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full electric

Has no gas engine, when the battery is discharged, the vehicle will not run until the battery can be recharged by plugging it into an outlet

permits

In Singapore, a motorist must buy a license and demonstrate ownership of a parking space in order to drive downtown during the busiest times of day

hydrogen fuel cell

a cell that generates electricity from a controlled reaction between hydrogen and oxygen; fuel cells are now used in small vehicles such as forklifts

congestion charges

a charge imposed on vehicles entering a central urban zone to reduce its traffic congestion and level of air pollution; In London, motorists must pay up to $18 to drive into the central area from 7 am to 6 pm

hybrid

a gasoline engine powers the vehicle at high speeds, and at low speeds, when the gas engine is at its least efficient, an electric motor takes over; energy that would otherwise be wasted in coasting and braking is also captured

underclass

a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic hardships.

redlining

a process by which financial institutions draw red-colored lines on a map and refuse to lend money for people to purchase or improve property within the lines

diesel

burn fuel more efficiently with greater compression and at a higher temperature than conventional gas engines; biodiesel fuel mixes petroleum diesel with biodiesel, which is produced from vegetable oils or recycled restaurant grease

bans

cars are just simply banned from portions of the central areas of a number of European cities

Demand to use congested roads is being reduced in a number of ways

congestion charges, tolls, permits, bans

sustainable development

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

alternative fuel technologies

diesel, hybrid, ethanol, full electric, plug-in hybrid, hydrogen fuel cell

plug-in hybrid

electric motor that can be recharged, can travel up to 40 miles on 1 overnight charge

ethanol

ethanol is controversial because it uses a lot more fossil fuels in order for one of its materials, corn, to grow

scale, space, and connections

explain why different cities are interrelated

place and region

explain why every city is unique

public housing

government-owned housing rented to low-income individuals, with rents set at 30 percent of the tenant's income in the USA

underclass groups are trapped in hardships such as:

inadequate job skills, culture of poverty, homelessness, drugs, crime, inadequate services, and municipal finances

carbon capture and storage (CCS)

involves capturing waste CO2, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally underground

public housing in other countries

local governments or nonprofit organization such as charitable groups build and own the housing, aided by subsidies from the national government

tolls

motorists are charged higher tolls to drive on the freeways during congested times rather than other times; this happens in many Canadian cities

inner-city neighborhoods are attractive for

single people and couples without children -houses may be larger -houses may have attractive architecture and detailing -eliminates strain of commuting on crowded freeways -neighborhoods may be near entertainment

inner city

the older, central part of a city with crowded neighborhoods in which low-income, usually minority groups, live

filtering

the process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner-occupancy to rented apartments and ultimately to abandonment

gentrification

the process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area