions handed down by the Supreme Court are cases involving A) original jurisdiction. B) appeals from state courts. C) federal felonies involving ʺexceptional circumstances.ʺ D) appeals from lower federal courts. E) appeals from state supreme courts.

Nationally, over the past six decades, there has been a particularly strong redistribution of government benefits in favor of the A) very wealthy. B) corporations. C) nationʹs children. D) elderly. E) middle class.

Native Americans tend to be A) the poorest group in America. B) the least educated group in America. C) the least healthy group in America. D) all of the above E) none of the above

People are more likely to vote for all of the following reasons EXCEPT if they A) have a high sense of civic duty. B) have a high sense of political efficacy. C) are able to see policy differences that affect their interests. D) believe that some policies of one party are balanced by other policies of the other party. E) none of the above

Political efficacy refers to the belief that A) the costs of voting outweigh the benefits. B) significant policy differences exist between the parties. C) one should always support democratic government. D) ordinary people can influence the government. E) government is very inefficient and needs to be streamlined.

Poll taxes for federal elections were outlawed in the A) Voting Rights Act. B) Civil Rights Act of 1964. C) Supreme Courtʹs Guinn v. United States decision of 1915. D) Twenty-fourth Amendment. E) Tax Reform Act of 1963.

President Eisenhowerʹs selection of Earl Warren and William Brennan to the Supreme Court is an example of A) the Senate majorityʹs tendency to reject nominees of the opposing political party. B) how religion and region were once important selection criteria. C) how a president can mold the Court to his ideology. D) how presidents can become disappointed with their selections. E) the importance of partisanship in the selection of justices.

Presidents are disappointed with their judicial nominations to the Court about ________ percent of the time. A) 33 B) 15 C) 10 D) 25 E) 50

Principal reasons for the Courtʹs choosing to hear a case would include each of the following EXCEPT A) conflict between different lower courts on the interpretation of federal law. B) cases that involve major issues, like civil liberties. C) disagreement between a majority of the Supreme Court and lower court decisions. D) politically hot and divisive cases. E) the justicesʹ law clerks recommend doing so.

Public interest lobbies are those organizations that A) emphasize equal rights and equality of opportunity in America. B) eschew the subgovernment system and operate within view of the public, often through town meetings. C) have large memberships, usually a million or more. D) seek a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit members or activists. E) focus exclusively on public expenditures directed toward Social Security.

Right-to-work laws ________ the union shop. A) take a neutral stance toward B) require C) legalize D) outlaw E) regulate

Studies of Supreme Court decisions found that A) the Court prefers to base its decisions on the Constitution rather than narrower and more contentious technical grounds. B) the Court is usually out of line with public opinion. C) there is no correlation between public opinion and Court decisions. D) the Court is normally in line with popular majorities. E) the Court renders fewer decisions in election years.

Symbolic speech A) consists of speech criticizing the symbols of government. B) cannot be prohibited because it is too vague for government to legislate against. C) has been ruled as disruptive and as a criminal activity. D) consists of action that expresses an opinion. E) is prohibited under the First Amendment.

That successful lobbying efforts by consumer groups benefits all consumers, and not just group members, is an example of A) interest group liberalism. B) electioneering. C) lobbying. D) a free-rider problem. E) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups.

The 1991 convention of the Tailhook Association of naval aviators experienced a celebrated case of sexual harassment when A) the commanding officer scattered his pubic hairs upon the desks of some of his female secretaries. B) the commander-in-chief of the armed forces asked a female aviator up to his hotel room ostensibly for business and then unzipped his pants, showed her his penis, and asked for oral sex. C) some men secretly videotaped their sexual encounters and then showed them at the convention. D) male aviators lined a hotel hallway and groped and kissed women trying to get to their rooms. E) All of these; it was a really sordid affair.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 A) made racial discrimination illegal in places of public accommodation. B) forbade discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, or gender. C) prohibited gender discrimination in the work place. D) both A and B E) neither A nor B

The Fourteenth Amendment specifically forbids the states from denying to anyone A) freedom on the basis of race. B) freedom of privacy. C) the right to vote on the basis of race. D) equal protection of the laws. E) the right to vote on the basis of sex.

The National Organization for Women A) was first formed in the nineteenth century to help women gain the right to vote. B) was primarily responsible for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. C) is no longer a formidable force for womenʹs rights. D) now works for the enactment of individual statutes (laws) to protect womenʹs rights rather than a constitutional amendment. E) is a counter-interest group formed by Phyllis Schlafly to oppose the Womenʹs Liberation Movement and the Equal Rights Amendment.

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 A) entitles all children to a free public education appropriate to their needs. B) increased the amount of financial aid to disabled people. C) guaranteed free, lifetime medical care and physical therapy for Vietnam War veterans. D) added handicapped people to the list of Americans protected from discrimination. E) prohibits employment discrimination against the disabled.

The United States differs from other industrial countries in regard to social welfare in all of the following ways EXCEPT A) the United States does not have a comprehensive family leave policy. B) Americans tend to see poverty and social welfare needs as individual rather than government concerns. C) Europeans tend to see government in a more positive light, while Americans tend to distrust government action. D) only the Scandinavian countries spend a smaller proportion of their gross national products on social welfare policies than does the United States. E) the universal provision of daycare to toddlers, paid for by the government.

The biggest chunk of transfer payments goes to A) means-tested programs in general. B) Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) in particular. C) unmarried black females with children. D) the elderly and other recipients of social security. E) foreign aid.

The content, nature, and existence of radio and television broadcasting is regulated by A) the National Broadcasting Board. B) the states. C) Congress. D) the Federal Communications Commission. E) no one, because to do so would violate the freedom of the press as applied to broadcasters.

The extent of an individualʹs or groupʹs freedom from prior restraint depends on A) whether the nation is at war. B) nothing- it is absolute. C) the moods of the Supreme Court justices. D) who the individual or group is. E) the Constitution.

The feminist movement was reborn A) when women became involved in the war effort during World WarII. B) when the Supreme Court made its decision in Roe v. Wade. C) after the Civil War when women became inspired by the emancipation of the slaves. D) during the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. E) when the Equal Rights Amendment was first introduced in the 1920s.

The grandfather clause was ________ by the Supreme Court in the 1915 decision, Guinn v. United States. A) overlooked B) established C) declared age discrimination D) found unconstitutional and outlawed E) upheld as constitutional

The legal right to vote is referred to as A) civil liberties. B) the grandfather clause. C) civil rights. D) suffrage. E) coverture.

The most controversial energy source is A) coal. B) oil. C) natural gas. D) nuclear fuel. E) solar.

The only federal courts in which trials are held, and in which juries may be impaneled, are the A) superior courts. B) legislative courts. C) courts of claims. D) district courts. E) courts of appeal.

The phrase ʺall men are created equalʺ comes from the A) Bill of Rights. B) Constitution. C) famous pamphlet, Common Sense. D) Declaration of Independence. E) Bible.

The presidential election of 1800 was A) the first use of direct primaries in the United States. B) decided by the House of Representatives after a tie in the electoral college. C) notable for the importance of key convention speeches to swing the votes in the electoral college. D) the first transition of power between parties accomplished by votersʹ ballots in the history of the world. E) influenced by media intent on forcing incumbent out of office.

The primary focus of President Clintonʹs Health Security Act was A) fraud on the part of insurance companies. B) rationing and access. C) the establishment of national health insurance. D) providing health care for all Americans. E) the elderly.

The principle of judicial review was first established expressly in writing in the Supreme Court decision of A) United States v. Nixon. B) McCulloch v. Maryland. C) Marshall v. United States Congress. D) Marbury v. Madison. E) Marshall v. Jefferson.

The publication of statements known to be false that are malicious and tend to damage a personʹs reputation is called A) obscenity. B) symbolic. C) slander. D) libel. E) fraud.

The rights of accused persons included in the Bill of Rights were originally intended to protect the accused in A) federal civil cases. B) federal criminal cases. C) local civil and criminal cases. D) political arrests and trials. E) police custody.

The term interest group can be generally defined as A) an organization that seeks a collective good, the achievement of which will not specifically or materially benefit the membership or activists of the organization. B) a group that has a narrow interest, dislikes compromise, and single-mindedly pursues its goal. C) all people who share some common interest regardless of whether they join an organization promoting that interest. D) an organization of people with similar policy goals entering the political process to try to achieve those aims. E) an organization of people who share a common interest who run candidates in elections sympathetic to that interest.

The top one percent of wealth-holders currently possess about ________ of all American wealth. A) one percent B) one tenth C) one quarter D) one third E) one half

The ʺgray liberationʺ movement refers to A) elderly homosexuals seeking equality. B) those seeking laws that break down racial barriers and promote harmony. C) anti-pollution activists who seek to reduce smog. D) those fighting for the rights of the elderly. E) those fighting for equal rights and justice for the disabled.

Usually more than 90 percent of presidentsʹ judicial nominations are members of A) the Department of Justice. B) law school faculties. C) state legislatures. D) their own party. E) Congress.

What percentage of presidentsʹ judicial nominations are members of their own parties? A) almost 80 percent B) slightly more than half C) except for rare occasions, 100 percent D) usually more than 90 percent E) about 75 percent

Which of the following ideas is NOT associated with hyperpluralism? A) Groups have become too powerful in the political process. B) Interest group liberalism is aggravated by numerous subgovernments. C) Trying to please every group results in contradictory and confusing policy. D) Political power is highly concentrated. E) The dominance of an economic elite.

Which of the following is NOT true about elections in American society? A) They socialize and institutionalize political activity. B) They provide regular access to political power. C) They are accepted as legitimate, fair, and free methods to select political leaders. D) The vast majority of eligible citizens cast ballots, even for local races. E) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT true about the Environmental Protection Agency? A) It is the nationʹs largest regulatory agency. B) It is in charge of administering policies dealing with toxic wastes such as dangerous chemicals. C) It enforces the Clean Air Act, the Water Pollution Control Act, and many other environmental bills. D) It was established in the 1910s. E) The head of the EPA is a cabinet member.

Which of the following is NOT under the jurisdiction of the district courts? A) supervision of bankruptcy proceedings B) supervision of the naturalization of aliens C) admiralty and maritime law cases D) the majority of all criminal cases in the United States E) civil suits under federal law

Which of the following is TRUE of the presidential election of 1800? A) The candidates traveled throughout the smaller number of United States at the time to campaign for votes. B) It was a gentlemanly contest in which partisans on both sides showed respect for the opposition. C) It was carefully and objectively covered in the newspapers of the day, with logical reasoning and respect for both candidates in articles and editorials. D) It was the first peaceful transfer of power between parties via the electoral process in the history of the world. E) all of the above

Which of the following is a reason that American health care expenses are so high? A) Americans visit the doctor more often. B) Americans have longer hospital stays. C) Doctors practice ʺoffensive medicineʺ to avoid medical liability. D) High-tech care is available for previously untreatable conditions. E) All of the above.

Which of the following statements about affirmative action is FALSE? A) The constitutional status of affirmative action has not been very clear. B) Affirmative action puts an emphasis on equal results and not merely equal opportunities. C) Affirmative action has been used to establish special provisions to ensure that a portion of school admissions go to minorities and women. D) Polling data shows that most Americans support affirmative action. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about freedom of expression is FALSE? A) Universities cannot prohibit racial, religious, or sexual insults. B) Obscenity and libel are not protected by the First Amendment. C) Picketing is considered symbolic speech and receives First Amendment protection. D) Government can limit expression more easily than it can limit action. E) Holding a political rally to attack an opposition candidateʹs stand on important issues gets First Amendment protection.

Which of the following statements about interest groups going public is FALSE? A) Interest groups carefully cultivate their public images. B) Interest groups market not only their stand on issues but their reputations as well. C) More and more organizations have launched expensive public relations efforts. D) The public relations of most groups tend to be characterized by hard sell and bias. E) A and C only

Which of the following statements about interest groups is FALSE? A) The majority of groups now have their headquarters in Washington, D.C. B) There are an enormous number of highly specialized and seemingly trivial groups. C) Almost every group has a staff and publications. D) The growth rate of interest groups has slowed in recent years. E) Groups are more diverse today than in past decades.

Which of the following statements about judicial selection in the lower courts is FALSE? A) The president usually has more influence in the selection of judges to the federal courts of appeal than to federal district courts. B) Sitting judges may be asked to evaluate prospective judicial nominees. C) The Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation conduct competency and background checks on prospective judicial nominees. D) Candidates for judicial nomination rarely campaign for the positions themselves. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the Bill of Rights and the rights of the accused is FALSE? A) The great majority of the words in the Bill of Rights deal with the rights of the accused rather than freedoms of expression. B) The Bill of Rights covers every stage of the criminal justice system. C) The language of the Bill of Rights regarding the rights of the accused is often vague. D) Defendantsʹ rights are well-defined in the Bill of Rights. E) Most defendantsʹ rights, as provided in the Bill of Rights, have been incorporated by the states.

Which of the following statements about the Superfund is FALSE? A) The law can force polluters to clean up pollution that occurred even before the law was passed. B) Its purpose is to pay for cleaning up toxic waste. C) It was created by taxing chemical products. D) It has been highly successful. E) A single polluter can be forced to pay for cleanup of a site that was also polluted by many others.

Which of the following statements about the Supreme Court and abortion is FALSE? A) The Supreme Court has forbidden any state regulation of abortion during the first trimester. B) The Supreme Court upheld a state law requiring teenagers to secure the consent of at least one parent before obtaining an abortion. C) The Court permits states to require a 24-hour waiting period before getting an abortion. D) The Court allows states to require a woman to give her husband advance notice of an abortion. E) The Supreme Court permits states to forbid the use of any state funds to pay for abortions.

Which of the following statements about wealth in the United States is FALSE? A) The top one percent of the wealth-holders currently possess about three percent of all American wealth. B) The wealth of the richest one percent exceeds the wealth of the bottom 90 percent. C) There are now over two million millionaires in the world, most in the United States. D) Between 1979 and 1995, the poorest one-fifth of the population saw their real incomes increase, while the richest one-fifth of the population saw their real incomes decrease. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) With proportional representation systems, all it takes is between one and five percent of the vote for a party to win seats in the national legislature. B) In many Scandinavian countries, farmersʹ parties have long been in existence. C) Many new interest groups in Europe have formed parties on the basis of shared values. D) Green parties in Europe have never been able to win enough votes to enter the national legislature. E) Parties are more like interest groups in Europe than in the U.S.

Who currently serves on the Supreme Court as the chief justice? A) William Rehnquist B) Samuel Alito C) Harriet Miers D) John Roberts E) Dennis Kucinich

________ enables a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit. A) An amicus curiae brief B) A public interest suit C) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups D) A class action lawsuit E) A collective civil suit

________ occurs when people base their choices in an election on their own issue preferences. A) Civic duty B) Suffrage C) Retrospective voting D) Policy voting E) Agenda setting

________ refers to a governmentʹs censorship of material before it is published. A) The exclusionary rule B) Probable cause C) Equal protection D) Prior restraint E) Just cause

101) Grants that are given more or less automatically to states or communities, which have discretion in deciding how to spend the money are called A) project grants. B) discretionary grants. C) formula grants. D) categorical grants. E) block grants.

102) A broad program for community development would most likely be supported through a(n) A) formula grant. B) enterprise zone. C) project grant. D) categorical grant. E) block grant.

108) Which of the following is most equitably distributed in America? A) income B) access to education C) taxes D) credit E) federal aid to states and cities

115) Federalism contributes to democracy by each of the following ways EXCEPT A) easing the burdens on the national government so it can function more effectively. B) increasing the opportunities for government to be responsive to demands for policies. C) increasing access to government. D) having state governments add thousands of elected offices for which citizens may vote or run. E) providing a means for unified public policy.

117) Which of the following is TRUE about Americaʹs foreign aid programs? A) Nearly all of the money spent goes to help modernize agriculture and industry in poorer nations, or directly provides food to the hungry. B) The United States spends a greater percentage of its gross national product on foreign aid than any other developed nation. C) Among the developed countries of the world, the United States donates the smallest actual amount of foreign aid. D) Foreign aid has always been a highly popular expenditure with Americans. E) A substantial percentage of foreign aid is military assistance.

118) Which of the following statements about foreign aid is FALSE? A) Presidents of each party have pressed for aid to nations in the developing world. B) A major goal of foreign aid is to stabilize nations friendly to the United States. C) A substantial percentage of foreign aid is in the form of military assistance. D) Foreign food aid often ends up in the pockets of American farmers. E) Congress usually increases the presidentʹs foreign aid requests.

127) The rapid growth of the national government is largely due to the fact that A) the diversity of interests within and among the states require a national focus. B) states are constitutionally prohibited from maintaining independent defense forces and policies. C) the states have failed to adequately represent their interests. D) the Constitution requires that most programs be administered by the national government. E) most problems and policies require the authority and resources of the national government.

13) The European Union is an example of a ________ organization. A) nongovernmental B) domestic C) military D) diplomatic E) regional

14) The federal system A) decreases judicial power. B) centralizes our politics. C) decreases opportunities for political participation. D) decreases the number of government officeholders. E) decentralizes our politics.

20) Which of these is NOT among the factors that tend to lead to the creation of a federal form of government in a country? A) large population B) diverse population C) large land area D) the existence of multiple religions E) industrialization

3) Federalism is A) unique to the United States alone. B) practiced by about half the nations worldwide. C) practiced in about half the American states. D) practiced by nearly all of the 190 nations worldwide. E) practiced by fewer than 20 nations worldwide.

32) The Tenth Amendment A) declares that the national government is superior to the states in every concern. B) establishes the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. C) establishes the Supreme Court as the final arbiter in all civil and criminal disputes. D) establishes the number of electoral votes each state can cast in the electoral college. E) states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved for the states.

44) In determining the power of Congress to regulate commerce in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court A) prohibited Congress from regulating business activity on the grounds it violated private property rights. B) listed the implied powers of Congress and the national government. C) defined commerce very narrowly in considering the right of Congress to regulate it. D) listed the enumerated powers of Congress and the national government. E) defined commerce very broadly, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.

50) Abraham Lincoln announced in his 1861 inaugural address that he would willingly support a constitutional amendment to A) prohibit states from seceding from the Union. B) return the United States to a confederation, with greater powers given to the states. C) establish the United States as a unitary system, where states would have to obey all national government decisions. D) outlaw slavery. E) guarantee slavery.

54) Contracts between business firms can be enforced across state boundaries as part of the constitutional provision of A) interstate compacts. B) privileges and immunities. C) implied powers of the states. D) extradition. E) full faith and credit.

829 112) The U.S. was involved in humanitarian intervention in which of the following countries? A) Somalia B) Haiti C) Bosnia D) Kosovo E) all of the above

According to the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, how many members should there be on a jury? A) a minimum of six B) a minimum of twelve C) between six and twelve D) a maximum of twelve E) no specifications are made as to jury size

After Brown v. Board of Education (1954), school integration in the South A) was unaffected by the decision. B) ended abruptly. C) was completed within three years. D) never changed. E) proceeded very slowly.

American society generally emphasizes equal A) pay for equal work. B) results. C) rewards. D) distribution. E) opportunity.

Americans believe strongly that A) Social Security is a bad policy. B) government is responsible for social welfare. C) families are responsible for social welfare. D) social welfare is a collective good. E) people should take personal responsibility for themselves.

As a means to avoid deciding some cases, the federal courts have developed a doctrine of A) judicial precedent. B) strict constructionism. C) statutory construction. D) judicial activism. E) political questions.

Beginning with the case of ________ in 1925, the Supreme Court began to rule that the Bill of Rights applied directly to the states, as well as to the national government. A) United States v. Bill of Rights B) Miranda v. Arizona C) Engel v. Vitale D) Barron v. Baltimore E) Gitlow v. New York

Betty Friedanʹs book, ________, published in 1963, encouraged many women to question traditional assumptions and to assert their rights. A) A Handmaidʹs Tale B) The Second Sex C) The Female Eunuch D) Women and Economics E) The Feminine Mystique

Classifications based on gender have been ruled to be ________ by the decisions of the Court in the past several years. A) reasonable B) strictly unconstitutional C) sexist D) inherently suspect E) somewhere between inherently suspect and reasonable

Courts with ________ hear cases brought to them on appeal from a lower court. A) stare decisis B) original jurisdiction C) judicial review D) justiciable disputes E) appellate jurisdiction

De facto educational segregation occurs A) by forced school busing to separate the races. B) by forced school busing to integrate the races. C) when segregated classrooms occur within an integrated school. D) by law. E) by the reality of neighborhood schools located in areas that happen to be racially segregated.

Each court of appeals normally hears cases in panels consisting of ________ judges. A) 9 B) 6 C) 12 D) 7 E) 3

Elections in the United States perform which of the following functions? A) make or ratify legislation B) select party nominees C) select officeholders from among party nominees D) both B and C E) all of the above

Equal protection of the laws A) means that laws cannot establish different standards for the treatment of different groups. B) is guaranteed in the original Constitution. C) means that states have to make their laws promote equality among persons. D) provides a rigid standard for constitutional interpretation. E) does not deny states treating classes of citizens differently if the classification is reasonable.

Ever since 1914, the courts have used ________ to prevent illegally seized evidence from being introduced into the courtroom. A) prior restraint B) the Miranda rule C) probable cause D) search warrants E) an exclusionary rule

In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court A) ordered the Topeka school district to spend more money on black schools. B) enunciated the principle of equal but separate. C) ruled that the visible signs of education were substantially equal between black schools and white ones. D) enunciated the principle of separate but equal. E) ruled that school segregation was inherently unequal.

In the case of New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that A) government officials cannot sue newspapers for libel since this would entail prior restraint of the press. B) the Pentagon Papers could be legally published despite the governmentʹs desire to keep the material secret. C) the publication of the Pentagon Papers could be legally barred as a matter of national security. D) statements made about political figures, however malicious, can never be deemed libelous. E) statements made about political figures are libelous only if made with malice and reckless disregard for the truth.

In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, A) housing discrimination was forbidden. B) the principle of ʺseparate but equalʺ was overturned. C) school busing was allowed to remedy racial segregation. D) United States citizenship and all rights that go with it were granted to former slaves. E) the principle of ʺseparate but equalʺ was used to justify segregation.

In the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Court A) refused to allow the admission of Bakke to University of California-Davis. B) was united in its decision. C) ordered that University of California-Davis could not use race as a criterion for admission. D) ruled that nursing schools cannot discriminate against men in their admissions procedures. E) ruled that a public university could not set aside a quota of spots for particular groups.

In the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the United States Supreme Court A) upheld all affirmative action programs as justified and constitutional. B) ruled that the University of California-Davis medical school could not discriminate against women, African Americans, or other minority groups. C) outlawed all affirmative action programs as unconstitutional. D) ruled that state-run nursing schools could not discriminate against men in admissions to their programs. E) upheld affirmative action programs, but limited their scope, and outlawed racial quota set-asides.

In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that the protection against unreasonable search and seizure applied to the state and local governments, as well as the national government, thus nationalizing the exclusionary rule. A) Miranda v. Arizona B) Gideon v. Wainwright C) Roth v. United States D) United States v. New York E) Mapp v. Ohio

In the case of ________, the Supreme Court upheld federal court rulings ordering busing of students to achieve racially balanced schools. A) Craig v. Boren B) Plessy v. Ferguson C) Brown v. Board of Education D) Unified Transportation Co. v Madison County E) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools

In the case of the Nazisʹ proposed 1977 march on Skokie, a suburb north of Chicago with many Holocaust survivors which had denied the Nazis a permit to march, the Supreme Court, a year after the fact, let stand a lower court ruling that A) communities have the right to impose local standards on the right to march. B) Nazis and Communists are among a select list of groups that because of their anti-democratic nature are not protected by the First Amendment. C) the Nazis could only march if they publicly repudiated the murderous actions of the Nazis before and during WWII. D) certain groups are so predisposed to violence that their freedom of assembly is not guaranteed. E) no community could use its power to grant parade permits to stifle free expression or freedom of assembly.

Judicial ________ refers to how and whether court decisions are translated into real policy, affecting the behavior of others. A) restraint B) intent C) action D) review E) implementation

Legal segregation of the races was declared unconstitutional in the 1954 landmark ruling known as A) King v. University of Kansas. B) Plessy v. Ferguson. C) Dred Scott v. Sandford. D) Craig v. Boren. E) none of the above

Lobbyists provide members of Congress all of the following EXCEPT A) help with accomplishing their legislative goals. B) information. C) campaign strategy and organizational help. D) ideas and innovations. E) None of the above; lobbyists provide all of the above to members of Congress.

Obscenity is A) equated with nudity by the Supreme Court. B) clearly defined as it pertains to both freedom of the press and freedom of speech. C) prohibited in the First Amendment. D) a matter of federal standards rather than state or local standards. E) not protected under the Constitution.

One of the most important factors that brings potential federal judges to the attention of senators and the Department of Justice is their A) stand on issues. B) conviction rates. C) total honesty and integrity. D) ideological neutrality. E) involvement in partisan politics.

One of the most regulated forms of speech is A) symbolic speech. B) obscenity. C) libel. D) unintended speech. E) commercial speech.

Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas A) has no identifiable ideology. B) is an ideological moderate. C) is an ideological moderate who advocates a jurisprudence of original intent. D) is ideologically liberal. E) is ideologically conservative.

The Brown v. Board of Education decision overturned the Supreme Courtʹs 1896 ruling in A) Craig v. Boren. B) Dred Scott v. Sandford. C) Marbury v. Madison. D) Amos v. Alabama. E) Plessy v. Ferguson.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 A) established the first affirmative action programs. B) ended discrimination in the purchase or rental of housing. C) ended the white primary. D) guaranteed minority groups the right to vote. E) guaranteed equal access to hotels, restaurants, and other public accommodations.

The Equal Rights Amendment failed because A) it was vetoed by the President. B) the Supreme Court voided it as unconstitutional. C) it did not win the required two-thirds vote in each chamber of Congress. D) it was rejected by the United States Senate. E) it fell three states short of sufficient ratification.

The Miranda Rule A) has been strengthened by the Court in recent years. B) was openly welcomed by police departments throughout the country. C) has made police interrogations easier. D) was based on the probable cause clause of the Fourth Amendment. E) has required all police officers to inform accused persons of their rights.

The Supreme Court ruled in its Roe v. Wade decision that A) each state and not the federal government has authority to determine whether to permit or prohibit abortion in that state. B) all restrictions on abortions at any stage of a pregnancy were a violation of a womanʹs right to privacy. C) abortion was murder. D) abortion was to be allowed only in cases of rape or incest, or when the life of the pregnant woman was in danger. E) abortion could not be prohibited by any state during the first trimester of pregnancy.

The Thirteenth Amendment was passed A) in 1920. B) in 1850. C) in the 1960s. D) as one of the original Bill of Rights. E) at the end of the Civil War.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit A) decides which cases will and will not be heard by the Supreme Court. B) screens all cases going to the Supreme Court, from which the Supreme Court decides which cases to take. C) consists of the Supreme Court itself. D) is responsible for determining the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. E) consists of judges who hear appeals in specialized cases such as those regarding patents, copyrights, etc.

The ________ gave women the constitutional right to vote. A) Bill of Rights B) Fifteenth Amendment C) Twenty-fourth Amendment D) Equal Rights Amendment E) Nineteenth Amendment

The concept that everyone should have the same chance is called equality of A) distribution. B) fate. C) rewards. D) results. E) opportunity.

The constitutional trail for securing equal rights for all Americans was blazed primarily by A) women. B) Hispanic Americans. C) Asian Americans. D) the American Indians. E) African Americans.

The exclusionary rule, which was applied to state governments, as well as the federal government in Mapp v. Ohio (1961), meant that A) federal agents may make arrests for state crimes. B) state governments are excluded from prosecuting federal crimes. C) searches by police could not be made without a legal search warrant. D) probable cause must be established prior to arrest. E) unlawfully obtained evidence could not be used in court.

The fastest growing minority group in the United States is A) Native Americans. B) African Americans. C) Japanese Americans. D) Hispanic Americans. E) Asian Americans.

The immediate reaction to Brown v. Board of Education (1954) was A) the busing of students to achieve racially balanced schools. B) the closing of schools in Topeka, Kansas. C) passage of the Twenty-third Amendment to overturn the Brown decision. D) the desegregation of public schools in the South. E) increased enrollment in private schools by whites in the South and a threat to close public schools.

The justification for separation from England in the Declaration of Independence was based heavily on the ideas of the English philosopher A) Lord North. B) Henry VIII. C) Oliver Cromwell. D) David Hume. E) John Locke.

The most common way for the Supreme Court to put a case on its docket is by issuing a(n) ________, a formal document that calls up a case which deals with a Constitutional question or in which state laws are claimed to violate federal law. A) writ of mandamus B) stare decisis C) amicus curiae brief D) per curiam decision E) writ of certiorari

The right to privacy was applied to the states by the Supreme Court case of A) Gitlow v. New York. B) Gitlow, Near & Mapp v. the States. C) Mapp v. Ohio. D) Near v. Minnesota. E) Griswold v. Connecticut.

The size of the Supreme Court has remained the same since A) the Judiciary Act of 1789. B) the Twelfth Amendment was ratified in 1804. C) President Roosevelt expanded it in 1937. D) the original Constitution specified the number of justices. E) President Ulysses S. Grant took office in 1869.

To render African-American votes ineffective, several southern states used the ________, a device that permitted political parties to choose their nominees in elections off limits to blacks. A) suffrage B) grandfather clause C) poll tax D) hidden ballot E) white primary

Unlike Great Britain and many other nations, the United States does not have an ________ church that is officially supported by the government and recognized as a national institution. A) ecclesiastical B) adjudicated C) imperial D) incorporated E) established

Unreasonable searches and seizures are specifically forbidden in the A) Sixteenth Amendment. B) Fifth Amendment. C) Second Amendment. D) Tenth Amendment. E) Fourth Amendment.

Viewing the stages of the criminal justice system as a series of funnels of decreasing size tells us that A) most arrests result in a trial. B) most trials result in a guilty verdict. C) many more trials are held than prosecutions. D) the likelihood of being punished decreases as one moves through the system. E) many more arrests occur than trials.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Bill of Rights and its relevance to the stages of the criminal justice system? A) The rights of accused persons are protected up to the point of actual arrest. B) The rights of accused persons are protected up to the point of being convicted of a crime. C) The Bill of Rights does not apply to accused criminals. D) The rights of accused persons are protected up to the point of the trial itself. E) The rights of accused persons and convicted criminals are guaranteed at every stage, from gathering of evidence to the imposition of punishment.

Which of the following statements about freedom of assembly is FALSE? A) Freedom of assembly is often neglected alongside the great freedoms of speech, press, and religion. B) Without freedom of assembly we would not have the right to form political parties or interest groups. C) Freedom of assembly includes the right to assemble and the right to associate. D) Nazis have the constitutional right to march through a heavily Jewish community. E) Freedom of assembly allows groups to demonstrate at any time, at any place, or in any manner they wish.

Which of the following statements about religion and politics is FALSE? A) Many school districts have simply ignored the Supreme Courtʹs ban on school prayer and hold prayers in their classrooms. B) The religious diversity in America has made it difficult to establish one state religion such as Britain has. C) The Supreme Court has never permitted the claim of religious freedom to permit every sort of behavior. D) Efforts are underway to amend the Constitution to permit school prayer. E) In recent years, religious issues and controversies have become less visible in political debate.

Women were first given the right to vote by the A) Suffrage Act of 1880. B) Equal Rights Amendment. C) Fifteenth Amendment. D) Voting Rights Act. E) Nineteenth Amendment.

24) Of the more than 2.7 million federal employees, nearly ____ percent work for the U.S. Postal Service. A) 20 B) 30 C) 40 D) 50 E) 55

28) Women comprise A) a majority of federal workers. B) a majority of federal employees at the lowest GS levels. C) nearly half of federal employees at the highest GS 13-15 levels. D) a minority of all federal workers at all GS levels. E) a majority federal employees at the GS 9-12 levels.

29) Among the federal responses to the graying of the bureaucracy have been I. changing retirement ages. II. creating affirmative action programs for younger employees. III. reliance on White House Fellows. IV. using outside, private contractors. A) IV only B) I and III C) II and IV D) I, II, and III E) II and III

35) A business established by government that performs functions that could be provided by private industry is called a/an A) independent corporation. B) government corporation. C) clientele agency. D) executive agency. E) independent regulatory commission.

38) Iron triangles A) by design exacerbate inefficiencies of the bureaucratic system. B) are not as powerful as they once were. C) illustrate the competition that exists within different government agencies. D) became illegal after the Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993 was passed. E) are synonymous with issue networks.

41) Suppose Congress passes a law requiring the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to decrease the amount of copper used in household appliances. The EPA has several different ways they can enforce this directive, but they choose to impose fines on companies who use over a certain amount. This choice is an example of A) quasi-legislative choice. B) administrative discretion. C) selective implementation. D) implementation prerogative. E) an iron triangle.

8) The Environmental Protection Agency is a/an A) independent regulatory agency. B) independent executive agency. C) government corporation. D) Cabinet department. E) iron triangle.

A ________ committee is one appointed for a limited, specific purpose, such as that set up to investigate the Watergate scandal. A) standing B) select C) conference D) joint E) special

(T/F) All issues on the governmentʹs policy agenda are carefully considered by public officials.

(T/F) Government often acts on issues that are not especially high on the policy agenda.

(T/F) Kevin Phillipsʹ description of the 1980s as the ʺtriumph of upper Americaʺ is evidence of hyperpluralism in the United States.

(T/F) Most governmental policies are made by a single institution.

(T/F) Nearly all political scientists agree that the United States is in the midst of a culture war.

(T/F) New Hampshireʹs official state motto is ʺGive me liberty or give me death.ʺ

(T/F) The national government employs nearly ten million people.

(T/F) The revolutionary expansion of channels and Web sites anticipated in the near future is likely to enhance the political interest and involvement of young people.

(T/F) The voter turnout rate in the United States is one of the highest in the world.

(T/F) The writers of the Constitution were unanimously and devotedly committed to democracy.

(T/F) ʺGovernment by the peopleʺ is a meaningful and useful definition of democracy.

(T/F)(40) The Annapolis meeting of 1787 produced the first real reform of the Articles of Confederation.

(T/F)(44) The Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention led to an agreement that slaves would be counted as three-fifths persons in the census for purposes of determining representation in Congress.

(T/F)(44) The Connecticut Compromise gives more power to the House of Representatives.

(T/F)(44) The three-fifths compromise at the Constitutional Convention resolved delegatesʹ differences over the issue of state representation.

(T/F)(52) Those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution were known as Federalists.

(T/F)(54) The Bill of Rights had to be added to the Constitution before any states would ratify it.

(T/F)(55-57) Nearly every successful amendment to the Constitution has been proposed by a national convention.

(T/F)(56) Women were given the right to vote in the Nineteenth Amendment, passed in 1820.

(T/F)(58) Informal changes to the Constitution have been rare and ineffective.

18) Most officials at both the state and national levels agreed with Reaganʹs reduction in federal funds for state and local governments.

21) The percentage of federal aid to state and local governments in the form of block grants began decreasing in 1995 as the new Republican majority in Congress passed more federal aid in the form of formula grants, including grants for welfare programs.

27) After nearly 200 years of widely different practices, the entire United States now has a uniform death penalty law.

7) The Tenth Amendment is sometimes called the supremacy clause, because it reinforces the power of the national government over the state governments.

A catchy line is what is most important for a A) beat. B) sound bite. C) leak. D) trial balloon. E) presidential press conference.

A large number of studies have concluded that the news media are A) moderately biased toward liberal ideology. B) not biased on any systematic basis, and the news is typically characterized by neutrality. C) slightly biased toward the Democrats. D) strongly biased toward the Democrats. E) slightly biased toward the Republicans.

A new approach to reporting introduced during the 2003 Iraq war was to A) use more satellite coverage. B) embed reporters with troops. C) distribute detailed military plans to journalists in advance. D) allow reporters to move around on their own. E) all of the above

A party era begins, or is made more certain, with A) the defeat of an incumbent president. B) a critical election. C) the founding of a new major party. D) party competition. E) a congressional election.

A pocket veto is the situation in which the president A) vetoes particular items in a spending bill. B) lets a bill die by neither signing nor vetoing it after Congress has adjourned. C) rejects a Congressional override. D) lets a bill become law by neither vetoing nor signing it. E) sends a law back to Congress with the reasons for rejecting it.

A political figure who is in favor of increased military spending, supported freedom of choice on abortion, opposed affirmative action programs, wanted to tax the rich more, and felt the courts should stop coddling criminals is a A) socialist. B) mixture of liberal and conservative. C) liberal. D) conservative. E) populist.

A political party is a key _________ in America's democratic system a. Stimulus-response b. linkage institution c. input d. majoritarian inhibitor e. output

A single Political Action Committee A) has no limit on the amount of money it can spend on a candidate. B) can at most account for only a small percentage of a winnerʹs total spending. C) usually puts all its efforts into one candidate. D) can gain the most influence by giving money to candidates who disagree with them. E) can make or break a candidate in a particularly close congressional election.

A talking head is a A) nickname for a political journalist. B) shot of a person speaking directly into the television camera. C) secret source for news leaks. D) public relations expert. E) member of the seminal punk band of the 1980s that had a major political influence on youth.

A talking head is a reference to A) a television talk show host. B) a shot of a personʹs face talking directly to the camera. C) a news leak that is discretely passed to a reporter in a public washroom. D) a television news anchor. E) a television talk show.

According to Frederick Jackson Turner, the existence of the frontier in American history most directly resulted in A) the abolition of slavery. B) a strong preference for limited government. C) the environmental movement. D) the space program. E) the civil rights movement.

According to G.K. Chesterston, the United States is the only country in the world that is founded on A) heredity. B) a creed. C) isolationism. D) civic virtue. E) religious principles.

According to Marc Hetherington, what is the largest impact of declining political trust? A) decreased respect of American politicians in the foreign press. B) decreased support for programs that address poverty and racial inequality C) higher taxes D) increased political ignorance E) the inability of the president to address pressing foreign policy concerns

According to the text, the diversity of political interests in America is resulting in A) a decrease in political participation. B) policy gridlock. C) the breakdown of the educational system. D) an increase in political participation. E) a cultural renaissance.

After the Revolution, James Madison observed that ʺthe most common and durable source of faction has been (39) A) urban and rural divisions.ʺ B) the various and unequal divisions of property.ʺ C) aristocracy.ʺ D) the British army.ʺ E) racial inequalities.ʺ

Agenda setting effects are especially strong for the A) younger generation who distrust the media. B) politically knowledgeable who trust the media. C) politically ignorant who trust the media. D) television audience who trusts the media. E) older, more politically experienced individuals.

American government is viewed most positively by the A) socialist theory. B) pluralist theory. C) positivist philosophy. D) hyperpluralist theory. E) elite and class theory.

American national parties are best described as A) controlled from the bottom (local level) up. B) loose aggregations of state parties. C) bicameral in nature. D) centralized organizations based in Congress. E) powerful, centralized organizations based in Washington, D.C.

An electoral mandate ________ the presidentʹs level of support in Congress. A) does severe harm to B) usually has a positive effect on C) increases by a factor of 2.5 D) has no effect on E) guarantees a sharp increase in

Between 1990 and 2000, A) states in the Southwest were losing population. B) the Sunbelt continued to experience rapid population growth. C) the Midwest became the fastest-growing region in the country. D) the Frostbelt had begun to gain population again. E) the Pacific Coast states were the fastest-growing region of the country.

Between the 1930s and the 1960s, people attracted to the Democratic party included A) Protestants and Jews. B) urban working classes and intellectuals. C) northerners and the rich. D) farmers and rural dwellers. E) the college-educated and business owners.

Civil disobedience necessarily involves A) non-violent protests to achieve desired results. B) consciously breaking a law thought to be unjust. C) working within the laws to achieve objectives. D) rioting and violence to achieve desired results. E) A and D only

Compared to 1952, recent polls on party identification have shown that A) more people today identify themselves as Democrats. B) there are more independents than there are Democrats or Republicans. C) the percentage of Democrats has increased only slightly, while the percentage of Republicans has declined. D) both the percentages of both Democrats and Republicans in the country have increased. E) none of the above

Compared to members of the House, senators are A) more likely to have personal contact with their constituents. B) more likely to face difficult reelection opponents. C) less likely to face difficult reelection opponents. D) less likely to use television in their reelection campaigns. E) none of the above

Congressʹs role in national security policy has typically included all of the following EXCEPT A) support or criticism of the president. B) initiation of policy. C) oversight of the executive branch. D) to pass authorizations and appropriations for presidential actions. E) monitoring constituent opinions on national security.

