AP Human Geography: Unit 8.1 & 8.2

deglomeration

occurs in response to excessive agglomeration (in the US) businesses are moving to suburbs; businesses move to the sunbelt region because there is cheaper labor due to no unions, land is cheaper, energy costs are lower

import substitution

producing products locally that are normally imported

tourism

pros: brings money to country and creates jobs cons: changes culture; tourists are priority, not natives; changes landscape (skyscrapers)

export processing zones

areas usually in periphery countries designed to make products for export; limited/no tariffs

alfred weber's least cost theory

accounted for the location of a manufacturing plant in the terms of the owners desire to minimize three categories of cost: transportation, cost of labor, and agglomeration

bulk gaining industries

an industry in which the final product weighs less than the inputs do; example: the metal for the car weighs less than the whole car does

bulk reducing industries

an industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final product does; to minimize the transportation costs, they need to be located close to the sources of inputs; aka weight losing, resource oriented industries

special economic zones (SEZ)

areas of a country with different economic regulations designed to attract foreign investment

fast world

areas of the world, usually the economic core, that experience greater levels of connection due to high-speed telecommunications and transportation of technologies

dependency theory

argues that poor/periphery countries stay this way due to colonialism, in which terms of trade were unequal, labor remained unskilled and low-paid, and profit was extracted from colonies; development of core countries is dependent on the underdevelopment of periphery countries; imports tend to be high-value goods from the core (structuralist model)

newly industrialized countries (NIC's)

countries experiencing a transition from agriculture to manufacturing; increased population in urban centers; second world countries; semi-periphery countries

effects of increased industrialization

demands for raw materials, search for new markets, colonialism, imperialism

search for new markets

due to producing more than we could consume, there was an increased need to have access to foreign markets

market oriented industries

proximity to market is important for these types of industries; examples: single market manufacturers (automobile parts sold to make a car for only ONE person), industries that produce heavy and bulky items (cement), bulk-gaining industries (beer and soft drinks), industries that sell perishable products (bakery goods, newspapers, milk)

relocation of workforce to other areas

push/pull factors associated with economic restructuring has redistributed the labor force

economic restructuring

refers to the movement of these jobs away from the core and the resulting changes in employment

environment

this is a major factor in where businesses are located; example: ski resorts need snow, the film industry requires a sunny climate, tourism seeks a warmer climate, aircraft manufacturers require a good climate

mondernization theory

states that LDC's can develop economically if they follow a western path (liberal model)

multiplier effect

states that one basic job will create two-three nonbasic jobs (people bring their family with them)

alfred weber's assumptions

-there is an uneven distribution of resources -there are fixed locations of labor -wage rates are fixed -labor is immobile and unlimited -uniform culture, climate, and political systems -entrepreneurs minimize the cost of production -there is perfect competition and no government regulations or incentives -the cost of land, structures, equipment, and capital do not vary regionally -there is a uniform system of transportation over a flat surface -there is one finished product and one market

iron ore

In 1709 it was discovered that coal could be turned into coke (a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal); coke could then be used in the smelting process to produce metals; smelting of this type of metal to produce iron became widespread in the 2nd half of the 18th century

locational interdependence

a company moves to the location of another company so they can maximize their profits; proven by hotelling model

maquiladoras

a foreign-owned, manufacturing operation in Mexico, where factories import certain material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly, processing, or manufacturing and then export the assembled, processed and/or manufactured products, sometimes back to the raw materials' country of origin

break of bulk point

a point where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another for of transportation (usually smaller)

workers seeking jobs in cities

as the second agricultural revolution led to increased productivity on farms due to the new technology, people moved from rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs; thomas malthus described the problems of the poor (there was the increased movement of people to the cities faster than jobs were being created)

fertility rate

average number of children a woman will have in a lifetime

diffusion of the industrial revolution

began in britain in the late 1700's and diffused to the european continent; followed the location of coal

coal

burned cleaner and hotter than wood charcoal; the demand for it was so high, it increased in dramatic rates (from 2.54 million tons in 1700 to 224 million tons by 1900); in the 1880's it was used to generate electricity in homes and factories for the first time; *was used as a source of fuel and because of this the industrial revolution in europe spread along the coal mines*

nonbasic industries

businesses that sell to local customers; tertiary; recycle money with in the community

basic industries

businesses that sell to nonlocal customers; secondary (manufacturing and mining); generate money by sales outside of the community

excessive agglomeration

can lead to over crowding, higher rents, and an increased cost of labor

ship

carries large amounts of goods across the ocean; this is the cheapest mode of transportation

air

carries large amounts of goods; this is the quickest mode of transportation, but doesn't deliver goods to their exact, final location; this is the most expensive form of transportation; usually reserved for small-bulk, high value products; there is a high terminal cost

rail

carries less goods, but still many; can take goods closer to there exact location, but is limited because it must travel along a train track; this is the second most expensive form of transportation

