AP Psychology Active Recall Questions/Terms
Predictive validity
A measure of future performance
Cognitive Triad
The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.
Noam Chomsky
Theorized that humans are born with a language acquisition device
iconic memory v. echoic memory
- photograph memory for 1-2 seconds - sound memory for 3-4 seconds
Algorithm v. Heuristic
-Algorithms guarantee the right solution -Heuristics are shortcuts and might produce errors.
Alfred Binet
French man who designed the test to help slow children. Developed Mental Age concept
What is the information processing theory?
1. Sensory Memory 2.Encoded into short memory 3. Some of it encoded into long memory
Semantic Network Theory
Our brain forms new memories by connecting their meaning/context with older memories
Short term memories will fade in how many seconds? What is the capacity?
10-30, and about 7 items
Episodic Memory
A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.
Flashbulb Memories
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Martin Seligman's "learned helplessness"
A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.
Conversion Disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
Schizophrenia
A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities
bipolar disorder (manic depression)
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
Standardization Sample
A representative group of people who take the test and establish the norms.
Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
What is confirmation bias?
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
DSM-5
A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Does not include causes or treatments
Cocktail Party Effect
Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Adisorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Bulimia Nervosa (BN)
An eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of bingeing and purging.
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
Long term Potentiation
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. Responsible for long-term memories
Aptitude and Achievement Tests
Aptitude tests predict your ability to learn a new skill and achievement test are intended to reflect what you have already learned.
People who have more receptors for Acetylcholine are?
Bipolar
Convergent v. Divergent thinking
Divergent: A cognitive process (a mode of critical thinking) in which a person generates many unique, creative responses to a single question or problem Convergent: A cognitive process (a mode of critical thinking) in which a person attempts to find a single, correct answer to a problem.
What three ways can long-term memory be recorded?
Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural
explicit v. implicit memory
Explicit are conscious thoughts that we remember while you may not know of implicit memories until a situation calls for it.
Humanistic cause of disorders
Failure to strive toward one's potential or being out of touch with one's feelings
Charles Spearman
Found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)
Paraphilia
Having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli
What was George Sperling's experiment?
He tested sensory memory with a grid of letters
What part of the brain is important in encoding new memories?
Hippocampus
Concurrent Validity
How much of a characteristic a person has now
Stanford-Binet Test
Intelligence Test mental age/real age x 100= IQ All adults have a mental age of 20
Psychoanalytic cause of disorders
Internal and unconscious conflicts
Cognitive cause of disorders
Irrational, dysfunctional thought or ways of thinking
Availability Heuristic
Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially
Representative Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
What is the common cold of psychological disorders?
Major Depressive Disorder
What things define a psychological disorder?
Maladaptive, Disturbing, Unusual, and irrational
Face validity
Measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test.
Levels of processing model
Memories are deeply or shallowly processed. There is no short term or long term memory.
Biomedical cause of disorders
Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, and genetic predispositions.
Crystal Intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
phonemes vs. morphemes
Phonemes are small unit of sounds and Morphemes are the small unit of meaningful sound. Phonemes put together make Morphemes.
Somatoform Disorder
Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause.
Behavioral cause of disorders
Reinforcement history, the environment
Double Blind Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is caused by contradictory messages (no promiscuity, but then given revealing outfits by parents)
What determines what sensory messages get encoded?
Selective Attention
Primacy (first) v. Recency (last) effect--- Serial Position Effect
Tendency to remember early and late items, middle are usually forgotton
Fluid Intelligence
The ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences. Decrease as you age.,.
Constructive Memory
The act of remembering construed in terms of making inferences about the past, based on what is currently known and accessible. Elizabeth Loftus proved that these memories can be false.
Construct Validity
The degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring. Most important validity
Retroactive Interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
Proactive Interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Procedural Memory
The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things. Can be hard to explain in steps
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
The proposal that language shapes the nature of thought. Not 100% true though.
Flynn Effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
EQ and IQ is needed to be successful
True
The emotional or situational context of a memory can affect retrieval
True
Recall v. Recognition
Two most common methods of retrieval. Recall- involves independently reproducing the information that you have been previously exposed to Recognition- involves realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you have seen or heard before.
Telegraphic Speech (18 months)
Two-word stage
Dissociative amnesia
When a person can not remember things and no physiological basis for the disruption can be identified.
Catatonia Schizophrenia
When you stay in on position of a long time, and you exhibit these strange motor behaviors.
diathesis-stress model
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
Binge-Eating Disorder
a disorder characterized by compulsive overeating
delusions of grandeur (Schizophrenia)
a false impression of one's own importance.
flat affect (Schizophrenia)
a lack of emotional responsiveness
Insanity
a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to the condition of the mind
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
GAD
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Panic Disorder
an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
argues that delusions, halucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain
Ways to memorize more things?
chunking, mnemonics, and rehearsal
Reliability
consistency of measurement
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions and hallucinations
Low levels of serotonin an norepinephrine are associated with
depression
David Wechsler
developer of WAIS and WISC intelligence tests. Used deviation IQ.
Two types of dissociative disorders
disassociative amnesia and identity disorder
split-half reliability
dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are
Sociocultural cause of disorders
dysfunctional society
Hallucinations (Schizophrenia)
false sensory experiences
3 Anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias
Phobias
irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Semantic Memory
memory for knowledge about the world
Holophrastic Stage
one word communication
antisocial personality disorder
psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience. Little regards to other peoples feelings.
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
Delusions of Persecution (Schizophrenia)
the belief that people are out to get you
Nature v. Nurture
the debate of weather you are shaped by your environment or genes
Howard Gardner
theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)
What can events be encoded as?
visual, acoustic, and semantic (meaning of event)