PHI Final
"Freedom" means the ability to make decisions and to act without undesirable consequences.
False
A "soft determinist" is generally someone who is indecisive when it comes to moral decision making.
False
A consequentialist theory of value judges the rightness or wrongness of an action based on the "good intention" of the person performing the action.
False
A non-consequentialist theory of value holds that people should be free to do as they like as long as they respect the freedom of others to do the same.
False
Aesthetics is the area of philosophy that is concerned with human knowledge.
False
An example of an epistemological question might be: What is the nature of reality and how do I know what the good is?
False
Aristophanes was one of the greatest Greek Philosophers who lived before Socrates.
False
Atheism is the belief that you can neither prove or disprove the existence of God.
False
Atheist resolve the "problem of evil" by saying that we have free will and God has nothing to do with it.
False
Both modern liberal's and classical liberals agree that people are neither born equal nor can be made equal.
False
Both rationalism and empiricism hold that knowledge begins with the senses but is ultimately completed by an account of reason.
False
Classical liberals disagree on the fundamental importance of private property to a free society.
False
Contrary to the socialism, conservativism is best described as a broad range of ideas and proposals that are held together by a central overarching tenet: the central ownership and control of the means of production.
False
Cosmology is the branch of metaphysics that studies the effects of a cosmopolitan life style in contrast to an agrarian one.
False
Descartes held that reality was comprised of two different physical substances.
False
Epistemology is the area of philosophy that study the epistemic problem associated with establishing a just society.
False
Ethics is a branch of Philosophy which deals with the issue of the TRUE.
False
Ethics is the study of the ultimate causes of reality.
False
For Immanuel Kant Imperfect Duties are those duties which we should do as often as possible but can not be expected to do always, for example, no lies, no theft, no breaking promises.
False
For Immanuel Kant the basis for a Theory of the Good lies in the good consequence of the act.
False
For Immanuel Kant, phenomenal reality is the knowledge of a thing as it "exists in itself."
False
For libertarians, just outcomes are those arrived at by the separate just actions of individuals, and thus, a strict distributive pattern is required for justice.
False
Freedom and determinism are compatible philosophical ideas.
False
Heraclitus held that reality is "changeless," nothing comes into being or passes away.
False
Hinduism is the largest religion in the world.
False
How is the conflict of individual interest with the groups' interest to be resolved? Is a question dealt with in the Philosophy of Law and not Political Philosophy.
False
Illegal is a synonym for immoral.
False
In a Polytheistic belief system there are no female deities.
False
In the Latin language, libertas (liberty) literally meant "do whatever you want." This is why the Romans are historically considered to be the first real "free society."
False
In their writings on Aesthetics, Socrates and Plato disagreed sharply on the proper distinction between the aesthetical value of the good and the beautiful.
False
Interactionism is the theory that body acts on mind but minds do NOT act on bodies.
False
Islam is the largest religion in the world with over one billion followers.
False
Jean Paul Sartre was philosophically considered a soft determinist, do to his rejection of radical freedom as morally irresponsible.
False
Jeremy Bentham was opposed to utilitarianism on the grounds that it exaggerated the importance of consequence of intention.
False
John Locke distinguished between primary and secondary qualities in order to demonstrate that knowledge can only be achieved through reason.
False
Kant isolated two fundamental necessary conditions for a judgment to be a judgment of taste — subjectivity and universality.Judgments of taste can only be about art.
False
Kant thought that "Beauty is a symbol of objectivity, and morality a symbol of subjectivity."
False
Kant's theory of pure beauty had one main aspect, which is the notion of objectivity.
False
Knowledge of the thing as it appears through our senses and is filtered by the brain is revered to as noumena for Immanuel Kant.
False
Liberals have always been associated with ideas related to a welfare state and a system of taxes, subsidies, deductions, payments, regulations, restrictions, permissions, refunds, entitlements and other such ideas and programs.
False
Metaphysical dualism essentially states that there is a dual between the powers of good and evil in the universe.
False
Metaphysical idealism is the theory that holds all of reality needs to conform to specific moral ideals to achieve its perfection.
False
Metaphysical materialism refers to individuals who place more value on material things than spiritual things.