truck

carries smaller amounts of goods; delivers goods to their final destination; can travel to a more exact location because there are no limitations as to where it can go; this is the second cheapest form of transportation

second world

communist/planned/command economy (cuba, north korea, old USSR)

hotelling model

companies and industries will move to locations where they can maximize their profits (companies that provide the same goods tend to end up side by side)

international division of labor

core: research and development, high level management, specialized manufacturing semi-periphery: in between core and periphery periphery: low wage manufacturing, getting raw materials

wallerstein's world system theory

dynamic capitalist relations and hegemonic power; the core processes generate wealth because they require higher levels of education, more sophisticated technologies, higher wages, and benefits; peripheral processes require little education, lower technologies, lower wages, and are dependent on core; semi-periphery has both and is a buffer between the two states

organizational and entrepreneurial setting

favorable setting if the location has: political stability, friendly government, lack of corruption, and availability of capital

international trade organizations

foreign products that enter countries have taxes placed on them to protect local products; international trade organizations remove or reduce the tariffs; the result is that foreign products are now often as cheap as locally made products; tariff free/reduced trade among members; movement of intensive labor/low wage manufacturing jobs; production will often move to countries w/in a trade union that has the cheapest labor; this comes at the expense of manufacturing jobs in more developed area; the consumer gets a cheaper product examples: EU (movement of manufacturing to eastern europe); NAFTA (movement of manufacturing to mexico); ASEAN; MERCOSUR

power

general metal processors (such as copper) also try to be located near economical electrical sources (because energy is demanding) or negotiate a favorable rate with power companies; today pipelines and tankers deliver oil and natural gas to manufacturing regions throughout the world; although this has become a less significant factor in industrial location, securing this supply is increasingly important national priority.

water power

giant water wheels were used to help power machines; in the united states, industrialization occurred along the fall line as this resource was needed to power the factories

minimize labor costs

higher costs reduce the margin for profit, thus a factory might do better farther from raw materials and market if paying less for working employees made up for the added transport

transitional stage

increased specialization generates surpluses for trading; there is an emergence of a transport infrastructure to support trade; as incomes, savings, and investment grow, entrepreneurs emerge; external trade also occurs concentrating on primary products (LDC's)

role of infrastructure

industrial location decisions can be influenced by the availability of supporting transportation and communication systems

take off

industrialization increases, with workers switching from the agricultural sector to the manufacturing sector; growth is concentrated in a few regions of the country and in one or two manufacturing industries; the level of investment reaches over 10% of GNP; the economic transitions are accompanied by the evolution of new political and social institutions that support the industrialization; the growth is self-sustaining as investment leads to increasing incomes in turn generating more savings to finance further investment (NIC's)

first world

industrialized, service based economies, high quality life (europe, north america, japan)

ubiquitous industries

industries that are located where they are due to the population

footloose industries

industries that have no strong locational preference; neither market nor resource oriented; not concerned about transportation costs; example: high tech industry (computing or IT industries) that transmit information over phone lines

free trade zones

international port areas where goods are handled without tariffs and minimal interference from customs authoraties

less developed countries (LDC's)

lacks technological advancement; most jobs in the primary level of economic activity; third world countries; periphery countries; slow world countries

third world

mainly agriculture and raw materials, low quality life, low development

decline in jobs in manufacturing regions

manufacturing jobs in core countries have moved, following cheap labor

per capita

means "per person"; information given per capita is often more beneficial in determining levels of development

labor intensive industries

means that labor makes up a high percentage of the costs of production; requires cheap labor; in east asia manufacturing is always moving towards cheap labor; the textile industry is an example of this

economic indicators of development

measure data that has to do with money; gross national income, gross domestic product, gross national product, GINI index

dependency ratio

measure the percentage of a population that is either too old or too young to work

GINI index (income distribution)

measures income distribution or the gap between the rich and poor in a country; a perfect ranking would be zero meaning wealth was distributed 100% evenly in a country; no country in the world will have GINI index of zero; the closer to zero, the more balanced income levels are in a country

social indicators of development

meaure data that has to do with people's lives; fertility rates, infant mortality rates, dependency theory, literacy rates; access to health care, education, utilities, and sanitation

demonstration effect

natives adapt foreign cultures to make tourists feel more "at home"

resource oriented industries

needs access to raw materials (though reduced cost of transporting has lessened the importance of proximity); also needs a large, highly skilled workforce

infant mortality rate (IMR)

number of children per 1000 that die before the age of one

factors influencing industrial location

resource oriented industries, bulk-reducing industries, power, labor, market oriented industries, bulk-gaining industries, transportation, containerized shipping, organizational and entrepreneurial setting, excessive agglomeration/deglomeration, environment, amenity sites

commodification

selling something that wasn't originally for sale (hawaiian hula dance)

amenity sites

some industries locate in places that provide a feature that increases attractiveness or value (especially a piece of real estate or geographic location; usually not needed but desired); example: southern california has a milder climate, rocky mountains are good for recreation, new york city is good for culture