During the 1992 election campaign, CBS News promised to ________, but then changed its policy when it proved to be unworkable. A) follow campaign ads with factual analysis B) reform the sound bite process C) ban coverage of polls D) float no trial balloons E) give equal time to each candidate on each news broadcast

During the American Revolution, Patrick Henry said A) ʺWe fight for truth, justice, and the American way!ʺ B) ʺGive me liberty or give me death.ʺ C) ʺI regret that I have but one life to give for my country.ʺ D) ʺOur fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.ʺ E) ʺLive free or die.ʺ

Every political party depends upon what the text calls a ________ , meaning a set of individuals or groups supporting it. A) system of patronage B) coalition C) set of super delegates D) power base E) linkage institution

Following the 1964 election, A) public interest in government dropped slightly for a brief period. B) public trust in government dropped significantly. C) public knowledge about political affairs improved significantly. D) public interest in campaigns increased. E) presidential approval increased significantly.

Impeachment of a president means that the president is A) convicted of a crime. B) indicted by the House. C) removed from office. D) tried by the Senate. E) all of the above

In a famous, televised speech in 1952 to save his vice-presidential candidacy, ________ denied having received illegal gifts and payments, and declared that the family dog, Checkers, though a gift, would not be returned. A) John Sparkman B) Richard Nixon C) Lyndon Johnson D) Spiro Agnew E) Dwight Eisenhower

In addition to a hierarchical authority structure, Max Weber argued that a bureaucracy involves all of the following EXCEPT A) extensive rules. B) an incentive system. C) task specialization. D) the merit principle. E) hierarchical authority structure.

In public opinion polling, a sample as small as about ________ people can faithfully represent the ʺuniverseʺ of Americans. A) 10,000 B) 1,500 C) 20,000 D) 5,000 E) 50,000

In recent years, A) presidents have been less concerned about their appointment power. B) presidents have paid closer attention to appointing officials who will be responsive to the presidentʹs policies. C) presidents have paid less attention to agency rules and regulations. D) there has been a trend toward decentralized decision making in the White House. E) there has been a trend toward centralized decision making in the White House.

In the description of political parties as ʺthree-headed political giants,ʺ which of the following is NOT considered one of those three heads? A) the party-in-government B) the party-out-of-power C) the party-in-the-electorate D) the party as an organization E) none of the above

Increased technical expertise is a challenge to democracy because A) it is difficult to have an informed ʺnon-technicalʺ public debate on technical issues. B) it goes against the tenets of pluralist political theory. C) it violates the notion of one man, one vote. D) elected officials find it hard to understand technical experts. E) interest groups have a difficult time securing technical expertise.

Independent regulatory agencies have A) complete independence from the president, but their policymakers are appointed by Congress. B) powerful rule-making, dispute-settling, and enforcement authority. C) no real enforcement power any more, and remain today as part of the federal government only in a ceremonial role. D) no formal ties to either the president or the Congress. E) governing commissions composed of long-time federal Civil Service employees.

John F. Kennedyʹs ʺwheel-and-spokesʺ system of management was characterized by A) a hierarchical organization with a chief of staff at the top. B) many aides with equal status balanced against one another in the decision-making process. C) the presidentʹs involvement in every administrative detail. D) a closed, small network of computers that directly linked the president to his closest advisors through e-mail messages. E) a streamlined, fast-paced, and efficient decision-making style.

Members of Congress engage in each of the following activities that increase the probability of their reelections EXCEPT A) advertising. B) party voting. C) credit-claiming. D) position taking. E) spend much of their time away from Congress and in their home districts.

Millionaire Senator Edward Kennedy sponsoring a bill to help the poor and disadvantaged would be an example of A) descriptive representation. B) substantive representation. C) elite representation. D) constituent representation. E) franking privileges.

More than any other development in the twentieth century, the rise of television broadcasting has reinforced ________ in the American political process. A) interest B) individualism C) behavioralism D) participation E) democratization

Most delegates to the Constitutional Convention believed that the secret of good government is a (42) A) centralized government. B) balanced government. C) government that is open and not secretive. D) popularly controlled government. E) strong executive.

Most important congressional activity is done A) on legislatorsʹ visits to their home districts. B) in meetings of standing committees and their subcommittees. C) on the House floor. D) on the Senate floor. E) in the White House.

Most of the news coverage of the White House A) is class analysis that seeks to explain which socio-economic groups are benefiting from or being injured by the latest policies. B) focuses on the most visible layer of presidentsʹ personal and official activities. C) focuses on the fundamental processes operating in the executive branch. D) is concerned with the substance of policies. E) is concerned with foreign policy issues.

National, state, and local governments in America spend almost ________ of the gross domestic product. A) 3 percent B) 30 percent C) all D) 10 percent E) none

News coverage of presidents and their activities A) usually focuses on the personality of the president. B) is not systematically biased in any direction. C) tends to focus on the substance of presidential policies. D) has a heavy liberal bias. E) is typically unfavorable toward the White House.

On average, most of the money raised by a candidate for Congress comes from A) political parties. B) individual contributions. C) the candidateʹs own savings. D) Political Action Committees. E) loans.

Once a policy decision has been made, such as by passing a legislative act or issuing an executive order, the bureaucracy is responsible for A) its ratification. B) its implementation. C) its deregulation. D) funding it. E) judging its merits.

One of the key differences between the House and Senate is that the Senate A) is more centralized. B) is less dependent on seniority for determining power. C) has a lower turnover rate. D) has stronger leadership. E) has more anarchy.

Over a third of Americaʹs wealth is owned by A) the United States government. B) one percent of the population. C) a third of the population. D) seven percent of the population. E) Japanese investors.

Party machines in large cities relied primarily on ________ to reward friends and punish enemies. A) local judges B) patronage C) city police departments D) the civil service merit system E) third parties

Prior to his election as president, ________ had been a well-known actor and served for two terms as governor of California. A) George Bush B) Ronald Reagan C) Jimmy Carter D) Richard Nixon E) Earl Warren

Prior to the 1930s, A) press conferences were held twice a week. B) the president was rarely directly questioned by the media. C) the media was dominated by a few influential newspapers. D) image-building was essentially built around radio broadcasting. E) the president catered to the local, rather than the national, press.

Recent public opinion polls have shown that most Americans A) favor the idea of big government in principle, but oppose it in practice. B) oppose the idea of big government in principle, but favor it in practice. C) oppose big government. D) have strong opinions on the proper scope of government. E) favor big government.

Reflecting the natural rights philosophy, the Declaration of Independence stated that governments derive their just powers from (35-36) A) God. B) the consent of the governed. C) tradition. D) their elected leaders. E) a Constitution.

Regarding the right to vote in national elections, the framers of the Constitution (44) A) required that all free, adult males with property worth at least $50 be allowed to vote. B) decided to leave it up to the individual states to determine voter qualifications in their own states. C) finally granted women the right to vote. D) included a requirement that all free, adult males be allowed to vote. E) provided that free men and women over the age of 20 be allowed to vote.

Since the 1960s, Americansʹ trust in government has A) increased. B) decreased. C) stayed the same. D) been erratic. E) disappeared.

Standard operating procedures A) usually prove to be unjust and discriminatory when followed to the letter. B) save time and bring uniformity to complex organizations. C) were waived by the Reagan Administration in an effort to make the bureaucracy more flexible and customize the solutions to problems. D) give authority to administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. E) are frustrating and inappropriate in addressing most situations.

Television news coverage characteristically A) has little impact on shaping political opinions. B) lacks in-depth analysis. C) emphasizes policy issues. D) focuses on Congressional politics more than presidential politics. E) focuses on what elites think is important.

Television news programs are tailored to A) a highly educated audience. B) a fairly low level of audience sophistication. C) male audiences in their twenties and thirties with high disposable incomes. D) white middle-class America. E) an urban population.

The Anti-Federalists believed that the new constitution (52) A) was a thinly disguised attempt to abolish a federal form of government in the United States. B) was an enemy of freedom and designed to give control of the government to a rich elite. C) created a new government too weak to be effective, and they preferred a monarchy to ensure stability. D) was too democratic and would lead to tyranny of the masses against the wealthy. E) with whatever faults it might have, was the young nationʹs best hope for a workable government.

The Constitution was ratified by (55) A) popular vote in each of the states. B) special conventions in each of the states. C) the electoral college. D) state representatives to the Constitutional Convention. E) the state legislatures.

The Constitutional Convention dealt with slavery by (44) A) prohibiting it only north of the Mason-Dixon line. B) recognizing it by providing for the return of escaped slaves. C) prohibiting it after twenty years. D) counting the slaves as a full part of the population for the purposes of representation in the House. E) emancipating slaves on the principle of equality.

The Declaration of Independence (33) A) contained completely new ideas on political philosophy. B) became one of the most important statements of American political philosophy. C) took several months to write. D) blamed the British parliament for abuses on the colonies. E) all of the above

The Declaration of Independence argued that (35-36) A) nations are indivisible and a people must never secede from their mother nation. B) people should revolt when they suffer deep injustices. C) the British parliament was to blame for the evils imposed upon the colonists. D) people should always work peacefully within the system to redress any grievances they have. E) revolution is justifiable whenever people become angry with their government.

The Declaration of Independence was a (33) A) valid legal document under British law. B) bitter attack against the British king for abuses said to have been done to the colonists over a long period of time. C) proclamation from King George III granting the American colonists the right to form their own nation. D) thoughtful, cautious explanation of why independence might be a good idea if certain demands were not met. E) last effort by the American colonists to get back on good terms with England, while only threatening independence.

The English politician and philosopher Edmund Burke favored the concept of legislators as ________, using their best judgment to make policy in the interests of the people. A) constituent robots B) trustees C) instructed delegates D) politicos E) judges

The Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Reserve Board are examples of A) dependent presidential boards. B) independent regulatory agencies. C) government corporations. D) Cabinet departments. E) independent executive agencies.

The Madisonian requirement that each branch of government acquire the consent of the others for many of its actions created a system of (49) A) confederated government. B) checks and balances. C) constitutional republic. D) cross-cutting requirements. E) separation of powers.

The New Deal coalition was responsible for electing and reelecting A) Socialist party candidates. B) Democrats. C) Republicans. D) Whigs. E) Democratic-Republicans.

The Pendleton Act established the A) patronage system. B) federal civil service. C) Office of Management and Budget. D) plum book. E) Interstate Commerce Commission.

The Republican party began as the A) party of big business interests. B) principal anti-slavery party. C) principal pro-slavery party. D) party of statesʹ rights and silver money. E) party of the New Deal.

The United States Constitution (60) A) lists the executive departments that are required to advise the president. B) does not prescribe the function and structure of government in detail. C) is one of the oldest and longest constitutions in the world. D) gives particular detail to the function of the judiciary. E) was modeled on the British Constitution.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 A) was very difficult to implement because of the fragmentation of responsibility for implementing it. B) was successfully implemented thanks to its clear goal, its clear methods to achieve the goal, and its lack of bureaucratic fragmentation. C) failed to achieve its policy goals because of the outright hostility of street-level bureaucrats. D) was impossible to implement because of a lack of clarity in the legislation. E) All but D are true.

The ________ Act required that as of 1987, employers document the citizenship or legal immigrant status of their employees, or face substantial criminal penalties for failing to do so. A) National Origins B) Simpson-Mazzoli C) National Labor Relations D) Hatch E) Immigrant Employment

The failure of the Equal Rights Amendment showed that (56-57) A) Congress was unwilling to support a measure opposed by a strong minority of the public. B) a national majority in favor of an amendment is not sufficient to add it to the Constitution. C) most states did not want to grant constitutional equality to women. D) we are a democracy, and majority opinion prevails. E) men are pigs, still unwilling to grant women equal rights.

The first president to manipulate media politics with many press conferences and fireside chats successfully was A) Ronald Reagan. B) Franklin Roosevelt. C) Lyndon Johnson. D) Abraham Lincoln. E) John F. Kennedy.

The founding fathers envisioned a presidency that would A) be better organized than todayʹs presidency. B) have fewer responsibilities than todayʹs presidency. C) have greater control over the Congress than todayʹs presidency. D) have greater powers than todayʹs presidency. E) clearly be the dominant branch of government.

The impact of TV news is that it A) familiarizes the public with issues through its emphasis on headline reading. B) alters the priorities Americans attach to a circumscribed set of problems. C) influences the governmental agenda because policymakers and policy entrepreneurs depend on it. D) has little influence on the public agenda because most viewers are less educated. E) all of the above

The largest segment of an American political party is described as A) the party-out-of-power. B) the party-in-the-electorate. C) the party-in-government. D) the party volunteers. E) the party organization.

The last Federalist president was A) Alexander Hamilton. B) John Adams. C) Andrew Jackson. D) Abraham Lincoln. E) Thomas Jefferson.

The least healthy, poorest, and least educated racial/ethnic group in the United States is A) African Americans. B) Native Americans. C) Asian Americans. D) Hispanics. E) Caucasians.

The level of confidence about a public opinion poll is referred to as A) the confidence index. B) sampling error. C) the sample. D) random sampling. E) demographic certainty.

The list of problems to which political leaders are paying serious attention is a(n) a. problem set b. policy agenda c. issue constellation d. legislative package e. none of the above

The most common prior occupation for members of Congress is A) business. B) law. C) education. D) public service. E) state legislator.

The most liberal religious group in America are A) Christian Right. B) Jews. C) Catholics. D) Protestants. E) Muslims.

The most prominent characteristic of a Congresspersonʹs job is A) prestige. B) hard work. C) high pay. D) travel. E) the 30-hour work week.

The most recent wave of immigration since World War II has consisted primarily of A) Africans. B) Hispanics and Asians. C) northwestern Europeans. D) southern and eastern Europeans. E) refugees from communist countries.

The parties in Congress are most cohesive A) on foreign policy issues. B) when electing their official leaders. C) on economic policy. D) military matters. E) during floor votes.

The parts of the federal bureaucracy with responsibility for different sectors of the economy, and making and enforcing rules designed to protect the public interest, are the A) independent executive agencies. B) independent regulatory agencies. C) commercial ministries. D) government corporations. E) Cabinet departments.

The plum book lists A) all federal contracts available for bid. B) top federal jobs available by Presidential appointment. C) all civil service jobs above GS-12. D) job openings in the prestigious Office of Personnel Management. E) appeals filed with the Merit Systems Protection Board.

The policymaking institutions of the American national government include all of the following EXCEPT: a. The presidency b. Political parties c. Congress d. The Senate e. The Supreme Court

The primary goal of the American Revolution was to (37) A) establish a new political system. B) restore rights the colonists felt were already theirs as British subjects. C) create a new economic order. D) institutionalize new social values based on equality. E) establish property rights.

The primary goal of the presidentʹs legislative strategy is usually A) to win on all final votes. B) to set the agenda. C) to win the support of all fellow partisans. D) block legislation he opposes. E) none of the above

The rationale for all civil service systems is based on A) patronage. B) the merit principle. C) the Hatch Act. D) the plum book. E) voluntary service.

The rationale for the civil service rests on the A) goal of centralizing government employment at the federal level. B) desire to create a nonpartisan government service and promotion on the basis of merit. C) General Schedule rating system for patronage appointees. D) the need to separate military institutions from civilian institutions to prevent undue military influence. E) need for job replacements when a new party comes to power.

The role of party identification in votersʹ choices in congressional campaigns is A) extremely important, and increasingly so. B) moderately important, even though party identification is not as strong as it used to be. C) slightly important in a few districts, not important in most others. D) not important at all, and never really has been. E) much less significant than in presidential campaigns.

The science of population changes is called A) public opinion. B) demography. C) political science. D) census. E) popuology.

The surge in President George Bushʹs approval ratings during and immediately following the Gulf War in 1991 was an example of A) the bandwagon effect. B) a rally event. C) the bully pulpit. D) presidential coattails. E) a pocket veto.

The use of government authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is known as A) socialism. B) regulation. C) oversight. D) executive review. E) public administration.

The ʺparty-in-governmentʺ refers to A) registered party voters who hold civil service jobs in the government and are influencing policy. B) winning candidates who become the main spokespersons for the party that nominated them. C) coalitions of interests and ideologies that support a partyʹs candidates. D) party workers who hold patronage jobs in the government and can influence policy. E) party members who perpetuate the party, make its rules, and keep it running.

There is evidence that when incomes and educational levels are equal A) members of the majority tend to be more politically active than minorities. B) members of minority groups tend to participate more than members of the majority. C) Hispanics participate more than whites and African Americans participate less than whites. D) Hispanics, African Americans, and women tend to be less politically active than white males. E) the political participation of members of minority groups and the majority are also equal.

Thomas Patterson found that media coverage of presidential candidates changed from a descriptive framework to a(n) A) evaluative framework. B) analytical framework. C) empirical framework. D) uniform framework. E) normative framework

Those who met at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 were (41) A) a mix of wealthy and middle-class Americans. B) wealthy planters, lawyers, and merchants. C) overwhelmingly middle-class farmers. D) primarily British officials overseeing the implementation of the new government agreed to in the peace treaty. E) split evenly between Democrats and Republicans.

Under the Articles of Confederation, power in the states began to shift to the hands of (38-39) A) merchants and lawyers. B) middle-class farmers and craft workers. C) governors. D) low-income landowners. E) new industrialists.

Under the Madisonian model, people desiring change (49) A) find a government that is highly responsive and acts quickly and decisively. B) must usually have a sizable majority. C) have no chance of victory. D) need only win at one point in the policymaking process. E) need just a simple majority over 50 percent.

Vigorous disputes over the implementation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in regard to funding for womenʹs athletic programs arose primarily due to A) faulty program design. B) lack of clarity in the original policy decision. C) adherence to administrative routine. D) fragmentation of responsibilities. E) all of the above

Voters and coalitions of voters are attracted to different parties largely by A) selective perception. B) their performance and policies. C) the charisma of their candidates. D) tradition. E) their socio-economic status.

What view of human nature did the delegates at the Constitutional Convention have? (42) A) Humans are basically good. B) Cynical view: human beings are selfish and greedy. C) There is no human nature and humans are the product of their environment. D) Human nature is basically evil. E) Altruistic view: humans are deeply concerned about each othersʹ welfare, apart from their own self-interests.

When constituency opinion and the presidentʹs proposals conflict, members of Congress are more likely to A) vote with the president. B) vote with their constituents. C) seek an electronic vote rather than a voice vote. D) not vote. E) vote according to their own ideology.

When the First Amendment was written guaranteeing freedom of the press, A) the penny press was prevalent. B) there was virtually no daily press in this country. C) only the largest cities had a daily press. D) the press was owned by the government. E) the telegraph was revolutionizing the newspaper industry and stimulating the rapid spread of daily newspapers throughout the country.

Which of the following is FALSE about the United States government under the Articles of Confederation? (37) A) Each state had only one vote in Congress. B) Most authority rested with the United States Congress rather than the state governments. C) The Congress had only one house. D) There was no president. E) All of these are false.

Which of the following is NOT a method a president can use to control the bureaucracy? A) issue executive orders or more informal requests B) rewrite statutes to make instructions clearer as to how policies are intended C) appoint people to head an agency who share the presidentʹs goals and strategies D) tinker with an agencyʹs recommended budget E) request a congressional oversight hearing

Which of the following is NOT a reason that policy implementation sometimes breaks down in the federal bureaucracy? A) fragmentation of responsibilities B) lack of standard operating procedures C) lack of clarity in the original policy decision D) faulty program design E) lack of resources

Which of the following is NOT an area in which an ʺiron triangleʺ has controlled federal policy over the past several decades? A) nuclear power policy B) environmental policy C) pesticide policy D) smoking & tobacco policy E) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the perquisites which go with the job of being a member of Congress? A) a salary of over $150,000 B) subsidized housing in the Virginia or Maryland suburbs of D.C. C) free use of the mails to communicate with constituents D) free office space in Washington, D.C., and in the constituency from which elected E) a budget to support office staff

Which of the following is NOT true about exit polls? A) People are asked how they voted rather than how they plan to vote. B) Most people are contacted by the random digit dialing method. C) They are used by the media to project election winners before most votes have been counted except in close races. D) They have been criticized in presidential elections for declaring a winner before voting is completed in the West. E) They are being used more today than they were in the 1970s.

Which of the following is NOT true about presidential appointees to bureaucracies? A) They often do not know their own agency subordinates very well, much less people in other agencies. B) They must be recommended by the Office of Personnel Managementʹs ʺrule of three.ʺ C) As political appointees, they are often unaccustomed to the administrative routines, budget cycles, and legal complexities of their agencies or departments. D) They tend to spend fewer years in their positions than those in the civil service. E) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT true about standard operating procedures? A) They provide routine rules to help bureaucrats make numerous everyday decisions. B) Each federal department and agency has a plum book which lists its standard operating procedures. C) They can sometimes be so routinized that they are difficult to change even in the face of changing circumstances. D) They are referred to as ʺred tapeʺ by those who find them burdensome. E) They are used by street-level bureaucrats.

Which of the following is TRUE about most liberals in American politics? A) They favor keeping taxes and government spending low. B) They believe we should guard carefully the rights of defendants in criminal cases. C) They are supportive of prayer in public schools. D) They oppose abortion. E) none of the above

Which of the following is TRUE about the federal bureaucracy? A) Most federal bureaucrats work in Washington, D.C. B) The state and local governments have far more employees than the federal bureaucracy. C) The size of the federal bureaucracy has grown dramatically over the past twenty years. D) Most Americans are dissatisfied with their encounters with bureaucrats. E) all of the above

Which of the following is TRUE about the minimum age requirements for members of Congress set forth in the Constitution? A) One must be at least 21 years of age to serve in the House of Representatives. B) One must be at least 30 years of age to serve in the Senate. C) One must be at least 35 years of age to serve in either the House or the Senate. D) There are no age requirements for members of Congress. E) The age requirements are the same for the House and the Senate.

Which of the following is true about cable newscasts? A) ʺHardʺ news stories comprise about 22 hours of a typical dayʹs cable newscast. B) Only about 11% of the time was used for written and edited news stories. C) Cable news is heavily subsidized by the the federal government. D) There are more regulations for cable news than their are for broadcast news. E) Cable newscasts are more concerned with increasing the reputation of the news organization than with making profit.

Which of the following offices is responsible for making economic projections about the performance of the economy, the costs of proposed policies, and the economic effects of taxing and spending alternatives? A) Congressional Research Service B) Congressional Budget Office C) General Accounting Office D) Ways and Means Committee E) Federal Reserve

(T/F) According to Robert Putnam, many of the problems of American democracy today stem from a decline in group-based participation.

(T/F) Elite theorists believe that whoever is elected to office in the federal government has little influence on policymaking.

(T/F) Pluralist theory holds that because so many groups compete for power in the United States, none has a majority say and public policy roughly approximates the public interest.

(T/F) Politicians who argue that ʺthe people should be put firstʺ are emphasizing populism.

(T/F) The more participation in a democracy, the healthier the democracy is thought to be.

(T/F) The national government in the United States now spends approximately $2.8 trillion every year.

(T/F) Very few policies are made by a single policymaking institution in the United States.

(T/F) When taxes do not grow, tax revenue must grow to pay the additional costs, or a budget deficit results.

(T/F)(42) The philosophy of the writers of the Constitution was based in part on the belief that the principal object of government was the preservation of property.

(T/F)(47) The Constitution obligated the new government to repay all the public debt incurred under the Continental Congress and the Articles of Confederation.

(T/F)(55-56) The president has no formal role in amending the Constitution.

(T/F)(56) Amendments to the Constitution over the nationʹs history have expanded the American electorate by extending the right to vote to women, non-whites, and 18 year-olds, thus further democratizing our system of government.

(T/F)(58-59) The Constitution usually means what the Supreme Court says it means.

(T/F)(60) Technology has had the effect of diminishing the separation of the people from those who exercise power.

(T/F)(62) The Constitution created a Republic.

10) The word federalism is absent from the Constitution.

12) In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court ruled that national governmentʹs power to regulate interstate commerce encompasses virtually every form of commercial activity.

14) Congress once made an exception to the full faith and credit provision of the Constitution by passing the Defense of Marriage Act, which allows states to not recognize same-sex marriages conducted in other states.

16) Most politicians and political scientists today argue that Americaʹs federalist system has moved away from a dual federalism to a cooperative federalism.

17) States allow many exceptions to the privileges and immunities clause.

19) State and local agencies can obtain categorical grants only by applying for them, and then by meeting certain qualifications.

20) Categorical grants and block grants are the two major types of federal aid to state and local governments.

22) With more than $400 billion in federal grants at stake, most states and many cities have established full-time staffs in Washington.

25) Federal aid to states and cities is more equitably distributed than income, access to education, or taxes in the United States.

26) The federal system of government increases opportunities for participation in American politics.

3) The United Nations is an example of a confederation.

5) Most federal systems are democracies, although most democracies are not federal systems.

8) The Constitution specifically denied states the power to coin money, to enter into treaties, or to tax imports or exports.

9) The Supreme Court has ruled that the Tenth Amendment does not give states power superior to that of the national government for activities not mentioned in the Constitution.

Which of the following statements about constituency influence is FALSE? A) It is difficult even for well-intentioned legislators to know what people want. B) Legislators whose votes on routine issues are out of step with their constituents are rarely reelected. C) On some controversial issues, legislators ignore constituent opinion at great peril. D) On obscure issues legislators can safely ignore constituency opinion. E) Letters received by legislators are more likely to convey extremist rather than moderate opinions.

Which of the following statements about party realignment is FALSE? A) Party realignments are typically associated with a major crisis or trauma. B) Party realignments were associated with the Civil War and with the Great Depression. C) Party realignments transform the party system. D) Party realignment involves a reconfiguration of the demographic groups supporting the parties. E) Party realignments occur often in American political life.

Which of the following statements about public goods is FALSE? a. The government usually provides public goods b. Individuals have powerful incentives to provide public goods c. Public goods are not profitable d. Public goods are indivisible and nonexclusive e. Public goods are things that everyone can share

Which of the following statements about the American people is FALSE? A) There are about 295 million Americans. B) Most Americans view cultural diversity as one of the least appealing aspects of their society. C) America is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. D) America was founded on the principle of tolerating diversity. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the role of the president as chief diplomat is FALSE? A) Presidential diplomacy can involve negotiating conflicts between other nations and not the United States. B) Senate approval of treaties negotiated by the president is almost automatic. C) The president has the sole power to negotiate treaties with other nations. D) In domestic policymaking, as chief diplomat, the president must rely principally on persuasion to lead. E) All of these are false.

Which of the following statements about the size of bureaucracies is FALSE? A) State and local public employees far outnumber civilian federal government employees. B) As a percentage of Americaʹs total work force, federal government employment has been growing. C) Almost all the growth in the number of public employees has occurred in state and local governments. D) Federal government employment amounts to about three percent of all civilian jobs. E) None of the above; all of the above statements are TRUE.

Which of the following statements about third parties in the United States is FALSE? A) Third parties often bring new issues to the political agenda. B) Third parties are a rare phenomena in American history. C) Third parties have brought new groups into the electorate. D) Third-party candidates almost never win office in the United States. E) Third parties have had important effects on American politics.

Which of the following was NOT a problem with the national government under the Articles of Confederation? (37-39) A) the threat of some of the Continental Army to establish George Washington as king B) the lack of power given to state legislatures C) the lack of an executive to lead the nation D) the inability of the central national government to regulate foreign trade or regulate the national economy E) the unwillingness of the states to send money requisitioned by the central national government

Which of the following would NOT be considered a contemporary challenge to American democracy? A) complexity of the issues B) the threat of communism C) the use of money in politics D) political participation rates E) diversity

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the Weberian model of bureaucracy? A) task specialization B) decentralized authority structure C) extensive rules D) impersonality E) A and D only

Which of the following would not be considered a street-level bureaucrat? A) a municipal court judge B) an assistant secretary in the Department of Transportation C) a welfare worker D) a mail carrier who delivers mail exclusively in a high-rise building E) a police officer

Which of these is the newest government agency? A) Drug Enforcement Agency B) Social Security Administration C) Department of Health and Human Services D) Drug Interdiction Agency E) Cyberspace Commission

Who issued the Declaration of Independence? (33) A) the Constitutional Convention of 1776 B) the Continental Congress C) President George Washington D) the 13 colonial legislatures E) General George Washington

Why did President Roosevelt become silent during the last minute of a radio address during a reelection campaign? A) Political pranksters from the Republican party disabled the power supply to the radio station. B) He wanted to reduce the size of his opponentʹs audience. C) The radio station director disliked the positions Roosevelt was taking and cut him off. D) He talked for so long that he lost his voice. E) The radio station cut him off because he had exceeded his time limit.

With over 2,700 reporters, photographers and editors, ________ has more news gathering ability than any other news organization. A) Gannett B) the Associated Press C) The New York Times D) Columbia Broadcasting System E) King Features Syndicate

________ arise when people disagree about a problem or a public policy choice made to combat a problem. A) Revolutions B) Social Crises C) Political Issues D) Governments E) Wars

________ is the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. A) Standard operating procedure B) Administrative discretion C) Administratorsʹ disposition D) Executive power E) Deregulation

_________ is the process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time. a. Democracy b. A policymaking system c. A constellation d. The bureaucracy e. Government

ʺIron trianglesʺ are composed of A) primarily iron, but also metallic, alloys. B) bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees. C) urban bureaucracies, state bureaucracies, and federal bureaucracies. D) congressional committees, state governments, and bureaucratic agencies. E) senators, governors, and department heads.

15) The Civil War A) led to the creation of the Department of Defense. B) prompted President Lincoln to call on Congress to double the size of the bureaucracy. C) led to growth in the size of the bureaucracy. D) facilitated making the Attorney General part of the Cabinet. E) ended with the Department of Agriculture being given full Cabinet status.

21) President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty A) was an unprecedented expansion of the federal government and its bureaucracy. B) was a way for him to curry favor with southern legislators. C) produced additional growth in the bureaucracy. D) was equal in scope to President Theodore Roosevelt's expansion of the federal bureaucracy. E) was unrelated to fighting discrimination.

26) High-level bureaucrats in France generally all A) are selected based on political connections. B) receive their jobs through nepotism. C) graduate from the same training academy. D) are appointed by the president. E) have modest backgrounds.

37) If you work for the Environmental Protection Agency, you cannot work for Barack Obama's reelection campaign because A) you would be working in two branches of government. B) the Hatch Act legally prevents you from doing so. C) federal employees cannot work for incumbent candidates. D) you would likely be an elected official. E) federal employees cannot show public political support for anyone.

39) The increasing complexity of the policy-making process within bureaucracies is MOST reflected in the growth of A) iron triangles. B) issue networks. C) interagency councils. D) policy councils. E) political action committees.

46) To shape policy and provide direction to the bureaucracy, the president can issue A) laws. B) edicts. C) executive orders. D) vetoes. E) pardons.

6) Most federal employees are paid according to what is called the A) merit plan. B) nepotism doctrine. C) general schedule. D) bureaucratic hierarchy. E) schedule C system.

A Senate seat is up for election every A) two years. B) four years. C) six years. D) eight years. E) five years.

A major problem for presidents and Congress in controlling bureaucracies is the existence of A) the plum book. B) Supreme Court rulings curbing the scope of their oversight. C) ʺiron triangles.ʺ D) standard operating procedures. E) the incentive system.

A party machine is a kind of local party organization that A) threatens the efficiency of state and national party organizations. B) specializes in computerized mass mailings both to raise funds and influence voters on behalf of their candidates. C) uses specific and material inducements to win party loyalty and power. D) remains strong in most large American cities. E) has recently come to depend heavily on ethnic group support.

A partyʹs endorsement to officially run for office as the candidate of that party is called A) a ballot. B) a ticket. C) a nomination. D) a confirmation. E) an appointment.

A policy entrepreneur is A) an elected or appointed public official. B) a candidate seeking a career in elective office. C) someone who works to get ideas on the governmentʹs policy agenda. D) a knowledge specialist in a policy area. E) someone who uses politics for self-gain.

A random sample of 1500-2000 respondents will produce results far off the mark about ________ of the time. A) 10 percent B) 25 percent C) 5 percent D) 35 percent E) 1 percent

A study by Shanto Iyengar and Donald Kinder suggested that television news can A) conceal problems that actually exist. B) make something out of nothing. C) influence the criteria by which the public evaluates political leaders. D) affect how people vote. E) produce a hypnotic effect that makes viewers vulnerable to subtle, subconscious messages.

According to many observers, ʺthe new parentʺ in the socialization process has become A) schools. B) interest groups. C) the mass media. D) the mother. E) friends and peers.

According to public opinion polls, presidents seem to be most popular A) just before they leave office. B) after they have introduced their first legislative package to Congress. C) when they first enter office. D) after they leave office. E) during mid-term elections.

According to the Constitution, once impeached, federal officials are then tried in the A) Supreme Court. B) House. C) Senate. D) Department of Justice. E) United States District Court for the District of Columbia.

Advocates of the ________ believe that parties should present distinct, comprehensive programs for governing the nation and carry them out. A) differentiation approach B) McGovern-Fraser Commission C) responsible party model D) rational-choice theory E) party realignment

African Americans comprise what proportion of the American population? A) about 30 percent B) about 25 percent C) about 12 percent D) about 20 percent E) about 5 percent

After each federal census, A) the office of the Speaker of the House changes hands. B) the size of Congress increases. C) the membership of the House is reapportioned D) the Senate reapportions its membership. E) all of the above

After the Persian Gulf War, fifteen major news organizations sent a letter A) condemning President Bush for killing tens of thousands of retreating Iraqi troops. B) citing a dozen instances of blatant, false propaganda that had been given them by Iraqi officials during the war. C) complaining that the Pentagonʹs rules for reporting the war were designed to control the news. D) congratulating the Pentagon for its brilliant war effort. E) complaining that they had been barred by the Pentagon from filming United States planes killing tens of thousands of retreating Iraqi troops waving white flags of surrender.

Agenda-setting effects on public opinion are an example of how A) the media influence individualʹs vote choices. B) the media have a bias in favor of the status quo. C) the media cue individuals about what political issues are important to think about. D) the media have a liberal bias. E) the media have no bias.

All governments a. Ensure safety on the high seas and promote free enterprise b. Hold elections c. Provide public goods and socialize citizens into the political and social system d. Maintain national parks and a national defense e. Guarantee a capitalist economy and collect taxes

All of the following are ingredients of a pluralistic democracy EXCEPT A) group competition for policy benefits. B) bargaining and compromise. C) majority rule. D) multiple access points to policymakers. E) separation of powers.

All of the following may increase the likelihood that an incumbent is defeated EXCEPT A) national political ʺtidal waves.ʺ B) redistricting. C) campaign funding. D) scandals. E) a strong challenger.

All regulations contain each of the following elements EXCEPT A) a grant of power and set of directions from Congress B) some means of enforcing compliance with congressional goals and agency regulations C) presidential oversight and control of enforcement D) a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself E) All of these are elements of the regulatory process.

Almost all definitions of political parties have which of the following in common? A) Parties have formal organizations. B) Parties have a mass following. C) Parties try to win elections. D) Parties are run by elites. E) Parties have limited policy agendas.

Among recent presidents, the average approval ratings in the public opinion polls have been A) higher at the end of the presidentʹs term than at the beginning. B) over 75 percent. C) higher at the beginning of the presidentʹs term than at the end. D) below 40 percent. E) slowly rising over the course of a presidentʹs term(s).

Among the presidentʹs constitutional powers as a maker of foreign policy is the power to A) ratify peace treaties. B) appropriate foreign-aid funds. C) extend diplomatic recognition to foreign governments. D) declare war. E) all of the above

An independent regulatory agency is governed by A) a small commission, usually with five to ten members, appointed by the president and subject to presidential firing. B) members of the Senior Executive Service of the federal civil service. C) a small commission, usually with five to ten members, appointed by the president for fixed terms. D) a single executive appointed by and removable by the president. E) a single executive appointed by the Senate committee responsible for the agencyʹs oversight.

An ʺiron triangleʺ consists of A) representatives of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government. B) the president, the head of a relevant congressional committee, and the head of any regulatory agency. C) a bureaucratic agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee. D) the metal stamp used to certify that the president has approved a new regulation and it now takes legal effect. E) those favoring regulation X, those opposing regulation X, and the regulatory agency in charge of overseeing X.

An ʺiron triangleʺ is also referred to as A) a government corporation. B) a reverse diagonal. C) a subgovernment. D) the alphabet soup of American government. E) an issue network.

As a whole, the permanent bureaucracy is A) nearly all white, male, and well-paid. B) overwhelmingly African American, female, and not so well-paid. C) more broadly representative of the American people than legislators, judges, or presidential appointees. D) better paid than are similar jobs in the private sector. E) a reflection of participatory politics, since most government workers are hired through the patronage system.

As one becomes more socialized with age, oneʹs political orientations A) become less important. B) change as oneʹs position in the aging order changes their life conditions. C) grow firmer. D) lack commitment. E) fluctuate more.

As the oversight powers of Congress in regard to the bureaucracy have become more vigorous, A) Congress is increasingly the policy-implementation branch of government. B) it has become easier to rein in the bureaucracy. C) they have also become more fragmented. D) ʺiron trianglesʺ have weakened considerably. E) the amount of government corruption has decreased dramatically.

At the end of the Revolutionary War, (39) A) captured British troops were herded into large prison camps where they served life sentences for their treachery. B) a strong, new national government began immediately to keep the economy running smoothly with careful regulation. C) a postwar depression severely hurt small farmers and many others. D) the condition of the economy was largely the same as it had been before the war. E) a period of tremendous economic prosperity began.

At the time of the constitutional convention, slavery (44) A) existed only in Georgia and the Carolinas. B) was permitted in all thirteen states. C) was illegal only in Massachusetts. D) was prohibited north of the Mason-Dixon line. E) was prohibited by the Connecticut Compromise, which was never put into effect.

Cable News Network (CNN) A) has taken the place of the three major networks as Americansʹ primary source for news. B) specializes in after-the-fact news summaries and in-depth analysis. C) has brought television into a new era of bringing the news to people and political leaders as it happens. D) is a government-owned news agency that specializes in international news. E) has had more effect on the mass public than it has had on political elites.

Civil disobedience A) usually involves the use of violence. B) was first used by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., to call attention to the injustice of segregation laws. C) is intentionally violating a law believed to be unjust in order to bring about change. D) occurs whenever a person violates a law and seeks to avoid the consequences. E) all of the above

Creating new agencies, developing guidelines, and coordinating resources to achieve a policy goal is called A) bureaucratization. B) regulation. C) implementation. D) actualization. E) policymaking.

Critics of the ʺminimal effects hypothesisʺ about the mediaʹs effect on public opinion point to the mediaʹs role in A) how voters cast their ballots. B) concealing problems that exist by ignoring them. C) shaping what priority Americans attach to problems. D) whether people choose to vote. E) mobilizing voter turnout.

Demographic changes in the United States population could translate to political consequences through the process of A) political socialization. B) political acculturation. C) reapportionment. D) political assimilation E) none of the above

During the first Persian Gulf War, reporters A) had very free movement but only limited access to accurate military information on a timely basis. B) were barred from covering the war or speculating about it from the time the air strikes began until the entire war was over. C) were denied freedom of movement and had only limited access to accurate military information on a timely basis. D) were frequently captured by Iraqi troops and sentenced to long jail sentences for reporting information unfavorable to the Iraqi government. E) had very free movement, and access to accurate military information almost immediately.

Electoral mandates A) are the procedures used by the electoral college to tally the presidential electoral votes. B) occur most often in mid-term elections. C) consist of the perception that the voters strongly support the winnerʹs positions. D) are the constitutional requirements that federal elections be held on the second Tuesday of November of even numbered years. E) have no real effect on how Congress supports the president.

Governments in the modern world, whether democratic or not, are similar in doing all of the following EXCEPT a. Maintaining a national defense b. Providing public services c. Protecting citizens' civil liberties d. Providing public goods e. Collecting taxes

If Congress has increased the scope of government it is because A) members typically suffer from Potomac fever. B) members are by-spending liberals. C) that is what constituencies want. D) that is what Congressional staffers want. E) it is responding to the policy expertise provided by the bureaucracy.