False
Metaphysics is the area of philosophy that deals with good and bad action.
False
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the limits of Human Knowledge.
False
Moral Philosophy seeks to understand and to justify moral principles.
False
Moral Skepticism is the ethical position that morality exists but it is difficult to always know for certain who is right.
False
Myths are always false stories that try to explain the unexplainable.
False
Nietzsche philosophical thought is best described as a "hard determinism".
False
Omnibenevolent means "all-powerful."
False
Omnipotent means "all-knowing."
False
Pascal's Wager is a philosophical argument in support of atheism, since it states that you cannot prove Gods existence.
False
Philosopher never attempt to prove Gods existence since they agree that the existence of God it is a matter of faith and religion.
False
Philosophers have proven that miracles are not possible.
False
Philosophy is the academic discipline that has as its central focus the study of living organisms.
False
Plato taught that our senses must be trusted if we are to attain true knowledge.
False
Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" was the first historical account demonstrating how man evolved from cave dwellers to city dwellers.
False
Political Philosophy relates to the question of "Who gets what?"
False
Political philosophy begins with the question: what is the nature of Being?
False
Positive liberty is an opportunity-concept, where freedom is merely a matter of what we can do, what options are open to us, regardless of whether or not we exercise such options.
False
Pre-Established Harmony holds that minds and bodies are set in motion and coordinated from the beginning of time by evolution and not with the assistance of a deity that creates the universe.
False
Process Theologians belief that everything in the universe is in the process of change with the exception of God.
False
Prominent modern empiricists include Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume.
False
Rene Descartes believed that Mind and matter joined together to make one substance.
False
Rene Descartes was a famous empiricist.
False
Scientific investigation has yet to disprove Descartes pineal gland theory, so his theory is probably correct.
False
Similar to John Locke, the philosopher George Berkeley made use of the primary and secondary quality distinction in his theory of Subjective Idealism.
False
Small Island Societies do not have to concern themselves with questions of distributive justice.
False
Socrates and Plato both supported the sophists even though they had a different approach to philosophy.
False
Socrates was the student of Plato for approximately 10 years.
False
Soft determinism holds that causal determinism is true, but we still act as free, morally responsible agents when, in the absence of external constraints, our actions are caused by our desires.
False
Thales said the "unexamined life is not worth living."
False
The Cosmological argument states that by using reason alone and examining the very concept of god as a perfect being, we can prove Gods existence.
False
The Latin term mores is defined as "rules of conduct concerning matters of relatively minor importance but which do not contribute to the quality of life."
False
The Sophists were not great public speakers, but they were successful do to their high ethical standards and love of wisdom.
False
The debate between liberals and conservatives is quite active in contemporary society, but was much more intense in ancient societies.
False
The first necessary condition of a judgment of taste is that it is essentially objective, since it is based on a feeling of pleasure or displeasure.
False
The free-will defense is a theodicy which attempts to explain the existence of natural evil in the context of human freedom.
False
The ideas of the Utilitarians, Bentham and the Mills, contributed heavily to this view of how social life ought to be arranged. Along with it came the idea that government should not interfere with individual's earnings and with businesses.
False
The only ethical-political issue that unites philosophers into one school of thought is that concerning the status of the individual: the ethical 'person'.
False
The original Greek etymology of the word "fate" meant "to exercise ones freedom with love."
False
The philosophical "problem of equivocation" has to do with the lack of equality among philosophers, which results in a philosophical bias.
False
The philosophical problem of free will is not the question are we free, but rather, how are we to use our freedom responsibly?
False
The philosophy of post modernism strives to get to the truth about reality.
False
The pre-Socratic philosopher Anaximander agreed with Thales that water was the basic element uniting all reality.
False
The principle of Strict Egalitarianism states "equal pay for equal work."
False
The question of the Nature of Beauty is primarily a metaphysical and not a aesthetical question.
False
The real dilemma of determinism is getting individuals to cognitively accept the fact that they are determined.
False
The republican, or neo-Roman, conception of liberty is primarily concerned with rational autonomy, realizing one's true nature, or becoming one's higher self.
False
The statement "I promise that I will do it," is an example of an evaluative statement.
