AP PSYCH: MOTIVATION
A researcher wants to understand the personality characteristics and motivations that might help explain a famous political figure's rise to power. She studies his early childhood experiences and other formative events in his life. The method this researcher is using to study personality is known as
A case study
The defense mechanism of projections is best illustrated by which of the following examples?
A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances.
The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations?
A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend
Andy is softhearted, good-natured, trusting, helpful, forgiving, gullible, and straightforward. Based on their characteristics, he is most likely to score high on which of the Big Five trait measures?
Agreeableness Characteristics
Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates
An internal locus of control
Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered two possible options- to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?
Approach-approach
Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?
Cathay drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the following?
Clinical disorders
Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse?
Collective unconscious
After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?
Drive reduction
The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as
Exhaustion
In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?
Experience of physiological changes
Chris believed he did well on his exam because he was lucky. Which psychological concept applies to Chris's explanation?
External locus of control
A hostile person with a type A personality is most likely at risk for developing which of the following?
Heart diseases
John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be
High in neuroticism
Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold?
Homeostasis
Regarding Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following criticisms would most likely be made by a person from a collectivist culture?
Individuals may be motivated by a need for community approval rather than a need for self-actualization.
Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is
Innate
Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the differences between
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
An animal will gain weight when
Its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged
All of the following are projective assessment techniques EXCEPT
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
A researcher finds that participants work hardest and are most engaged in tasks when their behavior allows them to receive awards, The researcher's finding exemplifies
Positive reinforcement
Jorgas struggles with meeting new people. He is very shy and does not approach people at social events. Because of this, people assume he does not want to talk to them and they avoid him, which in turn reinforces Jorgas' anxiety about approaching people. Jorgas' situation illustrates which of the following principles?
Reciprocal determinism
According to research on motivation, employers are most likely to ensure high performance and job satisfaction from their workers if the employers
Redesign jobs to increase workers' responsibility to flexibility
Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot?
Rorschach Test
Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory?
Sabrina studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade she brings home.
For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30 pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explain Mike's experience?
Set point theory
Transforming frustrated urges, especially sexual urges, into more socially acceptable forms of behavior is the defense mechanism known as
Sublimation
According to Sigmund Freud, a child's early experience in coping with external demands leads to the development of the
The ego
In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following?
The lasting nature of personal characteristics
Although Paul loved playing football for fun in high school, he enjoys it less now that he is paid to be a professional football player. Which of the following best explains Paul's decreased interest in playing football?
The overjustification effect
Jess's psychologist asks him to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form. Later, his psychiatrist asks him to take the test again. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what will be found?
The results are likely to be similar
In an experiment, a researcher showed children a video of a person interacting with a doll. Half of the children watched a video of a person behaving violently toward a doll, and the other half saw a video of a person playing nicely with a doll. The researcher also looked at whether the gender and age of the child made a difference in how they interacted with the doll. In this study, the dependent variable was
The way children interact with a doll
The Big Five personality factors are based in which psychological perspective?
Trait psychology
Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified
Unconditional positive regard
Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to
emphasize the libido
Alfred Kinsey used a method that allowed for extensive information to be collected from discussions with individual participants. The research methods that he used and his research contributions, were
personal interviews; sexual behavior in women
An example of a primary drive is
sleeping
Researchers conduct a study in which university students are asked to solve puzzles, a task that all students in the experiment report enjoying before the study. They split the students into two groups: a group that is paid money for doing the puzzles, and a group that is not. The researchers then observe how often students in each group complete puzzles during their break time when they are allowed to do whatever they want. Assuming that their results are consistent with previous findings, the researchers are most likely to find that
the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time
Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, have been justifiably criticized as tools for answering personality because
they have not been found to be reliable or valid.