If the United States had a multiparty system, A) third parties would come to dominate politics. B) the necessity for coalitions would be eliminated. C) each party would have more distinct policy positions. D) people would have to pay dues to belong to a party. E) each party would move to the ideological center.

If the exact same methods are used to update the analysis of The American Voter study, one finds A) there are more no-issue-content voters than group benefit voters in 1988. B) a dramatic increase in the number of authoritarian personalities since 1956. C) only some increase in the percentage of ideologues in 1988 compared to 1956. D) half as many nature-of-the-times voters in 1988 than in 1956. E) ideologues became a plurality in 1988.

Impeachment is roughly the political equivalent of a(n) A) exoneration. B) admission of guilt. C) indictment in criminal law. D) guilty verdict. E) firing.

In 1936, the Literary Digest wrongly predicted the defeat of President Franklin Roosevelt, having polled over two million people. The problem was A) they polled too few people. B) it used exit polling rather than entry polling and conducted the poll too far in advance of the election. C) they polled too many people who were not an accurate representation of the American electorate. D) they polled too many people. E) they failed to take into account that people sometimes lie in polls, and did not take precautions to prevent this.

In 2004, Americans were most likely to consider themselves ________, and least likely to consider themselves ________. A) Independents; Democrats B) Republicans; Democrats C) Independents; Republicans D) Democrats; Independents E) Democrats; Republicans

In blanket primaries, A) voters may choose on election day which party primary they want to participate in. B) only voters who have registered in advance with the party can vote. C) voters may vote for candidates from either party. D) voters may vote for multiple candidates. E) none of the above

In closed primaries, A) voters may vote for candidates from either party. B) voters may choose on election day which party primary they want to participate in. C) only voters who have registered in advance with the party can vote. D) voters may vote for multiple candidates. E) none of the above

In evaluating American democracy, hyperpluralists A) claim that competing groups vying for power make for generally efficient, honest government. B) claim that society is governed solely by an upper-class elite. C) claim that too many influential groups cripple governmentʹs ability to govern. D) believe that the public interest is nearly always translated into public policy in the United States. E) none of the above

In general, magazines are A) politically conservative. B) basically reserved for the educated elite. C) not a major source of news in the United States. D) not read very widely in the United States. E) a major source of news in the United States.

In order to impeach a president, it takes A) a unanimous vote of the Supreme Court. B) a two-thirds vote in the Senate. C) a majority vote in the House of Representatives. D) a two-thirds vote in the House of Representatives. E) a majority vote in the Senate.

In order to preserve the balance of power in government without jeopardizing the independence of the presidency, the framers A) refused to give the president powers in the area of national security. B) created a weak executive. C) checked those powers that they believed to be most dangerous. D) limited the president to administrative powers. E) limited presidents to two terms of office so they could not become ʺelected monarchs.ʺ

In terms of religion, most members of Congress are A) Catholic. B) Jewish. C) Protestant. D) born-again Christians. E) atheists.

In the United States showdown with Saddam Hussein in January 1991, A) Congress declared war on Iraq. B) Congress voted against using force against Iraq, but President Bush used force anyway. C) Congress passed a resolution authorizing the president to use military force against Iraq. D) after granting President Bush a thirty-day extension, Congress invoked the War Powers Resolution and effectively placed a ninety-day limit on combat. E) Congress did not vote on declaring war or authorizing military force, preferring to let the president act alone.

Loyalty to a political party has ________ over the past thirty years. A) increased slightly B) increased significantly C) decreased D) remained about the same E) virtually disappeared

Media events are A) spontaneous occurrences such as train wrecks or assassinations that we normally think of as news. B) monopolized by political elites. C) purposely staged events held in front of the media. D) spontaneous events used to enhance image. E) ineffective when used by political radicals.

Members of Congress seek committees that will help them achieve each of the following goals EXCEPT A) reelection. B) influence in Congress. C) a salary increase. D) opportunity to make policy in areas they think are important. E) opportunity to make policy in areas important to their constituents.

Members of Congress who informally band together in groups to promote and protect mutual interests (e.g., mushroom growers) form what are called A) subcommittees. B) committees. C) caucuses. D) junkets. E) interest groups.

Most Americans are A) liberal. B) moderate-liberals. C) moderate. D) conservative. E) non-ideological.

Most members of Congress would be considered A) trustees. B) instructed delegates. C) politicos. D) ambassadors. E) attentive leaders.

Most of the business of Congress takes place A) in congressional districts. B) on the floor of the House and Senate. C) in committees and subcommittees. D) during evening social functions. E) in the Rules committees.

Most of the government is composed of A) regulators. B) lawyers. C) bureaucrats. D) elected legislators. E) politicians.

Narrowcasting refers to A) media programming focused entirely on media events. B) the technical ability to block access to broadcast signals. C) media programming aimed at a particular (narrow) audience. D) media programming delivered in brief program segments. E) political advertising being developed for homogeneous audiences.

Nebraskaʹs legislature is the only one in the United States that is NOT A) elected by the voters. B) unicameral. C) bicameral. D) tricameral. E) under term limits.

News is what A) the public believes are the most important political issues facing the country. B) government officials want it to be. C) is timely and different. D) has the greatest impact on the most people. E) journalism professors say it is.

News management in the Reagan White House operated on each of the following principles EXCEPT A) talk about the issues you want to talk about. B) control the flow of information. C) expand reportersʹ access to the president. D) revving helicopter engines so the president would not be able to hear reportersʹ questions and not have to answer them. E) stay on the offense.

Party loyalty at the voting booth is A) stronger than it was a generation ago. B) no longer a good indication of voting behavior. C) still a good predictor of voting behavior. D) almost nonexistent today. E) greater among Democrats than among Republicans.

People who invest their political ʺcapitalʺ in a particular issue are often called A) talking heads. B) policy wonks. C) policy entrepreneurs. D) political investors. E) policy specialists.

Pluralist theory contends that in the United States A) society is governed solely by an upper-class elite. B) too many influential groups cripple governmentʹs ability to govern. C) many groups vie for power with no one set of groups dominating. D) the many members of Congress dominate a singular official such as the president. E) because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution.

Political candidates make many promises when running for office. In electing one, the public can expect A) specific implementation of the promise to differ from the general promise made during the campaign. B) few to be carried out because political promises are made to be broken. C) that for every broken promise, many more will be kept. D) a significant gap between party platform and political performance. E) both A and D.

Political culture refers to A) a set of beliefs about the role of government in society. B) how truly ʺAmericanʺ someone is. C) an overall set of values widely shared within a society. D) a high degree of homogeneity in political opinions. E) political party affiliation.

Political parties are an important example of the (59-60) A) Third Amendment. B) formal amendment process. C) unwritten constitution. D) wishes of the founders. E) rigidity of the Constitution.

Politics is defined by Harold Lasswell as a. Conflict in society b. The excercise of power c. who gets what, when, and how d. a course of action to solve a problem e. The resolution of conflict in a way that serves the public

Presidential leadership of Congress in promoting the chief executiveʹs programs is A) dominant, with a heavy hand usually convincing wavering members. B) a smooth, generally successful enterprise. C) at the margins, as a facilitator. D) nonexistent. E) proactive, substantive, and adversarial.

Presidential press conferences A) give the president a chance to be spontaneous. B) have not been used since the Nixon administration. C) are not very useful means of eliciting information. D) are required by the Constitution without saying how often. E) are small, intimate meetings with the president.

Rather than cover entire speeches by political figures, television news typically provides ________ of fifteen seconds or less. A) trial balloons B) beats C) sound bites D) leaks E) news snacks

Reasons that incumbent senators have greater competition than incumbent members of the House include all of the following EXCEPT A) an entire state is more diverse than a congressional district, providing more of a base for opposition. B) senators have less personal contact with their constituencies. C) voters are less likely to know the issue positions of their senators than their representatives. D) senators tend to draw more visible challengers. E) senate challengers are better funded than House challengers.

20) All of the following were created within a few years of passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 EXCEPT A) the G.I. Bill. B) the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. C) the Department of Housing and Urban Development. D) the Department of Transportation. E) the Great Society programs.

22) One way government differs from business is that A) government promotes the public good, while businesses promote profits. B) bureaucrats are elected while businesses hire based on merit. C) divisions of responsibility are clearer in government than in business. D) most public employees find their jobs in jeopardy when administrations change. E) government can learn little from business but business has much to learn from government.

27) Hispanics are A) dramatically underrepresented in the federal workforce. B) not as well represented as Asian and Pacific Island Americans in the federal workforce. C) as well represented as African Americans in the federal workforce. D) far better represented than whites in the federal workforce. E) not as well represented as American Indians in the federal workforce.

Single-issue groups a. Are rapidly losing prominence in American politics b. Usually run their own candidates for public office c. Have little sympathy for compromising d. Help facilitate the construction of a cohesive national public policy e. are highly regarded by political scientists for their contributions to democracy

33) Why are clientele agencies subject to intense outside lobbying? A) Interest groups want to influence the officials who regulate the policies to which the interest groups specifically cater. B) There is less regulation of these agencies. C) Other agencies do not regulate sectors around which interest groups form. D) Lobbyists feel they can have greater influence over these agencies, as they are generally seen as weak entities. E) Clientele agencies are actually not subject to much lobbying whatsoever.

34) Newer regulatory boards often I. are more political than boards created earlier. II. are more concerned with public health and safety. III. enjoy autonomy from political pressure. IV. are more dependent upon the courts for authority. A) I and II B) II and III C) III and IV D) I and IV E) II and IV

A ________ is staged by a campaign primarily for the purpose of being covered on television and in the press. A) media event B) TV commercial C) political incident D) ʺGet Out the Voteʺ effort E) political play

A constitutional duty of the vice president is to A) preside over the Senate and cast the deciding vote in the event of a tie. B) attend the funerals of foreign leaders on behalf of the president. C) preside over the House and cast the deciding vote in the event of a tie. D) raise funds for party candidates. E) all of the above

A party era refers to A) a period of history in which there is one dominant majority party that wins most elections. B) the period between two elections, during which the two parties are assessed as to how powerful they are relative to each other. C) a period of years during which a party is born and begins to run candidates for office. D) the life span of a party from its beginning to end (e.g., the Whigs). E) a period of time during which there is one dominant majority party that wins all elections.

A pollster using a representative sample of 1,500 Americans finds that 52 percent support candidate X and 48 percent support candidate Y. The pollsterʹs conclusion should be that A) the race is too close to call because of a possible sampling error. B) the poll should be retaken using random digit dialing. C) the poll should be retaken with a larger sample. D) polls are unreliable predictors of political outcomes. E) X is likely to win.

A public good is defined as a. Something in which any member of society can share b. A choice that the government makes in response to a political issue c. A public policy that is good for the nation as a whole d. Something provided by the government that cannot be provided by the private sector e. All of the above

A study of major party platforms by Gerald Pomper found that the parties broke their promises A) ten percent of the time. B) half the time. C) two-thirds of the time. D) over ninety percent of the time. E) a third of the time.

A system in which many groups make themselves heard and felt somewhere in the policy process is A) pluralistic. B) direct democracy. C) hyperpluralistic. D) elitist. E) bureaucratic.

According to the Constitution, a president must be at least ________ years of age. A) 35 B) 30 C) 40 D) 25 E) 21

According to the text, Ronald Reaganʹs presidency was characterized by A) more concern and energy devoted to the presidentʹs media appearances than in any other administration. B) a number of spontaneous media appearances by the president designed to take advantage of his Hollywood experience. C) considerable animosity between the media and the administration. D) Reaganʹs frequent false statements which were later documented by reporters to be either errors or deliberate lies. E) attempts to avoid media appearances by the president.

After the American Revolution, state legislatures were composed of (38-39) A) significantly more middle-class representatives and fewer wealthy members compared to before the war. B) revolutionary war militiamen. C) about the same ratio of wealthy members and not so wealthy members as before the war. D) significantly more landless laborers and poor farmers than any other group. E) a higher percentage of wealthy planters, lawyers, and merchants than ever before.

All of the following are parts of the policymaking system EXCEPT a. public goods b. policymaking institutions c. linkage institutions d. people's political interests e. policy

Americans want a strong president, A) but do not like a concentration of power. B) and do not care whether the strength is used for good or for ill. C) and would like to abolish all checks on presidential power. D) but do not expect much from any president. E) but want an even stronger Congress.

Among the factors that contributed to economic turmoil under the Articles of Confederation was the (39) A) postwar depression that left many small farmers unable to pay their debts and threatened mortgage foreclosures. B) decreasing economic viability of slavery. C) power shift from middle-class farmers to wealthy landowners. D) state legislatures that favored creditors and created more debt. E) All of these factors contributed to the economic turmoil.

Amtrak and the United States Postal Service are examples of A) government corporations. B) independent executive agencies. C) Cabinet departments. D) executive commercial agencies. E) independent regulatory agencies.

An example of public policymaking would be a. Congress and the president deciding not to act on the AIDS crisis b. The president meeting with the heads of oil companies c. The press creating public concern about racial discrimination d. A majority of the public supporting the idea of government dealing with unemployment e. All of the above

Appropriations, Judiciary, and Armed Forces are all examples of ________ committees. A) standing B) select C) conference D) joint E) rule

As Richard Neustadt has argued, presidential power is probably best understood as the power to A) persuade. B) command. C) control. D) harass. E) veto.

As president, ________ launched the ʺGreat Societyʺ at home while escalating the Vietnam War abroad. A) Lyndon Johnson B) Harry Truman C) Richard Nixon D) Gerald Ford E) Dwight Eisenhower

At the center of all theories of elite domination of politics is A) big business. B) the Congress. C) the nouveau riche. D) the Trilateral Commission. E) the president.

At the top of the political agenda during the period of the Articles of Confederation was (39) A) economic issues. B) social-equality issues. C) military issues. D) voting rights issues. E) slavery.

Elite and class theory holds that A) all societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule. B) power is dispersed among many institutions. C) in a democracy the majority class must overthrow the government and rule by itself if government is to be freed from the control of the rich. D) there is little consensus in policymaking among elites. E) politics is the basis of elite power.

Escalating campaign costs are a challenge to democracy because A) it is believed that PAC contributions affect the way members of Congress vote on single issues. B) they are associated with more technical policies. C) they lead to policy gridlock. D) they reflect diverse interests. E) they make it easier for candidates to raise money.

From 1968 to 1992, A) the Republicans dominated the presidency while the Democrats dominated Congress. B) a realignment occurred that destroyed the New Deal coalition. C) the Republicans became the majority party. D) the Republicans dominated the federal government while the Democrats dominated state governments. E) the Democrats experienced a slow, ʺcreeping ascendanceʺ that culminated in their gaining control of the entire government with the election of Bill Clinton.

Some believe the War Powers Resolution could be successfully overturned by the Supreme Court because it A) was vetoed by President Nixon. B) was not ratified within the constitutionally mandated seven-year period. C) uses a legislative veto, which may violate the separation of powers. D) interferes with the presidentʹs power to declare war. E) was really aimed at the Vietnam War only.

Studies have found that most Americans A) dislike bureaucrats. B) are indifferent about bureaucracies and bureaucrats. C) are satisfied with the help received from bureaucrats. D) actually like bureaucracies. E) want the government bureaucracy dismantled.

High-tech politics refers to A) a politics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers is shaped by technology. B) a proposal for direct democracy through the use of telephone voting. C) a futuristic society in which politics is controlled by computers, freeing people for more honorable pursuits. D) the use of cable television to broadcast the workings of the government. E) the ability of government to observe the behavior of citizens through electronic means.

Hispanics comprise approximately what percent of the American population? A) 13 percent B) 5 percent C) 23 percent D) 18 percent E) 28 percent

House seats are up for election every A) two years. B) four years. C) six years. D) eight years. E) five years.

Hyperpluralists believe that the dominant player in American politics is A) groups. B) the president. C) the government. D) the media. E) rich individuals.

Hyperpluralists would argue that: A) too many influential groups cripple governmentʹs ability to govern. B) society is divided along class lines. C) group competition will result in a rough approximation of the public interest. D) wealth is the basis of power. E) too few groups lead to a proliferation of governments.

In Annapolis, Maryland, in 1786, delegates from five states met to discuss (40) A) the problems of the national government under the Articles of Confederation. B) the need to declare independence from England. C) the need for a Bill of Rights. D) the issue of slavery. E) all of the above

In a 2002 survey of 1,149 journalists, A) more were found to identify themselves as Democrats than as Republicans. B) a majority expressed no party preference whatsoever. C) they were about evenly split in their party preferences between Republicans and Democrats. D) more were found to identify themselves as Republicans than as Democrats. E) a large majority were found to be both ideologically neutral and have no preference for one party over the other.

In determining congressional representation and taxation, the Constitution (44) A) counted slaves as three-fifths of a person. B) did not count slaves. C) counted slaves the same as free persons. D) was silent on the issue of how slaves would be counted, instead leaving the issue to each state to decide. E) counted slaves as one-half of a person.

In open primaries, A) voters may choose on election day which party primary they want to participate in. B) voters may vote for candidates from either party. C) only voters who have registered in advance with the party can vote. D) voters may vote for multiple candidates. E) none of the above

In the relationship between lobbyists and members of Congress, A) members of Congress can ignore and embarrass lobbyists. B) lobbyists hold the greater power. C) members of Congress depend on lobbyists for reelection. D) lobbyists pay members of Congress to pass or defeat bills. E) lobbyists spend most of their efforts on converting opponents to their cause.

Incumbents are those A) already holding office. B) running for office for the first time. C) who have been defeated in an election. D) retired members of Congress. E) running for an office.

Most news organizations assign their best reporters to particular ________, which are specific locations where news frequently emanates. A) beats B) digs C) ʺtheatersʺ D) ʺlighthousesʺ E) chains

Most of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention regarded what as the greatest threat to government? (42) A) factions B) kings C) slaves D) foreign adversaries E) charismatic leaders

Most regulatory agencies adopt specific ________ to carry out a policy, based on what they believe was the intended purpose of the specific policy at hand. A) guidelines B) iron triangles C) incentive systems D) mandates E) merit principles

Newspaper magnates Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst tried to outdo one another in sensational reporting of wars, violence, corruption, and gossip around the turn of the twentieth century in what is now remembered as the era of A) yellow journalism. B) investigative journalism. C) tabloid journalism. D) scandalism. E) hyperjournalism.

One can predict how the majority of young people will vote simply by A) knowing the political leaning of their parents. B) knowing the political leaning of their friends. C) knowing their race. D) knowing the political leaning of their teachers. E) knowing their age.

One of the effects of growing older on political learning and political behavior is that A) political participation increases with age. B) people become more liberal with age. C) interest in politics decreases with age. D) the strength of oneʹs party attachment declines with age. E) political ignorance increases with age.

One proposed solution to the ʺproblemʺ of the proliferation of regulatory agencies and policies has been A) deregulation. B) deproliferation. C) budget cuts. D) standard operating procedures. E) the incentive system.

One survey of journalists in 2002 found that ________ were Republican. A) 19 percent B) 60 percent C) 54 percent D) 30 percent E) 44 percent

Opposition to ratification of the Constitution was based on the belief that it would (52) A) provide for elite control, endanger liberty, and weaken the states. B) produce more democratic elements than desirable for a strong central government. C) give too much power to the states. D) promote pluralism, which would threaten liberty. E) all of the above

Political protest is A) the use of unconventional and dramatic actions to achieve policy change. B) a recent phenomenon in American politics. C) generally ineffective in bringing about changes in public policy. D) against the law in the United States. E) all of the above

Poll results can vary widely if A) a question is altered, even slightly. B) based on exit polls. C) random sampling is used. D) the sample is too large. E) political socialization is not considered.

Populism emphasizes A) the people. B) the elected officials. C) representative democracy. D) the meritocracy. E) prosperity.

Power in the major United States political parties is A) fragmented among local, state, and national party organizations. B) concentrated in the state parties, with national and local organizations playing only minor roles. C) hierarchically distributed from the national to local levels. D) centralized in national party organizations. E) concentrated in party machines at the local level.

Television coverage of the war in Vietnam had the effect of A) generating popular support for the president and the war. B) hiding the true horrors of the war and the number of casualties from the American people. C) exposing governmental naivete´ and lies about the progress of the war. D) duping the public into believing the war would soon end. E) simultaneously undermining support for the war in North Vietnam while boosting public morale in South Vietnam.

President Clintonʹs decision making style was A) to immerse himself in the details of policy and run an open White House, soliciting the advice of a large number of aides. B) to set up a chain of command in which all advice was sent upward to his Chief of Staff who then presented Clinton with the decision-making options. C) highly organized and decisive, with the president actually flipping a coin to decide issues where his advisors are evenly divided. D) to delegate so much decision making authority to his aides that the media often call them his ʺhandlers.ʺ E) to remain highly isolated and make most decisions in consultation only with his two closest advisors.

The American Voter study on ideological sophistication among voters in the 1950s showed that only a small percentage of Americans A) had no coherent political ideology. B) identified with groups reflecting their own interests. C) had a coherent political ideology. D) had ever taken a government or civics course. E) linked their own economic well-being with the party in power.

The American political parties fall far short of the responsible party model for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) they are too decentralized. B) there is no mechanism for the parties to discipline officeholders. C) their presidential candidates ignore the party platform. D) their candidates are usually self-selected. E) none of the above

The American two-party system promotes A) the organization of political parties around special interests. B) the weakness of centrist positions on policy issues. C) moderation in conflict and ambiguous policy positions. D) greater conflict, but clear policy choices. E) competitive elections.

Presidential coattails refers to A) voters who support the president casting their ballots for congressional candidates of the presidentʹs party. B) the tendency for the presidentʹs party to lose congressional seats in midterm elections. C) fund-raising parties the president hosts to raise money for congressional candidates. D) the presidentʹs power to appoint members of his own political party to cabinet posts and as personal advisors. E) members of Congress voting according to the wishes of the president.

Proposals to reorganize the government in order to solve the problem of bureaucratic fragmentation A) are often opposed by agencies not wanting to be submerged within a broader bureaucratic unit. B) tend to be supported by Republican presidents, who advocate governmental centralization. C) are opposed by congressional committees, fearing they will be given greater responsibility to oversee larger and more diverse agencies. D) are supported by interest groups, who feel they could better control the regulatory programs of a reorganized bureaucracy. E) are supported and opposed for all of these reasons.

Public officials often leak ________ to reporters to see what the political reaction will be. A) trial balloons B) sound bites C) beats D) ʺoiled newsʺ E) talking heads

Public opinion polls can weaken democracy by A) drowning out election issues with a steady flood of poll results. B) undermining the bandwagon effect and encouraging voters to support candidates without regard for the opinions of others. C) predicting the wrong winner in a close election. D) misleading politicians with delayed and outdated information about changing opinions of the public. E) all of the above

Ratification of the Constitution (51-52) A) needed the approval of nine states. B) needed the approval of a majority of the people. C) occurred when it was approved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. D) needed the approval of all the states. E) was by two-thirds vote of the Continental Congress.

Reapportionment A) can dramatically shift political power between the regions. B) affects how much federal aid population groups can receive. C) changes the statesʹ number of representatives in the United States Senate. D) has most recently increased congressional representation for New England. E) rarely occurs.

Right after the Revolutionary War, a dramatic change swept through the new country resulting in (38) A) a dramatic increase in democracy and freedom. B) a population shift from the cities to the country. C) a population shift from country to city. D) an explosion in prosperity. E) full-scale industrialization.

Robert Putnamʹs claim that Americans are now ʺbowling aloneʺ is a criticism of A) pluralism. B) elite theory. C) hyperpluralism. D) social network theory. E) none of the above

Serious magazines of political news and opinion are A) basically reserved for the educated elite in America. B) almost nonexistent in the United States. C) a principle source of news and information for most Americans. D) rapidly dying out in the United States, but remain very healthy in Europe and Latin America. E) a more common source for national and international news than newspapers.

Since 1968, American politics has been characterized by A) divided government. B) the New Deal coalition. C) Republican control of both the Congress and presidency. D) Democratic control of the presidency and Republican control of Congress. E) Democratic control of both the Congress and presidency.

Sound bites are A) short clips of a political speech lasting fifteen seconds or less. B) leaks by official sources used to test the political waters. C) negative news coverage received by a public figure. They hurt! D) a form of censorship widely used in Great Britain. E) negative political advertisements that offer quick attacks on oneʹs opponent.

Standard operating procedures become frustrating to citizens and obstacles to action when they A) do not directly apply to a particular situation. B) slow bureaucratic responses to citizensʹ needs. C) are not specifically codified. D) transfer personnel to different posts. E) are not closely followed.

The 1936 Literary Digest poll underestimated the vote for President Franklin Roosevelt by 19 percent because A) the sample was drawn from telephone books and motor-vehicle records. B) the literary intelligentsia as a group never did like Roosevelt. C) the sample was too small. D) not enough women were interviewed. E) people did not tell the truth.

The Articles of Confederation were adopted by (37) A) the Continental Congress. B) President George Washington. C) a small, self-appointed committee of the nationʹs political leaders. D) the British Parliament. E) the Continental Army under command of General George Washington.

The Cabinet department that has the largest budget is the Department of A) Health and Human Services. B) Defense. C) Commerce. D) the Treasury. E) Education.

The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution (54) A) during the ratification process, before final ratification of the constitution. B) during the Constitutional Convention, at the insistence of Thomas Jefferson. C) after the ratification process was complete, and partly to fulfill a promise to those who supported ratification. D) in 1865 after the union victory in the Civil War. E) piece by piece during the first hundred years of its operation.

The Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention (44) A) resolved the impasse between those who favored the New Jersey Plan and those who preferred the Virginia Plan. B) added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution in order to lessen concerns about too much power for the new government. C) settled the dispute over whether slavery should be allowed in the final constitution. D) threw out the idea of having a monarchy in the United States, opting instead for an indirectly elected president. E) involved all of these elements.

The Declaration of Independence was primarily (34) A) a treaty with France for war against Britain. B) an original philosophical treatise on politics. C) an outline for a new government. D) a polemic, announcing and justifying a revolution. E) the United Statesʹ first constitution.

The Democratic-Republicans were also known as the A) Jeffersonians. B) Madisonians. C) Whigs. D) Federalists. E) Hamiltonians.

The Federalist Papers were (52) A) essays in support of ratification of the constitution. B) essays written that were critical of the constitution. C) newspapers which backed the Federalist party in early United States elections. D) the original name of the constitution written by the Constitutional Convention. E) the notes that George Washington took at the Constitutional Convention.

The National Security Council A) links the presidentʹs key foreign and military policy advisors. B) is composed of the heads of the three branches of the armed services and makes recommendations to the president on combat strategy. C) was established by President Roosevelt to manage foreign and domestic intelligence operations. D) was created by legislation to keep the president informed on foreign affairs. E) helps the president make policy on such matters as inflation and unemployment.

The Office of Management and Budget is comprised of A) political appointees and career officials. B) political appointees, career officials, and congressional staffers. C) all political appointees. D) all career officials. E) economists.

The Simpson-Mazzoli Act A) represented a crackdown on illegal aliens by requiring that employers document the citizenship or legitimate immigrant status of workers or pay stiff fines. B) requires that states keep their polls open for at least ten hours on election day in order to facilitate participation. C) established federal guidelines and regulations for taking public opinion polls. D) reformed the jury procedures in felony cases, particularly the unanimous verdict requirement. E) required that the homeless be counted in the 1990 census.

The Simpson-Mazzoli Act A) required employers to document the citizenship of their employees. B) granted amnesty to all illegal aliens. C) established a National Identification Card that all Americans will have to possess by the year 2000 in order to get employment. D) placed a limit on the number of Mexican immigrants allowed in the United States per year. E) required all immigrants to register with the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

The United States government under the Articles of Confederation can best be described as (38) A) weak and ineffective. B) overly prone to intervention in foreign affairs. C) overly bureaucratic. D) dictatorial. E) a personal tool of George Washington.

The Virginia and New Jersey Plans introduced at the Constitutional Convention differed mainly over whether (43) A) states should send equal numbers of representatives to Congress. B) there should be a president. C) the states or the national government should regulate interstate commerce. D) there should be a legislative branch at the national level. E) slavery should be permitted in the country.

The War Powers Resolution may be considered unconstitutional because A) its use of the legislative veto may be considered a violation of the doctrine of separation of powers. B) it violates the presidentʹs power to declare war. C) it violates the presidents power as Commander in Chief. D) it was struck down by the Supreme Court. E) it violates the congressional power to appropriate funds for the military.

The cozy relationship between politicians and the press ended when A) the Vietnam War and Watergate soured the press on government. B) the press discovered John F. Kennedy in a compromising situation with a woman other than his wife. C) Franklin Roosevelt chastised the news reports he deemed inaccurate. D) Ronald Reagan began to manipulate the press to his advantage. E) Abraham Lincoln nationalized major Union newspapers during the Civil War.

The filibuster A) is unique to the Senate. B) is unique to the House. C) is allowed in both the House and the Senate. D) has been ruled unconstitutional. E) has been prohibited in both the House and Senate.

The first two weeks of the Constitutional Convention were spent debating (41) A) the nature of republican government. B) the economic structure of the new government. C) the terms of Britainʹs surrender. D) military issues and the need for a standing army. E) practical political issues.

The foundation of John Lockeʹs philosophy was that human beings (34-35) A) derive their rights from nature. B) have rights that are granted them by government. C) determine their own rights. D) derive their rights from God. E) are granted their rights by their King.

The largest item in the United States government budget, consuming more than one-fifth of spending, is A) Social Security payments. B) foreign aid. C) education spending. D) national defense. E) welfare for the poor.

The media seem to have the least effect in terms of A) how people vote. B) how people evaluate political leaders. C) what Americans think about. D) the importance people attach to problems. E) who votes.

The media usually report on Americaʹs social problems in a manner that A) encourages government to take on more and more tasks. B) suggests government can really not be trusted to take on more tasks. C) is neither critical nor positive. D) displays a lack of real sensitivity. E) has often been described as benign neglect.

The most common form of political participation in the United States is A) voting in presidential elections. B) voting in local elections. C) belonging to a political party. D) writing letters to public officials. E) working on a political campaign.

The most important effect of the constitutional amendments has been to (56) A) expand liberty and equality. B) reinforce elite control of government. C) expand the powers of the states. D) strengthen the capitalist economy. E) all of the above

The theory that seeks to explain political processes and outcomes as consequences of purposive behavior is called the A) rational-choice theory. B) behaviorism. C) means-ends theory. D) cognitive theory. E) goals theory.

The use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is called A) regulation. B) patronage. C) administrative discretion. D) policy implementation. E) public administration.

The watchdog orientation of the press can be characterized as A) reformist. B) liberal. C) libertarian. D) conservative. E) partisan.

The weakening of party control over American politics A) is in part due to the increasing influence of the media. B) is leading to a multiparty system in this country. C) threatens democracy. D) threatens the very existence of political parties. E) leads to fewer differences between party platforms.

The writers of the United States Constitution A) were distrustful of democracy. B) sought to establish the most democratic system they could. C) were interested in promoting equality above all else. D) patterned our government after Britainʹs except for the King. E) believed in majority rule.

Thomas Jeffersonʹs phrase ʺlife, liberty, and the pursuit of happinessʺ was a modification of John Lockeʹs phrase ʺLife, liberty, and ________.ʺ (36) A) property B) God C) heaven D) health E) equality

Those civil service employees who are in constant contact with the public (often a hostile one) and have considerable discretion are known as A) street-level bureaucrats. B) routinizers. C) General Schedule foot soldiers. D) the Senior Executive Service. E) civil servants.

Today, most polling is done through A) random digit dialing. B) entry polls. C) door-to-door interviewing. D) man-on-the-street interviewing. E) exit polls.

Traditionally, Congressional committee chairpersons have been chosen through A) the seniority system. B) party rank. C) popularity with majority leaders. D) a majority vote by committee members. E) the merit system.

Under the Articles of Confederation most governmental power rested in (37-38) A) the state governments. B) the national government. C) the president. D) the Congress. E) all of the above

Until 1887, the federal government A) had almost no regulatory policies. B) was involved only in social regulation. C) owned and operated most of the major industries in the country. D) forbade the states from passing regulatory policies. E) was involved only in economic regulation.

Until the late-nineteenth century, most government employees got their jobs through A) the patronage system. B) the merit principle. C) hereditary preferences. D) civil service testing. E) a lottery system.

What sort of realignment has occurred in the current party era? A) a Southern realignment B) a rural/urban realignment C) a cultural realignment D) an entire realignment E) an age-based realignment

What was the original, sole, and express purpose of the convention in Philadelphia? (40) A) to revise the Articles of Confederation B) to choose the first president C) to negotiate the peace treaty with Great Britain D) to abolish the Articles of Confederation E) to grant women the right to vote

The British levied new taxes on its North American colonies in the eighteenth century in order to pay for (32) A) maintaining the elegant lifestyle of the British royalty. B) conquest of territories in Africa and Asia. C) defending new territories obtained after the French and Indian War. D) tax cuts and social welfare programs for residents of the British Isles. E) the rising cost of tea.

When Congress passes regulatory legislation for which it has established goals, it then A) grants power to regulatory agencies to develop guidelines and enforce compliance. B) assigns responsibility for administration to regulatory agencies and responsibility for enforcement to the courts. C) establishes the guidelines that regulatory agencies must implement. D) grants interest groups the power to develop the rules governing the new policy. E) authorizes the president to use his administrative discretion to implement the legislation.

When Political Action Committees contribute money to members of Congress they are usually seeking A) access to policymakers. B) votes on specific legislation. C) to install a preferred challenger in office. D) to create a more pluralistic Congress. E) to literally buy opposing legislatorsʹ votes.

Which of the following congressional offices is mandated by the Constitution? A) Speaker of the House B) House and Senate Majority Leader C) President of the House D) President of the United States E) all of the above

The Constitution gives the president the power to influence the legislative process through his responsibility to A) make laws by decree without the consent of Congress in some situations. B) direct the business of Congress and initiate impeachment. C) report on the state of the union and veto acts of Congress. D) recommend legislation and make appointments. E) manage the economy, lead the party, and deal with national crises.

Which of the following is NOT an accusation made against the regulatory system? A) Excessive regulation contributed to the savings and loan industry disaster of the 1980s. B) If the producer is faced with expensive regulations, costs will inevitably be passed along to the consumer in the form of higher prices. C) Regulations do not always work well, and they simply create massive regulatory bureaucracies. D) Other nations have laxer regulations on pollution, worker safety, and other business practices, thus American exports often cost more. E) All of these have been criticisms of regulation.

Which of the following is TRUE of most conservatives in American politics? A) They favor free market solutions to problems rather than looking to the government for regulating business. B) They believe we should spend much less on the military budget. C) They are in favor of affirmative action programs. D) They are opposed to prayer in public schools. E) They oppose high levels of foreign aid.

The Founding Fathers believed that a major source of political conflict was the (42) A) governmentʹs attempt to preserve private property. B) absence of majority rule. C) unequal distribution of property. D) religious differences in society. E) Indian tribes.

Which of the following is TRUE of political parties in the United States? A) To be a member of a party, all you have to do is claim to be one. B) Parties require dues. C) They are more powerful than their European counterparts. D) Parties issue membership cards to all members. E) Party members agree on all major issues or they will be expelled from the party.

Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the federal civil service? A) Firing incompetents is extremely difficult. B) Workers are not protected against political firings. C) It does not operate on the merit principle. D) Too many federal civil servants are actively involved in partisan politics. E) all of the above

Which of the following is responsible for responding to congressional requests for information and providing non-partisan studies? A) Congressional Research Service B) Congressional Budget Office C) General Accounting Office D) Ways and Means Committee E) Office of the Majority Leader

The Hatch Act, passed in 1940, A) established the patronage system for federal employment. B) prohibited the president from firing the heads of independent executive agencies. C) prohibits federal civil service employees from active participation in partisan politics. D) required the publication of the plum book. E) established the federal civil service.

The House ________ Committee reviews most bills coming from other committees before they go on to the full House, thus performing a traffic cop function. A) Appropriations B) Ways and Means C) Rules D) Authorization E) Review

The Madisonian system (49) A) is a form of direct democracy. B) encourages change. C) has a conservative bias favoring the status quo. D) discourages moderation and compromise. E) both C and D

The Office of Management and Budget, the National Security Council, and the Council of Economic Advisors are A) members of the White House staff. B) advisory bodies of the Department of State. C) policymaking bodies of the Executive Office of the President. D) part of the presidentʹs cabinet. E) the key liaison agencies between the president and Congress.

The Twenty-second Amendment, passed in 1951, A) provided for the presidential and vice presidential candidates to run as a team. B) gave impeachment powers to Congress. C) limited presidents to two terms of office. D) provided for the direct election of the president by the people. E) granted 18-year-olds the right to vote.

The United States government owns ________ of the land in the United States A) all B) 5 percent C) one-third D) 2 percent E) none

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention did not worry about preserving individual rights for all of the following reasons EXCEPT (47-48) A) every state had its own bill of rights. B) they were constructing a limited government that could not threaten personal freedoms. C) they included a bill of rights in Article V. D) they dispersed power so that each branch or level could constrain the other. E) the various states were already doing a sufficient job of protecting individual rights.

The effects a policy has on people and problems is called A) policy outputs. B) policy implementation. C) policy impacts. D) policy issues. E) policy agenda.

The foremost attraction for the job of serving in Congress is A) a salary four times the income of the typical American family. B) generous retirement benefits. C) the power to make key public policy decisions. D) travel benefits. E) employment opportunities after leaving office.

The head of each cabinet-level executive department is appointed by the president and A) must be confirmed by a majority of the House. B) is not subject to House or Senate approval. C) must be confirmed by a majority of the Senate. D) must be confirmed by a majority of both the House and the Senate. E) must be confirmed by two-thirds of the Senate.

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies and the scope of government is FALSE? A) When the president and Congress chose to deregulate certain areas of the economy or cut taxes, the bureaucracy prevented them from doing so. B) The federal bureaucracy has actually shrunk in size relative to the population it serves. C) The bureaucracy is now expected to play an active role in dealing with social and economic problems. D) The federal bureaucracy has not grown over the past two generations. E) none of the above

The income and occupations of members of Congress A) typically reflect the pluralistic nature of American society. B) are very close to the average found among their constituency. C) would, for the most part, make them members of the elite in American society. D) have no real impact on public policymaking. E) places over 90 percent of them in the millionaire businessperson class.

Which of the following statements about crises is FALSE? A) There were more immediate crises early in American history than there are today. B) Most crises occur in the realm of foreign policy. C) Crises are rarely the presidentʹs doing. D) The president has become more prominent in handling crises than other branches of government. E) It is easier for an individual president to manage crises than it is for congressional leaders to do so.

The largest component of the minority majority is the A) Asian population. B) Caucasian population. C) Hispanic population. D) Native-American population. E) African-American population.

The least-healthy, the poorest, and the least-educated group in the American mosaic are the A) Hispanic Americans. B) Appalachian Caucasians. C) Native-American Indians. D) Asian Americans. E) African Americans.

Which of the following statements about money in Congressional elections is FALSE? A) It costs more money to elect a president than to elect a member of Congress. B) Most of the money spent in congressional elections comes from individuals. C) About a quarter of the funds raised in general election contests come from PACs. D) Political Action Committees often make contributions after the election. E) PACs often switch sides and give money to the candidate they originally opposed.

The most obvious intrusion of the government into Americaʹs socialization is through A) political parties. B) the family. C) schooling. D) the mass media. E) criminal laws.

The most valuable method for understanding demographic changes in America is the A) Statistical Abstract of the United States. B) public opinion poll. C) census. D) turnout in presidential elections. E) Internal Revenue Service statistical tax abstracts.

The nationʹs most influential newspaper and its unofficial ʺnewspaper of recordʺ is A) Congressional Quarterly. B) USA Today. C) The New York Times. D) the Wall Street Journal. E) the Washington Post.

The news does not mirror reality because A) journalists are more liberal than most people. B) the number of potential news stories is limited. C) journalists must select stories that will draw the largest audience. D) journalists are more conservative than most people. E) the news media are biased toward the coverage of political events.

