A+P II Ch 16 1-2
How many motor neurons are needed to carry an action potential from the spinal cord to smooth muscles in the wall of the intestine?
2
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the sympathetic nervous system?
A decrease in heart rate
The neurotransmitter released by all parasympathetic neurons is __________.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Why are the effects of parasympathetic stimulation short lived?
Acetylcholine is quickly destroyed.
Important functions of the postganglionic fibers that enter the thoracic cavity in autonomic nerves include which of the following?
All of the listed responses are correct.
The effects produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves include which of the following?
All of the listed responses are correct.
The major effects produced by the parasympathetic division include which of the following?
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic nervous system?
All of the listed responses are correct.
Stimulation of which receptor brings about contraction of the smooth muscle in vascular smooth muscle?
Alpha-1
What is the name for a network of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that innervate organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Autonomic plexus
Stimulation of which receptor causes dilation of the airways?
Beta-2
What is the meaning of "dual innervation"?
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions stimulate the same organ.
Which ganglia are part of the sympathetic division and are located anterior to the vertebral bodies?
Collateral ganglia
Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathetic stimulation?
Constriction of airways
The autonomic nervous system performs which of the following functions?
Controlling respiratory functions during times of rest as well as times of activity
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?
Controls skeletal muscle
How would the stimulation of muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscle affect the heart?
Decreased heart rate
Which of the following is NOT a response to increased levels of sympathetic activity?
Increased digestive and urinary functions
Which of the following is NOT an effect of parasympathetic stimulation?
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Increases activity of the digestive tract
Why is autonomic tone important to autonomic motor neurons?
It allows for an increase or decrease of activity, thus providing a greater amount of control.
Which of the following is not a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Mobilization of energy reserves through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver cells and the release of lipids by adipose tissues
What are the receptors found at neuroglandular junctions in the parasympathetic division?
Muscarinic receptors
What are the receptors that are found on all ganglionic cells of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Nicotinic receptors
Why is the parasympathetic division sometimes referred to as the anabolic system?
Parasympathetic stimulation causes an increase in nutrient content in the blood.
What are the nerves that carry sacral parasympathetic output to the bladder, terminal parts of the large intestine, and the sex organs?
Pelvic nerves
What is the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?
Preganglionic fibers are short, and postganglionic fibers are long.
Which organs are NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Skeletal muscles
Which division of the nervous system "kicks in" during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency?
Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
How does a medication that blocks beta receptors help a patient with high blood pressure?
The medication blocks the beta-1 receptors in the heart from stimulating an increase in the force and rate of heart contractions.
Based on just the anatomy, how can you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The origin of preganglionic fibers
Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the lungs, heart, stomach, liver, pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestine?
The vagus nerve
Why is the axon of a ganglionic neuron called a postganglionic fiber?
Why is the axon of a ganglionic neuron called a postganglionic fiber?
Which of the following sympathetic receptors causes an increase in heart rate and force of contraction and an increase in metabolic activity?
beta-1
The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually __________.
brief in duration and restricted to specific organs and sites
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve entering the abdominopelvic cavity join the __________.
celiac plexus
Which of the following is unique to the sympathetic nervous system?
chain ganglia
Intramural ganglia are components of the parasympathetic division that are located __________.
inside the tissues of visceral organs
What is the term for parasympathetic ganglia that are embedded in the tissues of the target organ?
intramural ganglia
In the parasympathetic division, postganglionic neurons originate in __________.
intramural ganglia or ganglia associated with the target organs
Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to __________.
keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles
In organs that receive dual innervation from the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, the two divisions produce __________.
opposing effects
Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates only visceral structures serviced by the cranial nerves or by the nerves lying within the abdominopelvic cavity?
parasympathetic division
The summary effects of the collateral ganglia include which of the following?
redirection of blood flow and energy use by visceral organs and release of stored energy
Which of the following is NOT a region where parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are found?
spinal cord segment T4
What is the name of the endocrine gland that is innervated by the sympathetic division of the nervous system and is a modified sympathetic ganglion?
suprarenal gland
During a crisis, the event necessary for an individual to be able to cope with stressful and potentially dangerous situations is called __________.
sympathetic activation
What is the term for the chain of ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system that lies right outside the vertebral column?
sympathetic chain ganglia
Ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system synapse with the cells they innervate through structures called __________.
varicosities
The nerve bundle that carries preganglionic fibers to a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion is the __________.
white ramus