AP MODULE 2 EXAM
How many bones comprise the appendicular skeleton? 80 104 126 132
126
How many layers does the dermis contain? 1 2 3 4
2
The adult skull is comprised of how many individual bones? 20 21 22 23
22
What is the total number of bones found in the foot and toes? 7 14 26 30
26
How many bones fuse in adulthood to form the hip bone? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
3
The epidermis of "thick skin" has how many layers? 3 4 5 6
5
How many bones are there in the upper limbs combined? 30 40 50 60
60
How many tarsal bones comprise the posterior half of the foot? 5 6 7 8
7
The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________________. A. 12 vertebrae B. a single bone derived from the fusion of five vertebrae C. 7 vertebrae D. 5 vertebrae
7 vertebrae
The brain case consists of how many bones? 6 8 10 12
8
How many bones are in the axial skeleton of an adult? 24 80 126 206
80
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin and its accessory structures? Sensory Insulation Electrolyte balance All of the above are functions of skin
All of the above are functions of the skin
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the skin? It makes up approximately 16% of an adult human's body weight It is the largest organ system in the human body Its functions include protection and support All of the above are true
All of the above are true
When does the actual process of bone development, ossification (osteogenesis), begin? By the 3rd to 4th week of embryonic life By the 6th to 7th week of embryonic life By the 11th to 12th week of embryonic life By the 17th to 18th week of embryonic life By the 6th to 7th week of embryonic life
By the 6th to 7th week of embryonic life
Which cervical vertebra is known as the 'axis'? C1 C2 C3 C4
C2
Which aspect of the integumentary system contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. hypodermis dermis epidermis epithelium
Dermis
An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? -epidermis only -hypodermis only -epidermis and hypodermis -epidermis and dermis
Epidermis and dermis
Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue? They develop from mesenchymal cells. They are surrounded by osteoid. They travel through the capillaries. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.
Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers
Which of the following is false regarding calcium? It is the most abundant mineral found in bone Hypercalcemia may result in bones becoming brittle It cannot be produced by any biological processes When blood levels of calcium get too high, the thyroid gland is stimulated to release calcitonin
Hypercalcemia may result in bones becoming brittle
Which layer of the skin plays an important role in fat storage and insulation? dermis hypodermis dermis All of the above
Hypodermis
When you place your hands on your waist you can feel the arching superior margin of the ilium along your waistline. This is called iliac crest iliac fossa iliac arch arcuate line of ilium
Iliac crest
Which type of fracture occurs when one fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression? closed fracture spiral fracture open fracture impacted fracture
Impacted fracture
After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response? -increased production of melanin by melanocytes -increased production of connective tissue -an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound -an increased activity in the stratum lucidum
Increased production of connective tissue
Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? -basal cells of the stratum basale -melanocytes of the stratum basale -keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum -Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum
Keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? -Merkel cells -keratinocytes -Langerhans cells -melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Which are not considered a touch receptor? Langerhans cell Merkel cell Pacinian corpiscles
Langerhans cells
Which structure overlaps the nail on the sides, helping to anchor the nail body? nail bed nail fold nail cuticle nail root
Nail fold
Which of the following body systems does NOT play a critical role in calcium homeostasis? Skeletal system Reproductive system Digestive system Endocrine system
Reproductive system
Which of the following hormones promotes bone development via the action of osteoblasts? GH Calcitonin Thyroxine Sex hormones
Sex hormones
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? -stratum spinosum -stratum corneum -stratum granulosum -stratum basale
Stratum basale
As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? -stratum corneum -stratum basale -stratum spinosum -stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum
Which of the following is false regarding the clavicle? The clavicle is the third most commonly fractured bone clavicle is known as the collarbone There are sex differences in this bone Blood vessels are rarely affected when it is fractures