False
The term philosophy is best defined as "just a personal opinion."
False
Theism is the belief that God cannot be know to us through reason.
False
There is no contradiction to state that one is Free and to believe in Fate.
False
Through the twentieth century many humans have come to reject the individual relativistic perspective do to the conditions of the World Wars.
False
Traditional metaphysics was more concerned with mythology and less concerned with reality.
False
Why should individuals obey the law? Is a question of Ethics and not Political Philosophy.
False
Zoroastrian dualism is a form of monotheism.
False
"Sublime" and "beautiful" are only two amongst the many terms which may be used to describe our aesthetic experiences.
True
A complaint against welfarism, from Desert-based Principles, is that it ignores, and in fact cannot even make sense of, claims that people deserve certain economic benefits in light of their actions. The complaint is often motivated by the concern that various forms of welfarism treat people as mere containers for well-being, rather than purposeful beings, responsible for their actions and creative in their environments.
True
A formal definition of philosophy is: "the systematic, critical examination of the way in which we judge, evaluate, and act, with the aim of making ourselves wiser, more self-reflective, and therefore better men and women."
True
According to Descartes there are two very different sorts of things (substances) that exist: the physical substance and the spiritual or non-physical substance.
True
According to Immanuel Kant, judgments of pure beauty, being selfless, initiate one into the moral point of view.
True
According to the medieval theologian Thomas Aquinas , Reason and Faith are compatible with one another as is Science and Religion because there is but one truth.
True
According to the philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz, this world (universe) created by the all perfect deity would need to be the very best possible world because an all perfect being could not produce anything less than the very best.
True
According to the view of Common-sense Egoism: egoism is a vice, since it involves putting one's own concerns over those of others to an immoderate degree.
True
Advocates of welfare-based principles view the concerns of other theories — material equality, the level of primary goods of the least advantaged, resources, desert-claims, or liberty — as derivative concerns.
True
Aesthetics is the area of philosophy that focuses on Ethical behavior.
True
Aesthetics is the area of philosophy that studies beauty and art.
True
Aesthetics, as a general science, takes no account of the individual arts.
True
Agnosticism is the belief that there is no clear or definitive knowledge of whether there is a god or not.
True
Anarchy stems from the Greek word, anarkos, meaning "without a chief."
True
Any attempt to make the existence of an All-knowing, All-powerful and All-good or omnibenevolent God consistent with the existence of evil is known as a Theodicy.
True
As ethics is also underpinned by metaphysical and epistemological theories, so too can political philosophy be related to such underlying theories: theorizing on the nature of reality and of how we know things logically relates to how we do things and how we interact with others.
True
At the prereflective, existential level, human beings experience themselves as having a body and a mind, in such a manner that they are somehow substantially different from one another.
True
At the time of Socrates (472-399bc) many Greeks were no longer believers in the stories of the gods and goddesses.
True
At the time of Socrates Greek culture was undergoing a major revolution.
True
Behaviorism is a variation of Monistic Materialism.
True
Behaviorist psychologists believe that they can account for all of human behavior in terms of operant conditioning. All that a human does (including ideas and feelings) are behaviors that can be explained in terms of basic physical factors.
True
Both Theists and Atheist accept forms of Natural Law theory.
True
Both classical and modern liberals agree that the government has a strict duty towards impartiality and hence to treating people equally, and that it should also be neutral in its evaluation of what the good life is.
True
Both modern and classical liberals may refer to the theory of a social contract to justify either their emphasis on the free realm of the individual or the fostering of those conditions liberals in general deem necessary for human flourishing.
True
By saying that existence precedes essence, existentialist are suggesting that human beings first come into existence then they determine their own essence by their free acts.
True
Causal determinism is the theory that every event has a cause.
True
Central examples of judgments of taste are judgments of beauty and ugliness.
True
Classical liberals and libertarians have often asserted that in some way liberty and property are really the same thing.
True
Cogito Ergo Sum means "I think therefore I am"
True
Conservatives thus do not reject reform but are thoroughly skeptical of any present generation's or present person's ability to understand and hence to reshape the vast edifices of behavior and institutions that have evolved with the wisdom of thousands of generations.
