AP Psychology Exam Review
If scores on the WAIS are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what % of scores will fall between 85 and 115?
68
Alzheimer's disease is most clearly linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce ___
ACh
The humanistic perspective is to Maslow as the social-cognitive perspective is to _______
Bandura
The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a whte rat was associated with a loud noise In this example, fear of the white rat was the ___
CR
Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?
EEG
Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
Freud
Who would have been most likely to ignore the mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior""?
John B Watson
Which psychologist was the 1st woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D?
Margaret Washburn
Who was a student of William James & the 1st female President of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Calkins
The researcher most closely related to the study of classical conditioning
Pavlov
Nightmares are to ___ as night terrors are to ___
REM sleep; stage 4 sleep
The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was ___
Skinner
Introspection was the basic research tool used by ___ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images
Titchener
Who introduced the term behaviorism
Watson
Which brain are is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?
Wernicke's area
The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by ___
William James
The first psychological lab was by ___
Wundt
Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the values of ___
acoustic encoding
The depolarization of a neural membrane can create a(n) ___
action potential
the breif electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the ___
action potential
The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her apartment stimulated social psychological research on ___
altruism
The Thematic Apperception Test requires people to respond to _____.
ambiguous pictures
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's ___
amygdala
2 year old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the _____ stage of development.
anal
Someone who has difficulty speaking after a stroke is suffering from what?
aphasia
During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left- hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of ___
automatic processing
The extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body
axon
The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was ___
behaviorism
Watson considered himself to be a
behaviorist
According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among _____.
behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events
Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a ___ perspective on depression
biological
Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by ___
biological predispositions
The medulla is to the control of ___ as the cerebellum is to the control of ___
breathing: walking
Most widely consumed psychoactive drug?
caffeine
Phineas Gage railroad construction. Researchers method being used is _______
case study
Ellen volunteers during her AP Psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she close her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information on coordinating our voluntary movements?
cerebellum
The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the ___
cerebellum
The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebellum is called the ___
cerebral cortex
Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the ___
circadian rhytum
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightening signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates ___
classical conditioning
By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electrical shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of ___
classical conditioning
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate ___
classical conditioning
Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis & treatment of people with psychological disorders?
clinical psychology
Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences
cognitive
Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the ______.
collective unconscious
A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a
conditioned response
If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is ___
conditioned response
In Pavlov's experiment, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a
conditioned response
Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study___
conformity
Split brain patients have had their ___ surgically cut
corpus callosum
Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades?
correlation coefficient
Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of ___
deindividuation
Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to ___
deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called ___
delta waves
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ___ of a single neuron
dendrites to the cell body to the axon
Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called ___
depressants
Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. S is an ______ psychologist
developmental
Children who release unexpected anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of _______.
displacement
While Mr. Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view Mr. Gomez' treatment of students as _____.
displacement
The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter ___
dopamine
Freud believed that ____ were the "royal road to the unconscious"
dreams
According to Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and _____.
empathic
Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as
endorphins
Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgement of the lengths of lines ___
even when the group judgement was clearly incorect
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to ___
exaggerate their ability to have for seen the outcome of past events
Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to ___
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal
Freud emphasized the unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to _____.
fixation
Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every 3 pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ___ schedule.
fixed-ratio
A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as ______.
free association
A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
functionalism
Little Alert was conditioned by Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates ___
generalization
Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrates the importance of ___
generalization
Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates ___
generalization
The process of encoding refers to ___
getting information into memory
If the political conservatism of students who join frats and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the 2 groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of ___
group polarization
Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women_____.
have weak super egos
attribution theory was designed to account for ___
how people explain others' behavior
The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the ___
hypothalamus
Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor prediction regarding employment success is an example of _____
hypothesis
By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ___ memory
iconic
The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience illustrates ___ memory.
iconic
The pleasure principle is to the ____ as the reality principle is to the _____.
id; ego
In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll
imitated the adult's actions
Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?