Which of the following statements about the Anti-Federalists is FALSE? (52-53) A) The Anti-Federalists were basically unpatriotic and un-American. B) The Anti-Federalists fought to prevent ratification of the new constitution. C) The Anti-Federalists believed that the new government was an enemy of freedom. D) The Anti-Federalists believed the new government would erode fundamental liberties. E) The Anti-Federalists believed the new Constitution was a class-based document.

Which of the following statements about the majority leader of the House of Representatives is FALSE? A) The majority leader exercises substantial control over which bills get assigned to which committees. B) The majority leader is the main steppingstone to the job of Speaker of the House. C) The majority leader is responsible for scheduling bills in the House. D) The majority leader is responsible for rounding up votes on behalf of the partyʹs position on legislation. E) He or she is the principal ally of the Speaker.

Which of the following statements about the presidential veto is FALSE? A) Almost half of all vetoed bills have been overridden by Congress. B) Presidents can not veto only parts of a bill. C) Even the threat of a presidential veto can be an effective tool for persuading Congress to give more weight to presidentsʹ views. D) The presidential veto is an inherently negative resource. E) The president, unlike most governors, cannot use a line-item veto.

Which of the following statements about those who challenge incumbent members of the House is TRUE? A) They are usually not well-known. B) They are usually experienced legislators. C) They usually have a well-established organizational backing. D) They tend to be well-financed. E) They usually conduct public opinion polls and only run if they have a good chance of winning.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Bureaucrats are often fired for using too much administrative discretion. B) Pay raises in the bureaucracy tend to be small and across-the-board. C) Removing appointed officials may be politically embarrassing to the president. D) A government agency cannot expand just because it is performing a service effectively and efficiently. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Hispanics are primarily concentrated in the rural areas. B) In the 2000 Census, the Hispanic population outnumbered the African-American population. C) African Americans have recently been exercising a good deal of political power. D) about 24 percent of African Americans currently live under the poverty line. E) none of the above

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the 55 delegates who attended the Constitutional Convention? (41) A) Most were residents of the western frontiers. B) They were all men. C) A significant number were urbanites. D) Many were college graduates. E) They were mostly wealthy planters.

Which of the following was NOT a source of revenue for the United States government under the Articles of Confederation? (38) A) taxes levied by the Continental Congress B) printing its own money C) selling off western lands D) state governments E) All of the above were revenue sources.

Which of these was NOT among John Lockeʹs key philosophical concepts? (34-35) A) checks and balances B) limited government C) natural rights D) consent of the governed E) property rights

________ is consciously breaking a law that is thought to be unjust. A) Civil disobedience B) Protest C) Rebellion D) Boycotting E) Illegal politics

________ members present and voting can halt a filibuster by voting for cloture. A) Sixty B) Seventy C) Eighty D) Fifty-one E) Seventy-five

________ privileges refer to the free use of the mails enjoyed by Congress. A) Franking B) Conmail C) Junket D) Procurement E) E-mail

________ was widely regarded to be the worst and most ineffective president. A) Warren Harding B) Richard Nixon C) Ronald Reagan D) Bill Clinton E) Andrew Johnson

ʺRally eventsʺ A) are specific and dramatic events that relate to international relations, directly involving the United States and the president. B) have an enduring impact on a presidentʹs public approval. C) involve economic upsurges that dramatically increase presidential popularity. D) have no effect on presidential popularity even though presidents use them for that purpose. E) occur frequently during a presidentʹs administration.

The order of succession to the presidency, should the president be unable to fulfill his or her duties is A) Vice President, President Pro Tem of the Senate, Speaker of the House, cabinet members in order that their department was created. B) Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tem of the Senate, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Cabinet members in order that their department was created. C) Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tem of the Senate, Cabinet members in the order that their department was created. D) Vice President, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, President Pro tem of the Senate, Speaker of the House. E) Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tem, Cabinet members in the order that their department was created.

The organization and importance of the White House staff depend on A) the presidentʹs Chief of Staff. B) agenda schedules and formal rules of debate. C) the personal style of the president in office. D) the legal authority granted it by Congress. E) a hierarchy of access to the president.

The part of the executive branch of government that the president sees daily and relies heavily on for information, policy options, and analysis is the A) vice president. B) presidentʹs cabinet. C) White House staff. D) Executive Office of the President. E) Council of Economic Advisors.

The people who keep the party running between elections and make its rules are members of which ʺheadʺ of the party? A) party-in-the-electorate B) permanent party C) party as an organization D) party-in-government E) party-in-the-states

The policy agenda is A) a set of issues or problems that the public considers important. B) a schedule of bills before Congress. C) a list of priorities to which government officials address their time and energies. D) a linkage institution between people and government. E) all of the above

The president who was known as the ʺconsummate delegatorʺ because he dispersed authority to his advisors was A) John F. Kennedy. B) George Bush. C) Ronald Reagan. D) Jimmy Carter. E) Lyndon Johnson.

The presidentʹs legislative skills compete with other factors influencing congressional voting, including all of the following EXCEPT A) ideology. B) constituency news. C) PAC spending. D) partisanship. E) none of the above

The presidentʹs most common method of attempting to influence Congress is to A) call up wavering members. B) offer to campaign for members. C) hold regular meetings with the partyʹs leaders in Congress. D) invite members of Congress to the White House. E) use the veto power.

The presidentʹs power can best be understood as A) very limited and largely ceremonial. B) always the dominant figure in the American political system. C) shared with other branches of government as part of the Madisonian system of checks and balances. D) unlimited and absolute. E) originally intended to be unlimited and absolute, but gradually weakened over time.

The principal reason that presidents have trouble getting things done is that A) most are weak and indecisive and do not try to do much. B) they are often upstaged or undermined by their own vice presidents. C) other policymakers with whom they deal have their own agendas, interests, and sources of power. D) they are frequently overruled by the Supreme Court. E) the presidency is mostly a ceremonial job and the president is not expected to do much.

The process through which an individual acquires his or her particular political orientations, including his or her knowledge, feelings, and evaluations regarding his or her political world, is known as A) political orientation. B) demography. C) political socialization. D) political ideology. E) political indoctrination.

The real differences between the House and the Senate lie in their A) ideology. B) membersʹ characteristics. C) organization and centralization of power. D) role in policy. E) power relative to each other.

The scandal surrounding Richard Nixonʹs administration that led to impeachment hearings was known as A) Iran-Contra. B) the Camp David Affair. C) Watergate. D) Checkers. E) Teapot Dome.

The term gender gap refers to A) greater success of men than women when running for office. B) greater poverty of women than of men. C) stable pattern where women tend to be more likely than men to vote Democratic. D) higher political contributions made by women than of men. E) none of the above

The term ʺminority majorityʺ refers to the fact that A) the majority in America has always been a collection of minority ethnic groups. B) minority groups have been able to impose their will upon the majority. C) America will soon cease to have a white majority and together the minority groups will become a majority. D) African Americans are the largest minority group in the United States. E) Hispanic Americans will soon become the largest minority group in the United States.

The upsurge of partisan independence among Americans since 1952 A) has come mostly at the expense of the Republicans. B) has not harmed either party. C) has come mostly at the expense of the Democrats. D) has occurred mostly among minor party identifiers. E) has harmed both parties equally.

Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson A) were the first presidents to exercise power beyond the specific powers granted to the president in the Constitution. B) developed the role of the president as manager of the economy. C) set a precedent for presidents to serve as world leaders. D) were the only two presidents to ever have their actions declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. E) were among the least effective presidents.

There is a trememdous gap between youth and the elderly in all of the following EXCEPT: a. Political participation b. Political interest c. Volunteering d. Media use e. Political Knowledge

To cut off debate and end a filibuster is known as A) franking. B) coattails. C) cloture. D) overriding. E) hushing.

Unlike Hispanics who have come to America to escape poverty, the recent influx of Asians has been driven by A) upper-class elites who feared political persecution. B) civil wars. C) a new class of professionals looking for greater opportunity. D) ethnic minorities seeking refuge from human rights violations. E) B and C only

When a president vetoes congressional legislation, A) Congress must form a joint committee to address the presidentʹs complaints. B) the Supreme Court determines whether the law will take effect. C) Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds vote in both houses. D) there is nothing Congress can do about it. E) one house of Congress can override the veto if it votes to do so with a two-thirds vote.

When journalists select stories to cover, the overriding bias is toward A) stories about the personality quirks of political celebrities. B) international and foreign policy stories. C) stories that will draw the largest audience. D) stories involving the most important policy issues of the day. E) stories that target specific audiences.

When members of Congress hold a hearing to question a cabinet member on how a law is being carried out, they are engaging in A) agenda-setting. B) filibustering. C) legislative oversight. D) casework. E) congressional administration.

When people vote according to the nature of the times, A) partisan identification becomes an even stronger influence on aggregate voting. B) they are not voting wisely. C) they are more interested in results than ideology and judge presidents by results. D) they are not making rational choices. E) their opinions are not clearly heard.

When the House and the Senate pass different versions of the same bill A) the House bill is changed to conform with the Senate bill. B) the Senate bill is changed to conform with the House bill. C) a conference committee is appointed to resolve differences. D) a joint committee is appointed to resolve differences. E) the president may select which bill to enact into law.

Which of the following did the framers of the Constitution conceive of as the center of policymaking in America? A) the president B) the people C) Congress D) the courts E) the Supreme Court

Which of the following does the Speaker NOT play a role in? A) making committee assignments B) presiding over the House when it is in session C) recommending which members should be expelled from the House for failure to support the partyʹs positions on bills D) assigning most bills to committees E) appointing the partyʹs legislative leaders

Which of the following is NOT one of the cornerstones of an ideal democracy? A) a constitution B) effective participation C) economic equality D) Citizen control of the Agenda E) equality in voting

Which of the following is NOT one of the presidentʹs powers as the nationʹs chief diplomat? A) negotiating executive agreements which do not require congressional approval B) mediating disputes between nations other than the United States C) declaring war against an adversary D) extending diplomatic recognition to a nation E) negotiating treaties with other nations

Which of the following is typical of most adult Americans when it comes to political participation? A) A majority of Americans will participate in a protest such as a demonstration, strike, or sit-in at least once in their lives. B) Most will participate in all twelve major kinds of political activities at some point in their lives. C) Most will vote in an election, but only a minority of people do more than that politically. D) Most have never voted in an election. E) Most will vote in an election and do one or two other political activities - usually contacting local officials, joining a political club, or donating money to a candidate.

Which of the following statements about government regulation in America is accurate? A) The Constitution set up only six regulatory agencies; the others have been created within the past 100 years or so. B) The Federal Communications Commission was the first independent regulatory agency. C) Until 1887, the federal government made almost no regulatory policies and had no regulatory agencies. D) Regulatory agencies tended to be more popular in the early years of the nationʹs history, then grew more controversial during the late-nineteenth century. E) both A and C

Which of the following statements about judicial interpretation is FALSE? (58-59) A) Judicial interpretation can profoundly affect how the Constitution is understood. B) The power of judicial review gives courts the right to decide whether legislative actions are in accord with the Constitution. C) The power of judicial interpretation is explicitly stated in the Constitution. D) In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court decided it would be the one to decide constitutional disputes. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about plum book appointees is FALSE? A) Most presidents seek appointees with sympathy for similar policy positions. B) Ambassadorship appointments often go to large campaign contributors. C) Plum book appointees are often instrumental in changing and reforming their agencies. D) Presidents often consider sex, region, and race in making plum book appointments. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about political participation is FALSE? A) The mass protests throughout Eastern Europe in 1989 were an avalanche of political participation. B) Political participation can be organized or individual. C) Political activity is an important part of the everyday life of most Americans. D) Generally, the United States has a participatory political culture. E) Voting is one type of participation.

Which of the following statements about the role of money in congressional elections is FALSE? A) Outspending your opponent by a large margin is no guarantee of success. B) The more challengers spend, the more votes they receive. C) Challengers usually outspend incumbents. D) In open seats, the candidate who spends the most usually wins. E) Incumbents benefit less from campaign spending than challengers.

Which of the following was NOT occurring in the states during the time of the Articles of Confederation? (38-39) A) abolishment of religious qualifications for holding office B) adoption of bills of rights C) upper-class dominance D) expanded political participation E) all of the above

Which of the following was NOT one of the economic difficulties the writers of the Constitution attempted to address? (45-47) A) some states kept printing virtually worthless money B) the tariffs states had erected against one another to protect their state-made products C) lack of unemployment compensation and welfare payments D) the difficulty of the Continental Congress in raising money from the states E) All of these were dealt with in the Constitution.

Which state boycotted the Constitutional Convention? (40) A) Texas, because it took too long to get to Philadelphia B) Virginia C) Rhode Island D) No state boycotted. E) Both Virginia and Rhode Island boycotted.

________ took over as president upon the death of Franklin Roosevelt in 1945, and eventually ordered the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japanese cities. A) Theodore Roosevelt B) Dwight Eisenhower C) Harry Truman D) Lyndon Johnson E) John F. Kennedy

32) Many members of the Constitutional Convention A) wanted to prevent the president from having a council of advisers like the British king. B) voted to make explicit mention of the Cabinet in the Constitution. C) wanted members from the Senate to rotate into the Cabinet. D) concluded that the president should have the authority to require written opinions from executive department officers. E) believed the Cabinet should be able to veto a presidential decision.

36) _________ is an example of a government corporation. A) Federal Express B) The Better Business Bureau C) The Environmental Protection Agency D) Amtrak E) The Securities and Exchange Commission

4) In 1914, Congress, at the request of the Wilson administration, created the _______ to protect small businesses and the public from unfair business practices and competition. A) Interstate Commerce Commission B) Department of Economic Affairs C) Department of Commerce D) Federal Trade Commission E) Anti-Monopoly and Trust Commission

45) In terms of holding agencies accountable, the judiciary can I. rule on whether bureaucracies have acted within the parameters of the law. II. rule on the constitutionality of challenged rules and regulations. III. initiate policies to alter the bureaucracy's activities. IV. force the bureaucracy to respect rights of individuals through hearings. A) I only B) I and II C) I, II, and III D) I, II, and IV E) II, III, and IV

5) The ratification of the ________ Amendment in 1913 gave Congress the authority to implement a federal income tax, and thus allowed government to grow even more. A) Tenth B) Eleventh C) Twelfth D) Sixteenth E) Nineteenth

A group of participants in bureaucratic policymaking with technical policy expertise and intellectual and emotional commitment to the issue is called A) a government corporation. B) an ʺiron triangleʺ. C) a subgovernment. D) an issue network. E) a vested cohort.

A key question that confronts government regarding different public policy choices is A) whether an appropriate linkage institution is willing to frame a policy. B) which is the most complicated one to deal with. C) which is the least complicated one to deal with. D) whether or not government should do anything about them. E) all of the above

A means of selecting policymakers and or organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the publicʹs preferences is A) government. B) politics. C) public administration. D) democracy. E) all of the above

A media event is A) a news event deemed of such importance to break into regular programming on television and radio. B) a gathering of people working in the media industry, often an awards ceremony. C) some newsworthy occurrence covered by reporters of the various media. D) staged primarily for the purpose of being covered by the press. E) a setup by the media to ambush or embarrass a prominent person.

A myth about members of Congress is that they A) generally are educated and come from high-status occupations. B) tend to develop policy specialties. C) are especially effective in carrying out their constituent service. D) are overpaid, underworked, corrupt, and ineffective. E) are overwhelmingly male.

A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen as representative of the whole is called a(n) A) quota sample. B) population. C) census. D) sample. E) cohort.

According to Hugh Heclo, the plum book system of recruiting federal employees tends to result in the appointment of A) talented experts with proven party loyalty. B) people with access to the Internet, but not necessarily the most qualified people. C) senior civil servants to sensitive posts. D) administrators who do not stay long enough in their appointed position to be effective. E) large numbers of women and minorities, just as it was intended to do.

According to the text, two strategies used successfully by President Reagan in achieving his objectives were A) moving slowly and letting Congress set the priorities. B) moving slowly and setting priorities. C) lying and forgetting. D) moving fast and setting priorities. E) moving fast and letting Congress set the priorities.

According to the ʺthree-headed political giantʺ model of political parties, the largest component of an American party is the A) party as an organization. B) party-in-the-states. C) party Congress. D) party-in-the-electorate. E) party-in-government.

After the Revolution, power in the state legislatures shifted (38-39) A) from merchants to lawyers. B) from the poor to the wealthy. C) from radicals to conservatives. D) from the wealthy to those with more moderate incomes. E) from the upper to the lower chambers.

American political parties tend to take middle-of-the-road stands on major issues A) only because the partyʹs candidates are so afraid of alienating those on different sides of issues. B) while the public tends to have stronger opinions C) in spite of evidence that more extreme positions generate more excitement and likelihood for electoral victory. D) because most of the American electorate are centrist. E) because most of the American electorate do not have political opinions.

An exit poll is taken A) just prior to the election, in order to get a last reading of the publicʹs views. B) to measure an officeholderʹs popularity as he or she is leaving office. C) as people leave supermarkets, shopping malls, sporting events, or movies, and are thus available for interviews. D) on election day, by interviewing voters as they leave the polling place. E) all of the above

Appointed to the vice presidency in 1973 due to a vacancy, he was the only one to become president having run for neither the presidency or vice presidency in the preceding election. A) Lyndon Johnson B) Nelson Rockefeller C) Ronald Reagan D) Gerald Ford E) Jimmy Carter

As a percentage of the total work force, federal government employment is A) rapidly becoming greater than employment in the private sector. B) greater than state and local government employment. C) rising. D) declining. E) stabilizing.

Both authoritarian and democratic political systems seek to teach citizens, especially youth, the positive aspects of their political systems because A) youth are most gullible. B) it enhances ruling eliteʹs political power over the citizenry. C) both types of political systems rely directly on citizen support. D) youth will then grow up to be supportive citizens. E) youth think alike.

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through each of the following EXCEPT A) rewriting legislation. B) influencing the appointment of agency heads. C) holding hearings. D) issuing congressional orders. E) both A and B

During the 1991 Gulf War, A) the War Powers Resolution was ignored. B) Congress cut off funding after sixty days. C) President Bush did not seek congressional support for the operation. D) Congress passed a resolution authorizing the president to use force against Iraq. E) Congress adopted a formal declaration of war against Iraq.

House incumbents typically receive A) about the same amount of contributions from PACs as challengers. B) less from PACs than challengers. C) much more from PACs as challengers. D) generous support from their party campaign committees. E) none of the above.

In 1980, about what percentage of the American public thought they could trust government most of the time or always? A) 75 percent B) 33 percent C) 50 percent D) 25 percent E) 60 percent

Madisonian principles in the Constitution were based on (48-49) A) statesʹ rights. B) a concentration of power, so that the minority faction could dominate the government. C) the belief that government should always be dominated by the majority. D) concern that government would be dominated by a majority or minority faction. E) the ideas of a group of professors at Madison University.

Most bills formally submitted for consideration in Congress A) are passed and signed into law. B) are passed, but vetoed by the president. C) are defeated in close final votes on the floors of one chamber. D) are quietly killed off early in the process. E) pass one house, but are killed in the other house.

Most television news analysis reports A) run over ten minutes. B) run about five minutes. C) run about seven minutes. D) last less than a minute. E) run about two minutes.

Party dealignment is symbolized by A) the 1992 election of a president and Congress of the same party. B) the recent pattern of one-party control. C) a renewed commitment to Americaʹs two major political parties. D) the recent pattern of divided government. E) the Republican takeover of Congress in 1994.

Political knowledge: a. Is greater among youth than elderly b. Is not that important in a democracy c. Is generally high in the United States d. Fosters political tolerance e. None of the above

Political socialization is defined as A) the distribution of the populationʹs beliefs about politics and policy issues. B) the various political roles that individuals play in society. C) a coherent set of values and beliefs about public policy. D) the process through which an individual acquires his or her particular political orientations. E) the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue.

Presidential coattails refers to A) presidential favors to those who support the presidentʹs policies. B) the formal constitutional powers of the president. C) the ability of members of Congress to hide behind the president on tough issues. D) voters casting their ballots for congressional candidates of the presidentʹs party who will support the president. E) withholding of presidential favors from those who oppose the presidentʹs policies.

Random sampling is considered A) desirable, but not necessary, for an accurate poll of public opinion. B) an unsophisticated way of measuring public opinion, but one that sometimes yields accurate results. C) highly unreliable, but the cheapest way to measure public opinion. D) the key to the accuracy of opinion polls. E) a dangerous way to measure public opinion.

Rational-choice theory asserts that A) the parties should not be expected to differentiate themselves in any way. B) more extremist party positions give the public a sense that things can really be changed, and usually win elections. C) the wise party selects policies in which it truly believes, and gives the voters a chance to vote them up or down on principle. D) the wise party selects policies that are widely favored. E) none of the above

Realignments are typically associated with A) a major reorganization of the executive branch. B) the creation of new states. C) one party winning the presidency while the other controls Congress. D) a major crisis or trauma in the nation. E) changes in election laws.

Reapportionment occurs after every census to reallocate seats in A) the Senate. B) the presidentʹs cabinet. C) the Supreme Court. D) the House of Representatives. E) both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Republican congressional reforms in the 1990s included all of the following EXCEPT A) committee chairs were allowed to choose the chairs of subcommittees on their committees. B) both committee and subcommittee chairs were limited to three consecutive two-year terms as chair. C) some subcommittees were eliminated. D) committee chairs were given complete control over the timing of bills under consideration. E) none of the above

Ross Perotʹs candidacies for president in 1992 and 1996 were an example of what type of third-party campaign? A) a split-level party B) a party espousing an extreme ideological position C) a splinter party D) a party serving as an extension of one individualʹs candidacy E) none of the above

Samples of public opinion today are usually selected through A) voter registration lists. B) cities and towns throughout the country believed to be ʺbellwethers,ʺ which accurately represent the entire nation. C) selective respondent profiles. D) random digit dialing. E) phone books.

Section 844 of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 A) was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. B) specifically prohibits sex discrimination in college sports. C) was supported by most colleges and universities. D) was vaguely written, eventually resulting in scores of court cases. E) was interpreted by Congress to exclude college football.

Sidney Verba and his colleagues found that while voter turnout declined between 1967 and 1987, A) writing letters to the editor and contacting government officials increased. B) participating in non-political activities increased. C) protesting and giving money to candidates increased. D) contacting government officials and giving money to candidates increased. E) none of the above

Since World War II, United States presidents have A) except for Bill Clinton, first served as vice president. B) had very similar career backgrounds. C) all previously served as governors. D) come from a diversity of career experiences. E) all served as United States senators.

The Associated Press is an example of a A) high-technology medium. B) newspaper chain. C) massive media conglomerate. D) wire service. E) trade association acting as an interest group for newspapers.

The New Deal coalition made the ________ party the minority party for decades. A) Socialist B) Federalist C) Whig D) Republican E) Democratic

The Republicans had a long period as the countryʹs dominant majority party, which ended A) in 1992. B) in 1980. C) with the Civil War. D) in 1932. E) in 1896.

The Supreme Court case of Munn v. Illinois (1877) A) declared that regulation was not within the realm of state powers. B) first established the right to own property as one of the rights of the Bill of Rights. C) set the precedent for deregulation. D) upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm. E) upheld the constitutionality of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was successful for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) its goal was clear. B) its implementation was straightforward. C) the authority of the implementors was plain. D) it was universally supported. E) none of the above

The Weberian model depicts a bureaucracy as A) fundamentally dangerous to a democratic society. B) inefficient, primarily concerned with maximizing its budget, and largely responsible for the growth of modern government. C) wasteful, bloated, over-staffed, over-paid and arrogant. D) a well-organized machine with plenty of working but hierarchical parts. E) ambling and groping, affected by chance, and largely operating by a loosely run style of trial and error.

The ________ is next in line after the vice president to succeed a president who resigns, dies in office, or is impeached. A) Senate majority leader B) Senate minority leader C) House majority leader D) Speaker of the House E) Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

The best way constituents can influence congressional voting on legislation is to A) sign petitions. B) write letters or send telegrams. C) fax or call in their opinions. D) elect a representative or senator who agrees with their views. E) demonstrate on the steps of the capitol.

The bottom line that shapes how journalists define the news, where they get the news, and how they present it is A) their personal ideology. B) the First Amendment right to freedom of the press. C) government regulations. D) profits. E) their professional values.

The debate at the Philadelphia Convention over eligibility to vote was resolved by (44) A) allowing all males, but no females to vote. B) requiring voter registration before one would be eligible to vote. C) requiring universal manhood suffrage. D) leaving it up to the individual states. E) permitting all citizens over 21 to vote.

The earliest survey studies of the effect of the media on public opinion, which evaluated its impact on voting behavior, offered A) much evidence that media action influenced political campaign outcomes. B) a policy agenda interpretation. C) the observation that Democratic control of Congress was partly due to media bias in news coverage. D) the minimal effects hypothesis. E) the hypodermic needle model.

The election of 1828 that brought Andrew Jackson to the presidency was significant because it A) began the ascendancy of the New Deal coalition around the Democratic party. B) marked the rise of the Whigs. C) was the first time the Republican party controlled Congress. D) forged a new political coalition. E) marked the beginning of the dominance of northern industrialists.

The familyʹs role in political socialization is central because A) parents tend to purposively guide their childrenʹs political orientations. B) of childrenʹs tendencies to rebel against parents and their beliefs. C) the family puts emphasis on formal political education. D) of its monopoly on time and emotional commitment. E) all of the above

The first party system in the United States consisted of the A) Democrats and Whigs. B) Federalists and Whigs. C) Democrats and Republicans. D) Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. E) Democratic-Republicans and Whigs.

The framers of the Constitution gave the chief economic policymaking role to (47) A) the courts. B) the Federal Reserve Board. C) the president. D) Congress. E) the states.

The higher the president stands in the polls, A) the less support he needs in Congress. B) the shorter the presidentʹs coattails. C) the less need there is for presidential public appearances. D) the easier it is to persuade others to support presidential initiatives. E) the less likely he will initiate new policy ventures.

The largest racial/ethnic minority group in the United States is A) African Americans. B) Asian Americans. C) Native Americans. D) Hispanics. E) African Americans and Hispanics are tied in size.

The minority whip A) assists the majority leader in party-line votes. B) becomes the Speaker automatically if the Speaker resigns. C) represents African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans in each chamber of Congress. D) keeps a close head count on key votes, and attempts to keep party members in line. E) is used to punish members who do not vote with the rest of their party.

The most fundamental element of democratic theory is A) ʺpower to the people!ʺ B) government efficiency. C) equality. D) majority rule. E) access to information.

The nature of groups and the government in hyperpluralist theory is A) strong government and strong groups. B) weak groups and strong government. C) weak groups, strong elites, and weak government. D) strong groups and weak government. E) too few groups result in the creation of many governments.

The newest cabinet department is A) commerce. B) agriculture. C) interior. D) homeland security. E) transportation.

The policy positions stated in party platforms are A) of some importance because they are unambiguous statements of where a party stands. B) intended to get a candidate elected, not to be implemented. C) of little importance because only 10 to 25 percent of the positions are acted upon by government. D) very important because nearly three-fourths of them result in policy action when the party is in power. E) never important because less than one-third of them result in policy action when the party is in power.

The political resource that has the most potential to turn a situation of stalemate between the president and Congress into one supportive of the presidentʹs legislative proposals is A) presidential leadership. B) the presidentʹs party leadership. C) presidential rewards and sanctions. D) public approval. E) the threat of veto.

The presidential cabinet A) is the electronically locked vault where the president keeps his top secret papers. B) is given tremendous power under the Constitution. C) includes, by law, a minimum of two sitting members of Congress at all times. D) consists of the head of each executive department, plus any additional government officials the president designates. E) can veto actions by the president.

The presidentʹs cabinet A) was provided for and elaborated upon by the Constitution. B) has changed very little since 1960. C) tends to serve as a collective board of directors. D) consists of executive branch leaders who advise the president on policy and administer government departments. E) all of the above

The primary factor influencing whether or not a person approves or disapproves of a presidentʹs job performance is A) age. B) geographic location. C) gender. D) political party identification. E) presidential personality.

The primary goal of the American Revolution was (37) A) to gain control over the coloniesʹ trade with foreign nations. B) to cut taxes. C) to win the right to print paper money that could be used to pay off debts. D) to restore the colonistsʹ rights as British subjects. E) to gain control of the western frontier.

The seniority system gave a decisive edge to House members from ________ districts. A) Republican B) suburban C) older D) safe E) competitive

The supreme power within each of the parties is A) the state party organizations. B) the president. C) the Supreme Party Court. D) the national convention. E) the national committee.

The system of checks and balances in the Constitution means that (49) A) a majority can easily manipulate the system, but a minority cannot. B) changes in government policy can be made with relative ease, with few obstacles to stop a popular new force. C) we have a direct democracy, with all branches equally accessible to strong public pressure. D) change usually comes slowly, if at all, and moderation and compromise are typical in our political system. E) each branch of government has its own powers independent of the other.

The theory that argues that group competition results in a rough approximation of the public interest in public policy is A) hyperpluralist theory. B) balance of power theory. C) elite and class theory. D) pluralist theory. E) bureaucratic theory.

The theory that sees wealth as the basis of power is the A) democratic theory. B) hyperpluralist theory. C) Jeffersonian theory. D) elite and class theory. E) pluralist theory.

The two oldest cabinet departments are A) state and defense. B) interior and justice. C) treasury and justice. D) state and treasury. E) education and state.

The ʺpower of the fewʺ in the United States today is likely to refer to A) high-level bureaucrats. B) elected officials. C) property holders. D) technical experts. E) a silent majority.

The ʺresponsible partyʺ model holds that parties should A) not use wedge issues that cause the other partyʹs supporters to fight with each other during the campaign. B) avoid making promises. C) keep to middle-of-the-road positions. D) present clear alternatives to voters. E) avoid ideological stands.

Things that are indivisible, nonexclusive, and that everyone can share are called a. intangible property b. socialized c. communist d. public goods e. community property

Ticket-splitting refers to A) switching membership in political parties. B) the procedure used to conduct computerized, automated vote counting. C) voting with one party in one presidential election, and another party in the next presidential election. D) voting for one party for one office, and another party for other offices. E) voting for a party other than the one you identify with.

To be sent to the president, a bill must be passed by A) the House. B) the Senate. C) either the House or the Senate. D) both the House and the Senate. E) a majority vote of Congress, regardless of which house the votes come from.

To propose a formal amendment to the Constitution, one needs to have a (55) A) three-quarters vote in Congress. B) national convention requested by half of the states. C) majority vote of the Supreme Court. D) two-thirds vote in Congress. E) the presidentʹs approval.

Todayʹs massive media conglomerates control newspapers with over ________ of the nationʹs daily circulation. A) 53 percent B) 30 percent C) 50 percent D) 80 percent E) 33 percent

Traditionally, a vice president A) has no formal constitutional powers. B) later becomes president. C) is an important advisor to the president. D) has little responsibility. E) both C and D

Trial balloons refer to A) marketing surveys conducted to determine audience preferences in media coverage and programming. B) media experiments with different types of news coverage to see what the public reaction will be. C) impromptu presidential news conferences. D) information leaked to the media to see what the political reaction will be. E) the mediaʹs tendency to define news as information that is entertaining to the average viewer.

Under the Articles of Confederation, most power rested with the (37) A) the British Parliament. B) president. C) United States Senate. D) state legislatures. E) Continental Congress.

Under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, while the vice president is serving as acting president, A) a new election must be held within six months. B) the electoral college determines when the incapacitated president can reclaim the presidency. C) the recuperated president can not reclaim his former job. D) the recuperated president can reclaim the Oval Office through a set procedure. E) the Senate and the House must vote in a secret ballot on whether or not to reinstate the recuperated president.

Up until the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt, A) reporters did not ask presidents questions, they simply reported what presidents did. B) presidents held daily press conferences. C) presidents held private chats with reporters in a very informal setting rather than hold public press conferences. D) reporters submitted their questions to presidents in writing. E) reporters had fireside chats with presidents in the White House.

Whatever strategy Congress permits a regulatory agency to use, all regulation contains the following elements EXCEPT A) some means of enforcing compliance. B) a grant of power and set of directions from Congress. C) a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself. D) an incentive system to maximize performance by those regulated. E) none of the above

Which of the following groups was NOT part of the New Deal coalition? A) African Americans B) Southerners C) members of labor unions D) wealthy New Englanders E) Catholics and Jews

Which of the following individuals have suggested that pluralist theory is less descriptive of American politics than in the past? A) Anthony King B) Robert Dahl C) Alexis de Tocqueville D) Robert Putnam E) Thomas Jefferson

Which of the following is LEAST likely to fascinate television news viewers? A) violence B) scandal C) disaster D) a talking head E) a breaking crime story

Which of the following is NOT a constitutional power of the president? A) serve as Commander in Chief of the armed forces B) sign or veto legislation passed by Congress C) appoint federal judges with the advice and consent of a majority of the Senate D) enact legislation by issuing decrees E) All of these are the presidentʹs constitutional powers.

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of modern polling? A) Careful attention to polls is unwise, as polls only reflect the passive attitudes of voters. B) Politicians use polls to follow the crowd rather than to assert bold leadership. C) Polls can distort the election process by creating a bandwagon effect, where people want to follow the crowd. D) Polls are subject to very wide margins of error, yet are treated as accurate measurements of public opinion. E) all of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary activities that members of Congress engage in to increase the probability of their reelection? A) advertising B) credit-claiming C) position-taking D) oversight E) None of the above; oversight is a form of position-taking.

Which of the following is NOT true about incumbents? A) They usually win elections. B) They usually have more money than their challengers. C) They usually have higher name recognition and visibility than their opponents. D) They usually face very tough challengers, especially in races for the House. E) They usually have their partyʹs endorsement.

Which of the following is NOT true about the media in America? A) The media argue that if their news is superficial, it is because that is what people want. B) The media do a better job covering the ʺhorse raceʺ aspect of politics than of covering substantive issues. C) Reporters often see themselves in a reformism role, crusading against foul play and unfairness. D) Their skepticism about governmental honesty and efficiency leads them to oppose giving government greater responsibilities. E) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT true about ʺiron trianglesʺ? A) They present tremendous difficulties for Congress and the president when they attempt to control the bureaucracy. B) They add a strong decentralizing and fragmenting element to the governmentʹs policymaking process. C) They are also known as subgovernments. D) They are indestructible. E) none of the above

Which of the following is TRUE about the Senate as compared to the House? A) more centralized with stronger leadership B) seniority more important in determining power C) more influential on the budget D) more influential in foreign affairs E) smaller in number, less powerful and less prestigious

Which of the following is TRUE in regard to the voting habits of African Americans and Hispanic Americans? A) They have always voted about as much as whites despite legal barriers. B) The gap between their voter turnout and that of whites has widened considerably over the past thirty years. C) Members of these groups are less likely to vote the higher their income. D) Members of these groups are more likely to vote than whites of the same income level. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about Congress and the bureaucracy is FALSE? A) Bureaucracies can help Congress find answers to policy problems. B) Bureaucracies help provide services to constituents. C) Members of Congress often find a big bureaucracy congenial. D) Congress has found it easy to control the bureaucracy. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about Franklin Roosevelt and the news media is FALSE? A) Roosevelt used presidential wrath to warn reporters off material he did not want covered. B) The press revered Roosevelt. C) Roosevelt knew how to feed the right story to the right reporter. D) The press often reported on Rooseveltʹs health and confinement to a wheelchair. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about a government's policy agenda is FALSE? a. When you vote, you are partly looking at whether a candidate shares your agenda or not. b. Bad news gets an issue on the policy agenda more quickly than good news. c. When people confront government officials with problems to be solved, they are trying to influence the governmentʹs policy agenda. d. A governmentʹs policy agenda tends to remain constant over time. e. None of the above; all are true

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is FALSE? A) Bureaucracies are simply a way of organizing people to perform work. B) The vast majority of tasks carried out by governments are noncontroversial. C) Bureaucracies receive very little credit when they function well. D) Government bureaucracies have been shown to be less efficient and effective than private bureaucracies. E) Bureaucracies are prevalent in all levels of government.

Which of the following statements about independent regulatory commissions is FALSE? A) Regulatory commission members cannot be fired by the president. B) Regulatory commissions consist of five to ten members. C) Regulatory commission members are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. D) Regulatory commission members may not be drawn from the ranks of present or former employees of the regulated industry. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about policy agendas is FALSE? A) Interest groups, political parties, and the president are all examples of those who push for their priorities to take precedence. B) Scores of issues compete for attention from the government. C) The policy agenda receives some serious attention at any given time. D) Only government officials develop policy priorities. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about presidents going public is FALSE? A) Presidents are not passive followers of public opinion. B) Presidentsʹ appearances are often staged purely to obtain the publicʹs attention. C) In recent years, presidents have averaged more than one public appearance every weekday of the year. D) Dwight Eisenhower was the first president to use presidential speeches to gain policy support. E) John F. Kennedy was the first ʺtelevision president.ʺ

Which of the following statements about the hiring and firing of civil servants is FALSE? A) The Office of Personnel Management has elaborate rules about hiring, promotion, and firing of civil servants. B) The top of the civil service is composed of about 9,000 members of the Senior Executive Service. C) Once hired, civil servants are assigned a General Schedule ranging from GS-1 to GS-18. D) Due to the merit system, it is easy to fire incompetent civil servants. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the presidency and democracy is FALSE? A) There is little prospect of the presidency being a threat to democracy. B) From the time the Constitution was written there has been a fear that the presidency would degenerate into a monarchy. C) Concerns over presidential power are generally closely related to policy views. D) Concerns about a tyrannical presidency were prevalent in the Reagan administration due to his ability to impose his will on Congress. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) For over 10 percent of American history, the presidency has been occupied by an individual not elected to the office. B) In the twentieth century, almost one-third of our presidents were ʺaccidental Presidents.ʺ C) About one in five presidents got the job because they were vice president when the incumbent president died or resigned. D) Most presidents have served two or more full terms. E) Most presidential elections are decided by Congress.

Which of the following states has increased its representation in the House from just seven in 1900 to 53 today? A) Florida B) Texas C) New York D) California E) Georgia

Which of these was NOT one of the big three disagreements at the Constitutional Convention? (43-44) A) what to do about slavery B) who should have the right to vote C) whether or not the states should have an equal number of votes in Congress D) whether the courts should have the power of judicial review E) issues of equality

Which president held one thousand press conferences, far more than any other? A) John F. Kennedy B) Richard Nixon C) Ronald Reagan D) Franklin Roosevelt E) Bill Clinton

Who was the president who brought together the original New Deal coalition in support of his candidacy? A) Woodrow Wilson B) Lyndon Johnson C) John F. Kennedy D) Franklin D. Roosevelt E) Herbert Hoover

________ occurs after every census to reallocate the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives, reflecting shifts in the population of the states and, thus, how many seats each state is allotted. A) Equalization B) Restructuring C) Political socialization D) Reapportionment E) Demography

13) According to the text, ________________ permanently changed the nature of the federal bureaucracy, A) George Washington. B) Thomas Jefferson. C) James Monroe. D) Andrew Jackson. E) Abraham Lincoln.

2) The civil service system, established in 1883, A) initially covered only about a third of federal workers. B) was governed by a partisan board appointed by the president. C) eventually was replaced by the spoils system. D) eventually covered 10 percent of all federal employees. E) was eventually expanded to cover most federal appointees.

23) There are currently more than ________ subunits of Cabinet-level departments and independent agencies. A) 1,000 B) 1,250 C) 1,500 D) 1,800 E) 2,000

40) Policy Coordinating Committees (PCCs) exist A) to do away with iron triangles. B) to do away with interagency councils. C) because President Bill Clinton viewed them as a way to stop territorial conflicts among policy makers. D) to handle policy problems within single departments and/or agencies. E) to handle large-scale problems such as terrorist financing and space shuttle disasters.

7) All Cabinet departments are headed by a secretary except for the Department of A) Defense. B) State. C) Commerce. D) Veterans Affairs. E) Justice.

9) The law enacted in 1939 to prohibit federal employees from becoming directly involved in political campaigns was called the A) Campaign Reform Act. B) Federal Employees Political Activities Act. C) Pendleton Act. D) Taft-Hartley Act. E) Hatch Act.