The clavicle is the third most commonly fractured bone
Which of the following is false regarding the fontanelle? The fontanelles decrease in size and disappear by age 1 The largest fontanelle is located on the anterior head. They are important during birth because they allow the skull to reshape
The fontanelles decrease in size and disappear by age 1
Which of the following is false regarding endochondral ossification? Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage The process is faster than intramembranous ossification Long bones are a result of this process All of the above are true
The process is faster than intramembranous ossification
Which of the following is false regarding sebaceous glands? They generate and secrete a substance called sebum Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles They help to lubricate skin and hair These glands are more active during childhood
These glands are most active during childhood
If someone is producing lacrimal fluid, what is likely happening? Their nose is running They are crying They are drooling They are sweating
They are crying
A ___________________ degree burn fully extends into the epidermis and dermis, destroying the tissue and affecting the nerve endings and sensory function. First Second Third Fourth
Third
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the pelvis? The pelvis consists of four bones Its primary role is to support the weight of the upper body when sitting and to transfer this weight to the lower limbs when standing When standing in the anatomical position, the pelvis is tilted posteriorly It protects internal organs
When standing in the anatomical position, the pelvis is tilted posteriorly
The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking? a. a hole b. a facet c. a canal d. a fissure
a hole
The Hair matrix contains -the hair follicle -the hair shaft -the glassy membrane -a layer of basal cells
a layer of basal cells
Wolff's law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________ a. a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left b. a right-handed cyclist will have thicker bones in her right leg compared to her left c. a broken bone will heal thicker than it was before the fracture d. a bed-ridden patient will have thicker bones than an athlete
a right handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left
A typical lumbar vertebra has ________. A. a bifid spinous process B. a short, rounded spinous process C. articulation sites for ribs D. a transverse foramen
a short rounded spinous process
A shoulder separation results from injury to the ________. a. glenohumeral joint b. costoclavicular joint c. acromioclavicular joint d. sternoclavicular joint
acromioclavicular joint
What structure is an extension of the spine of the scapula? acromion coracoid process supraglenoid tubercle glenoid cavity
acromion
The paranasal sinuses are __________. A. not connected to the nasal cavity B. air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only C. divided at the midline by the nasal septum D. air-filled spaces found within all bones of the skull
air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only
Yellow marrow has been identified as ________. a. an area of fat storage b. a point of attachment for muscles c. the hard portion of bone d. the cause of kyphosis
an area of fat storage
Which of the following is the correct order of phases in which hair growth occurs? anagen, catagen, telogen catagen, telogen, anagen telogen, anagen, catagen anagen, telogen, catagen
anagen, catagen, telogen
sebaceous glands -are a type of sweat gland -are associated with hair follicles -may function in response to touch -release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste
are associated with hair follicles
Eccrine sweat glands -are present on hair -are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat -produce sebum -act as a moisturizer
are present throughout the body and produce watery sweat
Bedsores -can be treated with topical moisturizers -can result from deep massages -are preventable by eliminating pressure points -are caused by dry skin
are preventable by eliminating pressure points
The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ___________. A. are remnants of the original fetal curvature B. include the cervical curve C. develop after the time of birth D. include the lumbar curve
are remnants of the original fetal curvature
In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. -are glands on the skin surface -can lead to excessive sweating -are responsible for goose bumps -secrete sebum
are responsible for goosebumps
True ribs are ________. A. made entirely of bone, and thus do not have a costal cartilage B. ribs 8-12 C. attached via their costal cartilage to the next higher rib D. attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum
attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum
Why is cartilage slow to heal? a. because it eventually develops into bone b. because it is semi-solid and flexible c. because it does not have a blood supply d. because endochondral ossification replaces all cartilage with bone
