AP Psychology Unit 10 Learning Curve
Steve struggles with feelings of inferiority that in turn drive him to seek superiority and power. Which of the following theorists was most concerned with cases like Steve's condition?
Alfred Adler
Elaine just received her grade for the final exam in her psychology course. She was absolutely sure she knew the material but received a 67 on the exam. Elaine is likely to:
Blame the exam for her grade.
Dr. Smith is a modern-day researcher on personality who, like many in his field, believes that a shared evolutionary history has shaped some universal dispositions. Of the following theorists, who is mostly responsible for establishing this belief?
Carl Jung
Samantha is four years old and seems jealous of her mother. Every time her parents go to hug each other she pushes her mother away from her father and says no. Samantha then hugs her father and sticks her tongue out at her mother. According to Freud, Samantha is demonstrating the:
Electra complex.
Dr. Starr is attempting to develop a new personality test. As part of the process, she needs to identify clusters of related items. For this she will need to apply:
Factor analysis
Mark has high self-esteem. Which of these qualities does he NOT have?
He is often anxious.
Which theoretical perspective has influenced counseling, education, child rearing, and management?
Humanistic
Al is applying for a new job with a large company. As part of the application process, Al will need to take a personality test. The test has 10 scales including a scale that assesses depressive tendencies. Al is most likely taking the:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
Jim is taking a personality test based on Carl Jung's personality types. Jim is most likely taking the:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective, students need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the trait perspective can they cite?
People do not act with predictable consistency and behavior varies from one situation to the next.
The _____ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.
Psychoanalytic
Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of:
Reciprocal determinism
Shortly before she was to start high school, Aaliyah's family moved to another state. On the first day of school, Aaliyah's mother catches Aaliyah sucking her thumb, something that Aaliyah hasn't done in years. Which defense mechanism is Aaliyah using to avoid stress?
Regression
Keira is being provided with a projective test in order to assess her personality. Which of the following tests will she most likely be given?
Rorschach inkblot test
Abigail has a bad reputation of talking bad about other people. She always seems to make judgmental comments about others. What might be a reason why Abigail acts this way?
She has low self-esteem.
Tiffany has high self-esteem. Which of these qualities does she NOT have?
She is shy.
Before Serene's first appointment date with a psychologist, she wants her to take the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Serene is uncomfortable taking a personality test for someone she barely knows. What argument can she use to persuade this psychologist that she should NOT take the test?
There are questions about the validity of the test.
Elijah scored high on conscientiousness when given a personality inventory. What would one expect to see in terms of his brain?
a larger frontal lobe
James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude illustrates:
a self-serving bias.
Marsha and Ben have been married for thirty years. They have shared everything about themselves, both the good and the bad, with each other. This sharing has helped them grow even closer to one another. Which condition of a growth-promoting climate, as proposed by Carl Rogers, does this exemplify?
acceptance
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on:
an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.
Tom is someone who always needs to be in control. As a young child, he had a difficult time with toilet training. On which psychosexual stage would psychoanalysts say Tom is fixated?
anal
Juanita is a young doctor preparing to take her surgical skills exam. In order to avoid being overconfident and failing, many researchers would recommend that she:
ask other doctors to score her abilities.
Which of the following is NOT a psychological influence on the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality?
childhood experiences
Sherry has decided to visit her professor during office hours in order to talk about her grade on the last exam. Upon entering her professor's office, she notices piles of papers everywhere, open books laying on the floor, and candy wrappers on the desk. Regarding the professor's personality, Sherry can make a safe assumption on what personality factor from this experience?
conscientiousness
Mary's husband has been cheating on her for the past several months by having an affair with another woman. While apparent to many of her friends, she is able to explain away evidence of his infidelity. According to Sigmund Freud, which defense mechanism is she using?
denial
Todd is attracted to other males. Instead of admitting that he is gay, Todd attempts not to think about it. However, he still has dreams with homosexual imagery in them. According to psychoanalytic perspective, Todd is using:
denial
Bonnie is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates:
displacement
Jorge was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his co-workers. Jorge gets home from his job and yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
displacement.
Krista had a really hard day at work. She is feeling worthless and unlovable. She is overheard making disparaging comments about herself such as "No one likes me." Psychologists indicate that she might be doing this to:
elicit reassuring comments.
Alice works as a school counselor for an inner-city school. She is very popular with the kids. They believe that they can share anything with her and that she will listen and take the time to understand what is going on with them. Carl Rogers would argue that Alice would score highly on a scale of:
empathy.