True
Cosmology studies the origins of the universe.
True
Cultural relativists believe that the evaluation of good and bad actions are determined within a cultural setting and are not universal.
True
David Hume is best known in the history of philosophy for his skeptical epistemological views.
True
Descartes held that Brains are part of the physical realm and Minds are part of the non-physical realm of existence.
True
Descartes thought that the Pineal Gland was the master control unit where the soul contacted the brain (body) because it was singular and not doubled as are other parts of the brain.
True
Empiricism is the epistemological theory that genuine information about the world must be acquired by a posteriori means, so that nothing can be thought without first being sensed.
True
Epiphenomenalism states that the body acts on mind but minds do NOT act on bodies.
True
Ethics is a branch of Philosophy which deals with the issue of the GOOD.
True
Evaluative statements express how people think about some object, activity, person, condition, or situation.
True
Existentialism, a philosophical movement or tendency, emphasizing individual existence, freedom and choice, that influenced many diverse writers in the 19th and 20th centuries.
True
Expressive statements express the feelings of the speaker/writer such as "Holy Cow."
True
Fiscal Conservatism is the economic philosophy of prudence in government spending and debt.
True
For Immanuel Kant humans will never know things as they are in themselves because humans can never think without their brains, and their brains are so structured as to interpret the experiences of the senses in a categorical manner.
True
For Immanuel Kant it is never morally good to treat a person as a means to an end.
True
For Immanuel Kant the basis for a Theory of the Good lies in the intention or the will.
True
For John Locke the mind is a blank slate at birth, tabula rasa, and all knowledge results from experiences that enter the mind from the experiences of the body.
True
For John Locke, an example of a secondary quality would be the "hotness" or "coldness" of an object.
True
For Locke, primary qualities were the properties that were in the objects themselves like shape.
True
For Luck Egalitarianism, equality of opportunity is often contrasted favorably with 'equality of outcome' or strict egalitarianism, by those who believe that we can show equal concern, respect, or treatment of people without them having the same material goods and services, so long as they have equal economic opportunities.
True
For Nietzsche, all humans desire but one thing, POWER. The WILL to POWER is a foundational notion for him.
True
For Nietzsche, an existentialist, there are no Masters or Slaves, all are equal and free.
True
For Sartre, and a basic idea shared by nearly all existentialists is that: Existence precedes Essence.
True
For Sartre, humans are condemned to be free.
True
For Socrates a basis for the grounding of morality and the social order was needed other than that provided by the stories of the Greek deities.
True
For classical liberals, sometimes called the 'old' liberalism, liberty and private property are intimately related.
True
For conservatives, the value of institutions cannot always be examined according to the rational analysis of the present generation.
True
For the post modernists there can be no single reality or privileged view of reality or even concept of what reality is for there is no single objective or truthful way in which to verify any claims about a singular phenomenon to be called "reality."
True
Free will is the ability of agents to make choices unconstrained by certain factors.
True
From the eighteenth century right up to today, classical liberals have insisted that an economic system based on private property is uniquely consistent with individual liberty, allowing each to live her life —including employing her labor and her capital — as she sees fit.
True
George Berkeley asserts that all physical things in this world are ideas of the Divine and specifies this concept as esse est percipi, Latin for "to be is to be perceived."
True
George Berkeley was an Anglican bishop from Scotland who challenged the irrationality of the notion that matter exists autonomously outside the mind as Locke and other contemporaneous empiricists speculated.
True
George Berkeley was an advocate of metaphysical materialism, since he believed that "to be is to be perceived."
True
Hard determinism suggests that causal determinism is true, and therefore, free action and moral responsibility are impossible.
True
Idealism is the metaphysical view that associates reality to ideas in the mind rather than to material objects.
True
If there are no free actions, then there is no moral responsibility.
True
Immanuel Kant postulates that there must exist rules for thoughts, which he calls categories that are innate and necessary for understanding.
True
Immanuel Kant thought that "Beauty is a symbol of Morality."
True
Immanuel Kant's epistemological theory is best described as Transcendental Idealism.
True
Immanuel Kant's theory of pure beauty had four aspects: its freedom from concepts, its objectivity, the disinterest of the spectator, and its obligatoriness.