A disadvantage of telephone public opinion surveys is A) that they cost more than face-to-face surveys. B) that they have a lower response rate than face-to-face interviews. C) that some individuals do not own phones. D) that they have a lower response rate than mail interviews. E) both B and C

A major complaint of the Food and Drug Administration is A) its lack of clarity. B) the fragmentation of responsibilities. C) that there is no administrative discretion. D) that too much food is contaminated by dirt and rodents. E) the shortage of personnel.

A major purpose of the economic provisions in the Constitution was to (45-46) A) promote a more equal distribution of wealth in the country. B) guarantee the states a significant economic role. C) preserve and strengthen the farm economy to the disadvantage of manufacturing. D) establish a comprehensive set of social welfare programs to assist people in times of need. E) create a strong national government so as to bring stability out of economic chaos.

A political ideology is A) the process through which an individual acquires his or her political skills. B) a relatively small proportion of people who are chosen as representative of the whole. C) the distribution of the populationʹs beliefs about politics and policy issues. D) the set of courses that a political science student must complete to attain a degree. E) a coherent set of values and beliefs about public policy.

A presidential veto of legislation passed by Congress A) can be overturned only by majority vote of the Supreme Court. B) cannot be overturned. C) can be overturned by a majority vote of both the House and the Senate to override the veto. D) can be overturned by a two-thirds vote of either the House or the Senate to override the veto. E) can be overturned by a two-thirds vote of both the House and the Senate to override the veto.

A proportional representation system for electing members to a nationʹs legislature is more likely to lead to a A) situation like that of the United States, with only two major parties as rivals. B) centralization and unification of political forces within the nation. C) single party holding all the seats. D) moderating of political conflict. E) greater number of political parties holding seats.

A trial balloon is a A) method used by the media to force a politician or public official to admit to lying to a reporter. B) piece of information leaked to politicians from a reporter in order to confirm another source. C) sensational criminal trial that attracts inflated media coverage. D) directive by judges to deny access to reporters in certain sensitive cases. E) method used by public figures of leaking certain stories to reporters to see what the political reaction will be.

About which state has it been said that the political parties are so weak as to be almost nonexistent? A) Pennsylvania B) New York C) Texas D) Alaska E) California

According to James Madison and many of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention, what is the primary source of political conflict? (42) A) ignorance B) stupidity C) emotions D) religious beliefs E) unequal distribution of wealth

According to Russell Neuman, the paradox of mass politics is that the American political system works as well as it does given A) the fact that elected officials tend to ignore public opinion. B) the inaccuracy of public opinion polls giving politicians false information about what people want. C) the inability of people to express their opinion on issues and candidates. D) that most people do not even know what basic values they want upheld. E) the discomforting lack of public knowledge about politics.

According to the Twenty-fifth Amendment, in the event of a vacancy in the vice presidency, A) the electoral college elects a new vice president. B) the Speaker of the House is automatically the new vice president. C) the office remains vacant until a subsequent national election takes place. D) the Congress picks a new vice president from a list of five names submitted by the president. E) the president nominates a replacement, who must be confirmed by both houses of Congress.

After the Revolution, a major power shift occurred in the states from ________ to ________. (38-39) A) the broad middle class; a handful of wealthy individuals B) countryside; city C) city; countryside D) the east coast; the western interior E) wealthy individuals; broad middle class

An example of a splinter party would be A) the Prohibitionist party. B) the Poor Manʹs party of 1952. C) the Libertarian party. D) Ross Perotʹs United We Stand. E) George Wallaceʹs American Independents.

An interest group so single-minded that its members often vote on only one issue, ignoring a politicianʹs stand on everything else, is known as: a. A one-issue group b. a uni-issue group c. a hot-button group d. a mono-issue group e. a single-issue group

As ________, political parties serve the role of translating inputs from the public into outputs from policymakers. A) coalitions B) superdelegates C) political converters D) machines E) linkage institutions

At the base of presidential evaluations is the A) publicʹs longstanding suspicion of excessive presidential power. B) lack of well-defined opinions among most people. C) predisposition of many people to be critical of government and politics in general. D) publicʹs indifference to the president. E) predisposition of many people to support the president.

By constitutional requirement, the government conducts the United States Census every A) two years. B) year. C) five years. D) presidential election year. E) ten years.

Compared to men, women are more likely to A) oppose higher levels of military spending. B) support spending on social services. C) be indifferent to issues of government spending. D) support military intervention around the world. E) both A and B

Constitutional amendments are usually ratified by (55-56) A) state conventions called by two-thirds vote in Congress. B) a national convention. C) a majority of the Supreme Court. D) a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress. E) legislatures of three-fourths of the states.

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention generally agreed on each of the following EXCEPT (43-44) A) questions of human nature. B) the need for a limited government. C) the object and nature of a republican government. D) causes of political conflict. E) issues of equality.

During the colonial period, A) Americans experienced less freedom than citizens of most European nations. B) Britain was involved in nearly every aspect of American politics. (32) C) Americans were burdened with cumbersome feudal and hierarchical restraints. D) Americans suffered one of the lowest standards of living in the world. E) the King and Parliament generally confined themselves to governing the coloniesʹ foreign and trade policies.

During the second party system in United States history, Martin Van Buren argued that A) political parties were harming the country because they promoted factionalism, petty bickering, and disunity. B) the Whigs should be the sole party, as they were the only legitimate representatives of the people. C) the Democrats should be the sole party, as they were the only legitimate representatives of the people. D) the Republicans should be the sole party, as they were the only legitimate representatives of the people. E) a governing party needed a loyal opposition party to represent parts of society that it could not.

For ________, voting places are randomly selected around the country, and interviewers ask every tenth person how they voted. A) absentee balloting B) a referendum C) preventing voting fraud D) reapportionment E) an exit poll

George W. Bushʹs management style is A) wheel and spokes. B) chaotic. C) hierarchical. D) transitional. E) to delegate.

In 1887, Congress established the first regulatory agency, the ________, and charged it with regulating the railroads, their prices, and their services to farmers. A) Department of Transportation B) Railroad Commission C) American Railway Union D) Federal Trade Commission E) Interstate Commerce Commission

In a democratic society, parties, elections, interest groups and the media are all examples of ________ between the preferences of citizens and the government's policy agenda a. Cross-pollination b. Inputs and outputs c. Ideological bridges d. Obstacles e. Linkage institutions

In elections since 1968, A) the Democrats have dominated both the presidency and the Congress. B) the Republicans have dominated both the presidency and the Congress. C) party control of both Congress and the presidency has shifted from one party to the other at least every other election. D) the Democrats have dominated the presidency, while the Republicans have dominated Congress. E) the Republicans have dominated the presidency, while the Democrats have dominated the Congress.

In many other democracies, the system of awarding seats in the national legislature, unlike in the United States, is one of A) single-member districts. B) intellectual merit alone. C) winner-take-all. D) virtual representation. E) proportional representation.

In mid-term elections, the A) presidentʹs coattails are the strongest. B) presidentʹs party typically gains seats. C) president almost always wins reelection; a president who does not is the exception. D) president usually does not become involved. E) presidentʹs party typically loses seats.

In the case of Munn v. Illinois, decided in 1877, the United States Supreme Court A) ruled that states could not impose corporate income taxes. B) ruled that the Civil Service System was constitutional. C) outlawed the patronage system. D) held that government had no right to regulate the business operations of a firm. E) upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm.

In what was a very different era, the press chose not to point out to readers or to photograph the fact that President ________ was confined to a wheelchair. A) Warren Harding B) Harry Truman C) Dwight Eisenhower D) Lyndon Johnson E) Franklin Roosevelt

Liberals tend to A) support lower taxation. B) favor maintaining peace through strength. C) support lower government spending. D) support school prayer. E) none of the above

Lockean thought and the Declaration of Independence are similar in that both (36) A) recognize the right of the people to determine their own form of government, short of resorting to revolution. B) were developed in the late 1700s. C) value the preservation of private property. D) seek common ideals in government through the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. E) support the concept of natural rights and the idea that government be built on the consent of the governed.

Many politicians believe that single-issue groups a. Are essential to democracy b. Stimulate the political system to solve public policy problems c. Complicate efforts to seek the middle ground on various issues d. Do not affect policymaking e. Play a unifying role in American politics

Most polling today is done A) by mail. B) by computer modem and fax. C) at shopping malls. D) in person. E) by phone.

On the issue of slaves, the Constitution specified (44) A) that a gradual end to slavery must be worked out by Congress and the states within ten years. B) that slavery would be banned beginning in 1800. C) a boundary, known as the Mason-Dixon line, south of which slavery would be legal. D) Nothing. It was too controversial a subject and the delegates could not agree on anything regarding it. E) that slaves would count as three-fifths persons for counting the nationʹs population and determining seats in the House.

One of the primary reasons for the comparatively small scope of American government is A) liberalism. B) pluralism. C) judicial review. D) capitalism. E) individualism.

One of the reasons why the participation gap between minority groups and the national average is no longer enormous is because A) minorities are now the majority, and their average is the national average. B) the education and income levels of minorities are no longer significantly lower than that of whites. C) large numbers of minorities are now running for important political offices. D) education and income are no longer considered good predictors of voting behavior. E) minorities have a group consciousness that gives them an extra incentive to vote.

Party dealignment means the A) the inability of the parties to deal with the nationʹs problems. B) lack of party cohesion in Congress. C) realignment of party coalitions. D) increasing inability of minority parties to win elections. E) decreasing influence of both parties on voters and government.

Party realignments in the United States A) occur when a party makes dramatic changes in its positions on issues. B) involve the death of one party and the birth of a brand new one. C) are slight adjustments of political allegiance among voters in at least one region of the country. D) happen after most presidential elections, and occasionally in-between. E) are rare events in the United States, usually associated with a major national crisis or trauma, in which one partyʹs majority domination is replaced with anotherʹs.

Patronage A) is commonly used by political parties today. B) is an incentive given by national party offices. C) is the deference that elected officials give to their campaign contributors in making policy decisions. D) is based on merit and competence. E) was an inducement of jobs and financial rewards given for political reasons by party machines.

References by commentators on the presidency to there being ʺtwo presidenciesʺ refer to A) the president as candidate and the president as elected leader. B) the first term and the second term of a president. C) what the president originally proposes to accomplish and what the president actually does accomplish. D) the differences between public and private presidential actions. E) national security and domestic policy.

Richard Nixon believed he lost the 1960 presidential election because A) news coverage of his campaign was consistently biased against him. B) the Cuban Missile Crisis stole media attention from his campaign. C) of voter fraud in New York City. D) of Kennedyʹs dramatic pledge not to raise taxes. E) he was sweating and had an ugly beard stubble during a debate with Kennedy.

Shaysʹ Rebellion was A) the most decisive battle of the Revolution, after which British troops were never again able to mount a major offensive against American troops. (39) B) a slave uprising in Virginia. C) an uprising by small merchants demanding credit. D) an uprising by Revolutionary War veterans demanding pensions. E) an uprising by farmers to prevent judges from foreclosing on farms.

The American Revolution (37) A) was heavily influenced by the earlier successes of the French Revolution. B) strongly reflected the widespread class conflict that would eventually lead to deadly riots for two generations. C) was very similar to the French, Russian, and Iranian Revolutions. D) was a radical social movement that drastically altered the colonistsʹ way of life. E) was an essentially conservative movement that did not drastically alter the colonistsʹ way of life.

The British government stepped up its controls over the American colonies with new taxes and stronger commerce regulations right after (32) A) King Phillipʹs War. B) the assassination of the Duke of Windsor. C) King Georgeʹs War. D) the Civil War. E) the French and Indian War.

The United States national government spends about ________ a year. A) $4 billion B) $250 billion C) $1,000,000,000,000 D) $500 billion E) $2.8 trillion

The ________ is the list of subjects or problems to which government officials, and people outside of government closely associated with those officials, are paying some serious attention to at any given time. A) A-List B) plum book C) prioritization schedule D) catalog of current issues E) policy agenda

The ability of groups to prevent the government from taking actions adverse to their interests leads to what the text calls A) Dahlʹs ʺideal democratic process.ʺ B) elite dominance. C) budget deficits. D) enlightened understanding. E) policy gridlock.

The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem is called A) policy implementation. B) selective management. C) the merit principle. D) the definition of alternatives. E) administrative discretion.

The cozy relationship between politicians and the press in the twentieth century lasted until A) the Iranian Hostage Crisis. B) World War II. C) the commercialization of television. D) the beginning of Franklin Rooseveltʹs presidency. E) the Vietnam War and Watergate.

The federal civil service was created by A) Article IV of the Constitution. B) an executive order of President Arthur. C) the Office of Management and Budget. D) the merit principle. E) the Pendleton Act.

The first American political party evolved A) from the supporters of George Washingtonʹs first campaign for president. B) out of Thomas Jeffersonʹs efforts to get the Declaration of Independence adopted. C) out of public disgust over the duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton, leading to calls to solve conflicts through peaceful party competition. D) during the Constitutional Convention. E) out of Alexander Hamiltonʹs efforts to get Congress to establish a national bank.

The first party system (1796-1824) was characterized by A) professional politicians running for office. B) the dominance of the presidency by the Federalist party. C) the dominance of the Republican party. D) the dominance of the northern capitalist states. E) the dominance of the Democratic-Republican party.

The government designed at the Constitutional Convention allowed the voters to directly elect (49) A) both the House and Senate. B) the president and all members of Congress. C) only the Senate. D) only the president. E) only the House of Representatives.

The impact of public approval or disapproval of the president on the support that the president receives in Congress is A) irrelevant. B) not too important, though it occasionally has a minor effect. C) represented in the text by the equation s \ʹ3D px\ʹ2D1. D) extremely important, and sways nearly all members of Congress on every vote. E) important, but usually at the margins on most policies.

The individual who conducts daily press briefings and serves as a conduit of information from the White House is the A) National Security Advisor. B) Minister of Information. C) presidentʹs secretary. D) Chief of Staff. E) press secretary.

The main job of federal bureaucrats is to A) advise the president and Cabinet on internal affairs. B) countervail the power of private corporations, especially monopolies. C) compete with the private sector for monopoly power. D) protect the interests of their constituencies. E) implement and regulate government policies.

The most famous practitioner of civil disobedience in the United States during the twentieth century was this Nobel Peace Prize winner, A) Robert F. Kennedy. B) Mother Jones. C) John F. Kennedy. D) Jesse Jackson. E) Martin Luther King, Jr.

The party national committees A) select the partyʹs presidential candidate. B) are composed of each partyʹs members of Congress. C) meet once every four years. D) write and approve the partyʹs platform. E) keep the party operating between conventions.

The pocket veto can only be used A) when a new president is about to take office. B) during a presidential election year. C) when Congress is in session. D) on appropriations bills. E) when Congress is adjourned.

The sole purpose of government, according to John Locke, was to (34-35) A) promote the common good. B) prevent anarchy. C) educate its people. D) protect individuals from violence. E) protect natural rights.

The system of White House management employed by President John Kennedy was A) to disperse his authority to numerous aides, each of who had powerful decision-making power. B) unusually closed, with only the president and his two closest aides involved in most major decisions. C) to personally take charge of even the minor details of decision making. D) a chain of command with a chief of staff who controlled almost all access to the president. E) such that many aides equally participated in the decision-making process.

The typical member of Congress supports the president on national security roll-call votes A) very rarely. B) about 75 percent of the time. C) almost always. D) only 38 percent of the time. E) slightly more than half the time.

Those who argue that the United States is in the midst of a culture war argue that Americans are becoming increasingly A) isolationist. B) secular. C) hypocritical. D) egalitarian. E) polarized.

Voter turnout matters because: a. Federal funds are allocated on the basis of the number of voters in a congressional district b. It makes our country look better c. It makes citizens feel better d. Better candidates are selected when more people vote e. Politicians pay more attention to those who vote than those who do not vote

What was the significance of the Annapolis meeting? (40) A) It was the first national convention of women demanding the right to vote. B) It issued the Declaration of Independence. C) It dissolved the Continental Congress. D) It selected George Washington as the first post-Revolutionary president. E) It issued the original call for the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.

When bureaucrats are asked to execute orders with which they do not agree, A) they usually ignore the orders. B) they are likely to lose their jobs if they do not follow through with the orders. C) they can file a Conflict Of Interest Form and will be exempted from that duty by their boss. D) implementation follows standard operating procedures. E) slippage is likely to occur between policy decisions and performance.

Which of the following is a member of the cabinet? A) director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation B) Speaker of the House C) secretary of the navy D) White House Chief of Staff E) none of the above

Which of the following presidents was a Republican? A) Harry Truman B) John Kennedy C) Lyndon Johnson D) Jimmy Carter E) Richard Nixon

Which of the following situations was NOT considered an economic problem by the writers of the Constitution? (46-47) A) States put up tariffs against products from other states. B) Paper money was virtually worthless in some states. C) The economy was in a recession. D) States were passing laws favoring debtors over creditors. E) National taxes were too high.

Which of the following statements about Congress is FALSE? A) Congress is a collection of generalists trying to make policy on specialized topics. B) Members of Congress are surrounded by people who know (or claim to know) more than they do. C) Members of Congress are often unsure of what is being voted on when a roll-call vote is called. D) Members frequently ask their colleagues how to vote. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about congressional committees is FALSE? A) Unless a committee gives a bill a favorable report it almost never can be considered by the full House or Senate. B) The most important output of the committee is the marked up bill. C) Members of the committee usually serve as floor managers of the bill. D) Members of the committee act as cue-givers to whom other members turn for advice. E) none of the above

Which of the following would be included in a plum book? A) doctors at a Veteranʹs Administration hospital B) postal carriers C) the phone numbers of a Congress memberʹs sex partners D) Senate committee chairs E) Cabinet secretaries

Which of these is NOT a criterion of traditional democratic theory, as formulated by Robert Dahl? A) freedom of speech and press B) One person gets one vote. C) Citizenship must be open to all within a nation. D) Those who participate in political organizations must be representative of the general population. E) Citizens must make rational choices.

Which of these is NOT considered a challenge to democracy by the textbook? A) the diversity of the American people B) the level of political participation by Americans C) PACs D) the specialization of knowledge held by experts E) the tendency of the American political system to change rapidly

Which of these is TRUE about the United States Constitution? (35-36) A) It centralizes political power. B) It is superseded only by decrees of the president. C) It sets neutral rules for the game of politics. D) All of these are true. E) None of these are true.

Which president was a political scientist? A) Ronald Reagan B) James Madison C) Richard Nixon D) Bill Clinton E) Woodrow Wilson

ʺIron trianglesʺ face challenges from a growing number of A) street-level bureaucrats. B) subgovernments. C) plastics and softer metals. D) administrative discretions. E) issue networks.

10) Which of the following is NOT a permanent member country on the United Nations Security Council? A) Japan B) Great Britain C) China D) France E) Russia

130) Which of the following statements about the state governments is accurate? A) They carry out virtually all the functions they always have, while the national government has taken on new functions. B) The national government has taken away nearly all the functions the states used to perform. C) The national government has taken away about half the functions the states used to perform. D) There has been a sharp decrease in the proportion of gross national product spent by states and localities since 1929. E) Their policy functions have nearly been taken over by the national government.

15) Which of the following is NOT an effect of federalism? A) It simplifies the governmental system. B) Courts are called upon to be referees, and they gain power. C) It decentralizes political power. D) It creates more access points to government. E) It increases bureaucracy.

17) States are responsible for most public policies dealing with each of the following issues EXCEPT A) economic issues. B) social issues. C) police powers. D) family issues. E) moral issues.

37) The McCulloch v. Maryland case dealt with what specific grievance? A) a state taxing a national bank B) toll bridges on interstate roads C) the location of Marylandʹs capital city D) a state coining its own money E) import taxes on goods made in other states

40) Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North became a national celebrity when he explained his involvement in the ________ to a televised Congressional hearing. A) Iran-Contra scandal B) Watergate scandal C) defense procurement scandal D) liberation of Kuwait E) Whitewater scandal

41) The enumerated powers of Congress and the national government are those A) specifically spelled out in the Constitution. B) set out in the first ten amendments. C) involving taxes, spending, and fiscal policy. D) not specifically spelled out in the Constitution, but nonetheless acknowledged. E) requiring ratification by the states.

42) Federal policies to regulate food and drugs, build interstate highways, protect consumers, try to clean up dirty air and water, and do many other things are all justified as ________ of Congress. A) implied powers B) categorical grants C) constitutionally specified powers D) reserved powers E) enumerated powers

46) Which of the following federal policies exemplifies the implied powers of Congress? A) environmental protection law B) income tax C) the regulation of interstate commerce D) the provision of an army and a navy E) all of the above

61) The national government has exclusive control over foreign and military policy, the postal system, and monetary policy, while the states have exclusive control over other specific areas. This division of responsibilities reflects A) dual federalism. B) divided government. C) tripartite federalism. D) cooperative federalism. E) fiscal federalism.

79) The cold war ended A) spontaneously with freedom and self-determination erupting in Eastern Europe. B) with the signing of the East-West Corollaries in 1993. C) with the American occupation of Eastern Europe in 1945. D) shortly after Chinese students held peaceful protests for democracy in Tiananmen Square. E) with Iraqʹs defeat in Kuwait in 1991.

828 109) ________ are intended to raise the price of imported goods and thereby protect a nationʹs businesses and workers from foreign competition. A) Tariffs B) Quotas C) Balances of trade D) Subsidies E) Excise taxes

83) Fiscal federalism is A) the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system. B) the distinct separation of national government spending versus state and local government spending. C) the federal governmentʹs regulation of the money supply and interest rates. D) the federal income tax. E) a sharing of local and national resources practiced in other countries but not in the United States.

Americans have ________ health care. A) high-tech, expensive, and unequal B) low-tech, inexpensive, and unequal C) high-tech, expensive, and equal D) low-tech, expensive, and unequal E) high tech, inexpensive and equal

Civil liberties consist of A) legal and constitutional protections against the government. B) the right to be treated equally under the law. C) the cumulative decisions of the Supreme Court. D) the right of citizens to sue government.

Common Cause is an example of A) a public interest lobby. B) a subgovernment. C) interest group liberalism. D) a single-issue group. E) a for-profit lobby.

Freedom of assembly includes the right to do all of the following EXCEPT A) riot. B) parade. C) protest. D) picket. E) demonstrate.

Half of the designated wilderness area in the United States is located in A) Alaska. B) New England. C) Texas. D) California. E) the Rocky Mountains.

In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that in the third trimester of pregnancy A) states can ban abortion except when the motherʹs health is in danger. B) states are prohibited from funding the abortions of poor women. C) states cannot ban abortion unless the motherʹs life is in danger. D) states cannot ban abortion. E) the federal government, but not the states, is prohibited from funding abortions for poor women.

Medicaid is a program designed to provide health care for A) the very poor. B) the elderly. C) everyone who lives below the poverty line. D) veterans. E) Social Security recipients.

Most of the wording of the Bill of Rights concerns A) the rights of people accused of crimes. B) the right to bear arms. C) freedom of religion and the establishment clause. D) freedom of speech and freedom of the press. E) freedoms of expression.

Policies that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discrimination are known as A) civil rights. B) civil liberties. C) human rights. D) suffrage. E) affirmative action.

The Supreme Court has permitted prior restraint of which of the following? A) high school newspapers B) compact discs by 2 Live Crew C) the Pentagon Papers D) a newspaper that called local officials ʺJewish gangstersʺ E) It has permitted prior restraint of all of these.

The Supreme Court ruled in Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) that in the absence of shield laws, A) the right of a free trial preempts the reporterʹs right to protect sources. B) that newspaper files are protected by the First Amendment. C) that reporters have more rights than other citizens. D) judges can bar cameras from the courtroom. E) none of the above

The high point of voter turnout in the United States was in A) 1896. B) 1932. C) 1972. D) 1968. E) 1960.

Transfer payments A) consist of cash and in-kind benefits from the government. B) are part of the proposed changes to make taxation more proportional. C) have significantly redistributed income in America. D) have the net effect of being regressive. E) all of the above

Which of the following countries has the highest infant mortality rate? A) United States B) France C) Japan D) Italy E) Canada

ʺComparable worthʺ refers to the issue of A) paying men and women equivalent salaries for jobs requiring similar skills. B) government subsidization of women who choose to work at home. C) the inherent dignity and equality of women with men. D) reduced work responsibilities for women workers with children. E) equal voting rights and access to public office for women.

The Twenty-fourth Amendment, ratified in 1964, A) prohibited discrimination in employment or public accommodations based on race. B) granted Negroes the right to vote. C) outlawed the use of literacy tests in order to register to vote. D) outlawed the grandfather clause and the white primary. E) prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections.

The great freedoms of speech, press, religion, and assembly are contained in the A) First, Second, Third and Fourth Amendments. B) Fourth Amendment. C) Second Amendment. D) Third Amendment. E) First Amendment.

Today, ________ apply to the states. A) all of the Bill of Rights except the First Amendment B) all of the Bill of Rights C) none of the Bill of Rights D) four amendments of the Bill of Rights E) all but five provisions or amendments of the Bill of Rights

Where is the right to privacy found in the Constitution? A) Tenth Amendment B) First Amendment C) Sixth Amendment D) Ninth Amendment E) none of the above

2) Federalism is unique to the Western Hemisphere.

28) State governments have gained power relative to the federal government over the past century.

(T/F)(30-31) Burning the flag is a legally protected form of political expression.

(T/F)(32) A Constitution is never neutral.

(T/F)(42) According to James Madison, factions arise from the unequal distribution of wealth.

(T/F)(42) Most delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 held a cynical view of human nature.

(T/F)(49) The founders believed that state governments, where most of the governmental activity was expected to take place, would act as checks on the power of the national government.

(T/F)(49-50) The system of checks and balances and the separation of powers in the Constitution have a conservative bias because they favor the status quo.

A 2002 survey of 1,149 journalists found that, compared to the general public, journalists were twice as likely to consider themselves A) Democrats. B) radicals. C) Republicans. D) conservatives. E) policy entrepreneurs.

A study by the Los Angeles Times in the mid-1980s found that reporters were ________ as likely to call themselves liberal as the general public. A) twice B) half C) one-third D) just E) not

According to Thomas Jefferson, which of the following is an inalienable right? A) Liberty B) Taxes C) Justice D) Jurisprudence E) Incontinence

African Americans constitute ________ of the United States Senate. A) less than 10 percent B) approximately 35 percent C) roughly half D) well over half E) about 20 percent

An especially important asset for incumbents running for reelection is their A) service to constituents. B) voting records. C) support by party leaders in Congress. D) presidential support. E) invisibility.

Basically, Congress is a(n) ________ decision-making body. A) reactive and cumbersome B) active and smooth C) unified and consistent D) radical and hasty E) retroactive

From the late-nineteenth century through the New Deal years, many of Americaʹs largest cities were dominated by A) corrupt but popular party machines. B) the Socialist party. C) the Communist party. D) mayors who refused to allow elections. E) super delegates who controlled everything.

In the second party system in United States history, the election contests were between which two major parties? A) Democrats and Whigs B) Democrats and Republicans C) Federalists and Whigs D) Republicans and Whigs E) Federalists and Anti-Federalists

One survey of journalists in 2002 found that ________ were Democrats. A) 37 percent B) 29 percent C) 60 percent D) 45 percent E) 85 percent

One type of linkage institution is A) an interest group B) a government. C) a bureaucracy. D) a legislature. E) all of the above

Public opinion polling was first begun in 1932 by A) George Gallup. B) the Democratic party. C) Louis Harris. D) the Associated Press. E) Henry Luce.

Television became especially important in bringing the reality of ________ home to America as its first heavily televised war. A) the Vietnam War B) the Korean War C) World War I D) the war in Iraq E) World War II

The American Revolution (37) A) did not drastically alter the colonistsʹ way of life. B) produced great societal change. C) was won quickly and decisively by the superior American troops. D) created class conflicts that split society. E) was fought between a large army of colonials and a small British army.

The American Voter study on ideological sophistication among voters in the 1950s showed that a plurality of Americans were A) group benefits voters. B) ideologues. C) nature-of-the-times voters. D) authoritarian personalities. E) no-issue-content voters.

The Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803) asserted the power of the Court to (58-59) A) check the actions of the other branches through judicial review. B) nullify constitutional amendments. C) confirm presidential appointments. D) determine its own size and makeup. E) impeach the president.

The Twenty-fifth Amendment, ratified in 1967, A) created a means for selecting a new vice president when the office became vacant. B) granted 18-year-olds the right to vote. C) limited the president to two terms in office. D) specifically forced Richard Nixon from office. E) provided for the direct election of the president by the people.

The ________ Act was passed partly as a memorial to the memory of President James Garfield, who was assassinated in 1881. A) Pendleton Civil Service B) Treason C) Voting Rights D) Hatch E) Interstate Commerce

The amendments that have been added to the Constitution have made it (56) A) more egalitarian and democratic. B) more elitist and undemocratic. C) more protective of property rights. D) weaker and less significant to American society. E) much more like the European constitutions it originally condemned.

The classic conception of a bureaucracy was advanced by ________, who argued that the bureaucracy was a ʺrationalʺ way for a modern society to conduct its business. A) Max Weber B) Thomas Jefferson C) John Locke D) Charles L. Schultze E) James Madison

The diffusion of responsibility within the bureaucracy A) makes the coordination of policies both time-consuming and difficult. B) increases administrative discretion. C) allows for a diversity of opinion thus facilitating effective administration. D) helps diminish the use of administrative discretion. E) facilitates the use of inter-bureaucracy standard operating procedures.

The dominant political party in Americaʹs first party system was the A) Democratic-Republicans. B) Whigs. C) Republicans. D) Democrats. E) Federalists.

The first true anti-slavery party was the A) Free Soil party. B) Anti-slavery party. C) Populist party. D) Progressive party. E) Republican party.

The primary author of the Declaration of Independence was (33) A) Thomas Jefferson. B) Benjamin Franklin. C) James Madison. D) King George III. E) George Washington.

Two key elements of the Madisonian model were to (49) A) keep most of the government beyond the control of a popular majority and separate the powers of different institutions. B) promote state power while separating the powers of different national institutions. C) keep as much of the government as possible beyond the control of a popular majority and extend the right to vote to everyone. D) combine the powers of different institutions and create a powerful presidency. E) require a system of checks and balances and extend democracy.

Who is the most likely to visit a candidateʹs web site? A) the candidateʹs supporters B) the candidateʹs detracters C) undecided voters D) unregistered citizens E) retired Americans

3) The Pendleton Act established the principle of ________ in federal hiring. A) patronage B) merit C) civility D) partisanship E) gender equality

A shot of a personʹs face speaking directly into the television camera is known as a A) superficial. B) talking head. C) head shot. D) sound bite. E) mug shot.

Andrew Jackson was the first president identified as a(n) A) Independent. B) Democrat. C) Republican. D) Democratic-Republican. E) Whig.

Closed primaries A) depress voter turnout. B) encourage party loyalty. C) discourage party loyalty. D) cost less than open primaries. E) have fewer undercounts.

Congressional reforms of the 1970s A) professionalized the operation of Congress and made it much more efficient. B) decentralized power and democratized Congress. C) were aimed at rooting out scandal and corruption. D) ended the two-party monopoly of Congress and brought new parties into Congress. E) all of the above

Historically disadvantaged groups tend to A) vote Republican. B) vote Democratic. C) vote for Green candidates. D) vote Libertarian. E) vote as Independents.

House and Senate committees A) all have an equal number of Republicans and Democrats. B) all have a majority of members from the majority party in that chamber. C) must have their membership approved by the president. D) are non-partisan, and thus some committees are nearly all Democrats and others nearly all Republicans. E) are populated by the hired staff members of Congress, freeing the elected members for more important work.

How many presidents were political scientists? A) about half of them B) one C) all but one of them D) two E) all of them

In 2000, Green party candidate Ralph Nader forced more attention on ________ issues and drew away a small percentage of votes from Al Gore. A) budgetary B) environmental C) health D) national security E) welfare

In John Lockeʹs philosophy, the requirements that standing laws be known and private property be preserved (34-35) A) are always threatened by democratic government. B) impose two major limits on government. C) are unenforceable when government is limited. D) must be sacrificed in the interest of democracy. E) could only be enforced by a powerful king.

In a winner-take-all system, A) coalition governments are common. B) unless a party wins, there is no reward for the votes it gets. C) if no single party gets a majority vote, a runoff election is held between the top two parties. D) legislative seats are allocated according to each partyʹs percentage of the nationwide vote. E) the party winning the majority of the votes wins all the seats up for election in the legislature.

In terms of organizational structure, American political parties are A) organized more by regions of the country than at the state or national level. B) decentralized and fragmented. C) tightly controlled organisms that exert tremendous control over candidates. D) operated on the principle of democratic centralism: Local and state organizations control the national organizations. E) centralized and hierarchical.

In the presidential election of 2004, ________ of Americans voted. A) 69 percent B) 55 percent C) 39 percent D) 59 percent E) 45 percent

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published A) A Theory of Democracy B) The Communist Manifesto C) The Federalist Papers. D) Poor Richardʹs Almanac. E) War and Peace.

Public opinion analysts agree that the level of public knowledge about politics is A) pretty good. B) dismally low. C) constantly fluctuating. D) fair. E) surprisingly sharp and sophisticated.

Purposely staged activities held in front of the media are called A) trial balloons. B) media events. C) political dramas. D) press conferences. E) news.

Ratification of the Constitution was done by (55) A) the voters in each state casting open ballots. B) special conventions in each state. C) the state legislatures approving the document. D) approval by the Supreme Court. E) majority vote of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention.

23) From clean-air legislation to welfare reforms, the states constitute a ________ to develop and test public policies and share the results with other states and the national government. A) major roadblock B) national laboratory C) neglected resource D) last chance E) severe reluctance

796 8) The United Nations Security Council has ________ members. A) 5 B) 15 C) 35 D) 175 E) 100

80) About ________ of the funds state and local governments spend comes from the federal government. A) 33 percent B) 25 percent C) 50 percent D) 75 percent E) 90 percent

98) Project grants A) have no strings attached. q C) are distributed according to a specific formula. D) are automatically given to states and communities. E) all of the above

A ________ tax requires the same share from everyone, rich and poor alike. A) progressive B) proportional C) regressive D) relative deprivation E) flat

All people who might be group members because they share some common interest make up A) an actual group. B) a potential group. C) a collective group. D) an interest group. E) a probable group.

In a typical year, the Supreme Court issues ________ formal written opinions that could serve as precedent, and thus as the basis of guidance for lower courts. A) more than 1,000 B) fewer than 100 C) between 150 and 500 D) more than 500, but less than 1,000 E) fewer than ten

Interest group liberalism is criticized especially by ________ theorists. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) social-conservative

Litigants are A) the attorneys. B) the plaintiff and the defendant. C) the plaintiff and the plaintiffʹs attorney. D) the defendant and the defendantʹs attorney. E) plaintiffs.

Official poverty counts tend to underestimate poverty because A) some families refuse to report their income level. B) some families go in and out of poverty without being counted. C) they do not include individualsʹ wealth. D) the Republicans want it that way. E) the Democrats want it that way.

Over the last five decades, voting based primarily on party identification has A) completely disappeared. B) declined sharply. C) stayed almost exactly the same. D) increased. E) increased sharply.

Right-to-work laws are most strongly supported by A) unemployed citizens. B) business groups. C) union officials. D) the feminist and civil rights movements. E) illegal immigrants.

The Bill of Rights was written and proposed by A) the United States Supreme Court in 1796. B) the First Congress of the United States in 1789. C) the Constitutional Convention in 1787. D) President George Washington in 1789. E) President Thomas Jefferson in 1801.

The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution A) is the freedom of privacy. B) forbids cruel and unusual punishment. C) is the right to bear arms. D) grants women equal rights including the right to vote. E) protects freedom of assembly.

The best evidence indicates that the overall incidence of taxes-local, state, and federal-in America is A) progressive. B) proportional. C) regressive. D) relative deprivation. E) flat.

The customary manner in which the Senate disposes of federal judicial nominations in one state is through A) the seniority system. B) senatorial courtesy. C) majority vote, usually along party lines. D) judicial review. E) stateʹs review.

The decision to appeal cases the federal government has lost in the lower courts is made by the A) majority of the Supreme Court. B) Solicitor General. C) president. D) chief justice. E) district judge.

The election of 1896 was largely fought over the issue of A) war. B) economics. C) race relations. D) government corruption. E) the ownership of land in the west.

The entry point for most litigation in the federal courts is in one of the ________ courts. A) appellate B) district C) Superior D) legislative E) municipal

The fastest growing age group in the American population is A) Generation X. B) people in their 80s. C) infants. D) teenagers. E) baby-boomers.

________ is part of the Social Security system and covers 40 million American seniors with hospitalization insurance and other optional health insurance. A) Medicaid B) Medicare C) The National Institutes of Health D) The Superfund E) The United States Health Service

107) The international economy today is one characterized by A) independence. B) isolationism. C) interdependence. D) intransigence. E) protectionism.

795 4) The United Nations was created in A) 1789. B) 1865. C) 1945. D) 1967. E) 1919.

The filibuster is a technique used in the A) House to delay legislation until a full House can convene. B) Senate to prolong debate in order to kill a bill. C) Senate to bypass committees in voting on controversial issues. D) House to allow more time to debate controversial policies. E) House and Senate to prevent a vote on a bill.

9) A unitary system is a way of organizing government so that A) power is concentrated in state and local governments. B) national and state governments have separate powers over different areas and people. C) power is concentrated in a central government. D) both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people. E) every single government is independent of the others and possesses its own specialized power and authority.

A writ of certiorari A) means that judges have decided a case on the basis of precedent. B) frees a detained person whom a court has found is being held in violation of due process. C) is used by the Supreme Court to call up a case. D) is the official record of a courtʹs decision, stating the facts of the case and the rationale for the decision. E) is used to move a case from a court of original jurisdiction to a federal district court.

According to ________ theorists, interest groups compete and counterbalance one another in the political marketplace. A) elitist B) hyperelitist C) pluralist D) hyperpluralist E) free market

Americaʹs coal deposits are expected to last A) 15 more years. B) 50 more years. C) for hundreds of years. D) for thousands of years. E) forever, as coal is a renewable resource.

Amicus curiae briefs A) are written explanations of a court decision. B) are lawsuits submitted by interest groups. C) consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. D) enable groups of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit. E) are legal arguments submitted by the presidentʹs attorneys advocating the United States governmentʹs position in an important federal court case.

An example of a collective good is A) food. B) employment. C) clean air. D) housing. E) all of the above

Class action lawsuits A) consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. B) consist of lawsuits brought to the courts by one particular social class in society. C) enable a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit. D) enable organized interests groups to sue the federal government over a particular issue. E) ask a court to take action against a particular group to stop them from injuring another group financially.

Constitutional protections of free speech are ________ on private property . A) completely invalidated B) fully protected C) diminished D) untested E) unchanged

Economic groups A) are those which require individuals to pay dues to be members. B) consist only of corporations, rather than individuals, as members. C) are those groups interested in wages, prices, and profits. D) lobby on behalf of all consumers. E) are those groups that provide information to Congress.

Global warming refers to A) the expectation that the Earthʹs atmosphere is becoming warmer due to the decreasing size of ice masses in Antarctica. B) the expectation that the world will share a common weather pattern by the year 2010. C) the expectation that the Earthʹs atmosphere is becoming warmer due to high levels of carbon monoxide production. D) the spread of nuclear power throughout the world. E) the melting of the polar ice caps.

Government benefits provided regardless of financial need are called A) means-tested. B) transfer payments. C) entitlements. D) non-merit benefits. E) generic expenditures.

The view of human nature most prevalent among the Founding Fathers was that (42) A) men abhor power and the burdens that come with it. B) people are self-interested in acquiring wealth and power. C) human nature can be perfected, given the right social and political institutions. D) people are basically cooperative and community-oriented. E) people are disorganized and without vision.

To limit bureaucratic discretion and make its instructions clearer, Congress can A) deregulate. B) write new and more detailed legislation. C) hold congressional hearings. D) reregulate. E) threaten to cut an agencyʹs budget.