When a student perceives himself as less likely to develop drinking problems or drop out of school than his average classmate, he or she may be illustrating:
excessive optimism.
Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts:
exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition.
Alyssa lives in the United States. Which trait is she MOST likely to demonstrate?
extraversion
Josephine recently obtained employment as an advertising executive. What trait is thought to be a basic requirement to be successful in this field?
extraversion
Upon reviewing David's blog, people quickly notice that he likes to use adjectives to describe the different social events he attends. This may give people enough information to make a safe assessment about which personality factor for David?
extraversion
Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?
factor analysis
Freud believed that this would retrieve painful unconscious memories, often from childhood, and then help them overcome their current troubles.
free association
Kanesha meets with a therapist because she wants to do something about the path her life is taking. The doctor tells her to lie down on the couch, relax, and say whatever comes to mind. This psychoanalytic method is known as:
free association.
Rachel is a manager at a large department store. She is popular with her staff. Many of her employees like her because she is honest, frank, and open without any facade. Carl Rogers would argue that Rachel would score highly on:
genuineness
Dr. Burns sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:
genuineness.
Juan loves horseback riding. What would be an environmental factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?
having friends that also ride horses
Bernidette is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school?
her academic transcripts
Cliff is homeless, hungry, and desperate for food and shelter. He will do almost anything to satisfy these needs. According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, Cliff will pursue:
his focus on food.
Juan loves horseback riding. What would be an internal personal factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?
his thoughts and feelings about riding horses
Which theoretical perspective led to the new subfield of psychology known as positive psychology?
humanistic
Marsha just received an income tax refund of $1500. Rather than using this money for some needed expenses, she decides to go out of town. She gets a hotel room with her friends, goes out to eat, spends the day at an amusement park, etc. She seems to be dominated by the:
id.
Donald thought he was well prepared for a presentation he was giving. However, he failed to anticipate questions his audience would ask him. Afterwards, he was surprised by how poorly he performed. Many researchers would argue that Donald's:
incompetence caused him to be overconfident.
Ashley feels that she has reached her full potential as a physician. According to Maslow, Ashley:
is self-actualized.
Michael feels that he has reached his full potential as a college student. He has a 4.0 GPA, is involved in many campus activities, and has just been accepted into graduate school. According to Maslow, Michael:
is self-actualized.
Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. What would be a behavioral factor associated with roller skating for Lin?
learning to roller skate
As a psychologist, Calvin asks one of his clients to complete the MMPI. After he scores the MMPI, he notices that the client endorsed answers that make her seem healthier than she seems to be. These answers may be detected on the:
lie scale.
Seth is young man who considers himself to very successful, and who enjoys the finer things in life. He makes a lot of money and spends it on clothes, cars, gambling, and women. Most psychologists would agree that Seth seems to display a high level of:
narcissism.
Garrick is a calm, self-satisfied man who appears to be secure. Which of the following Big Five personality factors would best describe his personality?
neurotic
Jean has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and seems to overcompensate now. Which psychosexual stage would psychoanalysts say Jean is fixated on?
oral
Judith is an extremely sarcastic person. She also comes across as tough and sometimes angry. According to Freud, she is fixated at what stage of development?
oral
Dr. Chen has a patient who has lost all feeling in his left hand. To determine the cause, Dr. Chen asks the patient to relax and say whatever comes to mind, no matter what it is. Dr. Chen is:
performing free association.
Dr. Marquez has a patent who has suddenly gone blind. To determine the cause, Dr. Marquez asks the patient to relax and say whatever comes to mind, no matter what it is. Dr. Marquez is:
performing free association.
Starke Hathaway is to _____ as Alfred Binet is to _____.
personality measurement; intelligence measurement
Theresia is worried that she will flunk out of college. This is a _____ that she does not want to become.
possible self
Melissa is a high school junior who wants to be a veterinarian. She is envisioning one of her _____.
possible selves
Maria does not have a very good driving record. She has gotten several tickets for running red lights, speeding, and not wearing her seat belt. When asked by the judge at her more recent court appearance why she continually violated driving laws, Maria stated that she was certain others did the same, including the judge. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is Maria employing? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. projection
projection
Shaun has been confronted by his roommate for his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drinking several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks, as do most people their age. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is Shaun using?
projection
While taking a particularly hard exam for her psychology course, Becky was struggling until she realized she could see what the person next to her had written. The person next to her was one of the top students in the class. Becky quickly copied the answers. Instead of feeling guilty about it afterwards, she told her friends that she saw someone else attempting to copy her answers. This best illustrates which defense mechanism?
projection
Although Greg has accumulated many tickets for a wide range of traffic infractions, he complains all the time to family and friends about other peoples' driving. Sigmund Freud would describe this as _____, while today researchers would describe this as _____.
projection; false consensus effect
Bruce has been smoking since he was 15 years old. His doctor tells him that he needs to quit for his health. Bruce tells the doctor, "Look, smoking is the only bad thing I do, and besides, a person has to die of something." This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
rationalization.