because it does not have a blood supply
Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________. a. in the medullary cavity b. beneath the periosteum c. in the epiphyseal plated. within the metaphysis
beneath the periosteum
match
bone formation - osteoblasts // maintain mineral concentration of matrix - osteocytes // develop into osteoblasts - osteogenic cells // bone resorption - osteoclasts
The skeletal system is made of __________. a. muscles and tendons b. bones and cartilage c. vitreous humor d. minerals and fat
bones and cartilage
In a compound fracture ____________. a. the break occurs at an angle to the bone b. the broken bone does not tear the skin c. one fragment of broken bone is compressed into the other d. broken bone pierces the skin
broken bone pierces the skin
What is the anatomical term for the heel bone? talus navicular cuboid calcaneus
calcaneus
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate? a. proliferation, reserved, maturation, calcification b. maturation, proliferation, reserved, calcification c. calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved d. calcification, reserved, proliferation, maturation
calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved
Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated? a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D
calcitonin
With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other? a. estrogen and testosterone b. calcitonin and calcitriol c. estrogen and progesterone d. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
In general, skin cancers -are easily treatable and not a major health concern -occur due to poor hygiene -can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun -affect only the epidermis
can be reduce by limiting exposure to sun
Which region of the humerus articulates with the radius as part of the elbow joint? trochlea styloid process capitulum olecranon process
capitulum
Which of the following can be found in areas of movement? a. hematopoiesis b. cartilage c. yellow marrow d. red marrow
cartilage
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of -melanocytes -keratinocytes -connective tissue -adipose tissue
connective tissue
Name the short, hook-like bony process of the scapula that projects anteriorly. a. acromial process b. clavicle c. coracoid process d. glenoid fossa
coracoid process
Which suture joins the frontal bone to the left and right parietal bones? coronal sagittal lamboid
coronal
Bone tissue can be described as ________. a. dead calcified tissue b. cartilage c. the skeletal system d. dense, hard connective tissue
dense, hard connective tissue
The clavicle ________. a. develops via intramembranous ossification b. develops via endochondral ossification c. is the last bone of the body to begin ossification d. is fully ossified at the time of birth
develops via intramembranous ossification
Which of the following does not comprise an adult hip bone? duodenum ilium ischium pubis all of the above
duodenum
Which types of glands are found all over the skin's surface, but are especially abundant on the palms of the hand, the soles of the feet, and the forehead? sebaceous glands eccrine sweat glands sudoriferous glands apocrine sweat glands
eccrine sweat glands
Embryonic development if the axial skeleton involves __________. A. intramembranous ossification, which forms the facial bones. B. endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum C. the notochord, which produces the cartilage models for the vertebrae D. the formation of hyaline cartilage models, which give rise to the flat bones of the skull
endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum
Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________. a. epiphyseal plate b. perichondrium c. periosteum d. medullary cavity
epiphyseal plate
Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt? a. estrogen and testosterone b. calcitonin and calcitriol c. growth hormone and parathyroid hormone d. thyroxine and progesterone
estrogen and testosterone
Thoracic vertebrae have several additional articulation sites, each of which is called a ______________, where a rib is attached. dens facet pedicle spinous process
facet
The diaphysis contains ____________. a. the metaphysis b. fat stores c. spongy bone d. compact bone
fat stores
One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? -stratum lucidum -desmosomes -folic acid synthesis -Merkel cells
folic acid synthesis
On the base of the skull, the occipital bone contains the large opening of the _____________________________, which allows for passage of the spinal cord as it exits the skull. foramen minimus foramen maximus foramen major foramen magnum
foramen magnum
Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue? a. They develop from mesenchymal cells. b. They are surrounded by osteoid. c. They travel through the capillaries. d. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.
formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers
The axial skeleton ____________. A. forms the vertical axis of the body B. includes only the bones of the lower limbs C. consists of 126 bones D. includes all bones of the body trunk and limbs
forms the vertical axis of the body
Which area of the pelvis is occupied by portions of the small and large intestines and is more closely associated with abdominal cavity? greater pelvis pelvic prim pelvic inlet major pelvis
greater pelvis
Which bony landmark of the femur serves as a site for muscle attatchments? greater trochanter lesser trochanter
greater trochanter
Which bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus? a. greater tubercle b. trochlea c. lateral epicondyle d. lesser tubercle
greater tubercle
During endochondral ossification of a long bone, ________. a primary ossification center will develop within the epiphysis mesenchyme will differentiate directly into bone tissue growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening all epiphyseal plates will disappear before birth
growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening
The pelvis ________. a. has a subpubic angle that is larger in females b. consists of the two hip bones, but does not include the sacrum or coccyx c. has an obturator foramen, an opening that is defined in part by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments d. has a space located inferior to the pelvic brim called the greater pelvis
has a subpubic angle that is larger in females
The middle cranial fossa ____________. A. is divided at the midline by a small area of the ethmoid bone B. has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum C. is bounded anteriorly by the petrous ridge D. is bounded posteriorly by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum
The sternum ________. A. has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body B. articulates directly with the thoracic vertebrae C. receives direct attachments from the costal cartilages of all 12 pairs of ribs D. consists of only two parts, the manubrium and xiphoid process
has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body
Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis? a. bone growth b. bone remodeling c. hematopoiesis d. shock absorption
hematopoiesis
The bony openings of the skull include ______________. A. carotid canal, which is located in the anterior cranial fossa B. superior orbital fissure, which is located at the superior margin of the anterior orbit C. mental foramen, which is located just below the orbit D. hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa
hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa
Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center? -nail bed -hyponychium -nail root -eponychium
hyponychium
Which component forms the superior part of the hip bone? a. ilium b. pubis c. ischium d. sacrum
ilium
Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones. a. irregular b. sesamoid c. flat d. short
irregular
The tubercle of a rib ___________. A. provides for passage of blood vessels and a nerve B. is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra C. is the area of greatest rib curvature D. is the articulation with the body of a thoracic vertebra
is for articulation with the transverse process of thoracic vertebra
A fontanelle ________. A. is the cartilage model for a vertebra that later is converted into bone B. gives rise to the facial bones and vertebrae C. is the rod-like structure that runs the length of the early embryo D. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones
is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones
Which of the following supports body weight when sitting? a. iliac crest b. ischial tuberosity c. ischiopubic ramus d. pubic body
ischial tuberosity
Which of the following true about the radius bone? It is found on the medial side of the forearm It has a head that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna It does not articulate with any of the carpal bones It has the radial tuberosity located near its distal end
it has a head that articulated with the radial notch of the ulna
Which of the following is FALSE regarding club foot? It is the most common lower limb deformity It is more common in boys than girls It is caused by fetal positioning within the uterus All of the above are true
it is caused by fetal positioning within the uterus
Which of the following is true about the tibia? It has an expanded distal end called the lateral malleolus It is not a weight-bearing bone It is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane It can be palpated (felt) under the skin only at its proximal and distal ends
it is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane
The sternal angle is the _________. A. site for attachment of the clavicle B. junction between the manubrium and body C. junction between the body and xiphoid process D. site for the attachment of the floating ribs
junction between the manubrium and body
The Hunchback of Notre Dame was most likely suffering from which disorder? lordosis kyphosis scoliosis spinal stenosis
kyphosis
Each osteocyte is located in a space called a(n) ___________________________ and is surrounded by bone tissue. osteon lacuna central canal canaliculi
lacuna
Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone? a. Haversian systems b. Haversian canals c. lamellae d. lacunae
lamellae
A typical vertebra has _________. A. a vertebral foramen that passes through the body B. a superior articular process that projects downward to articulate with the superior portion of the next lower vertebra C. lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process D. a pair of laterally projecting spinous processes
lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process
Which of the following cell types is not found in the stratum basale? melanocytes Langerhans cells Merkel cells basal cells
langerhans cells
