AP Psychology Active Recall Questions/Terms

Predictive validity

A measure of future performance

Cognitive Triad

The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.

Noam Chomsky

Theorized that humans are born with a language acquisition device

iconic memory v. echoic memory

- photograph memory for 1-2 seconds - sound memory for 3-4 seconds

Algorithm v. Heuristic

-Algorithms guarantee the right solution -Heuristics are shortcuts and might produce errors.

Alfred Binet

French man who designed the test to help slow children. Developed Mental Age concept

What is the information processing theory?

1. Sensory Memory 2.Encoded into short memory 3. Some of it encoded into long memory

Semantic Network Theory

Our brain forms new memories by connecting their meaning/context with older memories

Short term memories will fade in how many seconds? What is the capacity?

10-30, and about 7 items

Episodic Memory

A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.

Flashbulb Memories

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Martin Seligman's "learned helplessness"

A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.

Conversion Disorder

A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

Schizophrenia

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities

bipolar disorder (manic depression)

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

Standardization Sample

A representative group of people who take the test and establish the norms.

Mental Set

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

What is confirmation bias?

A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

DSM-5

A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Does not include causes or treatments

Cocktail Party Effect

Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Adisorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

An eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of bingeing and purging.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Long term Potentiation

An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. Responsible for long-term memories

Aptitude and Achievement Tests

Aptitude tests predict your ability to learn a new skill and achievement test are intended to reflect what you have already learned.

People who have more receptors for Acetylcholine are?

Bipolar

Convergent v. Divergent thinking

Divergent: A cognitive process (a mode of critical thinking) in which a person generates many unique, creative responses to a single question or problem Convergent: A cognitive process (a mode of critical thinking) in which a person attempts to find a single, correct answer to a problem.

What three ways can long-term memory be recorded?

Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural

explicit v. implicit memory

Explicit are conscious thoughts that we remember while you may not know of implicit memories until a situation calls for it.

Humanistic cause of disorders

Failure to strive toward one's potential or being out of touch with one's feelings

Charles Spearman

Found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

Paraphilia

Having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli

What was George Sperling's experiment?

He tested sensory memory with a grid of letters

What part of the brain is important in encoding new memories?

Hippocampus

Concurrent Validity

How much of a characteristic a person has now

Stanford-Binet Test

Intelligence Test mental age/real age x 100= IQ All adults have a mental age of 20

Psychoanalytic cause of disorders

Internal and unconscious conflicts

Cognitive cause of disorders

Irrational, dysfunctional thought or ways of thinking

Availability Heuristic

Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially

Representative Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

What is the common cold of psychological disorders?

Major Depressive Disorder

What things define a psychological disorder?

Maladaptive, Disturbing, Unusual, and irrational

Face validity

Measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test.

Levels of processing model

Memories are deeply or shallowly processed. There is no short term or long term memory.

Biomedical cause of disorders

Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, and genetic predispositions.

Crystal Intelligence

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

phonemes vs. morphemes

Phonemes are small unit of sounds and Morphemes are the small unit of meaningful sound. Phonemes put together make Morphemes.

Somatoform Disorder

Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause.

Behavioral cause of disorders

Reinforcement history, the environment

Double Blind Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is caused by contradictory messages (no promiscuity, but then given revealing outfits by parents)

What determines what sensory messages get encoded?

Selective Attention

Primacy (first) v. Recency (last) effect--- Serial Position Effect

Tendency to remember early and late items, middle are usually forgotton

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences. Decrease as you age.,.

Constructive Memory

The act of remembering construed in terms of making inferences about the past, based on what is currently known and accessible. Elizabeth Loftus proved that these memories can be false.

Construct Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring. Most important validity

Retroactive Interference

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

Proactive Interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Procedural Memory

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things. Can be hard to explain in steps

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

The proposal that language shapes the nature of thought. Not 100% true though.

Flynn Effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

EQ and IQ is needed to be successful

True

The emotional or situational context of a memory can affect retrieval

True

Recall v. Recognition

Two most common methods of retrieval. Recall- involves independently reproducing the information that you have been previously exposed to Recognition- involves realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you have seen or heard before.

Telegraphic Speech (18 months)

Two-word stage

Dissociative amnesia

When a person can not remember things and no physiological basis for the disruption can be identified.

Catatonia Schizophrenia

When you stay in on position of a long time, and you exhibit these strange motor behaviors.

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Binge-Eating Disorder

a disorder characterized by compulsive overeating

delusions of grandeur (Schizophrenia)

a false impression of one's own importance.

flat affect (Schizophrenia)

a lack of emotional responsiveness

Insanity

a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to the condition of the mind

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

GAD

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Panic Disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

argues that delusions, halucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain

Ways to memorize more things?

chunking, mnemonics, and rehearsal

Reliability

consistency of measurement

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions and hallucinations

Low levels of serotonin an norepinephrine are associated with

depression

David Wechsler

developer of WAIS and WISC intelligence tests. Used deviation IQ.

Two types of dissociative disorders

disassociative amnesia and identity disorder

split-half reliability

dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are

Sociocultural cause of disorders

dysfunctional society

Hallucinations (Schizophrenia)

false sensory experiences

3 Anxiety disorders

generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias

Phobias

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

Semantic Memory

memory for knowledge about the world

Holophrastic Stage

one word communication

antisocial personality disorder

psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience. Little regards to other peoples feelings.

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Emotional Intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)

Delusions of Persecution (Schizophrenia)

the belief that people are out to get you

Nature v. Nurture

the debate of weather you are shaped by your environment or genes

Howard Gardner

theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)

What can events be encoded as?

visual, acoustic, and semantic (meaning of event)