Research by Adams and colleagues found that men who reported negative attitudes toward homosexuality experienced greater arousal when watching videos of homosexual men. These results demonstrate which of Freud's defense mechanisms?
reaction formation
Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
reaction formation.
Joshua's history of romantic relationships influences his attitudes toward romantic relationships, which changes how he now responds to his current girlfriend. This is an example of:
reciprocal determinism.
Katrina is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Albert Bandura called this process:
reciprocal determinism.
Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. However, in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of:
reciprocal determinism.
As a child soldier in Uganda, Mukasa witnessed rape, torture, and other traumatic events before escaping several months ago to a refugee camp. As Mukasa grows up, followers of the psychoanalytic perspective would suggest that he will probably _____ these painful experiences. Psychological researchers today claim that high stress and associated stress hormones tend to _____ memory.
repress; enhance
Elena has been in therapy for two months. When she began therapy, her therapist asked her to describe herself as she would ideally like to be and as she actually is. He explained that when these two descriptions are nearly alike, the person is thought to have a positive:
self-concept.
Maria believes that she is a very bright and caring person. These qualities help make up her:
self-concept.
When asked "Who are you?" John answers that he is four years old, that he loves trucks and trains, and that his favorite color is blue. John is describing his:
self-concept.
When asked "Who are you?", 15-year-old Samantha answers that she is a sophomore in high school, that her favorite music artist is Taylor Swift, and that her favorite T.V. show is Once Upon a Time. She is describing her:
self-concept.
Critics of the psychoanalytic perspective believe that the unconscious involves _____ and stereotypes that automatically and unconsciously influence how people process information about themselves and others.
self-concepts
All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Abraham Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his need for:
self-esteem.
The _____ perspective views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context.
social-cognitive
Ian is an inexpressive person who is taking part in a research study on personality. He is being encouraged to be more expressive. At the end of the study, researchers will most likely notice that Ian was:
still less expressive than expressive individuals acting naturally.
Marsha just received an income tax refund of $1500. Rather than using this money for some needed expenses, she decides to go out of town. She gets a hotel room with her friends, goes out to eat, spends the day at an amusement park, etc. Marsha has a very weak:
superego
Shaun has been confronted by his roommate for his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drinking several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks, as do most people their age. Today's researchers would call this:
the false consensus effect.
According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization refers to:
the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
Most of Dakota's friends look at him with respect. He is self-aware, self-accepting, and open. He is spontaneous and caring, and does not worry about other people's opinions. According to Abraham Maslow, it is likely that Dakota is motivated by:
the need for self-actualization.
Marcus is applying for a new job. They have asked for copies of his transcripts, a list of personal references, and letters of recommendations from his past employers. He also has to complete a face to face interview. Which of these is the BEST indicator of his potential performance at this new job?
the recommendations from his past employers
When Vanessa noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates:
the spotlight effect
Trenady's friend is giving a speech tomorrow and is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will stare at her bangs and will discuss her unattractive hair. Her overestimation of people's reactions is known as:
the spotlight effect.
Carl learns that he failed an exam. His self-esteem is temporarily lowered, and he is MORE likely to:
to do all of these things.
Jennifer's 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to:
try out many possible selves.
Darius's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:
unconditional positive regard.
Kate comes home with three As and two Bs to which her mother replies, "Is that the best you could do?" and walks away. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as the opposite of:
unconditional positive regard.
Marsha and Ben have been married for thirty years. They have shared everything about themselves, both the good and the bad, with each other. This sharing has helped them grow even closer to one another. Carl Rogers would say that they have:
unconditional positive regard.
After the 9/11 terrorist attacks many Americans treated Muslims quite differently, even though they stated they were not prejudiced. These negative feelings were a part of their ____.
unconscious
Based on decades of psychological research, most psychologists agree with the psychoanalytic perspective that much of one's mental life is:
unconscious.
The inconsistency of behaviors also makes personality test scores _____ predictors of behaviors.
weak
Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n):
weak superego.