True
In "Process Theology" the concept of God is one of imperfection in the sense that God is not said to be all powerful.
True
In DIVINE COMMAND THEORY there is NO GOOD or BAD by itself at all. There is only what GOD COMMANDS.
True
In Philosophy the problem of equivocation has to do with there being more than one meaning of a word when it is used in a philosophical argument.
True
In Western Christian thought, God is traditionally described as a being that possesses at least three necessary properties: omniscience, omnipotence , and omnibenevolence.
True
In his "Poetics", Aristotle analyzed the art of epic, tragic, and comic poetry.
True
In pursuing a philosophical examination of political activity, philosophers also divide between those who are methodological individualists and those who are methodological holists.
True
In the broadest, presently popularly accepted term the modern liberal "accepts rights against the person" and rights to entitlements such as health care and education.
True
In the history of philosophy, there have been no greater defenders of the view that humans are free than the existentialists.
True
In the works of the pre-socratics there is a progression from mythopoetic thought to a primitive scientific thinking in the form of speculative inquiry.
True
Incompatibilists hold that Free Will and infallible foreknowledge by any entity are contradictory concepts and cannot co-exist.
True
Individuals often times use the term reality when expressing their beliefs about reality.
True
Interactionism is the theory stating that minds and bodies exist and interact in some way.
True
It is a rather common misconception to think that religion has to do with god, or gods and supernatural beings or a supernatural or spiritual dimension or greater reality. None of that is absolutely necessary because there are religions that are without those elements.
True
John Stuart Mill in The Subjection of Women gives one of the clearest early feminist critiques of the political and distributive structures of the emerging liberal democracies.
True
Kant isolated two fundamental necessary conditions for a judgment to be a judgment of taste — subjectivity and relativity.
True
Liberal originally meant to "liberate" or "free" and as applied to social questions meant that individuals should be as free from interference from the government as possible.
True
Libertarianism professes that people should be free to do as they like as long as they respect the freedom of others to do the same.
True
Meletus accuses Socrates of "impiety" and "corrupting the youth."
True
Metaphysical materialism is the position that matter alone exists.
True
Methodological holists seek to explain behavior by considering the nature of the group.
True
Modern liberal's emphasis on equality is criticized by classical liberals who argue that people are neither born equal nor can be made equal.
True
Monistic theism, is a variant of both monism and monotheism.
True
Monotheism is a belief that God is one with the world.
True
Moral evil is the evil produced by the willful acts of human beings (such as murder, rape, etc.)Natural evil is the result of individuals not acting according to their nature.
True
Morality = rules of right conduct concerning matters of greater importance. Violations of such can bring disturbance to individual conscience and social sanctions.
True
Nietzsche thought that "WHATEVER DOES NOT KILL YOU WILL MAKE YOU STRONGER!"
True
Normative ethical relativism is a theory, which claims that there are no universally valid moral principles.
True
Occasionalism is the theory that states that on the occasion of the mind making a decision the body is moved by the creator (deity) to do whatever the mind has decided to make the body do.
True
Omniscience means "all-knowing."
True
One meaning of reality is the sum total of all that is real.
True
Ontology is the specialized area of metaphysics that focuses on questions of Being, Existence, and the nature of reality.
True
Open mindedness is an essential characteristic of the Philosopher.
True
Originally, æsthetics was chiefly occupied with poetry.
True
Pantheism is the belief that the world=god.
True
Parallelism is the idea that minds and bodies exist in separate dimensions and are coordinated.
True
Parmenides taught that all that is has always been and always will be. Reality is that which never changes. Reality is BEING and not becoming.
True
People often learn through the study of Philosophy that they have been holding beliefs about themselves and about the world that are often times inconsistent or even outright contradictory to one another.
True
Philosophers since antiquity have been interested in our experiences of and judgments about beauty and ugliness.
True
Philosophy arises out of a cultural background.
True
Philosophy arises out of a questioning of the myths, the accepted truths, the beliefs and tales of a culture.
True
Philosophy as developed by Socrates and Plato attempts to foster critical, dialectical thinking in the subject and that process would lead the thinker to knowledge, truth, beauty and goodness.