aluminum industry

some metallurgical industries (ex: Aluminum) require large amounts of energy (20% of the cost) so they will continue to be close to cheap energy sources; the united arab emirates is planning the worlds largest aluminum plant

sustainable development

states that progress should not take place at the expense of future generations; partnerships, conservation, renewable resources, and loans to women and microcredit (such as the Grameen Village Bank in Bangladesh)

development indicator

statistics or a collection of statistics that show a country's level of development

new technologies

steam engine (which increased the demand of coal), mechanization of the textile industry (new technologies in the textile industry helped fuel industrialization in britain), water pumps and railroads (steam locomotives were used to help transport raw materials and finished goods)

agglomeration

the clustering of support industries and a labor pool; this can encourage location to a certain place; example: the high tech corridor is an area designated by local or state government to benefit from lower taxes and high tech infrastructure with the goal of providing high tech jobs to local population; you will find clustering where transportation is a factor

colonialism

the control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people who would provide the raw materials and a market for manufactured goods for the colonizer

transportation

the cost of delivering items can be affected by other variables; port cities are attractive locations because a location here would cut down on the costs of delivering the items (break-of-bulk points)

slow world

the developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunications and transportation technology

drive to maturity

the economy is diversifying into new areas; technological innovation is providing a diverse range of investment opportunities; the economy is producing a wide range of goods and services and there is less reliance on imports (highly-advanced NIC's or MDC's)

traditional socitey

the economy is dominated by subsistence activity where output is consumed by producers rather than traded; any trade is carried out by barter where goods are exchanged directly for other goods; agriculture is the most important industry and production is labor intensive using only limited quantities of capital; resource allocation is determined very much by traditional methods of production (LDC's)

high mass consumption

the economy is geared towards mass consumption; the customer durable industries flourish; the service sector becomes increasingly dominant (MDC's)

globalization

the expansion and intensification of linkages and flows of capital, people, goods, ideas, and culture across national borders

growth of populations

the industrial revolution led to increased population growth around the world; urbanization occurs as people move to the cities to work in the factories; the agricultural revolution led to the growth of the industrial revolution as people moved in search of jobs

black country

the midlands of north central england; some theorize it got it's name because of the smoke from the ironworking foundries and forges; others say the name comes from the abundance of coal in the region; this is the hearth of the industrial revolution

rostow's stages of growth

the model that shows how countries pass through the five stages of economic development

industrial revolution

the movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture; began in the late 1700s in britain (mostly in the black country); started with the textile industry

imperialism

the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies; seen as the key to continued industrial growth and wealth

gender inequality

the role women play in a society is a huge indicator of development; women in LDCs are typically non-wage earning child bearers; in MDCs, a much greater number of women have wage paying jobs and higher education levels; reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation are all measures of this

minimize transportation costs

the site chosen must entail the lowest possible cost of moving raw materials to the factory and finished products to the market; weber suggested that sites where these costs are lowest is the place where it would be least expensive to bring raw materials to the point of production and distribute finished products to consumers

fourth world

third world countries that have experienced an economic crisis (sierra leon, liberia, somalia, haiti)

containerized shipping

this innovation lowered the costs and increased flexibility; all goods are placed in the same size container which dramatically increases the speed of loading them onto/taking them off the ship; all boats have the same size slots for these containers so no special ships are needed

core-periphery model

this model is fundamentally different from the modernization model because it states that not all places can be equally wealthy in the capitalist world economy; also it does not assume that socioeconomic changes will occur in the same way in all places

offshoring

to relocate production or service to a foreign country;

outsourcing

to subcontract work to another company; can be within or outside of the country

gross national income (GNI)

total amount of income earned by *all* residents of a country

gross national product (GNP)

total value of goods and services produced *by* a country

gross domestic product (GDP)

total value of goods and services produced *with in* a country

diffusion of industry outside the core

unskilled manufacturing jobs follow the cheapest labor; core to semi-periphery to periphery (example: USA, mexico, guatemala)

neocolonialism

using economic power to influence other countries; seen as a subversive version of colonialism; core countries aren't actually using population or the military to control the periphery but they are so economically intertwined that, in reality, the periphery is "controlled"

more developed countries (MDC's)

very technologically advanced; most jobs in the tertiary level of economic activity; first world countries; fast world countries; core countries

increased food supplies

was needed to feed the increasing urban population that was working in the factories; needed in order for the industrial revolution to be successful; came with the second agricultural revolution

maximize agglomeration economies

when a substantial number of enterprises cluster in the same area, they can provide assistance to each other through shared talents, services, and facilities; all manufactures need office equipment; the presence of one or more producers in a large city satisfies this need; thus, agglomeration makes location attractive

demand for raw materials

with the industrial revolution came more of a demand of materials to make an increased amount of products

gender issues in export processing zones

women are often exploited; women are paid less than men, women complain less, women are less likely to form labor unions, and they have a higher manual dexterity