Todayʹs news people work in an environment of ________ toward government. A) friendship B) cynicism C) hostility D) trust E) acceptance

In the 1992 case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court ruled that abortion A) could be completely outlawed by individual states. B) must be funded by state governments when the mother cannot afford it, or it would be a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. C) restrictions could be imposed by states if they did not involve ʺundue burdensʺ on the women seeking abortions. D) funding by any level of government was unconstitutional. E) was a fundamental right, and any restrictions on such a right had to be judged by a ʺstrict scrutiny.ʺ

In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that a black man, slave or free, was ʺchattelʺ and had no rights under a white manʹs government; it also ruled that Congress had no power to ban slavery in the western territories. A) Plessy v. Ferguson B) Craig v. Boren C) Dred Scott v. Sandford D) Brown v. Board of Education E) Amos v. Colorado

Which of the following groups would be LEAST likely to vote in a typical election? A) middle-class minority voters B) poor white voters C) rich white voters D) poor minority voters E) rich minority voters

Organizations seeking a collective good that may not benefit them directly are called A) commodity associations. B) protest groups. C) public interest lobbies. D) single-issue groups. E) altruistic lobbies.

The Court of Claims is a A) district court. B) state court. C) legislative court. D) Constitutional court. E) presidential court.

The goal of affirmative action is to move toward A) equal facilities. B) equal opportunity. C) equal results. D) equal pay. E) comparable worth.

The mandate theory of elections A) is based on the economic theory of rational decision making. B) explains votersʹ decisions according to an evaluation of the candidatesʹ personality. C) says that people vote for candidates because they want them to carry out certain policies. D) explains votersʹ decisions according to party identification. E) is based on the sociological theory of irrational behaviorism.

The womenʹs rights movement was launched with the signing of the A) Feminist Manifesto. B) Emancipation Proclamation. C) Seneca Falls Declaration. D) Equal Rights Amendment. E) Declaration of Independence.

________ has some of the strongest parties in America. A) Hawaii B) Pennsylvania C) New York D) Texas E) California

To count the poor, the United States Bureau of the Census has established the ________ which takes into account what a family would need to spend to maintain an ʺaustereʺ standard of living. A) culture of poverty B) urban underclass C) poverty line D) relative deprivation index E) Poverty Index

A primary resource available to presidents for controlling the bureaucracy is A) control of the federal budget. B) their unlimited power to offer patronage positions in the bureaucracy. C) the power to appoint top-level administrators. D) their ability to dismiss or fire most members of the bureaucracy. E) all of the above

According to the Constitution, revenue bills must originate in the A) Internal Revenue Service. B) Federal Reserve System. C) House. D) Senate. E) Treasury Department.

Approximately ________ of presidential campaign spending is for TV ads. A) 40 percent B) 20 percent C) 60 percent D) 80 percent E) 90 percent

Approximately what percent of African Americans live below the poverty line? A) 28 B) 42 C) 25 D) 6 E) 17

As a whole, the permanent federal bureaucracy is A) less diverse in terms of the type of jobs than the private sector. B) dominated by white males. C) more broadly representative of the American people than the rest of the federal government. D) composed of an American elite. E) now employing 15 percent of the American work force.

30) ʺThe Pentagonʺ refers to the A) State Department. B) Foreign Service. C) Joint Chiefs of Staff. D) Department of Defense. E) Department of Homeland Security.

64) If the allocation of power in a cooperative federal system were compared to a cake it would be most like A) a layer cake with two distinct layers. B) a single-layer cake. C) a cake walk: who gets what is random. D) fifty marbled cupcakes. E) a layer cake with many layers.

66) Over time, there has been a gradual change from a dual federalism to a(n) ________ federalism. A) unitary B) single C) tripartite D) cooperative E) fiscal

76) Which of the following does NOT characterize the standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today? A) federal guidelines B) grants-in-aid C) shared costs D) separate and distinct roles for the national and state governments E) shared administration

80) Which of the following statements about events in the late 1980s and early 1990s marking the end of the Cold War is FALSE? A) The Berlin Wall, separating East and West Germany, was torn down. B) Eastern European nations overthrew their communist regimes and established free, democratic governments. C) The former Soviet Union split into 15 separate nations. D) Mass protests in Tiananmen Square led to sweeping democratic reforms in China. E) The collapse of communism was sparked by the policies of Soviet communist leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

82) The use of violence to demoralize and frighten a countryʹs population or government is referred to as A) isolationism. B) de´tente. C) mutual assured destruction. D) terrorism. E) psychological warfare.

After more than a decade of political delays, President Bush in 2002 signed off on Congressional legislation choosing Yucca Flats, Nevada, as the A) official location of the Superfund. B) new office location of the EPA. C) only remaining pristine wilderness in the United States. D) site for the long-term storage of nuclear waste. E) site for the destruction of nuclear weapons.

An advantage of single-issue groups is their A) financial resources. B) pool of potential members. C) pool of actual members. D) intensity. E) diversity.

Examples of issues addressed in recent initiatives include all of the following EXCEPT A) ending affirmative action. B) setting maximum claim sizes. C) paying college graduates to reside in a state for a number of years. D) election day registration. E) none of the above

Federal spending on social programs ________ spending on the military and homeland security. A) is slightly less than B) is about the same as C) is slightly higher than D) is substantially higher than E) is much lower than

In ________, incumbents who provide desired results are rewarded; those who fail to do so are punished. A) indirect primaries B) initiatives C) referendums D) retrospective voting E) incentive voting

In ________, the Supreme Court ruled that any ʺarbitraryʺ sex-based classification violated the equal protection clause. A) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke B) Dred Scott v. Sandford C) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools D) Reed v. Reed E) Roe v. Wade

In its investigation of Supreme Court nominees, the Senate Judiciary Committee A) follows the custom of senatorial courtesy and confirms nominees approved by their home state senators. B) limits its investigation to the nomineeʹs judicial integrity and experience. C) is basically a rubber stamp for the presidentʹs nomination. D) may probe a nomineeʹs judicial philosophy in great detail. E) none of the above

In order to convince moderate senators to join them, opponents of a nomination for the Supreme Court try to focus on a nomineeʹs A) mistrial rate. B) ideology. C) political activities. D) competence or ethics. E) age.

In the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, the United States Supreme Court A) voted unanimously to declare slavery unconstitutional and ʺbarbaric,ʺ thus causing the southern states to secede. B) ruled that all adult African-American men had a right to vote under the Constitution. C) outlawed segregation laws which separated blacks and whites in all public places. D) ruled that a black man, slave or free, was ʺchattel,ʺ and upheld slavery itself as constitutional. E) for the first time placed a geographic limit on the expansion of slavery, banning it west of the Mississippi River.

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that suspects must be told of their constitutional rights to remain silent, that what they say can be used against them, and of their right to have an attorney present during any questioning? A) Gideon v. Wainwright B) Near v. Minnesota C) Plucennik v. United States D) Miranda v. Arizona E) Mapp v. Ohio

Stare decisis means that cases are A) decided using an adversarial system of opposing sides through which the truth hopefully will emerge. B) decided on the grounds of constitutionality. C) often used by judges to in effect enact new law and public policy. D) decided on the basis of precedent. E) appealable only on procedural grounds not on evidence.

The 1991 convention of the Tailhook Association convention brought attention to the problem of A) the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment. B) homosexual activity in the armed services. C) comparable worth. D) sexual harassment. E) sexual discrimination in the courts.

The government spends more on the ________ than on the ________. A) military; civilians B) youth; elderly C) men; women D) non poor; poor E) non citizens; citizens

The presidential election of 1800 represents the first A) use of party nominating conventions. B) time the Senate elected the president. C) use of the electoral college. D) peaceful transfer of power in the world between parties via the electoral process. E) time the voters directly elected the presidential electors.

To prevent abuse of police power, the Constitution requires that no court may issue ________ unless probable cause exists to believe that a crime has occurred or is about to occur. A) a writ of habeas corpus B) a prior restraint C) an exclusionary rule D) a search warrant E) any of the above

All Governments a. Have written constitutions b. have a legislature c. provide services d. have a president e. are elected

An issue that became controversial regarding the 1990 census was A) inclusion of immigrants. B) cost of the census. C) the undercount of minority groups. D) the overcount of urbanites. E) none of the above

The Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling was handed down by the Supreme Court A) a few years after the Civil War. B) in 1896. C) during the Civil War. D) in the 1950s. E) a few years prior to the Civil War.

The only president to resign his office was A) Warren Harding. B) Jimmy Carter. C) Lyndon Johnson. D) Spiro Agnew. E) Richard Nixon.

The authors of The American Voter would agree with each of the following statements EXCEPT A) It is a misnomer to speak of election results as indicating a movement of the public either left or right. B) For most people, the terms liberal and conservative are not as important as they are for the political elite. C) People who think in ideological terms are most likely to switch parties from one election to the next. D) Eisenhowerʹs two election victories represented a shift in the conservative direction during the 1950s. E) none of the above

The basic underpinning of approval or disapproval of a president is A) the presidentʹs ability to get her/his program passed by Congress. B) personality characteristics. C) political party identification. D) the state of the economy. E) the behavior of the media.

The president has the constitutional authority to make treaties with other nations, subject to the agreement of A) a majority of both the House and the Senate. B) a majority of the Senate. C) two-thirds of the Senate. D) two-thirds of the House. E) a majority of the House.

42) If the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) reviews and approves a final version of a regulation, what happens next? A) The president signs the regulation into law. B) The Supreme Court reviews the constitutionality of the proposed regulation. C) The OMB asks Congress if the regulation was part of its intent. D) The new regulation is published in the Federal Register. E) The new regulation is enforced but only with administrative discretion.

A critical election involves and accelerates a process called A) partisan transformation. B) electoral examination. C) proportional representation. D) party realignment. E) democratic rejuvenation.

At the beginning of party development in the United States, A) parties tried to defeat each other in elections. B) there were many small parties, each representing a narrow interest. C) we had a one-party system where one powerful party dominated the government and blocked the creation of new parties. D) parties sought to destroy each other. E) parties were merely the personal following of certain charismatic individuals.

Critically affecting the electoral college vote, bringing new issues to the public agenda, and venting popular discontent are important roles played by A) intra-party factions. B) splinter groups in a multiparty system. C) the two-party system in thwarting extreme or unconventional views. D) third parties in a two-party system. E) parties based on a single issue in a multiple-issue society.

Each bureaucratic agency is created initially by A) constitutional provision. B) the president. C) the bureaucracy itself. D) Congress. E) order of a federal court.

In recent elections, the trends in party identification in the United States have been A) an increase in the percentage of Democrats and a decline in the percentage of Independents. B) an increase in the percentages of Democrats and Republicans and a decline in the percentage of Independents. C) an increase in the percentage of Democrats and a decline in the percentage of Republicans. D) a decrease in the percentage of Democrats and an increase in the percentage of Independents. E) a fairly constant percentage of Democrats, Republicans, and Independents.

In the House races of 2004, the typical incumbent outspent the typical challenger by A) 2 to 1. B) 4 to 1. C) 6 to 1. D) 15 to 1. E) 20 to 1.

In what way do weak political parties affect the scope of government? A) They make it difficult for politicians to help their constituents. B) They allow presidents to expand the scope of foreign policy, while they decrease the domestic scope of government. C) Being weak, they are unable to counteract the power of government so the scope of government grows. D) Since it is harder for them to enact legislation, it is hard for them to either expand or decrease the scope of government. E) They have had no real effect on the size and power of government.

John Locke believed in each of the following EXCEPT (34-35) A) limited government. B) consent of the governed. C) natural rights. D) divine right of kings. E) both C and D

Legislative ________ is the process of monitoring the bureaucracy and its administration of policy. A) franking B) stonewalling C) overview D) oversight E) supremacy

Over the last fifty years much of Americaʹs population growth has occurred A) on the East Coast. B) east of the Mississippi River. C) north of the Mason-Dixon line. D) in the West and South. E) in the Midwest.

The Depression of the 1930s gave rise to what is called A) econo-politics. B) party competition. C) the Era of Divided Government. D) the New Deal coalition. E) the Republican resurgence.

The Weberian model views bureaucracies as A) promoting good monopolies. B) loosely organized and loosely run. C) largely self-serving. D) efficient and necessary. E) hindering democracy.

The one element of government that Madisonʹs plan placed within direct control of the voters was the (49) A) Senate. B) presidency. C) Congress. D) House of Representatives. E) Supreme Court.

The overall set of shared values in a society is known as A) individualism. B) value added voting. C) populism. D) political culture. E) collectivism.

The overriding bias in the news is toward stories that A) include talking heads. B) are triangular. C) are liberal. D) draw large audiences. E) target-specific audiences.

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress had the power to (38) A) levy taxes. B) overturn state laws. C) regulate commerce. D) maintain an army and navy. E) all of the above

31) There are _______ Cabinet departments. A) ten. B) twelve. C) thirteen. D) fourteen. E) fifteen.

According to the categories used in the classic study, The American Voter, those who voted for a party out of routine, or judged candidates strictly by their personalities were classified as A) group benefits voters. B) nature-of-the-times voters. C) ideologues. D) personalistic voters. E) no-issue-content voters.

According to the text, public opinion polls are A) unimportant since what people say and what people do are two different things. B) becoming less important as more people recognize their inaccuracies. C) important because results can sway people to change their political preferences. D) largely meaningless because they tend to measure peopleʹs responses to an agenda set by the pollster and assumptions embedded in the questions by the pollster. E) important because policymakers can keep in touch with changing opinions on the issues.

Administrative discretion is greatest when A) rules and regulations are not written down. B) when standard operating procedures are used. C) an agency has elaborate rules and regulations. D) a particular agency is the subject of media coverage. E) rules do not fit a case.

News coverage by the print and broadcast media is generally A) very ideologically biased. B) comprehensive. C) detailed. D) controversial. E) superficial.

Jim Crow laws A) imposed legal segregation on African Americans in the South after the Civil War. B) were an attempt to reimpose slavery in the South after the Civil War. C) gave African Americans the right to vote in local elections in the South. D) granted former slaves free land in compensation for their years of unpaid labor. E) allowed African Americans to hold state and federal offices in the South after the Civil War.

Jim Crow laws were those which A) were enacted by Southern whites in the late nineteenth century to segregate African Americans from whites. B) the North enforced in the South in the Reconstruction era following the Civil War, granting rights to former slaves. C) sought to end segregation and bring the races into closer contact with one another. D) justified slavery and set codes for slavesʹ behavior. E) established slavery and contract law regulating the slave trade.

Most cases are settled through A) plea bargaining. B) paupersʹ petitions. C) judicial tribunals. D) trial by a judge. E) trial by jury.

Not everyone can challenge a law. Litigants must have what is called ________, meaning that they must have a serious personal stake in the case, typically determined by whether or not they have sustained or are in danger of an injury. A) standing to sue B) a writ of mandamus C) stare decisis D) original jurisdiction E) legal prerogative

One consequence of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was A) dramatic increase in the number of African Americans registered to vote. B) increased access of blacks to public accommodations. C) the increased use of gerrymandering. D) decreased involvement of federal officials in state election procedures. E) an increase in segregation.

One of the differences between criminal law and civil law is that in civil law A) there is no charge that a law has been violated. B) there is no jury. C) the case cannot be appealed. D) the government cannot be one of the litigants. E) common law takes precedent over statutory law.

One of the most active Supreme Courts in shaping public policy in areas of desegregation and the rights of the accused was the A) Warren Court. B) Rehnquist Court. C) Marshall Court. D) Burger Court. E) Nixon Court.

One of the reasons that ʺbusinessʺ does not always get what it wants is A) business groups often have different interests and want different things. B) it has limited resources to spend on influencing government policy. C) it has often used ineffective lobbying techniques. D) it is a relatively ʺweakʺ cluster of interest groups. E) none of the above

President Franklin Rooseveltʹs appointees to the Supreme Court A) liberalized the Court. B) routinely ruled his New Deal legislation unconstitutional. C) made the Court more conservative. D) proved to have no effect upon the decisions of the Court. E) proved to be great disappointments to him on issue after issue.

President ________ appointed more women, African Americans, and Hispanics to the federal district and circuit courts than all previous presidents combined. A) Jimmy Carter B) Lyndon Johnson C) Ronald Reagan D) Gerald Ford E) George Bush

Research on voting behavior has shown that A) policy voting has become somewhat easier than in the past. B) a candidateʹs image is not as important today as it was in the past. C) Americans tend to identify with the underdog. D) party identification has become more important in voting decisions. E) policy voting has become harder than in the past.

Retrospective voting refers to voting for A) a candidate who promises to continue policies that have made you feel better off. B) a candidate because of his or her past stands on the issues. C) the same party and candidates election after election. D) different parties and candidates election after election. E) candidates for nostalgic reasons because they promise to return the country to some golden age in its past.

Since Kennedy, A) news coverage of presidential candidates has become increasingly less favorable. B) the news media have reduced their coverage of presidential candidates. C) the amount of news coverage of presidential candidates has increased dramatically. D) coverage of issues in presidential campaigns has increased dramatically. E) emphasis of campaign reporting has changed dramatically from ʺwhyʺ to a simpler, descriptive ʺwhatʺ format.

Subgovernments are composed of key interest group leaders interested in policy X, the government agency in charge of administering policy X, and the ________ handling policy X. A) congressional committees and subcommittees B) federal courts C) public relations officers D) political candidates E) local governments

The Supreme Courtʹs ruling in Brown v. Board of Education was based on the legal argument that segregation violated the ________ Amendment. A) Fourteenth B) First C) Twenty-sixth D) Nineteenth E) Equal Rights

The United States Supreme Courtʹs jurisdiction includes A) appellate jurisdiction from both state and federal courts. B) original jurisdiction only in cases involving foreign diplomats. C) only appellate jurisdiction. D) original jurisdiction in cases involving citizens from one state only if it involves a federal question. E) all of the above

The Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 has successfully A) improved the water quality of the Great Lakes and northeastern rivers. B) chlorinated the water systems of nearly every major city. C) abolished ocean dumping. D) banned all oil drilling in off-shore rigs. E) all of the above

The ________ Amendment outlawed slavery in the United States. A) Thirteenth B) Nineteenth C) Tenth D) First E) Equal Rights

The best evidence indicates that the overall incidence of taxes in America is A) proportional. B) progressive. C) regressive. D) redistributive. E) relative deprivation.

The case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke dealt with A) affirmative action. B) sexual harassment. C) the right to establish a gay student organization. D) comparable worth. E) paid maternity leave.

The federal income tax is an example of a ________ tax. A) progressive B) proportional C) regressive D) relative deprivation E) flat

The idea that just a few groups have all the power is associated with A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) syndicalism.

The idea that the Constitution guarantees a right to privacy was first enunciated in A) Griswold v. Connecticut. B) Marbury v. Madison. C) Roe v. Wade. D) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. E) Planned Parenthood v. Casey.

The incorporation doctrine involves A) application of the Bill of Rights to the states. B) the governmentʹs power to regulate corporations. C) the procedures for creating a city government. D) the interpretation of the commerce clause. E) the extension of judicial review to state courts.

The most important application of privacy rights has come in the area of A) abortion. B) birth control. C) sexual preference. D) pornography. E) the death penalty.

The most important factors influencing the presidentʹs selection of judges and justices appears to be A) ideology and partisanship. B) race and gender. C) judicial and elective experience. D) geography and religion. E) their law school rank.

The pluralist theory of American politics maintains that A) the extensive organization of competing groups is evidence that influence is widely dispersed among them. B) the proliferation of interest groups results in political stagnation. C) the largest interest groups will come to dominate policymaking. D) although groups often do not play by the rules of the game, they do represent the American public at large. E) the slogan on our money, e pluribus unum, is accurate in the sense that out of the many competing groups in America, a single unified American purpose has been forged.

The poverty rate is highest among A) African Americans. B) people over 65. C) Caucasians who live in Appalachia. D) Hispanics. E) residents of central cities.

The principle that ʺobscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or pressʺ was established in A) Roth v. United States. B) Osborne v. Ohio. C) Miller v. California. D) United States v. Snepp. E) Ohio v. Pussycat Theater.

The right to a ʺspeedy trialʺ and the prohibition against ʺcruel and unusual punishmentʺ A) are included in the Bill of Rights, but are rather vague and subject to the interpretation of the courts themselves. B) are so important that they were among the few civil liberties actually guaranteed by the original constitution. C) are not guaranteed by the Bill of Rights but, however vague in their wording, are considered vital to our court system. D) were ruled unconstitutional in 1976 because they were so ill-defined as to be meaningless. E) are included in the Bill of Rights, are self-evident, and have not required much court interpretation.

What is the largest voluntary association in the world? A) American Association of Retired Persons B) Sierra Club C) International Association of Workers and Peasants D) National Patientsʹ Union E) Chinese Revolutionary Workersʹ Party

Which of the following groups claims the smallest share of its potential members? A) National Consumers League B) United States Savings and Loan League C) Tobacco Institute D) Air Transport Association E) American Medical Association

Which of the following programs receives the most funding? A) Medicare B) Medicaid C) Food Stamps D) Aid to Families with Dependent Children E) Supplemental Security Income

1) Which of the following is NOT one of the three ultimate tools of foreign policy? A) military B) judicial C) economic D) diplomatic

10) Which of the following is an example of a confederation? A) state governments in the United States B) the United Nations C) OPEC D) Britain E) France

100) Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children are examples of A) categorical grants. B) formula grants. C) project grants. D) state grants. E) block grants.

103) Which of the following statements about federal block grants is FALSE? A) Block grants were created to lessen the paperwork and strings attached to many grants-in-aid. B) Congress has established an unlimited number of block grants to support narrowly defined programs. C) The Republican Congress is increasing block grants. D) States have discretion in deciding how to spend block grant money. E) They provide the states more flexibility in spending.

11) How is a unitary system different from a federal one? A) The national government can coin money, conduct foreign relations, and declare war. B) The national government can change the boundaries of states, or abolish them. C) State governments have political autonomy and can nullify national laws. D) Administrative subunits, such as states, can collect taxes, conduct elections, and make laws independently of the national government. E) both B and C

111) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a cooperative international organization intended to stabilize A) diplomatic costs. B) the exchange of currencies. C) economic policies between the developed and less developed countries. D) stock markets in new democracies. E) protective tariffs.

122) Over the last 125 years the people of the United States have turned increasingly to the national government to solve problems or provide assistance because A) the Tenth Amendment gave increased power to the national government. B) a problem or policy often requires the authority and resources of the national government. C) of corruption at the state level. D) we have a unitary government. E) of persistent corruption in state and local government.

17) The seat of real power in the United Nations is the A) General Assembly. B) Security Council. C) World Bank. D) Superpower Caucus. E) Secretariat.

31) In the Constitution, the powers to coin money, to enter into treaties, and to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states were given to A) neither the individual states nor the national government. B) the national government. C) the individual states. D) the Senate only. E) both the individual states and the national government.

A major study by Charles Murray argues that A) although the Great Society did not eliminate poverty, it did reduce the number of poor. B) not only did the social programs of the Great Society fail to curb the advance of poverty, they actually made the situation worse. C) macroeconomic cycles were responsible for much of the movement into and out of poverty during the post-1965 period. D) although the Great Society was able to reduce poverty in America, it had no effect on racial discrimination. E) there is a ʺnew povertyʺ in America that is largely the result of deindustrialization, foreign competition, the exploitation of part-time workers and stagnation of the minimum wage.

An estimated 90 percent of the energy resources of the United States is in A) oil reserves. B) coal deposits. C) natural gas reserves. D) uranium deposits. E) water.

Civil rights A) is the other term for civil liberties. B) are policies that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discrimination. C) involve the principles of criminal justice. D) consist of legal and constitutional protections against the government. E) can be divided into the great political freedoms and protections at the bar of justice.

Elite theorists emphasize the power of A) subgovernments. B) business leaders. C) congressional staff members. D) public interest lobbies. E) presidents.

Governmentʹs main tools for influencing the distribution of income and wealth are A) equal opportunity and affirmative action programs. B) income taxation and expenditure policies. C) extending eligibility for welfare and Medicare benefits. D) legislating and enforcing economic policies. E) monetary policy and wage and price controls.

If one person earns twice as much as another, but each pays 15 percent of their income in taxes, then the tax system is A) progressive. B) proportional. C) regressive. D) redistributive. E) egalitarian.

In Schenck v. United States (1919), Justice Holmes said that speech can be restricted when it A) is uttered by government officials in an effort to establish a religion. B) provokes ʺa clear and present dangerʺ to people. C) advocates the violent overthrow of the United States. D) is spoken rather than non-verbal or symbolic. E) is expressed on private property.

Many interest groups involve themselves in ________ to help get those they consider to be the right people into office or to keep them there. A) lobbying B) electioneering C) litigation D) policymaking E) recruitment

Merely being a taxpayer and being opposed to a law does not provide the standing necessary to challenge that law in court except in cases pertaining to A) taxation. B) governmental support for religion. C) environmental protection. D) civil liberties. E) racial or sexual discrimination.

Officially, approximately ________ of Americans lived below the poverty line in 2005 (although many more could have fallen into it for short periods). A) 4 percent B) 12 percent C) 17 percent D) 31 percent E) 6 percent

One of the few spots where violence and brutal government force crushed a pro-democracy reform movement in 1989 and allowed the communist government to endure was in Tiananmen Square in A) Warsaw. B) Beijing. C) Prague. D) Quito. E) Ho Chi Minh City.

Right-to-work laws A) guarantee full employment. B) outlaw union membership as a condition of employment. C) require employees to join the union representing them. D) offer government jobs to unemployed workers. E) require welfare recipients to work for their welfare checks.

The distribution of income in the United States A) makes Americans the richest people on earth. B) is quite uneven. C) has shifted since 1950 towards middle-income people. D) is fairly equal compared to most nations in the world. E) has shifted notably away from elderly people since 1965.

The election of 1896 is considered a watershed because it A) entrenched western farmers and silverites in the Republican party. B) shifted the party coalitions and entrenched the Republicans in power for another generation. C) gave Republicans control of the South. D) marked the rise of the Populist party, which dominated American politics until the Depression. E) brought the industrial working classes and Wall Street interests together into the Democratic fold.

The initiative petition A) is used to select party nominees for congressional and state offices. B) enables voters to put proposed legislation on the ballot. C) is an election in which voters approve or disapprove a legislative act. D) is needed for a candidate to get his or her name on the ballot. E) is a petition that initiates a recall election to determine whether an elected official shall be removed from office.

The justification used by federal courts primarily to avoid deciding cases regarding conflicts between the president and Congress is known as the doctrine of A) judicial activism. B) political questions. C) independent grounds. D) stare decisis. E) judicial restraint.

The mandate theory of elections is most often cited as the proper way to view elections by A) the defeated candidate. B) the winning candidate. C) political scientists. D) everybody. E) the media.

What was the Supreme Courtʹs decision in Hamdam v. Rumsfeld? A) Terrorists are not entitled to protection by the Bill of Rights. B) The procedures for trying prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba were insufficient for ensuring a fair trial. C) The Geneva Convention does not apply because the ʺenemy combatantsʺ are not soldiers in a recognized army. D) The president has ʺinherent powerʺ to fight the war on terror as he sees fit. Therefore, the president can establish judicial procedures on his own. E) all of the above

Which of the following countries has the lowest voter turnout rate? A) Australia B) United States C) Italy D) France E) Bulgaria

Which of the following is NOT a means-tested program? A) Medicaid B) Medicare C) Food Stamps D) Aid to Families with Dependent Children E) none of the above

Which of the following is a renewable resource? A) coal B) solar energy C) natural gas D) oil E) nuclear

Which of the following statements about Supreme Court rulings concerning affirmative action is FALSE? A) The Court has approved preferential treatment of minorities in promotions. B) The Court has ruled that affirmative action can exempt recently hired minorities from traditional work rules specifying ʺlast hired, first firedʺ order of layoffs. C) The Court has ordered quotas for minority union memberships. D) The Court has ruled that public employers may use affirmative action promotion plans to counter the underrepresentation of women and minorities in the workplace. E) none of the above

100) The first American president to unilaterally dismantle some United States nuclear weapons was A) Jimmy Carter. B) Ronald Reagan. C) George Bush. D) Bill Clinton. E) Richard Nixon.

114) International economic policies today tend to emphasize A) high tariffs and protectionism. B) central planning and policymaking. C) lower tariffs and freer trade. D) heavy reliance on international economic organizations. E) free trade and protectionism.

32) Government aid to religious schools has been a major issue A) since the Civil War. B) since the colonial era. C) since the mid 1960s. D) since ratification of the Bill of Rights. E) since the growth of the fundamentalist movement in the 1980s.

32) The presidentʹs principal civilian adviser on the military is the A) National Security Adviser. B) Secretary of State. C) Secretary of Defense. D) chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. E) director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

48) The Supreme Court case of Gibbons v. Ogden A) defined the meaning of the elastic clause. B) settled the contested presidential election of 1824. C) defined commerce as virtually every form of commercial activity. D) established the principle of implied powers. E) established the supremacy of the national government.

72) Federal support for public education is an example of a A) pragmatic federalism. B) dual federalism. C) cooperative federalism. D) layer cake federalism. E) separation of powers

9) On the United Nations Security Council, ________ countries have permanent seats. A) no B) 2 C) 5 D) 15 E) 9

91) Liberals argue that the most crucial aspect of national defense is A) diplomacy. B) a strong military capability. C) a strong economy. D) international alliances. E) nuclear deterrence.

91) The most common type of categorical grant is A) block grants. B) a rescission fund. C) project grants. D) disaster relief. E) revenue sharing.

92) A project grant is A) money awarded for public housing in urban areas of the nation. B) awarded more or less automatically to states or communities. C) awarded on the basis of competitive application. D) restricted to construction projects. E) distributed on the basis of population, per capita income, percentage of rural population, or some other factor.

A pluralistic interpretation of interest group politics would maintain that A) all groups are subject to corrupt practices and tactics involving violence. B) the degree of organization of a group has no effect on its ability to influence policy. C) all legitimate groups can affect public policy by means of one political resource or another. D) when groups compete the public interest is not served. E) the overemphasis on groups in America has submerged the value of the individual and lead to government policies that suppress individual interests.

A single-issue group is one that is all of the following EXCEPT A) focused on narrow interest. B) unable to compromise. C) organizes on the national level only. D) single-mindedly in pursuing its goal. E) intensely committed to a policy goal.

A tax that can make the rich richer and the poor poorer is a A) flat tax. B) progressive tax. C) regressive tax. D) proportional tax. E) graduated tax.

A ʺcollective goodʺ refers to A) goods and services that are publicly owned. B) benefits that accrue to the group that sought them. C) something of value that benefits both the actual and potential members of a group. D) a public policy that is in the public interest. E) goods and services collected for the needy.

According to the group theory of politics, A) all groups are equal. B) groups do not compete. C) groups do not play by the rules of the game. D) groups weak in one resource can use another. E) most political influence comes from individuals speaking in the name of groups but actually acting on their own personal agenda.

Alice Paul authored the Equal Rights Amendment, and unsuccessfully pushed for its passage beginning in the A) 1960s. B) 1970s. C) 1920s. D) 1980s. E) 1940s.

All courts rely heavily upon ________-the way similar cases were handled in the pastas a guide to current decisions. A) writs of certiorari B) writs of mandamus C) precedent D) original intent E) amicus curiae

All of the following are examples of standing to sue EXCEPT A) having sustained a direct injury from another party. B) serious interest in the case. C) raising a political question. D) having sustained a direct injury from the government. E) being a member of a class

An organization of people with similar policy goals entering the political process to try to achieve those aims is called A) a political party. B) a political action committee. C) an interest group. D) a collective. E) a political corporation.

As provided in the Constitution, how are electoral votes allocated for each state? A) Each state has as many electoral votes as it has members in the House of Representatives. B) Each state has as many electoral votes as it has members in both the House and the Senate. C) Each state has as many electoral votes as it has members in the Senate. D) Each state is proportioned to their population, with all states having at least one vote. E) Each state casts two electoral votes.

Blacks were first given the legal right to vote by the A) Civil Rights Act of 1964. B) Twenty-fourth Amendment. C) Fifteenth Amendment. D) Voting Rights Act of 1965. E) Emancipation Proclamation.

Business PACs A) have so far been associated only with multinational corporations. B) are the most visible of Washington lobbies. C) have increased more dramatically than any other category of PACs. D) have not been as effective as labor and consumer PACs. E) contribute more to Democrats than to Republicans.

Class action suits A) are those which have to do with constitutional issues, thus broadening the standing to sue. B) are filed by students seeking to force a school district to offer additional sections of perpetually over-enrolled courses. C) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated. D) may only be filed if all of those with a standing to sue agree to participate. E) are routinely filed by teachersʹ groups to prepare the way for legal strikes.

Consumer organizations suffer from A) amicus curiae briefs. B) class action suits. C) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups. D) right-to-work laws. E) hyperpluralism.

Courts may only decide ________ disputes. A) civil B) constitutional C) justiciable D) criminal E) class action

Criticisms of the current welfare system include each of the following EXCEPT A) they discourage the poor from solving their problems. B) they make it profitable to be poor and victimized. C) they do not include a means test to weed out welfare fraud. D) they discourage poor people from saving money. E) they discourage recipients from getting married or even living together.

Cruel and unusual punishment is forbidden by the A) self-incrimination clause. B) Sixth Amendment. C) Eighth Amendment. D) exclusionary clause. E) Fifth Amendment.

Democratic theorists criticize the courts on the grounds that they are A) used indiscriminately, leading to legal stagnation. B) not representative of the victimized upper and upper-middle classes. C) not representative of the people or majority public opinion. D) and always have been used to persecute vulnerable minorities. E) easily swayed by interest-group pressure.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the income distribution in the United States A) grew more equitable. B) remained much the same, which is fairly equal. C) remained much the same, which is fairly unequal. D) grew more unequal. E) narrowed considerably.

If ________ Supreme Court justices agree to grant review of a case, it can be scheduled for oral argument or decided on the basis of the written record already on file with the Court. A) six B) two C) four D) nine E) a majority of

If a poor family pays 50 percent of its income in taxes and a rich one 5 percent, then the tax system is A) progressive. B) proportional. C) regressive. D) redistributive. E) retrogressive.

If a presidential candidate does not receive a majority of electoral college votes, then the president is chosen A) by popular vote. B) by the Justices of the Supreme Court. C) by the House with one vote for each state. D) by the Senate with two votes for each state. E) by majority vote of the entire Congress in a joint session.

In ________, the Court clarified its doctrine of what was obscene, including such gauges as whether material appealed to merely a prurient interest in sex, and whether it lacked serious artistic, literary, political or scientific merit. A) Osborne v. Ohio B) Engel v. Vitale C) Miller v. California D) Near v. Minnesota E) Federal Communications Commission v. Stern

In deciding to incorporate parts of the Bill of Rights into state laws since 1925, the Supreme Court has relied on the due process clause of the A) First Amendment. B) Twenty-sixth Amendment. C) Fourteenth Amendment. D) Fifth Amendment. E) Eighteenth Amendment.

Legitimacy in terms of American elections means A) the public is satisfied with the qualifications and the policy positions of the candidates. B) the public is nearly unanimously happy with the results. C) the election is nearly unanimously accepted as a fair and free method to select political leaders. D) the public is generally not satisfied with the candidates, the results, or the methods by which elections are held. E) the best candidate is selected.

Literally, amicus curiae means A) legal opinion. B) legal argument. C) friend of the court. D) curious observer. E) let the decision stand.

Martin Gilens research suggested that Americansʹ opposition to welfare was based on A) economic self-interest. B) conservative political ideology. C) negative attitudes toward blacks. D) negative attitudes toward the poor. E) negative attitudes toward government.

One constraint on federal courts is that they may decide only A) statutory law. B) appellate cases. C) justiciable disputes. D) constitutional issues. E) interstate conflicts.

One of the main differences between American political parties and interest groups is that A) interest groups are concerned with more issues. B) interest groups concentrate on only one policy arena. C) political parties run candidates for office. D) interest groups limit their membership. E) political parties are policy specialists.

One of the major inducements of the American interest group system is that it A) provides too much representation. B) distracts government officials. C) is biased toward the wealthy. D) stifles the expression of new interests. E) is dominated by single-issue groups.

Opposition to Civil Rights laws for the handicapped has been justified primarily on the basis of the A) inability of disabled persons to handle most employment requirements. B) fear that laws will lead to a quota system to hire disabled persons. C) high cost of programs to help the disabled. D) fear that the disabled will take jobs away from able-bodied persons. E) all of the above

Policies that attempt to provide assistance and support to specific groups in society are called A) equal opportunity policies. B) redistributive policies. C) social welfare policies. D) tax subsidies. E) anti-poverty policies.

Political action committee (PAC) money goes overwhelmingly to A) Independents. B) challengers. C) incumbents. D) Democrats. E) Republicans.

President Ronald Reagan ________ the ʺWar on Povertyʺ programs. A) was the mastermind behind the passage of B) continued to support C) severely reduced many of D) completely abolished E) enhanced the scope of

Prior restraint is most often considered acceptable on the grounds of A) libel. B) obscenity. C) national security. D) cruel and unusual punishment. E) religious freedom.

Research by Rosenberg and McCafferty discovered that A) a candidateʹs image and appearance is the most important factor in how a person votes. B) less educated voters are more likely to view candidates in terms of their personal attributes. C) it is possible to manipulate a candidateʹs appearance in a way that affects votersʹ choices. D) a candidateʹs image and appearance has no real impact on voting behavior. E) none of the above

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 A) required all governmental buildings to have wheelchair-accessible entrances and facilities. B) added AIDS victims to the list of handicapped persons. C) prohibited employment discrimination against the disabled. D) added handicapped people to the list of Americans protected from discrimination. E) required an affirmative action program for the disabled.

The United States Bureau of Censusʹ definition of the poverty line takes into account A) the earning power of the head of the household and family size. B) a daily intake of 2,000 calories and half the average hourly wage in the country. C) what a family would need to spend for an austere standard of living and the size of the family. D) the earning power of the head of the household and racial composition of the family. E) all of the above

The United States government finances much of the medical research done in the country through A) Medicaid. B) the National Endowment for Medical Research. C) the National Institutes of Health. D) the National Science Foundation. E) the Department of Health and Human Services.

The ________ is the oldest and largest of the African-American groups which have fought for equality at the polls, in housing, on the job, in education, and in all other facets of American life. A) Urban League B) Congress of Racial Equality C) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People D) Rainbow Coalition E) National African-American Organization

The ________ movement was spurred by a single person: Ralph Nader. A) American labor B) modern civil rights movement C) consumer D) anti-Vietnam War E) gay rights

The ________ theorists argue that the power of the few is fortified by an extensive system of interlocking directorates, and that wealthy corporations prevail when it comes to major decisions by government. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) pyramid

The ________, passed by Congress in 1935, dramatically brought the government into the equation of one generationʹs obligations to another. A) Aid to Families with Dependent Children Act B) Medicaid bill C) Social Security Act D) National Direct Student Loan Act E) Medicare Bill

The abridgment of citizensʹ freedom to worship, or not to worship, as they please is prohibited by the A) due process clause. B) establishment clause. C) free exercise clause. D) freedom of religion. E) Second Amendment.

The courts have recently ruled that, under the Fourteenth Amendment, racial and ethnic classifications by states in regard to any matter A) are reasonable. B) are unconstitutional. C) are inherently suspect. D) are not the proper business of the federal courts to consider, but are up to the states individually. E) are arbitrary, but usually reasonable.

The first African immigrants to America were A) clergy. B) small shopkeepers. C) kidnap victims. D) farmers. E) Nigerian ivory traders.

The issue of free silver (to increase the amount of currency in circulation) was championed in the election of 1896 by ________, whose most famous oration was his ʺCross of Goldʺ speech at the Democratic national convention. A) Grover Cleveland B) William McKinley C) William Jennings Bryan D) Theodore Roosevelt E) Woodrow Wilson

The jurisdiction of the district courts extends to each of the following EXCEPT A) federal crimes. B) supervision of bankruptcy proceedings. C) appeals from state courts. D) admiralty and maritime law cases. E) federal civil suits.

The union shop A) outlaws union membership as a condition of employment. B) offers low-cost consumer goods to union members. C) requires new employees to join the union representing them. D) is supported by business groups. E) is a business owned by a union, has a tax-exempt status, and is not allowed to collect profits.

When given a choice, the courts are least likely to decide a case on the basis of A) standing. B) precedent. C) the Constitution. D) mootness. E) jurisdiction.

