AP1 4-5
The class of tissue that consists of cells separated from each other by large amounts of extracellular matrix is called tissue.
connective
Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for tissue.
connective
what is the location of transitional epithelium
lining of urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra
what is the location of simple squamous epithelium
lining the blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic vessels and small ducts, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining of serous membranes of the body cavities, and inner surface of the tympanic membranes
The subcutaneous tissue is largely composed of adipose tissue and _____ tissue
loose connective
Areolar and adipose tissue are two examples of ______. Multiple choice question.
loose connective tissue
Consider the arrangement of collagen fibers within these tissues: Areolar tissue is a type of ______ connective tissue whereas tendons and ligaments are comprised of ______ connective tissue.
loose, dense
Changes in the cells, extracellular materials and tissues in older adults cause a ______.
loss of elasticity loss of flexibility
The tissue layers that gives rise to all the body's mature tissues are called the layers.
germ
The embryonic layers that give rise to all of the body's mature tissues are called ______.
germ layers
exocrine glands
glands with ducts. both the glands and their ducts are lined with epithelium
The pericardium and pleural membranes are examples of membranes, a type of tissue membrane.
serous
what is the location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
trachea, bronchi of the lungs, lining the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharnyx
In humans, which of the following locations do not typically have hair? Select all that apply.
Lips Palms of hands and soles of feet Nipples
Indicate the type of epithelium that is best suited for allowing diffusion of substances, as would be found lining the air sacs of the lungs.
Simple squamous
What class of tissue is comprised of widely-spaced cells and abundant extracellular material?
Connective
One function of the skin is excretion. Indicate the compounds excreted in small amounts via sweat. Select all that apply.
Urea Ammonia Salts
goblet cells
unicellular glands that secrete mucus
merocrine glands
vesicles empty their contents into the duct through exocytosis. It is used by water-producing sweat glands and the exocrine portion of the pancreas
Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except ______.
within the hair of the dermis and epidermis
The tissue of ______ adults is more elastic and more flexible.
younger
Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for tissue. Listen to the complete question
connective
If your patient had very low levels of vitamin D, what would you expect to find?
A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine A lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Act as a barrier Secretion of substances
What process produces redness, swelling, heat, and pain in response to an injury?
Inflammation
Select the regions that are composed of loose connective tissue.
Papillary layer of dermis Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis
Name the two processes that result in the repair of injured tissue.
Regeneration and replacement
Identify the functions of the integumentary system.
Resistance to infection Thermoregulation Sensation of environmental stimuli
An injury to tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, or electricity would be categorized as a _______.
burn
what are the different tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
The epidermis is comprised of layers called _______.
strata
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.
stratum corneum
What is histology?
study of tissues
Permanent cells
such as neurons and skeletal and cardiac muscle, are not able to replicate and, if killed, are usually replaced by a different type of cell. Permanent cells are post mitotic. For example, if damaged, neurons may recover if the cell body id not destroyed, however, if the neuron cell body is destroyed, the remainder of the neuron dies. Some undifferentiated cells of the central nervous system are stem cells that can undergo mitosis and form functional neurons.
stable cells
such as those of connective tissues and glands, including the liver, pancreas, and endocrine glands, do not normally divide after growth ceases, but they retain the ability to divide and are capable of regeneration in response to injury
what is the location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
sweat glands ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts
Simple squamous epithelium is best suited for areas ______.
that allow diffusion of substances across the epithelium
Variations in skin color are determined by ______.
the amount of melanin produced the distribution of melanosomes
endocrine glands
the glands that become separated from the epithelium of their region and have no ducts. they have extensive blood vessels.
endoderm
the inner layer, forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives
mesoderm
the middle layer, forms tissue such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels
Ectoderm
the outer layer, forms the skin; a portion ectoderm called neuroectoderm becomes the nervous system
biopsy
the process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes
transistional epithelium
the shape of its cells changes from cuboidal and columnar to squamous like when stretched
Histology
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels in the skin play a major role in ______.
thermoregulation
Columnar
(tall and thin, similar to a column) cells tend to be taller than they are wide
epithelial tissue
A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
three embryonic germ layers
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
On the picture of the nail, the arrow is pointing to what part of the nail?
Cuticle
Describe lanugo.
Delicate, unpigmented hair that covers the fetus during development
Select the statements that describe calluses.
Develop in areas subject to heavy friction or pressure Are localized thickenings in the stratum corneum
Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers?
Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract
What class of tissue is capable of secretion and absorption of substances?
Epithelial tissue
True or False: Blood is a type of supportive connective tissue.
False
True or false: Exocrine glands release their secretions into the blood, while endocrine release their secretions via ducts to a surface.
False
True or false: Extracellular matrix includes protein fibers, cytoplasm, and ground substance.
False
Choose the components of the dermis.
Fibers, glands, blood vessels and nerve endings
Indicate the three components of extracellular matrix.
Fluid Ground substance Protein fibers
What forms the matrix of blood?
fluid
What are the two criteria used to classify the different types of epithelial tissue?
Number of cell layers Shape of epithelial cells
Which is a type of fluid connective tissue?
Blood
Indicate which statement about melanocytes and melanin is true.
Melanocyte activity determines hair color.
What are the three major types of tissue membranes?
Serous, mucous, synovial
List the strata of the epidermis from the deepest layer to the most superficial.