True
Philosophy attempts to arrive at a basis for belief resting on reason.
True
Philosophy is a science.
True
Philosophy of religion is rational thought about religious issues and concerns without a presumption of the existence of a deity or reliance on acts of faith.
True
Physicalism is the view that everything that is real is, in some sense, really physical.
True
Plato disliked the poets and the artists.
True
Political Philosophy deals with questions such as: What is the best form of government?
True
Political philosophy begins with the question: what ought to be a person's relationship to society?
True
Political rationalism emphasizes the employment of reason in social affairs: that is, individuals ought to submit to the logic and universality of reason rather than their own subjective or cultural preconceptions.
True
Politically, philosophical conservatives are cautious in tampering with forms of political behavior and institutions and they are especially skeptical of whole scale reforms.
True
Polytheism is the belief in many Gods.
True
Popular metaphysics is more concerned with mysticism and occultism.
True
Popular metaphysics refers to the majority metaphysical view of any defined society.
True
Pre-Established Harmony theory puts forth the idea that minds and bodies are set in motion and coordinated from the beginning of time by a deity that creates the universe.
True
Problematic idealism is the belief held by Descartes stating we can only hold one empirical truth, which is that I exist.
True
Progressive conservatism incorporates progressive policies alongside conservative policies. It stresses the importance of a social safety net to deal with poverty, support of limited redistribution of wealth along with government regulation to regulate markets in the interests of both consumers and producers.
True
Rationalism is a reliance on reason as the only reliable source of human knowledge.
True
Religions of the West- Judaism-Christianity and Islam share in some common traits or characteristics that distinguish them from other religions in this world.Monotheism is a belief that there is but one god.
True
Rene Descartes "resolved the mind-body problem" with his "pineal gland" theory of interaction.
True
Scientific investigation has now proven that the pineal gland does not function as a central control unit for the brain as Descartes believed.
True
Secondary qualities, according to theory of John Locke, are the properties of an object as they exist within the mind of the subject who experiences the object.
True
Sentences expressing evaluations are not taken as making claims about what is known so much as making claims about how the evaluator thinks.
True
Skepticism is the belief that some or all human knowledge is impossible.
True
Socrates and Plato learned and taught that the senses are not to be trusted.
True
Socrates believed that evil (bad action) was the result of ignorance.
True
Socrates believed that no harm can come to a good man, neither in life nor in death.
True
Socrates believed that you could prove the existence of the soul.
True
Socrates struggled to find truth and wisdom and was put to death for his efforts to find true virtue and the GOOD.
True
Socrates was called "the wisest of all men" by the Oracle of Delphi.
True
Socrates, in Xenophon's "Memorabilia" and "Symposium", makes no distinction between the good and the beautiful.
True
Some irrationalists uphold polylogism - the theory that there are (or ought to be) more than one form of logic, which ultimately collapses into an epistemological subjectivism.
True
Some of the earliest forms for the answers to life's most basic questions have been found in the form of stories that were told long, long ago.
True
Some questions that are considered in the study of Metaphysics are: What is meant by reality? What does it mean to be real? Is there a reality?
True
Something is said to have instrumental value if it is good because it provides the means for acquiring something else of value.
True
Sophists often taught courses in topics such as: How to win friends and influence people.
True
Thales, the first philosopher in the Greek tradition, believed that "All things were made of Water."
True
The Ancient Greek Philosopher Aristotle believed that philosophical investigation began with "wonder."
True
The Etymology (origin) of the term philosophy is "Love of Wisdom."
True
The French thinker Blaise Pascal thought "If I believe in God and God exists I win eternal happiness and infinite gain. If God does not exist, I suffer minor inconvenience. If I do not believe in God, and God exists, I lose eternal bliss. I suffer infinite loss infinite loss unhappiness." "If I do not believe in God, and God does not exist "I gain a finite amount of pleasure."
True
The Greeks at the time of Socrates and Plato were undergoing a major change in the way in which they would think about the world, themselves and reality itself.
True
The Greeks, prior to Plato, had a culture (the way a people learn to think, feel and act from the previous generation) that was transmitted orally.