Which of the following is NOT a free exercise issue? A) animal sacrifice B) religious use of peyote C) teacher led prayers in public schools D) whether Amish children must go to school E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about Native Americans is FALSE? A) Native Americans are the oldest minority group in the United States. B) Native Americans are guaranteed access to the polls, housing, and to jobs. C) Native Americans were made citizens of the United States long before African Americans received the same status. D) The Indian Claims Act of 1946 established a means to settle financial disputes arising from lands taken from the Indians. E) Native Americans are the poorest minority group in the United States.

________ are written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. A) Class action lawsuits B) Litigations C) Amicus curiae briefs D) Public interest lobbies E) Opening arguments

11) The United Nations is composed of nearly 200 A) civil servants. B) diplomats. C) nations and international organizations. D) nations. E) regional caucuses.

A political party is A) less interested in winning elections than in particular public policy. B) a group of people who agree on everything and organize annually to win elections. C) a narrow interest group seeking advantage through elections. D) a team of men and women with similar beliefs seeking legitimate control of the government by through elections. E) an organization devoted to implementing policy in the public interest.

About 75 percent of the more than 63,000 cases heard in the United States courts of appeal come from A) challenges to orders of many federal regulatory agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission. B) the Supreme Court. C) the Superior Courts. D) the district courts. E) the legislative courts.

Age discrimination laws have A) allowed children between the ages of 12 and 18 to leave their parents. B) lowered the minimum compulsory retirement age to 55. C) required employers to hire a certain percentage of people over the age of 50. D) denied federal funds to any institution discriminating against people over forty. E) all of the above

Aid to parochial schools was first passed in the 1960s at the request of A) Richard M. Nixon. B) Jimmy Carter. C) John F. Kennedy. D) Lyndon Johnson. E) Barry Goldwater.

An amicus curiae brief may be submitted by A) lawyers representing each side of a case. B) a judge to a jury outlining the parameters a jury must follow in deciding a case. C) the chief justice. D) groups that are interested in the outcome of a case, but are not formal litigants. E) the actual litigants in a case.

An important player at the district court level in each district is the ________, nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. He or she serves at the discretion of the president. A) Solicitor General B) county clerk C) federal marshal D) United States attorney E) federal magistrate

Compared to other countries, the United States holds ________ elections for various offices. A) far fewer B) somewhat fewer C) about the same number of D) more E) twice as many

Largely to prevent corruption associated with stuffing ballot boxes, states adopted ________ around the turn of the twentieth century. A) the electoral college B) primary elections C) voting machines D) voter registration E) the secret ballot

Marbury v. Madison established the principle of A) Constitutional penumbra. B) national supremacy. C) original intent. D) judicial review. E) stare decisis.

Medicare was adopted in 1965 to provide government health insurance to A) veterans. B) government employees. C) the poor. D) the elderly. E) children living in poverty.

Most PAC money goes overwhelmingly to incumbents because incumbents A) need more money due to the restraints of being in office. B) have already been ʺbought offʺ by interest groups. C) have already become friends and supporters of lobbyists. D) are the most likely to be able to return the investment. E) have the need for large amounts of money to maintain themselves in power.

Most cases heard by the Supreme Court come from A) matters over which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction. B) state criminal courts. C) the United States Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit. D) civil actions from lower federal courts. E) civil actions from state courts.

Senators have dominated the selection of judges for the federal district courts through A) their control of the budget. B) their power over court jurisdictions. C) the influence of the Senate Judiciary Committee. D) the custom of senatorial courtesy. E) all of the above

Standard operating procedures accomplish all of the following EXCEPT A) bring uniformity to complex organizations. B) save time. C) make personnel interchangeable. D) reduce red tape. E) treat citizens equally, regardless of class or race.

Standing to sue is determined by A) the judiciary committee of Congress. B) whether or not the case involves a class action suit. C) the Solicitor Generalʹs office. D) whether or not the litigants have a serious interest in a case. E) a court-appointed jury.

Statistics show that the distribution of income among American households was most unequal in A) 1960. B) 1970. C) 1980. D) 1990. E) 1950.

The United States government is represented in civil cases in district courts by a A) district judge. B) United States marshal. C) federal magistrate. D) United States attorney. E) none of the above

The ________ Amendment, adopted in 1870, guaranteed the right of African Americans to vote at least in principle. A) Nineteenth B) Thirteenth C) First D) Fifteenth E) Fifth

The issue of ________ deals with women seeking to redress the fact that jobs traditionally held by men tend to pay far greater salaries than jobs requiring similar skills but are traditionally held by women. A) gender equality B) affirmative action C) feminized wage scales D) comparable worth E) the lace purse

The right of interest groups to organize is A) protected by the Constitution. B) protected by the Federal Election Campaign Act. C) protected by state laws. D) protected by the Bill of Rights. E) none of the above

Thomas Jefferson argued that the First Amendment created a ʺwall of separationʺ between A) the government and the people. B) the Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court. C) the people and the Supreme Court. D) church and state. E) men and women.

Which of the following presidents did not accept or expand many of the programs initiated under Johnsonʹs ʺWar on Povertyʺ? A) Richard Nixon B) Gerald Ford C) Jimmy Carter D) Ronald Reagan E) both Nixon and Reagan

126) Today, roughly ________ of the gross domestic product is spent by state and local governments. A) 7.5 percent B) 25 percent C) 10 percent D) 15 percent E) 1 percent

28) The efforts of Candy Lightner and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) to raise the legal drinking age to 21 are an example of A) the supremacy of state government to regulate its own affairs. B) the constitutional authority of the national government to impose policies on state governments. C) states acting as policy innovators. D) the unconstitutionality of age discrimination. E) the ability of the national government to influence state policy.

68) In dual federalism, A) the state governments assume greater fiscal responsibility. B) there are only two branches of government. C) the federal government assumes greater fiscal responsibility. D) powers are shared between states and the federal government. E) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres.

Advertising is considered a form of ________, and, according to the decisions of the Supreme Court, is subject to greater restrictions on free speech than religious or political speech. A) symbolic speech B) paid speech C) imaged expression D) propaganda E) commercial speech

Civil liberties are A) freedoms that are not specified in the Constitution or in statutory laws, but make up the Unwritten Constitution. B) the rights to vote and participate in the political process in a democracy. C) laws that provide and set limits on oneʹs freedoms. D) citizensʹ rights to equal treatment under the law. E) individual legal and constitutional protections against the government.

To successfully dispose of nuclear wastes, they must be isolated from the environment for ________ years. A) 10 B) 100 C) 1,000 D) 5,000 E) 10,000

Which of the following is TRUE? A) Women are prohibited from serving as combat pilots. B) Women are prohibited on navy warships. C) Women are now allowed in ground combat units. D) Both men and women must register for the draft at age 18. E) none of the above

(T/F) Governments have little incentive to provide public goods.

(T/F) It is clear that ordinary citizens can make sound political judgments on technical issues in our society.

(T/F)(33) The Declaration of Independence was written primarily by James Madison.

23) Federal grants are notorious for being poorly distributed. Some states and regions receive the lionʹs share, others come away with almost nothing.

24) Only school districts in the poorest communities receive federal assistance.

4) Most nations of the world have federal systems.

6) The federal system in the United States centralizes our politics.

110) The one key word that could be used to describe todayʹs international economy is A) interdependency. B) protectionism. C) isolationism. D) self-sufficiency. E) bankruptcy.

45) The Constitution states that Congress has the power to establish post offices. This is an example of A) enumerated powers. B) delegated powers. C) implied powers. D) reserved powers. E) shared powers.

A per curiam decision is a A) decision without explanation. B) decision by the court not to hear a case. C) written opinion of a case. D) decision that can be used as a precedent. E) court decision of narrow scope that can be issued by a single judge in limited circumstances.

According to the text, the most important factor affecting voter turnout is A) education. B) gender. C) ideology. D) race. E) geography.

Advocates of ________ emphasize that the courts may alleviate pressing needs, especially of those who are weak politically or economically, left unmet by the majoritarian political process. A) judicial activism B) the jurisprudence of original intent C) judicial restraint D) judicial implementation E) judicial review

After passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, public policy toward women was dominated by A) protectionism. B) the principle of equality. C) coverture. D) matriarchalism. E) economic, but not political, advances.

Among the states that allow voter registration at the polls on election day, voter turnout rates are A) higher than in other states. B) impossible to compute. C) no different than in other states. D) lower than the national average. E) declining over time and at a higher rate than in other states.

An election whereby voters are given the chance to approve or disapprove some legislative act or constitutional amendment is called A) a referendum. B) an initiative petition. C) a direct primary. D) a direct election. E) a ratification election.

An opinion written to stress a different Constitutional or legal basis for the judgment is called a(n) A) concurring opinion. B) dissenting opinion. C) amending opinion. D) majority opinion. E) minority opinion.

Except in Maine and Nebraska, the electoral college system operates in each state on the principle of allocating electoral votes on the basis of A) winner-take-all. B) proportional representation. C) allocating electoral votes based on the winner in each congressional district. D) a mixture of winner-take-all and proportional representation. E) majority rule.

Food Stamps, low-interest student loans, and Temporary Aid to Needy Families are all examples of A) transfer payments. B) regressive taxes. C) entitlements. D) relative deprivation. E) proportional taxes.

In its 1995 ruling in Adarand Constructors v. Pena, the Supreme Court A) changed direction and began to curtail federal use of affirmative action programs. B) outlawed discrimination against women in the construction industry. C) mandated an expansion of federal affirmative action programs. D) upheld federal affirmative action programs as constitutional. E) broadened the scope of state and local affirmative action programs that it considers constitutional.

In its Near v. Minnesota decision of 1931, the Supreme Court ruled that A) the state government could not use prior restraint to shut down an outspoken newspaper. B) a school newspaper was not a public forum and could be regulated ʺin any reasonable mannerʺ by school officials. C) states had the power to use prior restraint broadly, but the national government did not. D) a CIA agent could not publish a personal memoir without clearing it through the agency. E) states were prohibited from publishing newspapers because that amounted to government censorship of the press and constituted the establishment of a government monopoly.

In recent years, the Supreme Court has A) increased protection of womenʹs physical access to abortion clinics. B) restricted womenʹs physical access to abortion clinics. C) permitted states to close down increasing numbers of abortion clinics. D) prohibited demonstrations within sight of abortion clinics. E) done nothing to protect womenʹs physical access to abortion clinics despite the calls of many womenʹs groups.

In regard to the free exercise clause, the Supreme Court has made each of the following rulings EXCEPT A) polygamy may be justified for Mormons on religious grounds. B) the Air Force can enforce its dress code even against religiously based dress choices. C) Amish parents may take their children out of school after the eighth grade. D) people could become conscientious objectors to war on religious grounds. E) public schools cannot require Jehovahʹs Witnesses to attend flag saluting ceremonies.

In the 1800 election presidential candidates were nominated by A) their partiesʹ elected representatives in Congress. B) their partiesʹ nominating convention. C) their partiesʹ voters in primary elections. D) the electoral college. E) the president.

In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. City of New York that A) a 1996 law granting the president the authority to propose rescinding funds in appropriation bills was unconstitutional. B) the pocket veto was unconstitutional. C) that the Clinton impeachment vote was unconstitutional. D) that the president could not line-item veto grant monies to urban areas. E) none of the above

In general, liberal ideology supports A) a strong central government that sets policies to promote equality. B) individuals responding generously to each other to solve societyʹs problems without looking to government to do so. C) a small, less active government that gives freer reign to the private sector. D) public and government ownership of the means of production. E) strong local and state governments that are closer to the people.

In order to convict and remove an impeached president, it takes A) a two-thirds vote in the Senate. B) a majority vote in the Senate. C) a majority vote in the House of Representatives. D) a two-thirds vote in the House of Representatives. E) both B and D

In setting the broad rules of the game of politics, constitutions (32) A) are never neutral; they give some participants advantages over others. B) are fair and impartial. C) allow all participants the same political opportunities. D) have no effect on the distribution of power in society. E) are constantly changing.

John Locke believed that the ʺend of governmentʺ was (34-35) A) preservation of property. B) majority rule. C) equality of man. D) pursuit of happiness. E) ʺthe beginning of life.ʺ

Keeping the party operating between conventions is the job of the A) national committee. B) regional offices. C) elected officials. D) congressional leadership. E) majority or minority whip.

Nominees to the United States Supreme Court must be confirmed by A) the Senate. B) the House. C) either the House or the Senate. D) both the House and the Senate. E) the president.

Occasionally, a major political tidal wave rolls across the country and throws large numbers of incumbents of a given party out of office. When did this last occur? A) 1994 B) 1980 C) 1974 D) 1964 E) 1954

Overall, members of Congress can ________ of the American people. A) possibly claim substantive representation, but not descriptive representation B) possibly claim descriptive representation, but not substantive representation C) claim both substantive and descriptive representation D) claim neither substantive nor descriptive representation E) possibly claim both substantive and descriptive representation

Patronage is a hiring and promotion system based on A) knowing the right people. B) civil service exams. C) talent and skill. D) the Pendelton Act. E) the merit principle.

Studies have shown that presidential ________ in an election have little effect on the success of the partyʹs candidates for the House and Senate. A) coattails B) junkets C) vetoes D) headwinds E) scandals

The Constitution gives the House of Representatives the power to A) initiate all revenue bills. B) ratify all treaties. C) confirm presidential nominations. D) try impeached officials. E) all of the above

The United States Constitution requires that the government conduct an ʺactual enumerationʺ of the population every A) ten years. B) 25 years. C) year. D) five years. E) presidential election year.

The development of the two-party system is an example of informal constitutional change through (59-60) A) political practice. B) technology. C) judicial interpretation. D) increasing demands on policymakers. E) all of the above

________ is a hiring and promotion system based on knowing the right people, working in an election campaign, making large political donations, and/or having the right connections to win jobs with the government. A) The patronage system B) The federal Civil Service C) The bureaucracy D) The golden gate E) Administrative discretion

16) The Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 was designed to reduce patronage and was also known as the A) Hatch Act. B) Pendleton Act. C) Garfield Reform. D) National Reform Program. E) Anti-Patronage Act.

Approximately what percent of Asian Americans hold a college degree? A) 32 B) 49 C) 12 D) 22 E) 60

John Lockeʹs ideas on natural rights were related to human law in that (34-35) A) natural rights were less important than human law. B) natural rights were considered higher than human law. C) human law was the source of natural rights. D) human law protected property rights, making human law equal to natural rights. E) human law and natural rights were unimportant after revolution.

Most studies show that A) presidential coattails are increasing in certain regions. B) presidential coattails rarely affect elections. C) presidential coattails are stronger in midterm elections. D) presidential coattails are stronger than ever. E) presidential coattails affect Republicans more than Democrats.

Since 1960, newspaper circulation has declined from one newspaper for every two adults to slightly more than one newspaper for every ________ adults. A) twenty B) four C) fifteen D) ten

The United States Senate has ________ members. A) 50 B) 100 C) 435 D) 438 E) 535

The ________ is the list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions which members of Congress seek to locate in their district to promote the interests of their constituency. A) casework B) pork barrel C) frank D) junket E) Treasurerʹs register

The ________, offered as a proposal at the Constitutional Convention, called for each state to be equally represented in Congress. (43) A) Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) B) New Jersey Plan C) Connecticut Compromise D) three-fifths compromise E) Virginia Plan

The day-to-day activities of the national party are the responsibility of the A) congressional party leaders. B) national chairperson. C) president. D) national committee. E) national convention.

The first census in the United States was conducted in A) 1900. B) 1790. C) 1970. D) 1850. E) 1800.

The first televised ________ occurred during the 1960 presidential campaign. A) election returns B) presidential debate C) national political convention D) political commercial E) presidential press conference

The two-term limit was placed on the presidency by A) an act of Congress passed after Franklin D. Rooseveltʹs death. B) the Twenty-second Amendment. C) the Presidential Powers Act of 1951. D) the Twenty-fifth Amendment. E) Article II of the original Constitution.

The watchdog orientation of the press helps to A) increase confidence in government. B) restrict politicians. C) de-emphasize individualism. D) educate the mass public. E) assist politicians in leading the mass public.

(T/F) A key aspect of egalitarianism is political equality.

Which of these is a linkage institution? a. The president's cabinet b. USA Today c. The House of Representatives d. The ambassador to France e. All of the above

Bureaus in the federal bureaucracy are also known as all of the following EXCEPT A) an administration. B) an office. C) a department. D) a service. E) none of the above

Each party holds a national convention every A) six years. B) year. C) four years. D) five years. E) two years.

On a typical issue, the primary determinant of a congressional memberʹs vote is A) constituent preferences as indicated by extensive polling. B) the position of the president. C) personal ideology. D) the toss of a coin. E) the position of their party leaders.

On average, those who identify with the presidentʹs party give approval more than ________ percentage points higher than do those who identify with the opposition party. A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 30 E) 50

Once hired into the federal bureaucracy, a person is assigned a ________ rating, which determines oneʹs salary range. A) Federal Register B) Weber C) General Schedule D) step ladder E) plum book

One of the key differences between the House and Senate is that the House A) has weaker leadership. B) is more influential on foreign affairs. C) has more policy specialization. D) is less centralized. E) is less institutionalized.

Only ________ can formally submit a bill for congressional consideration. A) members of the House B) senators C) members of the House or senators D) the president E) the Speaker of the House

Relative to the total population, the most underrepresented group in Congress is A) African Americans. B) Hispanics. C) women. D) Jews. E) homosexuals.

Sampling error describes A) how many samples a survey estimate is based on. B) what percentage of the sample provided answers to the questions. C) how close a sample estimate is to the real population value. D) how often a sample statistic is correct. E) how many samples are incorrect.

The Declaration of Independence says that ʺall men are created equal.ʺ Which aspect of the American creed does this suggest? A) Individualism B) Egalitarianism C) Liberty D) Capitalism E) Populism

10) In exercising its oversight function, it is not unusual for Congress to A) hold hearings. B) conduct impeachment proceedings. C) issue executive orders. D) go to court to get executive documents. E) override a president's veto.

17) The first independent regulatory commission was the A) Interstate Commerce Commission. B) Federal Election Commission. C) Equal Opportunity Employment Commission. D) Securities and Exchange Commission. E) Tennessee Valley Authority.

All presidents but one have been A) Protestant. B) Catholic. C) Hare Krishna. D) atheist. E) Evangelical Christian.

Beginning in 1781, the United States was governed under the (37) A) Articles of Confederation. B) Mayflower Compact. C) Basic Law of 1781. D) British Constitution. E) current United States Constitution.

Cabinet-level executive departments are created by A) Congress. B) the Constitution. C) the president. D) rarely held national referendums. E) all of the above

Constituencies influence policy mostly by A) the initial choice of the representative. B) influencing congressional leaders. C) empowering the president in his negotiations with Congress. D) buying votes through election contributions. E) lobbying Senators.

Each of the following is a criticism of regulation EXCEPT that it A) lowers prices. B) does not work. C) distorts market forces. D) is too complex. E) gives bureaucrats too much power.

Which of the following statements about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is FALSE? (56-57) A) The ERA was opposed by many southern states. B) The ERA was proposed by Congress in 1978. C) Public opinion polls showed little support for the ERA after 1960. D) The ERA was first proposed in 1923. E) The ERA never became part of the Constitution.

Which of the following was NOT a problem with the national government under the Articles of Confederation? (37-38) A) the unwillingness of the states to send money requisitioned by the central national government B) the lack of an executive to lead the nation C) the lack of power given to state legislatures D) the inability of the central national government to regulate foreign trade or regulate the national economy E) None of these were problems at the time.

11) When evaluating the bureaucracy, it seems that Americans A) tend to despise it, regardless of the agency. B) like programs such as NASA, but not the Internal Revenue Service. C) are generally satisfied with the current state of the bureaucracy. D) like specific agencies to which they are exposed, but not the bureaucracy as a whole. E) want to eliminate it.

14) The firing of public-office holders representing a defeated political party, and replacing them with loyalists of the victorious political party, is called the A) replacement doctrine. B) merit system. C) civil service. D) spoils system. E) nepotism system.

A political party is best defined as A) a group of men and women organized for the sole purpose of influencing public policy. B) an organized team of men and women with a political agenda. C) any group of men and women with a formal membership and a political or social purpose stated in their by-laws. D) a team of men and women seeking control of the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election. E) a coalition of interests trying to influence government policies for their benefit.

An obstacle to the successful implementation of public policy is A) the failure of Congress to pass authorizing legislation. B) the over-specialization of civil service employees. C) competition between the private and public sectors. D) unclear policy goals and poorly designed policies. E) all of the above

Articles of impeachment must be passed by A) either the House or the Senate. B) both the House and the Senate. C) the Senate. D) the House. E) the Supreme Court.

By eighteenth-century standards, life was ________ for most people in the United States at the time of the Revolution. (32) A) hell both politically and economically B) politically oppressive C) ideal D) not bad E) an economic nightmare

Caucuses in Congress A) press committees to hold hearings. B) push their preferred legislation. C) mobilize votes for favored legislation. D) all of the above E) none of the above

In 2000, exit polls received much of the blame for the mediaʹs inaccurate call of the Florida result, but blame could also be placed on A) mistakes in early reporting of vote results in some counties. B) underestimates of the absentee vote. C) the incompetence of news anchorpersons. D) both A and B E) both A and C

In most congressional elections, challengers A) outspend an incumbent. B) win. C) are better known than incumbents. D) lose. E) spend roughly as much money as incumbents.

In order to put the national economy on sound footing, the Constitution obligated the new government to ________ all the government debts incurred under the Continental Congress. (47) A) forgive B) renegotiate at lower interest rates C) renegotiate at higher interest rates D) repay E) negate

Many elite and class theorists believe that ________ of Americans control most government policy decisions. A) 5 percent B) a majority C) the vast middle class D) 1 percent E) 10 percent

The House Rules Committee A) has its members appointed by the House majority leader. B) is similar to the Senate Rules Committee. C) usually retains independence from the House leadership. D) reviews most bills coming from committee before they go to the full House. E) all of the above

The Republican party rose to prominence in the late 1850s as the A) Free Silver party. B) Party Of The Wealthy Elite. C) Gold Standard party. D) Anti-slavery party. E) Party of Rural Farmers.

The Republicans emerged as a powerful political party in the A) 1890s. B) 1790s. C) 1930s. D) 1850s. E) 1820s.

The political ʺparty-in-the-electorateʺ is defined as people who A) vote for the candidates from one party. B) register as members of a party. C) work for a partyʹs candidates. D) identify with a party. E) walk door-to-door to meet the voters and personally campaign for their partyʹs candidates.

The use of detective-like reporting methods to unearth scandals is known as A) yellow journalism. B) trial balloons. C) scientific journalism. D) investigative journalism. E) print journalism.

There are roughly ________ civilian and military federal government employees A) 800,000 B) 3,000,000 C) 2,100,000 D) 4,000,000 E) 500,000

What accounts for the success of congressional candidates? A) their highly representative policy positions B) presidential coattails C) economic forces D) advertising, credit-claiming, and position-taking. E) good looks

Which of the following is NOT a linkage institution? a. Political parties b. The media c. Interest groups d. Congress e. All of these are linkage institutions

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is FALSE? A) Bureaucratic power extends to every corner of American economic and social life. B) Bureaucracies are scarcely hinted at in the Constitution. C) Nothing better illustrates the complexity of modern government than its massive bureaucracies. D) Each bureaucratic agency is created by the president. E) How to manage and control bureaucracies is a central problem of democratic government.

19) Over time, the number of federal employees in the executive branch has A) grown substantially and continuously. B) grown, but then fell to pre-1900 levels. C) stagnated somewhat after World War I. D) fallen considerably since the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. E) peaked during the New Deal, fell, then generally increased thereafter.

A choice that government makes in response to some issue on its agenda is called a. Selective selection b. A law c. stimulus-response d. rational choice theory e. public policy

Each of the following violations of individual rights is forbidden in the original Constitution EXCEPT (48) A) passing ex post facto laws. B) strict limits on the prosecution of treason. C) passing bills of attainder. D) suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. E) suspension of freedom of speech.

Executive orders are issued by A) independent regulatory agencies. B) any federal agency or department. C) Congress. D) members of the Senior Executive Service. E) the president.

Following the first Nixon-Kennedy presidential debate of 1960, opinion polls showed that A) those who watched on television thought Nixon had won, while those who listened over the radio thought Kennedy won. B) those who watched on television and listened over the radio both thought Kennedy had won. C) those who listened over radio thought it was a draw, while those who watched television thought Kennedy did better. D) those who watched on television and listened over the radio both thought Nixon had won. E) those who watched on television thought Kennedy had won, while those who listened over the radio thought Nixon won.

How did the White House Communications Office choreograph George W. Bushʹs address from the Abraham Lincoln announcing the end of major combat operations in Iraq? A) They placed a ʺMission Accomplishedʺ banner over the presidentʹs head. B) They positioned the Abraham Lincoln so that the shoreline was not visible. C) They timed the even so that the sun would cast a favorable light on the president. D) The coordinated the shirts of the crewmembers. E) all of the above

In post-Revolutionary America, state governors were often selected by (38) A) judges. B) the president. C) heredity. D) the people directly. E) state legislatures.

In the United States, to become a member of a political party you need to A) pay annual dues. B) officially join that party by attending a party meeting. C) hold a membership card. D) register with that party at your precinct office. E) claim to be a member.

Over the past thirty years, there has been a marked rise in A) support for both the major and minor parties. B) support for the Democratic party. C) support for both the Democratic and Republican parties. D) support for minor parties. E) party neutrality.

PAC stands for A) Partisan Assistance Contribution. B) Party Affairs Council. C) Policy Advisory Commission. D) Politically Active Constituency. E) Political Action Committee.

Parties and interest groups a. Determine which issues are on the policy agenda b. Are not particularly interested in the policy agenda c. Have no effect on the policy agenda d. Determine the congressional agenda e. Work hard to get the issues they want on the policy agenda

Public policy is defined as a A) policy directed at more than one person. B) course of action to solve a problem. C) set of rules and regulations issued by a government agency. D) course of action by a political party. E) choice that government makes in response to an issue.

Reporters and their official sources usually have a(n) ________ relationship. A) hostile B) disinterested C) adversarial D) conspiratorial E) symbiotic

Representation refers to A) majority rule. B) all policy views being included in political debate. C) the protection of minority rights in a pluralist system. D) electing office-holders in fair and free elections. E) the correspondence between the few leaders and the many followers in a democracy.

Richard Neustadt has argued that presidential power is the power to A) instruct. B) command. C) educate. D) control. E) persuade.

The 1960 presidential debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy illustrates the A) propagandistic nature of American presidential campaigns. B) role of radio broadcasting in the United States. C) importance of experience in presidential politics. D) importance of issues in presidential debates. E) power of television in American politics.

The budgetary implications of the presidentʹs budget are provided to the president by A) Executive Budget Office. B) Department of the Treasury. C) Council of Economic Advisors. D) Internal Revenue Service. E) Office of Management and Budget.

The cabinet department responsible for making foreign policy and handling treaty negotiations is A) interior. B) justice. C) foreign affairs. D) defense. E) state.

The first president to successfully utilize media politics was A) Ronald Reagan. B) Richard Nixon. C) George Washington. D) Abraham Lincoln. E) Franklin Roosevelt.

The key spokespersons for political parties come from which of its major components? A) the party-in-the-electorate B) the party as an organization C) the party-out-of-power D) the leaders-of-the-party-organization E) the party-in-government

The key to the accuracy of public opinion polls is A) political ideology. B) polygraphs. C) sampling error. D) the larger the size of the sample, the better. E) random sampling.

The largest federal agency based on dollars spent is the A) Department of Defense. B) Department of Justice. C) State Department. D) Department of Health and Human Services. E) Social Security Administration.

The media inevitably encourage the growth of government when they A) focus on policy issues. B) reapply for their broadcast licenses. C) uncover government waste. D) act as a watchdog. E) focus on injustice in society.

The members of the Senate closely reflect the nation in terms of A) race. B) gender. C) economic status. D) prior occupation. E) none of the above

The principal source of news and information for most Americans today is A) newspapers. B) radio talk shows. C) magazines. D) print media. E) the broadcast media.

The principle source of news and information in the United States is A) the print media. B) magazines and radio. C) newspapers. D) radio talk shows. E) the broadcast media.

Which is a linkage institution? A) Supreme Court B) Executive Office of the President C) Congress D) all of the above E) none of the above

Which of the following is an example of civil disobedience? A) accidentally failing to pay income tax on taxable income B) the Supreme Court throwing out a congressional statute on the grounds of its unconstitutionality C) cheating on this test! D) petitioning the government to legalize the possession of marijuana and other controlled substances E) consciously breaking a cityʹs law by purposely blocking entrance to a legally operating abortion clinic

Which of the following is established by the written Constitution? (59-60) A) the right to an abortion B) media coverage of the House and Senate C) political parties D) All of these are mentioned in the written Constitution. E) None of these are mentioned in the written Constitution.

Which of the following is most fundamentally critical of American democracy? A) traditional democratic theory B) democratic negativism C) pluralist theory D) critical democratic theory E) elite and class theory

Which of the following statements best describes voter turnout in the United States? a. Among democratic nations, the United States leads the world in voter turnout b. Voter turnout in the United States is constitutionally mandated c. Voters are usually a microcosm of the entire body of American citizens d. Most American voters consider politics as critical to their interests e. The United States has one of the lowest voter turnout rates in the world.

ʺCritical electionsʺ always result in the A) widespread public questioning of the American election process accompanied by calls for its reform. B) displacement of the minority party by the majority party. C) formation of new political parties. D) successful bid by a third political party. E) formation of new coalitions for each political party.

20) During the Cold War era, more than a million ________ troops were spread from West Germany to Portugal. A) North Atlantic Treaty Organization B) Trilateral Commission C) German D) United Nations peacekeeping E) United Nations combat

58) The containment doctrine was A) intended to prevent Soviet expansion after World War II. B) the policy of nuclear arms agreements to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. C) the Soviet policy of building the Iron Curtain and Berlin Wall to hold American influence to Western Europe after World War II. D) first proposed as a military maneuver during the Korean War as a means to prevent Chinese advances. E) the policy of cooperation and relaxation of tensions with the Soviet Union.

7) Most of the governments in the world today are ________, in which all power resides in the central national government. A) unitary B) federalist C) nationalist D) confederations E) fiscal

70) The relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union throughout the 1970s was known as A) de´tente. B) containment. C) the Strategic Defense Initiative. D) glasnost. E) New Thinking.

75) Which of the following is NOT a standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today? A) distinctly separated powers of state and national governments B) federal grants-in-aid C) shared administration of programs D) shared financing of government E) federal guidelines imposed on states

805 38) The government body responsible for coordinating foreign and military policy is the A) National Security Council. B) Joint Chiefs of Staff. C) Central Intelligence Agency. D) State Department. E) Department of Defense.

826 102) Which instrument of foreign policy used to guarantee world dominance but no longer does so? A) military strength B) economic sanctions C) diplomacy D) none of the above E) all of the above

In the Engel v. Vitale case of 1962, the Supreme Court ruled that ________ was (were) unconstitutional. A) prayers done as classroom exercises in public schools B) the Connecticut statute barring the distribution of birth control information C) segregation D) prior restraint E) police search or seizure without an authorized warrant

Slavery was declared unconstitutional by the A) Thirteenth Amendment. B) Fourteenth Amendment. C) Jim Crow laws. D) Bill of Rights. E) Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court case.

49) Enumerated powers are those that are A) reserved for the states. B) stated in the Constitution. C) implied in the Constitution. D) involving money matters. E) granted specifically to the president.

49) The foreign-policy powers of Congress A) have no constitutional basis. B) include raising and organizing the armed forces. C) include making treaties. D) are negligible when compared with the presidentʹs. E) appoint the top military officials including the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

51) The Monroe Doctrine A) ended the American policy of isolationism. B) showed again that America was not concerned with Europeʹs problems. C) affirmed Americaʹs intention to stay out of Latin American affairs. D) symbolized the start of the Cold War. E) first enunciated the policy of isolationism.

53) It was, above all else, ________ that dealt a death blow to American isolationism. A) World War I B) World War II C) the Cuban Missile Crisis D) the Vietnam War E) World War III

77) During the early years of his administration, Reaganʹs foreign and defense policies emphasized A) de´tente. B) anticommunism. C) arms reduction talks. D) nuclear disarmament. E) international free trade agreements.

799 18) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of a A) United Nations agency. B) regional organization for military purposes. C) regional organization for economic purposes. D) multinational corporation. E) global organization for military purposes.

806 41) The ________ was established after World War II in order to coordinate American information and data-gathering operations abroad and to collect, analyze, and evaluate its own data. A) OSS B) CIA C) JCS D) National Security Council E) North Atlantic Treaty Organization

811 57) The Marshall Plan A) warned European nations to stay out of Latin America. B) poured billions of dollars into war-ravaged European nations after World War II. C) established the containment doctrine. D) imposed democratic constitutions on Germany and Japan in the wake of World War II. E) created NATO.

832 122) Americans are usually least interested in A) domestic policy. B) foreign policy. C) economic policy. D) social policy. E) tax policy.

A hyperpluralist interpretation of group politics would maintain that A) groups weak in one resource can substitute other resources to influence policy decisions. B) groups have become so powerful that government ends up aiding every possible interest. C) the fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing, because groups are unequal in power. D) groups provide a key linkage between people and government. E) All of these are true.

Affirmative action seeks to move beyond A) equal results to equal opportunity. B) equal opportunity to equal results. C) equal opportunity to equal rights. D) equal rights to equal opportunity. E) negativism to positivism in human relations.

De jure educational segregation occurs A) by constitutional amendment. B) by law. C) by forced school busing to integrate the races. D) by the reality of neighborhood schools located in areas that happen to be racially segregated. E) from day-to-day depending on changing enrollments at a particular school.

Elitist theorists argue that A) groups weak in one resource can use another, and all legitimate groups are able to affect public policy by one means or another. B) the fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing, because most groups are extremely unequal in power. C) the government has treated all interest group demands as legitimate, and unwisely chosen to advance them all. D) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. E) governments should be controlled by a select group of well-educated, cultured, wealthy persons who understand the laws of economics and can run the most efficient government.

Political Action Committees are primarily a means used by interest groups for A) lobbying. B) electioneering. C) litigation. D) policymaking. E) political action.

The enforcement of the Clean Air Act and other anti-pollution legislation is administered by what regulatory body? A) Department of Interior B) Environmental Protection Agency C) Department of Justice D) Occupational Safety and Health Administration E) Federal Pollution Board

The federal program that permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other non-hospital expenses is A) Medicare Part A. B) Medicare Part B. C) Medicaid. D) social insurance program. E) the American Association of Retired Persons.

The first president to call for national health insurance was A) Franklin Roosevelt. B) Harry Truman. C) Lyndon Johnson. D) Jimmy Carter. E) Bill Clinton.

The free-rider problem refers to A) unrelated amendments being added to a piece of legislation in order to bypass usual procedures. B) potential members of a group failing to join the actual group, as they know they will receive the same benefits whether they are active members or not. C) legislators who face no election opponents, and thus are automatically reelected. D) mass transit scofflaws who endanger government aid to subways, buses, and commuter trains by not being officially counted. E) welfare fraud and the costs it imposes on government and taxpayers.

The free-rider problem refers to the difficulty of A) small groups in raising enough money to influence policy. B) groups in organizing all their potential members. C) actual groups in collecting dues from members. D) potential groups in receiving their share in collective goods. E) all taxpayers having to pay for public services and payments that go only to the poor.

The greater oneʹs sense of political efficacy, the A) less likely one is to vote. B) more likely one is to vote. C) greater oneʹs chance of being defeated in an election. D) less likely one is to view the election process in the United States as legitimate. E) more likely one is to see differences between the parties.

The greater the policy differences between the candidates, A) the closer the election. B) the more likely voters will be able to steer government policies by their choices. C) the lower the turnout in the general election. D) the more likely voters will make choices based on personality traits. E) the higher the voter turnout in the election.

The group of people with the lowest voter turnout rate is A) college graduates. B) young people. C) women. D) senior citizens over 70. E) union members.

The idea that interest group activity brings representation to all is associated with A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) republicanism.

The impact of the Motor Voter Act of 1993 was evidenced in A) higher registration and higher turnout in 1996 and 2000. B) higher registration and lower turnout in 1996 and 2000. C) no changes in either registration or turnout in 1996 and 2000. D) lower registration and higher turnout in 1996 and 2000. E) none of the above

The poor are disadvantaged by regressive taxation, which A) does not occur in the United States. B) occurs in states with a sales tax. C) results from low welfare payments. D) results from the federal income tax. E) requires income withholding even though the wage earner will owe little or no tax in the end.

The poverty line is measured by A) the minimum wage extended on a yearly basis. B) taking into account what a family would need to spend to maintain an ʺaustereʺ standard of living. C) the number of people filing for unemployment benefits. D) the boundaries of an urban ghetto. E) proportion of the median income as determined by IRS records.

The share of national income earned by various groups in the United States is described by the concept of A) the apple pie. B) income distribution. C) income relativity. D) socio-economic stratification. E) wealth allocation.

The tax that can be used to redistribute income from the rich to the poor is a A) sales tax. B) progressive tax. C) regressive tax. D) proportional tax. E) relative deprivation tax.

The vast majority of cases reaching the federal courts are settled on the principle of ________, meaning that an earlier ruling should hold for the case being considered. A) historical authority B) stare decisis C) amicus curiae D) per curiam decision E) certiorari

The view that judges should play a minimal role in policymaking is called judicial A) jurisprudence. B) restraint. C) precedent. D) objectivity. E) neutrality.

The winner of the presidential election of 1896 was A) Theodore Roosevelt. B) William McKinley. C) Grover Cleveland. D) William Jennings Bryan. E) Ulysses Grant.

Those largely indifferent to the results of an election, but who decide to vote anyway to show support for democratic government are called ________ voters. A) guilt-driven B) civic-duty C) regime-maintenance D) patriotic disaffected E) disaffected

Three basic strategies employed by interest groups are all of the following EXCEPT A) lobbying. B) implementation. C) electioneering. D) litigation. E) going public.

Transfer payments have A) significantly redistributed income in America. B) raised many of the poor above the poverty line. C) created greater income equality. D) have had virtually no affect on poverty in America. E) conspicuously bypassed the elderly, while helping many other groups.

Which of the following is NOT typical of American interest groups? A) They frequently look to the bureaucracy or the judicial process to achieve their policy goals. B) They run their own slate of candidates for office in many parts of the country. C) Most have a handful of key policies to push, and are policy experts in those areas. D) Unlike political parties, they are not faced with the constraint of trying to appeal to everyone. E) They mostly represent diffuse, non-economic interests.

Which of the following is TRUE about American elections over the past 100 years? A) The suffrage has broadened, and the turnout has increased. B) The suffrage has broadened, and the turnout has decreased. C) The suffrage has narrowed, and the turnout has increased. D) The suffrage has narrowed, and the turnout has decreased. E) Suffrage has broadened, but there has been no change in turnout.

Which of the following is TRUE about wealth and income in American society? A) Wealth is distributed less equally than income. B) Wealth and income are distributed about the same in society. C) Income is distributed less equally than wealth. D) Wealth and income are the same thing. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the electoral college is FALSE? A) Each state has as many electoral votes as it has United States senators and representatives. B) Every state has a winner-take-all system where electors vote as a bloc for the winner. C) Electors meet in their states in December and mail their votes to the vice president. D) If no candidate receives an electoral majority, then the election is thrown into the House of Representatives. E) Some states have a winner take all system where electors vote as a bloc for the winner.

Which of the following statements about the immediate consequence of women receiving the right to vote is FALSE? A) Many supporters of the right to vote accepted the traditional model of the family. B) The feminist movement gained steam immediately after the right to vote was secured. C) Winning the right to vote did not automatically give women equal rights, pay, and status. D) Many state laws continued to enshrine the traditional view of the family in public policy. E) Gaining the right to vote did not eliminate many of the challenges facing women.

Which of the following statements about women in the military is FALSE? A) Congress has opened all the service academies to women. B) Women, as well as men, are now required to register for the draft. C) Statutes and regulations prohibit women from serving in most combat situations. D) Women have served in every branch of the armed services since World War II. E) Women do not have a ceiling on the rank they can achieve.