At the base of the nail, a thick layer of epithelium over the nail matrix forms a crescent-shaped region called the _____________________. cuticle hyponychium lunula eponychium
lanula
Which one of the following foods is best for bone health? a. carrots b. liver c. leafy green vegetables d. oranges
leafy green vegetables
The ischial spine is found between which of the following structures? inferior pubic ramus and ischial ramus pectineal line and arcuate line lesser sciatic notch and greater sciatic notch anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine
lesser sciatic notch and greater sciatic notch
Which bony landmark of the femur serves as a site for muscle attachments? fovea capitis lesser trochanter head medial condyle
lesser trochanter
Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________. a. counterweight b. resistive force c. lever d. fulcrum
lever
Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton? a. long bone b. sesamoid bone c. short bone d. flat bone
long bone
Which of the following is not formed via intramembranous ossification? long bones clavicles flat bones of the skull cranial bones
long bones
Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________. a. store phosphate b. store calcium c. make blood cells d. move like levers
make blood cells
Which of the following is the only movable bone of the skull? mandible ethmoid bone lacrimal bone
mandible
Which of the following is the largest of the paranasal sinuses? ethmoid frontal sphenoid maxillary
maxillary
What structure contributes to the knee joint? lateral malleolus of the fibula tibial tuberosity medial condyle of the tibia lateral epicondyle of the femur
medial condyle of the tibia
The proximal and distal rows of carpal bones articulate with each other to form the _________________________. radiocarpal joint carpometacarpal joint midcarpal joint metacarpophalangeal joint
midcarpal joint
When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected? a. skeletal system b. endocrine system c. digestive system d. nervous system
nervous system
Which ligament of the vertebral column supports the skull and prevents it from falling forward? posterior longitudinal supraspinous nuchal ligamentum flavum
nuchal
Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column? A. nuchal ligament B. supraspinous ligament C. anterior longitudinal ligament D. ligamentum flavum
nuchal ligament
For both compact and spongy bones, the arteries enter through the ____________________, small openings in the diaphysis trabeculae nutrient foramen central canal lacunae
nutrient foramen
The _____________________bone is the single bone that forms the posterior skull and posterior base of the cranial cavity temporal sphenoid frontal occipital
occipital
The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the ________. A. occipital bone B. other parietal bone C. temporal bone D. frontal bone
occipital bone
A fracture can be both ________. a. open and closed b. open and transverse c. transverse and greenstick d. greenstick and comminuted
open and transverse
Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis? a. osteoblasts and osteoclasts b. osteocytes and osteoclasts c. osteoblasts and osteocytes d. osteogenic cells and osteoclasts
osteoblasts and osteocytes
Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis? osteoblasts and osteoclasts osteocytes and osteoclasts osteoblasts and osteocytes osteogenic cells and osteoclasts
osteoblasts and osteocytes
Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells? a. osteoblasts b. osteoclasts c. osteocytes d. osteoprogenitor cells
osteoprogenitor cells
With regards to hair, which of the following is made of connective tissue and contains blood capillaries and nerve endings from the dermis? follicle bulb root papilla
papilla
An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? -stratum corneum -stratum basale -papillary dermis -stratum granulosum
papillary dermis
Which of the following is a bone of the brain case? A. zygotmatic bone B. maxillary bone C. lacrimal bone D. parietal bone
parietal bone
The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bones is the _______________. a. periosteum b. epiphysis c. endosteum d. diaphysis
periosteum
match
points of attachment for muscles, protect internal organs - flat bones // protect tendons from compressive forces - sesamoid bones // used for leverage - long bones // provide stability support while showing some motion - short bones
Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? a. storage of minerals b. protection of internal organs c. facilitation of movement d. fat storage
protection of internal organs
With regard to the epiphyseal plate, the _________________________is the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate and contains small chondrocytes within the matrix. reserve zone zone of maturation and hypertrophy proliferative zone zone of calcified matrix
reserve zone
The absence of sun exposure can lead to a lack of vitamin D in the body, leading to a condition called ____________________________. rickets scurvy eczyma vitiligo
rickets
Which is the lateral-most carpal bone of the proximal row? trapezium hamate pisiform scaphoid
scaphoid
Which of the following is the correct order of the carpal bones in the proximal row, running from the lateral (thumb) side to the medial side? lunate, triquetrum, scaphoid, pisiform scaphoid, triquetrum, lunate, pisiform pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ___________. A. glabella B. sella turcica C. squamous portion D. zygomatic process
sella turcica
Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________. a. flat bones b. short bones c. sesamoid bones d. irregular bones
short bones
Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________.flat bones short bones sesamoid bones irregular bones
short bones
Which of the following nutrients is not vital to bone health? Vitamin K Calcium Vitamin D Sodium
sodium
Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? -protects underlying organs -helps maintain body temperature -source of blood vessels in the epidermis -a site to long-term energy storage
source of blood vessels in the epidermis
Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? protects underlying organs helps maintain body temperature source of blood vessels in the epidermis a site to long-term energy storage
source of blood vessels in the epidermis
The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is __________ bone. a. compact b. lamellar c. spongy d. dense
spongy
Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of ____, lined on either side by a layer of compact bone. spongy bone yellow marrow articular cartilage hyaline
spongy bone
_______________________________is a cancer that affects the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and presents as lesions commonly found on the scalp, ears, and hands. basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma cuboidal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
Which part of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium? shaft sternal end acromial end coracoid process
sternal end
From deep to superficial, the layers of the "thin skin" are the_________________________________________. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, and stratum spinosum stratum corneum, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum
Which layer of your epidermis prevents desiccation (keeps you from drying out)? stratum corneum stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
Langerhans cells are commonly found in the -stratum spinosum -stratum corneum -stratum granulosum -stratum basale
stratum spinosum
Which of the following is NOT a function of hair? thermoregulation communication sensory input structural support
structural support
Collagen lends ________ to the skin -elasticity -structure -color -UV protection
structure
Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?A. protects nerves and blood vessels at the elbow B. supports trunk of body C. allows for movements of the ankle and foot D. allows for movement of the wrist and hand
supports trunk of body
Which of the following provides for passage of a sensory nerve to the skin of the forehead? infraorbital foramen supraorbital foramen infraorbital margin supraorbital margin
supraorbital foramen
Which feature lies between the spine and superior border of the scapula? suprascapular notch glenoid cavity superior angle supraspinous fossa
supraspinous fossa
Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula? calcaneus cuboid navicular talus
talus
Sesamoid bones are found embedded in _________. a. joints b. muscles c. ligaments d. tendons
tendons
Which of the following is false regarding the gross anatomy of a long bone? The medullary cavity is filled with yellow marrow The epiphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone The endosteum is where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur The function of articular cartilage is to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber
the epiphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone
Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification? a. the metatarsals b. the femur c. the ribs d. the flat bones of the cranium
the flat bones of the cranium
Which of the following is false regarding spongy bone? The osteocytes are arranged in concentric circles It contains osteocytes housed in lacunae Open spaces support shifts in weight distribution All of the above are true
the osteocytes are arranged in concentric circles
Which event takes place during the seventh week of development? appearance of the upper and lower limb buds flattening of the distal limb bud into a paddle shape the first appearance of hyaline cartilage models of future bones the rotation of the limbs
the rotation of the ribs
How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream? a. the bone pierces fat stores in the skin b. the yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged c. the injury triggers the body to release fat from healthy bones d. the red marrow in the fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture
the yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged
In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes? a. they develop into osteocytes b. they die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity c. they grow and form the periosteum d. they group together to form the primary ossification center
they die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity
Which of the following does not play a role in calcium homeostasis a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D
thyroxine
Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone? a. canaliculi b. Volkmann's canals c. trabeculae d. Calcium salts
trabeculae
Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone? canaliculi Volkmann's canals trabeculae calcium salts
trabeculae
The internal and external calli are replaced by _____________. a. hyaline cartilage b. trabecular bone c. osteogenic cells d. osteoclasts
trabecular bone
Which of the following is not among the three general classes of bone markings? tuberosities holes articulations projections
tuberosities
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? A. thigh bone B. foot bones C. vertebral column D. shoulder bones
vertebral column
Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking. a. vitamin D b. vitamin K c. calcitonin d. fluoride
vitamin D
In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for. -vitamin D synthesis -arteriole constriction -folate production -thermoregulation
vitamin D synthesis
The inferior tip of the sternum is the ___________________________. This small structure is cartilaginous early in life, but gradually becomes ossified starting during middle age. xiphoid process sternal angle clavicular notch manubrium
xiphoid process