AP Psych 17

Today, many forms of _____ ____ are treated as effective treatments for a variety of complaints.

alternative therapy

Xanax and Ativan are classified as ______.

antianxiety

Another effective drug in the control of mania was originally used to treat epilepsy; it is ___.

Depakote

The debate over the effectiveness of psychotherapy began with a study by _____; it showed that the rate of improvement for those who received therapy ______ higher than the rate for those who did not.

Eysenck, was not

Rogers' technique of restating and clarifying what a person is saying is called _____ _____. Given a nonjudgmental environment that provides _____ _____ ____, patients are better able to accept themselves as they are and to feel valued and whole.

active listening, unconditional positive regard

Equally effective in calming anxious people and energizing depressed people is ___ ____, which has positive has side effects. Even better is to use drugs, which word ___-___ (bottom-up) in conjunction with ___-___ therapy which works ___-___.

aerobic exercise, antidepressant drugs, cognitive behavior, top-down

Controlled treatment studies have demonstrated that depression may be effectively treated with _____, ______, and ____ therapies and _____ _____ training have proven effective. Cognitive-behavior therapy has proven effective in treating ____, and behavior modification in treating _____ ____.

cognitive, interpersonal, behavior, cognitive exposure, bulimia, bed wetting

Treatment that combines an attack on negative thinking with efforts to modify behavior is known as ____-____ therapy.

cognitive-behavior

In family therapy, therapists focus on improving ____ within the family and helping family members to discover new ways of preventing or resolving _____.

communication, conflict

Aside from testimonials, there is very little evidence based on ____ research for such therapies.

controlled

In hopes of better assessing psychotherapy's effectiveness, psychologists have turned to ____ research studies.

controlled

A brief alternative to psychodynamic therapy that has proven effective with _____ patients is _____ _____.

depressed, interpersonal psychotherapy

ECT is most often used with patients suffering from severe ___. Research evidence ____ ECT's effectiveness with such patients.

depression, confirms

A long-term study of 500 Massachusetts boys found that those who received intensive counseling ____ significantly fewer problems than a control group. Research has also shown that "Scared Straight" programs _____ effective in reducing criminal offenses committed by delinquent boys.

did not have, are not

Critics point out that psychoanalysts' interpretations are hard to _____ and that therapy takes a long time and is very ____.

disprove, expensive

A form of cognitive therapy developed by Adele Rabin builds on the finding that depressed people _____ exhibit the self-serving bias.

do not

Generally speaking, psychotherapist's personal values ____ influence their therapy. This is particularly significant when the therapist and client are from ___ cultures.

do, different

These drugs work by blocking the receptor sites for the neurotransmitters ____ and ____.

dopamine, serotonin

The most widely used biomedical treatments are the ___ therapies. Thanks to these therapies, the number of residents in mental hospitals has ___ sharply.

drug, decreased

Some therapists, particularly those who adopt a biosocial view, blend several psychotherapy techniques and so are said to take an ____ approach. Closely related to this approach is _____ _____, which attempts to combine methods into a single, coherent system.

eclectic, psychotherapy integration

The therapeutic technique in which the patient receives an electric shock to the brain is referred to as an ____ therapy, aka ECT.

electroconvulsive

In one study of depression treatment, the most effective therapists were those who were perceived as most ____ and ____.

empathetic, caring

Drugs that are prescribed to alleviate depression are called ____ drugs. These drugs also work by increasing levels of the neurotransmitters ___ or __.

antidepressants, norepinephrine, serotonin

One effect of _____ drugs such as ____ is to help those experiencing ____ symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing their responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli; schizophrenia patients who are apathetic and withdrawn may be more effectively treated with the drug ___.

antipsychotic, Thorazine, positive, Clozaril

Therapy outcomes vary with the _____ of the person seeking help.

attitude

Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors are key aspects of ____ ____.

behavior modification

With phobias, compulsions, and other specific behavior problems, ____ ____ therapies have been the most effective.

behavioral conditioning

In the 1930's, Moniz developed an operation called the ___. In this procedure, the ___ lobe of the brain is disconnected from the rest of the brain.

lobotomy, frontal

The most widely used techniques of behavior therapy are the ____ ____. The technique of systematic desensitization has been most fully developed by the therapist _____. The assumption behind this technique is that one cannot simultaneously be ____ and relaxed.