True
The Ontological Argument states that using reason alone and examining the very concept of God as a perfect being we can prove Gods existence.
True
The Sophists were orators, public speakers, mouths for hire in an oral culture.
True
The broad notion of the aesthetic can be fixed by what it is to judge that something is beautiful or ugly, or that it has aesthetic merit or demerit.
True
The different desert-based principles of distribution differ primarily according to what they identify as the basis for deserving.
True
The dominance of representation as a central concept in art lasted from before Plato's time to around the end of the eighteenth century.
True
The empiricists had problems accounting for forms of knowledge that did not relate to the senses, e.g., Mathematics and Logic.
True
The first necessary condition of a judgment of taste is that it is essentially subjective, since it is based on a feeling of pleasure or displeasure.
True
The greatest and most persistent ethical-political issue that divides philosophers into a host of schools of thought is that concerning the status of the individual: the ethical 'person'.
True
The issues for epistemology are all in one way or another related to questions of knowledge.
True
The key question that divides political philosophers is whether it is the group or the individual that should be the primary political unit of analysis.
True
The main purpose of Plato's Rebublic was to establish a utopic society.
True
The manner in which the goods and services within any society are to be distributed is the central question of Distributive Justice.
True
The meaning of life is one of the fundamental questions considered in the study of philosophy.
True
The mind-body problem is concerned with giving explanation to the question: how does the non-physical mind bring about a causal change (motion) in a physical substance?
True
The most familiar example of a consequentialist theory would be utilitarianism with the idea "that an action is best that produces the greatest good for the greatest number'' of individuals.
True
The most thoroughgoing and influential of the early theorists on the subject of Aesthetics was Immanuel Kant, towards the end of the eighteenth century.
True
The need to reconcile freedom of will with a deterministic universe is known as the problem of free will or sometimes referred to as the dilemma of determinism.
True
The philosophical argument of "the problem of evil" questions: How can there be a deity that is all good and all knowing and all powerful at the same time that evil exists?
True
The pre-Socratic philosopher Empedocles conjectured that there are four basic elements: EARTH, AIR, FIRE and WATER.
True
The principle of Strict Egalitarianism says that every person should have the same level of material goods and services.
True
The tales organized under Homer and Hesiod were used by the people as an encyclopedia, as the foundation of the educational system.
True
The teleological argument attempts to prove Gods existence by considering the apparent order of the universe.
True
The term "liberalism" conveys two distinct positions in political philosophy, the one a pro-individualist theory of people and government, the second a pro-statist or what is better termed a "social democratic" conception.
True
The term Blik refers to a set of profoundly unfalsifiable assumptions that govern all of a person's other beliefs.
True
The term Collectivism is sometimes employed as a substitute for socialism.
True
The term metaphysics originally referred to the writings of Aristotle that came after his writings on physics, in the arrangement made by Andronicus of Rhodes about three centuries after Aristotle's death.
True
The term mores is best defined as "customs and rules of conduct."
True
The terms liberty and freedom both originally meant "unlike a slave."
True
Theology is the academic discipline that deals with religious beliefs in a rational manner and presumes an act of faith.
True
There are approximately 2 billion Christians in the world.
True
There are two categories of dualism: Metaphysical Materialism and Idealism.
True
There is no one feminist conception of distributive justice; theorists who name themselves feminists defend positions across the political spectrum.
True
This view that we have both a non-physical mind and a physical body is known as dualism.
True
Thrasymachus was a sophist who said "Might makes right."
True
Through the twentieth century many humans have come to accept a good deal of the relativistic perspective.
True
To call one a metaphysician in this traditional, philosophical sense indicates nothing more than his or her interest in attempting to discover what underlies everything.
True
Traditionally, metaphysics refers to the branch of philosophy that attempts to understand the fundamental nature of all reality, whether visible or invisible. It seeks a description so basic, so essentially simple, so all-inclusive that it applies to everything, whether divine or human or anything else. It attempts to tell what anything must be like in order to be at all.
True
Up to the "de-definition" period, definitions of art fell broadly into three types, relating to representation, expression, and form.
True
Welfare-based principles are motivated by the idea that what is of primary moral importance is the level of welfare of people.
True