During the 1980s, the Supreme Court ________ the displaying of Christmas nativity scenes and Hanukkah menorahs on public property. A) refused to hear cases challenging B) first permitted and then prohibited C) upheld the constitutionality of D) declared unconstitutional E) encouraged

Environmental groups have been most successful at A) stopping strip mining. B) halting the trans-Alaskan pipeline. C) thwarting the expansion of the nuclear power industry. D) stopping the development of commercial supersonic aircraft. E) protecting the reefer toad and other endangered species.

In 1990, Congress enacted the ________, a far-reaching law to protect a particular group of Americans from discrimination, ignoring those who claimed the price tag would be too high. A) Gay and Lesbian Civil Rights Bill B) Native-Americans Inclusion Act C) Americans with Disabilities Act D) Childrenʹs Rights Act E) Immigrant Grant Act

In Faragher v. City of Boca Raton (1998), the Supreme Court held that A) school districts can be held liable for sexual harassment. B) the military can not be responsible for sexual harassment at conferences. C) employers are responsible for preventing and eliminating sexual harassment. D) government entities are not responsible for preventing sexual harassment. E) none of the above

In order to defeat a judicial nomination, opponents in the Senate usually must A) get public support in opposition to the nomination. B) be in the majority and be in the opposite party as the president. C) be able to question a nomineeʹs competence or ethics. D) get the American Bar Association on their side. E) prove the nomineeʹs ideological extremism.

In the 1963 case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that defendants in all felony cases had a right to counsel, and if they could not afford to hire a lawyer, one must be provided. A) Mapp v. Ohio B) Engel v. Vitale C) Gideon v. Wainwright D) Miranda v. Arizona E) National Bar Association v. United States

In the United States, the largest single source of health care dollars comes from A) private insurance companies. B) private charities. C) government. D) citizens themselves in out-of-pocket medical payments. E) the private sector.

The Motor Voter Act of 1993 A) requires states to provide transportation for citizens who are unable to get to the polls on their own efforts. B) requires states to mail voter registration forms to all individuals holding driverʹs licenses. C) requires states to register individuals to vote when they apply for, or renew, their driverʹs license. D) established drive-in polling places to make voting more convenient and increase voter turnout. E) requires the federal government to register individuals to vote when they apply for or renew their driverʹs license.

Which of the following is NOT true about the United States courts of appeal? A) They hold no actual trials, hear no testimony, and do not impanel juries. B) Their focus is on correcting errors of procedure and law that occurred in the original proceedings of the case. C) Their decisions are final and cannot be appealed to the Supreme Court. D) Their decisions set precedent for all the courts and agencies within their jurisdiction. E) none of the above

29) Many recent presidents have bypassed the Secretary of State for foreign policy advice and come to rely more on the A) Secretary of Defense. B) United States Ambassador to the United Nations. C) Joint Chiefs of Staff. D) special assistant for National Security Affairs. E) National Security Council.

67) In ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of different levels of government are like a marble cake, with mingled responsibilities and blurred distinctions between layers of government. A) fiscal B) mixed C) dual D) cooperative E) tripartite

823 93) The structure of Americaʹs defenses has been based on A) complete control of the sea and large overseas bases. B) military control of outer space. C) strategic nuclear air command and a small but specialized standing army. D) a large standing military force and a triad of strategic nuclear weapons. E) the defense of our borders and the ability to fight one minor regional conflict.

824 96) Arms reduction talks were pushed onto the agenda of discussions between the two superpowers in the late 1980s due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) the rapid drive toward democracy in Eastern Europe. B) Moscowʹs economic torpor. C) the Pentagonʹs budgetary squeeze. D) President Reaganʹs consistent policy of de´tente. E) the thaw of the Cold War.

83) In response to the terrorist acts of September 11, 2001, the George W. Bush administration has developed a new foreign policy emphasizing A) negotiation. B) deterrence. C) de´tente. D) preemptive strikes. E) diplomacy.

A ________ is a Supreme Court ruling without explanation which resolves an immediate case but has no value as precedent because the Court does not offer reasoning that would guide lower courts in future decisions. A) stare decisis B) writ of certiorari C) concurring opinion D) per curiam decision E) writ of mandamus

A referendum is an election A) in which citizens can propose their own legislation. B) for judicial offices. C) for choosing party nominees for state offices. D) whereby voters are given the chance to approve or disapprove some legislative act or constitutional amendment. E) to determine whether to remove an elected official from office before the end of their term.

An amicus curiae brief is A) one which enables a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit to pursue a remedy for past wrongs. B) an oral or written appeal of a court decision made by an interest group which is party to the particular case. C) an oral or written appeal of a court decision made by an interest group not party to a particular case. D) a written argument submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. E) the written statement of a courtʹs decision in a case explaining the reasons for the decision.

Because Bushʹs lead over Gore in the initial count was less than one-tenth of one percent, Florida law mandated A) that the Florida state legislature vote to declare Bush the winner. B) the outcome of the election be determined by the Florida Supreme Court. C) the Secretary of State to certify the results. D) an automatic recount. E) a thirty-day extension for absentee ballots.

By 2000, the number of groups listed in the Encyclopedia of Associations was over A) 5,000. B) 1,000. C) 10,000. D) 20,000. E) 50,000.

Civil liberties relating to defendantsʹ rights have often been used to A) break up factions. B) enhance the power of the courts C) enhance diversity. D) protect individual rights. E) gain a plea bargain.

Compared to other industrialized countries, the United States ________ in providing a safety net for all its citizens and in lifting a greater percentage of the poor above the poverty line with various programs. A) does much better B) does somewhat better C) does about the same D) does worse E) does something similar

Federal magistrates perform each of the following functions EXCEPT A) preside over some trials. B) issue warrants for arrest. C) hear motions subject to review. D) prosecute violations of federal law. E) none of the above

Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination means that A) you have a right to confront witnesses against you. B) you can be granted immunity from prosecution in exchange for your testimony. C) as a defendant you have a right to counsel. D) you cannot be forced to be a witness against yourself. E) police officers may use whatever force is necessary to protect themselves from harm in arrest situations.

Suffrage refers to A) the practice of defacto slavery rather than dejure slavery. B) the legal segregation of the races or of men and women in hotels, motels, restaurants, and other public places. C) the hardships endured to obtain civil rights for African Americans and equal rights for women. D) the legal right to vote. E) the practice of shackling slaves working in fields so they could not run away.

There are ________ federal district courts. A) 53 B) 12 C) 9 D) 91 E) 50

Unless they witness a crime, police officers cannot arrest a suspect without A) due process. B) a search warrant. C) informing them of their Miranda rights. D) probable cause. E) a writ of habeas corpus.

Which of the following statements about federal judges is FALSE? A) All federal judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by a majority of the Senate. B) Federal judges may be removed from office only by conviction of impeachment. C) Members of the federal judiciary can not have their salaries reduced. D) Only seven Supreme Court justices have ever been removed from office. E) none of the above

115) The ratio of what a country pays for imports to what it earns in exports is known as its A) federal deficit. B) balance of trade. C) international productivity quotient. D) tariff. E) trade gap.

12) Federalism is a way of organizing a nation so that A) power is centralized in state and local government. B) both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people. C) there is one federal government and all regional governments are administrative subunits of it. D) power is centralized in the national government. E) there are three branches of government and a system of checks and balances.

121) Which of the following nations is least dependent on foreign oil? A) Japan B) United States C) Germany D) Great Britain E) the European nations together

121) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Federalism reduces decision making and conflict at the national level. B) Federalism reduces the opportunities for political participation. C) Federalism allows the diversity of opinion within the country to be reflected in different public policies among the states. D) There are over a half million elected officials in the United States as a result of the federal system. E) The federal system ensures that each state can establish a power base to promote its interests.

37) The Iran-Contra affair erupted in 1986 when it came to light that members of the ________ were involved in a secret operation selling arms to Iran in return for Iranian help in returning American hostages held in Lebanon, and using money from the arms sale to fund rebels in Nicaragua. A) Joint Chiefs of Staff B) National Security Council staff C) Department of Defense D) State Department E) Central Intelligence Agency

(T/F) A political issue arises when people disagree about a problem or about a public policy choice made to combat a problem.

(T/F) Elite theorists maintain that who holds office in Washington is of marginal consequence; the corporate giants always have the power.

(T/F) Immigrants to the United States often brought a sense of individualism with them.

(T/F) In a 2004 survey of political knowledge, young people provided the correct answer to only one-third of these questions, whereas people over 65 were correct half the time.

(T/F) In a democracy, public officials are supposed to pay attention to the problems that concern voters.

(T/F) Public goods are things that everyone shares, such as clean air.

13) In recent years, the Supreme Court has scrutinized Congressʹs use of the commerce clause with a skeptical eye, overturning congressional legislation in various decisions.

15) The Constitution says that the states must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment.

According to the classic study, The American Voter, done in the 1950s, most Americans fell into the category of A) group benefits voters. B) ideologues. C) no-issue-content voters. D) anti-ideologues. E) nature-of-the-times voters.

According to the original Constitution, the president must be A) at least 35 years old. B) a resident of the United States for at least five years. C) a citizen of the United States for at least ten years. D) a white man. E) all of the above except D

Administrative personnel who exercise discretion, pay attention to routine, and deal directly with clients, A) are called street-level bureaucrats. B) are limited to high-level positions in the administration. C) implement federal policies. D) are part of the Senior Executive Service. E) are usually dismissed for not following standard operating procedures.

At the turn of the century, newspaper magnates Joseph and William Randolph Hearst ushered in the era of A) yellow journalism. B) nickel tabloids. C) newspaper chains. D) penny press. E) political advertising.

Bicameralism means that a legislative body is one A) with two houses, providing checks and balances on policymaking. B) in which each state has two senators, providing equal representation of the states. C) in which incumbents have a better chance of being reelected, providing continuity in policymaking. D) that must share power with a president, providing more efficient policymaking. E) in which there are only two political parties.

Committee staff is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT A) providing services to constituents. B) organizing hearings. C) writing legislation. D) monitoring the executive branch. E) coordinating with congressional offices.

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through A) rewriting laws and budgets and holding hearings. B) deregulation. C) the use of executive orders and appointments. D) the creation of ʺiron triangles.ʺ E) all of the above

Conservatives would tend to favor each of the following EXCEPT A) affirmative action. B) low taxes. C) increased military spending. D) free-market solutions. E) the right to life.

Federal grants and contracts that members of Congress try to obtain for their constituents are collectively referred to as A) the pork barrel. B) casework. C) public service. D) perquisites. E) affirmative action.

Four out of five newspaper readers in America read papers owned by A) large corporate chains located out of town. B) fearless local editors. C) the Associated Press. D) television stations. E) their employees.

Government is defined as the a. Institutions and processes through which public policies are made for society b. Executive branch and its agencies c. Body that is concerned with economic problems while leaving social to other institutions of society d. Organization that brings problems to the attention of public officials e. Agency that implements policies that have been enacted by other institutions of the political system

If public opinion analysts agree about anything it is that A) the level of public knowledge about politics is dismally low. B) people have something to say about almost every issue. C) peopleʹs views on politics are coherent and consistent. D) people do not have opinions on most current public policy issues. E) people think about politics in very meaningful and abstract ways.

In 2004, the average sound bite of a presidential candidate shown talking on the nightly news averaged A) less than ten seconds. B) about thirty seconds. C) about two minutes. D) about ninety seconds. E) about a minute.

Issue networks are A) a growing participatory force in bureaucratic decision making whose membersʹ interest in issues is intellectual or emotional rather than material. B) the same as ʺiron triangles.ʺ C) the relatively new television stations that specialize in political coverage. D) subject to standard operating procedures. E) two or more agencies that share regulatory power when a policy or regulation affects more than one regulatory body.

Legislators who use their best judgment to make policy in the interests of the people are called A) trustees. B) instructed delegates. C) politicos. D) attentive leaders. E) opinion leaders.

Most news coverage is perhaps best described as A) superficial. B) thorough. C) complex. D) superlative. E) metacognitive.

The most powerful person in the Senate is the A) majority leader. B) vice president of the United States, who serves as president of the Senate. C) chair of the Rules Committee. D) Speaker. E) president of the United States.

The pork barrel and casework are examples of A) opportunities for credit-claiming by members of Congress. B) advertising techniques. C) descriptive representation. D) position-taking. E) congressional continuity.

The presidentʹs ________ serves as the principal conduit of information from the White House to the press on a daily basis. A) press secretary B) vice president C) Chief of Staff D) Secretary of Information E) Domestic Policy Advisor

The presidentʹs role in the legislative process A) is especially important in influencing Congressʹs agenda. B) usually puts her/him in conflict with Congress. C) is usually minor because Congress operates independently from the president. D) is most effective in domestic policy. E) at least until 1995, has been to react to and modify congressional initiatives.

The separation of powers and the checks and balances established by the Constitution (65) A) allow almost all groups some place in the political system where their demands for public policy can be heard. B) have acted to discourage the growth of groups in American society. C) have made the United States one of the most democratic countries in the world. D) create so many obstacles that groups have no place for their policy demands to be heard. E) are basically undemocratic since only elites can formulate policies within the system.

The single most important advantage to someone trying to get elected to Congress is A) being an incumbent. B) having more money to spend on campaigning. C) being charismatic and photogenic. D) having a clean record. E) winning the endorsement of the top leaders of their party.

The worst off of Americaʹs minority groups are A) Native Americans. B) homosexuals. C) Asian Americans. D) African Americans. E) Hispanic Americans.

Which of the following are NOT normally policy entrepreneurs? A) mass media B) appointed government officials C) interest groups D) elected government officials E) political parties

Which of the following categories is the largest expenditure in the federal budget? A) Social Security B) Medicaid C) environment D) national defense E) homeland security

Which of the following is TRUE about most third-party campaigns in American history? A) They almost never win office. B) They occasionally succeed. C) They usually become major political parties over time. D) They have been most successful at promoting party dealignment. E) They frequently are successful.

Which of the following statements about taxes is TRUE? a. One out of every three dollars earned by an American citizen is used to pay taxes. b. Despite the image presented by the media, survey data reveal that Americans feel they are getting their moneyʹs worth for the taxes they pay. c. About one-tenth of the average American citizenʹs salary goes to taxes. d. The tax burden in the United States is higher than in most democratic nations e. All of these are true

Which of these candidates would most likely get elected? A) a representative running for reelection B) a senator running for reelection C) an incumbent representative challenging a senator D) a challenger E) an incumbent

Recent election studies show A) the presidentʹs party usually gains seats in Congress in mid-term elections. B) a diminishing connection between votersʹ presidential and congressional voting. C) that the party of the winning presidential candidate has been gaining an increasing number of seats in congress. D) that presidential coattails no longer exist. E) that many congressional races are determined by presidential coattails.

Recent presidential elections have shown A) a sharp turn in public thinking to more conservative positions on issues. B) that voters are less interested in ideology or issue positions than in candidate traits such as competence and integrity. C) a sharp turn in public thinking to more liberal positions on issues. D) a dramatic growth of ideological voters. E) that voters are more interested in issue positions than in candidate ideology.

Some scholars have suggested that a consequence of separation of powers and checks and balances has been (65) A) the inability of groups to get their grievances heard. B) fragmented policymaking processes. C) the tyranny of the majority. D) streamlined, but hasty, government decision making. E) political instability.

To end a filibuster requires ________ members present and voting to cut off debate. A) 50 B) 60 C) 75 D) 99 E) 218

Which of the following takes the most positive view of democracy in the United States? A) democratic centralism B) pluralist theory C) hyperpluralism D) democratic positivism E) elite theory

12) Why would the Pony Express, the precursor to the U.S. Postal Service, want to employ orphans? A) It kept poverty low. B) If they were to die on the job, there would be no family to notify or compensate. C) They could pay them egregiously low wages. D) It was a way to stimulate the economy in a bottom-up fashion. E) It was believed that orphans were more devoted workers.

18) The Department of Commerce and Labor, established by Congress at the request of President _________, was a sign of increased regulation of the economic sector. A) James A. Garfield B) Rutherford B. Hayes C) Theodore Roosevelt D) Woodrow Wilson E) Franklin D. Roosevelt

30) When a gas leak resulted in an explosion in a factory in Garner, NC, which of the following agencies was MOST likely called in to evaluate safety procedures? A) HUD B) EPA C) OSHA D) OMB E) FTC

Some prefer the concept of legislators as ________, mirroring the preferences of their constituents. A) trustees B) politicos C) instructed delegates D) uninstructed delegates E) pollsters

The United States House of Representatives has ________ members. A) 638 B) 100 C) 435 D) 80 E) 535

The ________ employs about one-fourth of all federal civilian workers, more than any other department or agency. A) Department of Education B) Department of Health and Human Services C) Department of Defense D) Department of Justice E) Department of Labor

The agency that reviews legislative proposals for the president is the A) Council of Economic Advisors. B) National Security Council. C) Office of Management and Budget. D) Legislative Executive Agency. E) Executive Legislative Agency.

The average amount of air time that a presidential candidate has been given to talk uninterrupted on the TV news A) has increased dramatically since 1960. B) has increased dramatically since 1980. C) has declined dramatically since the 1960s. D) has been remarkably consistent over the years. E) has increased slightly since 1970.

The chairperson of the party that controls the White House is normally selected by A) members of the party in Congress. B) a committee of state chairpersons. C) the president. D) closed primary. E) none of the above

The first daily newspaper in America was A) the Associated Press established in 1841. B) The New York Times established in 1800. C) printed in Philadelphia in 1783. D) the Colonial Gazette printed in 1607. E) Common Sense printed in 1776.

To a large extent, television networks define news as what is ________ to viewers. A) informative B) vital information C) entertaining D) thought-provoking E) yet unknown

Two of the most important principles of democratic theory are majority rule and A) the plurality rule. B) judicial review. C) minority rights. D) majority restraint. E) Robertsʹ Rules of Order.

Which of the following is NOT a contemporary theory of democracy? A) hyperpluralism B) class theory C) democratic centralism D) pluralism E) elite theory

Which of the following statements about presidential bargaining is FALSE? A) The presidential bargaining takes a variety of forms. B) The president needs to bargain only with enough people to provide a majority. C) Bargaining in the form of providing specific benefits for members of Congress is critical to creating presidential coalitions. D) The president does not have to bargain with every member of Congress to receive support. E) Presidentsʹ bargaining ability is enhanced by strong public approval.

1) Under the Articles of Confederation, the bureaucracy consisted of A) a handful of individuals without any formal staff. B) two departments: Domestic and Foreign Affairs. C) two departments: War and Treasury. D) three departments: Foreign Affairs, War, and Treasury. E) four departments: War, Treasury, Foreign Affairs, and Justice.

According to hyperpluralists, the increasing caseloads of federal and state courts demonstrate A) the high status of attorneys in the United States. B) the inability to control the bureaucracy in implementing policy. C) that groups are more likely to appeal to different institutions in order to gain policy benefits. D) the expanding scope of government in the United States. E) the increasing complexity of our social networks.

Americans tend to A) have low expectations for the president. B) prefer a concentration of power in the presidency. C) have a high degree of trust in strong leadership and political authority. D) look back longingly on the great, powerful presidents.

Americaʹs first and shortest-lived major political party was the A) Anti-Federalist party. B) Whig party. C) Democratic-Republican party. D) Federalist party. E) Independence party.

As originally established by the Constitution, the House of Representatives had how many members from each state? (44) A) seven B) one C) two D) It depended on the stateʹs population. E) none

Blanket primaries A) cost less than open primaries. B) discourage party loyalty. C) depress voter turnout. D) encourage party loyalty. E) have fewer undercounts.

Changes in presidential approval levels appear to be due primarily to A) the presidentʹs personality. B) how the media treat the president. C) the financial elitesʹ responses to presidential policies. D) the publicʹs evaluation of how the president is handling policy areas. E) how the presidentʹs policies affect people individually.

Compared to the government under the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution gave the central government (46-47) A) far fewer powers. B) total control of the economy. C) about the same economic powers. D) more economic powers. E) almost no economic powers.

Concerns about reliance of pollsters on telephone surveys have recently been caused by A) decreased chances of finding people at home. B) increased use of random digit dialing. C) increased non-listing of phone numbers. D) increased use of cell phones. E) a decrease in no-call lists.

During the military campaign in Afghanistan, President Bush and the White House frequently watched ________ to see events as they happened. A) Nightline B) Good Morning America C) closed circuit, top-secret Pentagon video relays D) CNN E) The MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour

Federal employees are prohibited from active participation in partisan politics through the A) Twenty-fifth Amendment. B) Pendleton Act. C) Supreme Court ruling in Democratic National Committee v. Hayes. D) Hatch Act. E) merit system.

For most newspapers in medium-sized cities and small towns, their principal source for reporting national and world news is A) USA Today. B) The New York Times. C) Cable News Network. D) The Associated Press. E) The Washington Post.

High public approval of the president A) has no effect on congressional elections. B) gives the president less control over Congress. C) once achieved is usually sustained for the remainder of his/her presidency. D) provides a cover for members of Congress to cast votes to which their constituents might otherwise object. E) allows members of Congress the freedom to vote according to their ideology rather than party.

How has the electoral college changed from the original intent of the framers? (60) A) Affirmative action programs have made the student body much more diverse, although standards have also been lowered. B) The president must now be elected by two-thirds vote of the electoral college rather than a simple majority. C) The number of electors has decreased dramatically. D) Almost all electors now vote for the presidential candidate who wins the most popular votes in their state. E) Today, the electors vote for whom they personally feel would make the best president.

In 1968 the Democratic party was torn apart, leaving the door to the presidency open for Republican Richard Nixon primarily due to A) the failure of President Johnsonʹs War on Poverty. B) the sudden evaporation of the New Deal coalition. C) the abandonment of the Democratic party by African Americans. D) President Johnsonʹs Vietnam War policies. E) the severity of the mid-60ʹs recession.

In 1996, Congress passed a law giving the president the authority to propose rescinding funds in appropriations bills. Later, A) Congress overturned the law. B) President Clinton chose not to use such authority. C) President Clinton used it successfully. D) the Supreme Court voided the decision. E) President Bush voided the decision.

In proportional representation systems, A) whoever gets the most votes wins the election. B) each demographic group is allocated a certain number of positions in the government, in proportion to that groupʹs percentage of the population. C) coalition governments usually last for many years. D) legislative seats are allocated according to each partyʹs percentage of the nationwide vote. E) every party gets represented in the legislature.

Individuals aged 29 and under are A) more likely than older individuals to spend time getting news. B) less likely than older individuals to use the Internet for news. C) more likely to rely on newspapers than on television as a news source. D) less likely than older individuals to learn about the presidential campaign from a daily newspaper. E) more likely than older individuals to use newsmagazines as a news source.

Informal changes to the Constitution have reflected changes in all of the following EXCEPT (58-60) A) technology. B) political practice. C) judicial interpretation. D) constitutional amendments. E) none of the above

Linkage institutions A) help link the three branches of government together to achieve coherent policies. B) are used to implement public policies. C) link political parties to the government. D) translate inputs from the public into outputs from the policymakers. E) link the president to members of his/her party in Congress, so they can coordinate their policies in government.

Nationwide, the fastest growing age group is composed of A) those under 13 years old. B) one-year-olds. C) those between 13-21 years old. D) those over 65 years old. E) those between 21-30 years old.

Once the House votes for impeachment, the president A) must leave office. B) is fined or sentenced to prison. C) is tried by the Supreme Court. D) is tried by the Senate. E) must be indicted by a Grand Jury before being removed from office.

One advantage of the Internet for democracy is that it a. Provides less information than newspapers b. Makes it easy to avoid political topics c. Will provide more political information to political elites d. Makes it easier for citizens to communicate directly with government e. None of the above

Party eras in American politics are periods of time in which A) partisan identification is at high levels and political party nominees win most elections rather than independent candidates who are unaffiliated with a party. B) party organizations grow very strong, are able to control the policy positions of their candidates, and win votes by providing jobs and government services to loyal party supporters. C) political dominance frequently shifts from one party to the other. D) one party dominates. E) one party wins every presidential election.

People gradually moving away from both parties is referred to as A) partisan drift. B) coalition politics. C) realignment. D) dealignment. E) alignment.

Protest A) involves consciously breaking a law thought to be unjust. B) usually involves the use of violence, even murder, to achieve desired results. C) is considered a conventional form of political participation. D) is designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics. E) requires civil disobedience to be effective.

Public opinion is defined in the text as A) opinions which are expressible in public, as opposed to the more truthful private opinions which most individuals are reluctant to state publicly. B) beliefs about government held by a majority of people. C) opinions solicited from a random sample of the public. D) the distribution of the populationʹs beliefs about politics and policy. E) widely held beliefs about the publicʹs role in politics and policy.

Studies have shown that once one takes into account the status of their party in Congress and their standing with the public, presidents renowned for their legislative skills are A) twice as successful in winning congressional support than other presidents. B) most likely to reshape the contours of the political landscape. C) most likely to be able to create opportunities for political change. D) no more successful in obtaining congressional support than those considered less adept at dealing with Congress. E) much more successful in gaining support for their domestic policies than for their foreign policies.

Subgovernments promote A) centralization of authority. B) strong executive branch control of policymaking. C) the control of the bureaucracy by Congress. D) decentralized and fragmented policymaking. E) presidential control of bureaucratic discretion.

Television became extremely important in political campaigns beginning in A) 1948. B) 1952. C) 1972. D) 1960. E) 1984.

The 2000 census indicated that the largest minority population is comprised of A) illegals. B) African Americans. C) Asian Americans. D) Hispanics. E) Native Americans.

The American Revolution was based upon the ideas of (35-36) A) intellectual slaves. B) intellectual frontiersmen. C) George Washington. D) European political thinkers. E) American farmers.

The American Revolution was different from the French, Russian, and Iranian revolutions in that (37) A) it was much bloodier. B) it was much shorter. C) it did not result in a change of government. D) it produced little societal change. E) It was different in all these ways.

The Constitution A) provides a list of specific powers and implied powers reserved for the president. B) places the power of the presidency above the other branches of government. C) requires Congress to delegate specific areas of presidential power. D) says remarkably little about presidential power. E) B, C, and D are all correct.

The Constitution framers A) were unanimous in wanting a single president to lead the country. B) were united in wanting a strong chief executive. C) were united in wanting a chief executive similar to the prime minister of Great Britain. D) generally wanted a president with limited authority and responsibilities. E) hoped to create a monarchy in the United States.

The Constitution prohibited the states from doing each of the following EXCEPT (47) A) harboring runaway slaves. B) placing duties on imports from other states. C) printing paper money. D) establishing a republican form of government. E) interfering with lawfully contracted debts.

The War Powers Resolution A) prohibited the president power from committing American troops without congressional approval. B) established the chain of command of the armed forces in the event the president is incapacitated. C) gave the president the formal power to declare war in the case of nuclear attack. D) mandated the withdrawal of forces after sixty days unless Congress declared war or granted an extension. E) established the code protocols that launch nuclear missiles in order to prevent accidental or unauthorized missile launches.

The Weberian theory of bureaucracies views them in the most positive light as A) acquisitive. B) inefficient. C) monopolistic. D) hierarchical. E) democratic.

The ________ has the job of presiding over the Senate, breaking ties when necessary. A) majority leader B) majority whip C) minority leader D) vice president E) Speaker

The science of population changes is A) polling. B) anthropology. C) popuology. D) demography. E) the census.

The ultimate weapon in the presidentʹs arsenal of resources to influence Congress is probably A) media support. B) interest group support. C) her/his fundraising ability. D) mobilization of the public. E) the support of Wall Street and the Federal Reserve Board.

When compared with the rest of the world, America has a relatively low a. Number of offices up for election b. Number of candidates who seek office c. Frequency of elections d. Voter turnout in elections e. All of the Above

Which of the following statements about public opinion polling is FALSE? A) Public opinion polling started in 1932 with George Gallup. B) Sample sizes are getting smaller, not larger. C) The amount of public opinion polling has increased in recent years. D) Public opinion polling is a uniquely American phenomenon. E) A sample of 1,500 people is enough to relatively accurately reflect the universe of American people.

Which of the following statements about television news is FALSE? A) The only highly regarded in-depth news shows on television are watched by very few viewers. B) Studies have shown that television gives only skimpy attention to the issues during a presidential campaign. C) The complex issues of today are difficult to treat in a short news clip. D) Television analysis of news events has been rapidly increasing. E) Television news is less detailed than that presented in newspapers.

________ is the distribution of the populationʹs beliefs about politics and policy issues. A) Random sampling B) Direct mail C) Political socialization D) Public opinion E) Political ideology

A small band of farmers in western Massachusetts took up arms in what is remembered as (39) A) the Farmersʹ Revolt. B) King Georgeʹs War. C) the Boston Tea Party. D) the Whiskey Rebellion. E) Shaysʹ Rebellion.

A(n) ________ consists of an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee. A) issue network B) independent executive agency C) triumvirate D) administrative discretion triad E) ʺiron triangleʺ

Since 1960, state party organizations A) have begun selecting candidates for state offices. B) have been established for the first time as the national organizations have weakened. C) have virtually disappeared as the national units have taken on their functions. D) have begun selecting candidates for Congress. E) have become much more powerful and organized.

The Federal Aviation Administrationʹs protocol for for hijackings assumed that A) the pilot would be able to radio air traffic controllers and alert them to the problem. B) the FAA would be able to pinpoint the aircraft involved. C) there would be enough time for the government to formulate a response. D) the hijackers would be motivated in part by a desire to stay alive. E) All of the above

The General Services Administration and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration are examples of A) government corporations. B) independent regulatory agencies. C) Cabinet departments. D) presidential administrative agencies. E) independent executive agencies.

The Republicans lost the election of 1932 primarily due to A) the nomination of a popular war hero by the Democrats. B) Hitlerʹs election as chancellor of Germany and the Republicansʹ failure to prevent it. C) rising political and economic instability in Europe. D) the failure of the Republicans to hold onto the support of urban industrialists. E) President Herbert Hooverʹs handling of the Depression.

The Whig party A) was named after the wigs that the early aristocrats such as George Washington wore. B) dominated the second American party era between 1828 and 1856. C) forged a coalition of westerners, southerners, and new immigrants. D) believed in broadening political opportunity, eliminating vestiges of elitism, and mobilizing the masses. E) was only able to win the presidency when it nominated aging, but popular, military heroes.

Which Cabinet department is charged with overseeing the nationʹs national resources? A) Homeland Security B) Environmental Protection Agency C) Defense D) State E) Interior

A ________ is a coherent set of values and beliefs about public policy. A) policy agenda B) political ideology C) demography D) public opinion E) political socialization

A mid-term election is A) one in which the incumbent is running for reelection. B) a congressional election that is not accompanied by a presidential election. C) held every two years. D) a special election that may remove an official from office in the middle of the term. E) a presidential election that occurs during a session of Congress.

An example of casework by a member of Congress is A) writing a newsletter to send out to constituents. B) helping a constituent gain citizenship. C) voting for a bill desired by constituents. D) working with a caucus on a public policy that affects his or her constituents. E) all of the above

As technology has enabled the media to pass along information with greater speed, news coverage has become A) less biased. B) less complete. C) randomized. D) more biased. E) more complete.

Because it would be prohibitively expensive to ask every citizen his or her opinion on a whole range of issues, polls rely on what is called a(n) ________ of the population. A) extraction B) sample C) census D) slice E) demography

Critics of polling think A) it gives politicians the wrong information. B) it makes politicians more concerned with following than leading. C) the publicʹs opinion should not be taken into account. D) it could lead to a tyranny of the majority. E) B and D only

Deregulation has resulted, at least in part, in each of the following EXCEPT A) environmental damage. B) the proliferation of government agencies. C) competitive airline fares. D) an expensive bailout of the savings and loan industry. E) less government oversight in some key areas.

Government corporations A) operate an airline, manufacture steel, and provide health insurance. B) provide services and charge for them. C) tend to be captured by interest groups. D) are independent regulatory agencies. E) sell stock and pay dividends.

Governments throughout the world use the schools to help with the ________ of young people. A) random sampling B) political socialization C) voter registration D) civil disobedience E) demography

How many senators are elected from each state? A) one B) two C) four D) it depends on a stateʹs population E) the same number as it has electors in the electoral college

People who worry about PACs are most especially concerned about A) the decline in American voter turnout. B) the close connection between money and politics. C) too much democracy being dangerous to social stability. D) the role Party Affairs Councils play in elections. E) single-issue voters.

Political issues A) are always acted upon by the government. B) arise when people disagree about a problem or public policy choices made to combat a problem. C) are limited in number in the United States. D) usually emerge out of group consensus on a problem. E) all of the above

Political parties perform all of the following tasks EXCEPT A) pick policymakers and run campaigns. B) enforce rigid adherence to their policy positions. C) advocate public policies. D) coordinate policymaking. E) give cues to voters.

President Ronald Reagan argued that A) the national government should be abolished, with the states taking over in a very loose confederation system. B) government was not the answer to the nationʹs problems, government was the problem. C) the nationʹs problems required more, not less, government action. D) the states did not have enough resources to solve their problems, therefore their role should be sharply reduced and the national government should take over many of the major functions of state governments. E) although government had grown too fast, it should remain about the same size.

Public opinion polls are only estimates because A) samples of fewer then one million people are too small. B) all surveys have a sampling error. C) pollsters sometimes have to make educated guesses about the results. D) random digit dialing has replaced person-to-person interviewing. E) samples are not representative.

Public opinion polls have shown that A) most people can name their representatives, but do not know how they generally vote in Congress. B) people are more likely to recognize slogans from TV commercials than famous political figures. C) most people are well-informed about politics, but know little about geography. D) only during an international crisis are people able to locate specific countries involved in the crisis. E) political knowledge is higher now than it was forty years ago.

Random sampling in public opinion polling operates on the principle that A) which answers to include in aggregate poll results must be selected by chance in order to maximize accuracy. B) everyone should have an equal probability of being selected. C) the questions to be asked of a given respondent must be selected randomly so that all respondents are asked the same question the same number of times. D) the larger the number of people who are polled, the greater accuracy of the poll. E) both B and C

59) Almost immediately following World War II, the United States entered into ________ with the Soviet Union. A) the Korean War B) the Cuban Missile Crisis C) a Cold War D) peaceful coexistence E) a lend lease plan

44) About ___ percent of Americans file their taxes online. A) 30 B) 50 C) 66 D) 80 E) 95

25) The president directly appoints nearly ________ people. A) 300 B) 3,500 C) 6,500 D) 10,000 E) 15,500

Research has found that those most likely to view the candidates in terms of their personal attributes are A) minority voters. B) college-educated voters. C) low-income voters. D) women voters. E) non-voters.

Since the 1960s, the number of interest groups has A) remained constant. B) risen rapidly. C) declined slightly. D) declined sharply. E) fluctuated up and down as new issues developed and others faded away.

Social Security and Medicare A) require an income and means test for eligibility. B) are the largest and most expensive social welfare programs in America. C) have had little effect on the health and income of older Americans. D) are voluntary programs aimed specifically at the poor. E) all of the above

Standards of review used by the Supreme Court in discrimination cases include all of the following EXCEPT A) inherently suspect. B) more than reasonable. C) reasonable. D) intermediate, between reasonable and inherently suspect. E) cautious.

Suffrage refers to A) a type of election unique to the United States. B) the right to vote. C) a voter registration system. D) voter turnout rates. E) voting procedures in the electoral college.

34) What was the main criticism of the national bank created by the United States government? A) It was printing too much worthless paper money which debtors were using to pay off their debts. B) It was charging exorbitant interest rates on its loans. C) It was borrowing too much money, putting the United States government hopelessly in debt. D) It was an instrument of the elite and gave the national government too much control of the economy. E) It did not efficiently distribute money to the states.

36) The ________ was formed in 1947 to coordinate American foreign and military policies and advise the president. A) State Department B) Department of Defense C) Joint Chiefs of Staff D) National Security Council E) Central Intelligence Agency

38) The principle of the supremacy of federal law over state law was affirmed in A) Marbury v. Madison. B) the Tenth Amendment. C) United States v. Darby. D) McCulloch v. Maryland. E) the presidential election of 1804.

40) The principle that the national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its enumerated powers was first elaborated in the Supreme Courtʹs decision in A) United States v. the States. B) Gibbons v. Ogden. C) Miranda v. Arizona. D) McCulloch v. Maryland. E) Marbury v. Madison.

43) The Constitutionʹs provision that Congress has the right to ʺmake all laws necessary and proper for carrying into executionʺ its powers is often referred to as the A) enumerated powers. B) heart of fiscal federalism. C) Unwritten Amendment. D) elastic clause. E) privileges and immunities.

47) Federal policies to regulate food and drugs, build interstate highways, and protect consumers are all justified as A) presidential prerogatives. B) enumerated powers of Congress. C) delegated powers of Congress. D) implied powers of Congress. E) both C and D

56) The fact that a driverʹs license from one state is valid in other states is an example of A) privileges and immunities. B) extradition. C) implied powers. D) full faith and credit. E) unmandated reciprocity.

59) Extradition is the requirement that states A) provide sanctuary for federal criminals. B) cannot discriminate against citizens of other states. C) recognize each others public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings. D) must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment. E) enforce federal law within their state.

6) Which of the following is NOT true? A) Few countries have federal systems. B) Most federal systems are democracies. C) Authoritarian regimes generally do not use federalist systems. D) No unitary governments are democratic. E) Only some democracies use federal systems.

65) If the allocation of power under dual federalism were compared to a cake it would be most like A) a marbled cake where the flavors blend into each other. B) an angel food cakefluffy with little substance. C) New York cheesecakeheavy and crushing under its own weight. D) a layer cake, with two distinct layers. E) a cupcake.

67) President ________ was responsible for initiating the use of United States ground troops in Vietnam (eventually over 500,000), and the massive bombing of North Vietnam, but his failure to win the war after four years and the mounting anti-war protests back home led him to decide not to seek reelection. A) Harry Truman B) Franklin Roosevelt C) Richard Nixon D) Lyndon Johnson E) John F. Kennedy

7) The ________ is the real focus of power in the United Nations. A) General Assembly B) Foreign Relations Committee C) Secretariat D) Security Council E) Secretary General

71) De´tente refers to A) irrevocable differences between the United States and the Soviet Union. B) the threat of nuclear war. C) the foreign policy of the Reagan administration. D) a shift toward cooperation among world powers. E) Franceʹs policy of maintaining a nuclear arsenal and foreign policy independent of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

78) In cooperative federalism, in order to qualify for federal grant money, cities and states must A) match federal funding dollar for dollar. B) propose standard operating procedures. C) allow federal agencies to administer the funds. D) follow federal guidelines for adopting and enforcing federal laws. E) all of the above

797 12) New actors on the world stage include all of the following EXCEPT A) international organizations. B) non-governmental organizations. C) multinational corporations. D) diplomats. E) tourists.

The hyperpluralist complaint that interest group politics creates subgovernments refers to A) the cooperative efforts of group leaders, government agencies, and members of congressional committees and subcommittees to promote special interests. B) the power of interest groups in determining government policies. C) the conflict of interest created when government agencies promote group interests. D) the use of paid lobbyists on congressional committees and subcommittees. E) the proliferation of specialized local governments over the last thirty years, many of which are designed to service some special interest.

43) According to the text, which of the following is NOT responsible for holding the bureaucracy accountable? A) The president B) Congress C) Interest groups D) The bureaucracy E) Other countries

The primary obstacle to party unity in Congress is the A) multiplicity of parties represented. B) lack of presidential leadership. C) separation of powers. D) bicameral legislature. E) lack of consensus on policy issues among party members.

The real work of a Cabinet department is done A) by the entire Cabinet. B) by the presidentʹs staff. C) by the undersecretaries. D) by the secretary. E) in the bureaus.

(T/F)(55) The Constitution was unanimously approved and signed by every delegate attending the Constitutional Convention.

(T/F)(60) The Constitution requires a member of the electoral college to vote for the candidate preferred by his or her stateʹs electorate.

(T/F)(61) The Constitution was intended to be static.

1) The federal government immediately took responsibility for its anemic response to Hurricane Katrina.

11) McCulloch v. Maryland was a victory for those advocating the statesʹ rights position as supreme over the national government.

(T/F) A non-decision is one type of policy decision made by government.

(T/F) A recent study of college freshmen recently found that only 34 percent said that ʺkeeping up with politicsʺ was an important priority for them.

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