exposure therapies, Wolpe, anxious

The type group interaction that focuses on the fact that we lived and grow in relation to others is _____ ____.

family therapy

All forms of psychotherapy offer three benefits: _____ for demoralized people; a new ____ on oneself; and a relationship that is ____, ____, and _____.

hope, perspective, caring, trusting, empathetic

A gentler alternative is a chest ___ that intermittently stimulates the ___ nerve.

implant, vagus

In North America, Europe, and Australia, most therapists reflect their culture's ______.

individualism

While this approach aims to help people gain ____ into their difficulties, it focuses on _____ ____ rather than on past hurts.

insight, current relationships

Several studies found that treatment for mild problems offered by paraprofessionals ____ as effective as that offered by professional therapists.

is

In contrast to earlier times, most therapy today _____ provided by psychiatrists.

is not

Freud referred to the hidden meaning of a dream as its ____ ____.

latent content

Behavior therapy applies principals of ____ to eliminate troubling behaviors.

learning

In order to stabilize the mood swings of a bipolar disorder, the simple salt ___ is often prescribed.

lithium

Psychotherapy is cost-effective when compared with the greater costs of ___ care for psychological problems.

medical

A statistical technique that makes it possible to combine the results of many different psychotherapy outcome studies is called _____-_____. Overall, the results of such analyses indicate that psychotherapy is _____.

meta-analysis, somewhat effective

Differences in values may help explain the reluctance of some ____ populations to use mental health services.

minority

In aversive conditioning, the therapists attempts to substitute a _____ response for one that is currently _____. In this technique, a person's unwanted behaviors become associated with ____ feelings.

negative, positive, unpleasant

Comparisons of the effectiveness of different forms of therapy reveal _____ differences, that the type of therapy provider ____, and that whether therapy is provided by an individual therapist of within a group _____.

no clear, does not matter, does not make a difference

Three tips for listening more actively in your own relationships are to ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____.

paraphrase, invite clarification, reflect feelings

Psychotherapists and biomedical therapies locate the cause of psychological disorders within the ___.

person

According to this viewpoint, it is not just the ____ who needs treatment but also the person's ___ ___.

person, social context

Although people with depression often improve after one month of anti-depressants, meta-analysis studies demonstrate that a large percentage of the effectiveness is due to ___ ___ or a ___ ___.

placebo effect, natural recovery

To guard against the ____ effect and normal _____, neither the patients nor the staff involved in a study may be aware of which condition a given individual is in; this is called a ___-____ study.

placebo, recovery, double-blind

Biomedical therapies include the use of ____ ____ and medical procedures that act directly on the patient's ____ ____.

prescribed medications, nervous system

One advocate of ____ mental health, George Albee, believes that many social stresses undermine people's sense of ___, ____ ___, and ____-____. These stresses include ___, work that is ____, constant ____, ____, ____, and ____.

preventive, competence, personal control, self-esteem, poverty, meaningless, criticisms, unemployment, racism, sexism

Therapists who are influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis but who talk to the patient face to face are ____ therapists. In addition, they work with patients only ____ and for only a few weeks or months.

psychodynamic, once a week

Therapies that influence behavior by controlling its consequences are based on principles of _____ conditioning. One application of this form of therapy to institutional settings is the ____ ___, in which desired behaviors are rewarded.

operant, token economy

Clinicians tend to ____ the effectiveness of psychotherapy.

overestimate

When used in combination with ___ ____, these drugs can help people cope with frightening situations.

psychological therapy

Mental health therapies are classified as either _____ therapies or _____ therapies.

psychological, biomedical

The field that studies the effect of drugs on the mind and behavior is _____.

psychopharmacology

The biomedical therapy in which a portion of brain tissues is removed or destroyed is called ___.

psychosurgery

Psychological therapy is more commonly called _____. This type of therapy is appropriate for disorders that are ____.

psychotherapy, learned

An alternative viewpoint is that many psychological disorders are responses to ____.

society

As a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with problems that are _____.

specific

Training people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations is the goal of _____ ____ training. Students trained to _____ their negative thoughts are less likely to experience future depression.

stress inoculation, dispute

Anti-anxiety drugs have been criticized for merely reducing the __, rather than resolving underlying ___. These drugs can also cause ___ ___.