industrial-organization psychology
Adler coined the term _______
inferiority complex
Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of ___
informational social influence
Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ___ as the desire to gain approval is to ___
informational social influence; normative social influence
Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from ___
insomnia
Watson emphasized that ___
learning should be explained without any reference to mental processess
The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as ___
long-term potentiation
Shane, a straight A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ___ content of his dream.
manifest
THC, the active ingredient in ___, is classified as a ___
marijuana; hallucinogen
Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears ___
may be produced through classical conditioning
When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these 2 students?
mean
Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ___ is to ___
meaning; imagery
The famous test introduced by Herman Rorschach asks test takers to respond to
meaningless inkblots
Semantic encoding refers to the processing of ___
meanings
The persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information
memory
The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on TV best illustrates the importance of ___
modeling
When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is ___
muscular paralysis
What sleep disorder would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?
narcolepsy
To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?
naturalistic observation
Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ___reinforcer
negative
Mason, a stockholder, runs to miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ___ reinforcer
negative
Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a ___
negative punishment
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth & marital satisfaction are _____
negatively correlated
Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called?
neurogenesis
Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trail dimension of ______.
neuroticism
The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called ___
neurotransmitters
What is the "Big Five" personality factors?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by ___
operant conditioning
Morphine and heroin are ___
opiates
Which of the following is correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
While relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the "rest-and-digest" response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins?
parasympathetic nervous system
The somatic nervous system is a component of the ___ nervous system
peripheral
An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her _____
personality
According to Freud, children develop unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex during the _________ stage
phallic
By professional training, Freud was a ____.
physician
At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of growth hormone produced by the ___
pituitary gland
The master gland of the endocrine system is the ___
pituitary gland
When Stoyka was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Stoyka isnow a successful high school student who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of ___
plasticity
Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ____ principle.
pleasure
Every saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is an ___
positive reinforcer
What is true about positive and negative reinforcers?
positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding
the specialist most likely to have a medical degree?
psychiatrist
Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called ___
psychoactive drugs
Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that those symptoms resulted from
psychological processes
The science of behavior and mental process
psychology
To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike @ her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every 15th person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of ___
random sampling
The difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the ___
range
Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially ___
rapid and subsequently slows down
A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of ____.
reaction formation
Wundt's lab work involved experimental studies of ___
reactions to sensory stimulation
The function of dendrites is to
receive incoming signals from other neurons
4 year old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed- wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates ____
regression
Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?
replication
Evan is so terrified of snakes that he can't go to the zoo for fear of seeing one, Even can't remember the 1st time he was afraid of snakes. Evan's inability to recall when his fear began is best explained by, which Freudian concept?
repression
money is to food as ___ reinforcer is to ___ reinforcer
secondary; primary
According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for _____
self- actualization
At your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time. As you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting from the beginning. By the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. What explains your experience?
serial position effect
5 year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of ___
shaping
To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as ___
shaping
Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mr. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from ___
sleep apnea
Obesity is a risk factor for developing what sleep disorder?
sleep apnea
Research on sleep patterns indicates that ___
sleep patterns may be genetically influenced
Both Horney and Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of _______ in personality development
social interactions
University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling them on the same rope. This best illustrates ___
social loafing
Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ___ perspective
social-cultural
Nicotine is classified as a ___
stimulant
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
structuralism
Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the ______
students' scores tended to be very similar to one another
After an argument with your girlfriend, you go to the gym and lift weights to burn off your pent up energy. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism?
sublimation
When Mr. Valdez thought his 1 year old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez' state of arousal was activated by his ___ nervous system
sympathetic
While you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. What triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away?
sympathetic nervous system
Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that ___
the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning
Both the researchers and participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory - enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of ___
the double blind procedure
A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates ___
the fundamental attribution theory
You are most likely to automatically encode information about
the sequence of your days events
Jamille performs better on foreign language vocab tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as ___
the spacing effect
According to Freud, the unconscious is _______.
the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are largely unaware
Freud is to the psychoanalytic perspective as Allport is to the ____ perspective
trait
A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a
unconditioned response
Purchasing lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ___ schedule
variable ratio
On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ___ schedule
variable-interval