symptoms, problems, phsyiological dependence

Long-term use of first generation antipsychotic drugs can produce ___ ____, which involved involuntary movements of the muscles of the ___, ____, ____.

tardive dyskinesia, face, tongue, limbs

When strong feelings, similar to those experienced in other important relationships, are developed toward the therapist, ____ has occurred.

transference

Humanistic therapies attempt to help people meet their potential for _____.

self-fulfillment

Two common types of group therapy are ____ and ____ groups for the addicted, divorced, and those simply looking for fellowship and growth. For example, most support groups focus on ____ and _____-____-____ illnesses.

self-help, support, stigmatized, hard-to-discuss

The goal of Freud's psychoanalysis, which is based on his personality theory, is to help the patient gain ______.

self-insight

Therapists who teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking are using ____ therapy.

cognitive

One example of this type of drug is ____, which works by blocking the reuptake of ___ from synapses and is therefore called a ____-____-____-____ drug.

Prozac, serotonin, selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor

Clients' and therapists' perceptions of therapy's effectiveness may be inflated by their ____ that a treatment works. This phenomenon is called the ____ ____. Another phenomenon that may inflate their perceptions of therapy's effectiveness is the phenomenon called _____ _____ ____ ____, which is the tendency for _____ events, or emotions to return to their ____ state.

belief, placebo effect, regression toward the mean, unusual, average

One variety of cognitive therapy attempts to reverse the ____ beliefs often associated with ____ by helping clients to see their irrationalities. This therapy was developed by ____.

catastrophizing, depression, Beck

These drugs depress activity in the ___ ___ ___.

central nervous system

One cluster of behavior therapies is based on the principles of _____ _____, as developed in Pavlov's experiments. This technique, in which a new, incompatible response is substituted for a maladaptive one, is called ____. Two examples of this technique are _____ ____ and _____ _____.

classical conditioning, counterconditioning, systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning

The humanistic therapy based on Rogers' theory is called _____-_____ therapy, which is described as ______ therapy because the therapist ______ the person's problems.

client-centered, nondirective, does not interpret

Freud's technique in which a patient says whatever comes to mind is called ______ _____.

free association

In order to promote growth in clients, Rogerian therapists exhibit _____, ____, and _____.

genuineness, acceptance, empathy

The first step in systematic desensitization is the construction of a ____ of anxiety-arousing stimuli. The second step involves training in ____ ____. In the final step, the person is trained to associate the ____ state with ______-arousing stimuli.

hierarchy, progressive relaxation, relaxed, anxiety

Another gentler procedure called ___ ___ __ ___ aims to treat depression by presenting pulses through a magnetic coil held close to a person's skull above the right eyebrow. Unlike ECT, this procedure produces no ____, ____ loss, or other side effects. This procedure may work by energizing the brain's left __ ___, which is relatively inactive in depressed patients.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, seizures, memory, frontal lobe

Freud assumed that many psychological problems originate in childhood impulses and conflicts that have been _____.

repressed

Psychoanalysts attempt to bring _____ feelings into ______ awareness where they can be dealt with.

repressed, conscious

When, in the course of therapy, a person omits shameful or embarrassing material, _____ is occurring. Insight is facilitated by the analyst's ______ of the meaning of such omissions, of dreams, and of other information revealed during therapy sessions.

resistance, interpretation

A majority of psychotherapy clients express ____ with their therapy.

satisfaction

For people who suffer from the wintertime form of depression called ____ ____ ____, timed ____-____ therapy may be beneficial.

seasonal effective disorder, light-exposure

In one popular alternative therapy, a therapist triggers eye movements in patients while they imagine ____ ____. This therapy, called _____ ____ ____ _____ _____, has proven _____ as a treatment for nonmilitary _____-_____ ____ ____. However, skeptics point to evidence that ____ ____ is just as effective as triggered eye movements in producing beneficial results. The key seems to be in the person's _____ traumatic memories and in a _____ effect.

traumatic events, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, somewhat effective, post-traumatic stress disorder, finger tapping, reliving, placebo

One reason clinicians' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are inaccurate is that clients justify entering therapy by emphasizing their ____ and justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their ____.

unhappiness, well-being

The mechanism by which ECT works is ____.

unknown

For those who are unable to visually imagine an anxiety-arousing situation, or too afraid or embarrassed to do so, ______ ____ ____ therapy offers a promising alternative.

virtual reality exposure