1. Stratum Basale 2. Stratum Spinosum 3. Stratum Granulosm 4. Stratum Lucidum 5. Stratum Corneum
Place the layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to most superficial.
1. Stratum Basale 2. Stratum Spinosum 3. Stratum Granulosm 4. Stratum Lucidum 5. Stratum Corneum
Glands that release their secretions via ducts onto a body surface are glands, while glands that release their secretions into the blood are glands.
Blank 1: exocrine Blank 2: exocrine
By the fifth or sixth month of fetal development, delicate, unpigmented hair called has developed and covers the fetus.
Blank 1: lanugo
Areolar tissue is a type of connective tissue whereas tendons and ligaments are comprised of regular connective tissue.
Blank 1: loose Blank 2: dense or collagenous
The two major glands of the skin are the glands and the glands.
Blank 1: sebaceous or oil Blank 2: sweat, sudoriferous, or sweat (sudoriferous)
Which are types of supporting connective tissues? Multiple choice question.
Bone and cartilage
Which structures of the body are composed of nervous tissue?
Brain Spinal cord
Indicate which statement about melanocytes and melanin is true. A. The higher the amount of melanin produced and deposited, the lighter the hair color. B. Melanocytes produce keratin which interacts with melanin to produce hair color. C. Melanocyte activity determines hair color.
C
Select the factors that influence hair color.
Genetics Melanocyte activity Melanin deposition
what is the location of simple columnar epithelium
Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain
what is the location of simple cuboidal epithelium
Kidney tubules, glands and ducts, choroid plexus of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, and surface of the ovaries.
List the three major types of tissue membranes.
Mucous Serous Synovial
What is the thick secretion produced by goblet cells?
Mucus
Select all of the components of the dermis.
Nerve fibers Blood vessels Fibers Glands
Which tissue comprises the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia?
Nervous
What is the function of an osteoblast?
Produces bone
functions of epithelial tissue
Protecting underlying structures, acting as a barrier, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing substances
Identify the properties that help the skin prevent microorganisms and other foreign substances from entering the body. Select all that apply.
Secretions from skin glands produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms. The lack of blood vessels in the epidermis limits access to central circulation. Multiple layers of dead cells make it difficult for pathogens to enter.
Identify the components of the integumentary system.
Skin Cutaneous glands Nail Hair
ndicate functions of connective tissue in the body.
Storage of high-energy molecules and minerals. Attachment of one tissue to another Lends support Transport of nutrients, gases, enzymes and hormones.
Name the layer of cells found deep in a hair follicle (indicated by the arrow).
Stratum basale
Identify the accessory skin structures. Select all that apply.
Sweat glands Hair Nails
Select the major glands of the skin.
Sweat glands Sebaceous glands
What major category of tissue membrane is composed only of connective tissue?
Synovial
Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age. Select all that apply.
The number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases. The ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity. Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material.
apocrine glands
a portion of the cell containing secretory products is pinched off the cell. Ex. mammary glands- the milk producing mammary glands release milk by a combination of apocrine and mostly merocrine secretion
autopsy
a postmortem examination of the organs to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease
The sweat glands are considered _______ skin structures.
accessory
The sweat glands are considered _______ skin structures. Multiple choice question.
accessory
Two methods used by the skin to help decrease body temperature are _____ and ______.
activating sweat glands, dilating dermal blood vessels
The primary determinant for skin color is the _______, not the _______. Multiple choice question.
amount of melanin, number of melanocytes
Synovial membranes ______.
are associated with joints
tissue
are collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them
List the three types of loose connective tissue.
areolar Reticular Adipose
In skin subjected to friction or pressure, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases to produce a thickened area called a(n) .
callus
Cuboidal
cells are as wide as tall, like cubes
squamous
cells are flat or scalelike
The cells in the most superficial layer of the skin are dead because _______.
cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis
The dermis contains receptors that detect ______. Select all that apply.
changes in pressure variations in temperature touch pain
labile cells
continue to divide throughout life. labile cells include undifferentiated adult stem cells in various organs of the body, such as in bone marrow, and differentiated cells in the tissues that have a steady turnover of new cells replacing old cells. differentiated labile cells can be found in the skin, mucous membranes, and hemopoietic and lymphatic tissues. Damage to these cells can be repaired completely by regeneration. The ability to engineer and transplant adult stem cells and other reprogrammed labile cells is an emerging therapeutic strategy for a number of diseases.
Cells in the stratum spinosum are nourished by blood vessels located in the ______.
dermis
In humans, palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet typically ______.
do not have hair
holocrine glands
entire cells are shed by the gland and become part of the secretion. Products accumulate in the cytoplasm of each epithelial cell, the cell ruptures and dies, and the entire cell becomes part of the secretion. The lost cells are replaced by other cells deeper in the gland. holocrine secretion is used by sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin.
Keratinocytes are the most numerous cells found in the ______.
epidermis
The most superficial layer of skin is the _____.
epidermis
The layers of the skin include the ______ which is the most superficial and the ______ which is deeper.
epidermis, dermis
The number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells are two criteria used to classify tissue.
epithelial
The tissue type that covers and protects surfaces, both inside and outside the body is called tissue.
epithelial
What type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities? Multiple choice question.
epithelial
primary tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Sweating is important in thermoregulation as well as:
excretion of waste
The causes of burns include ______. Select all that apply.
exposure to radiation exposure to extreme temperature exposure to chemicals
The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except ______.
increases in sebaceous gland activity
A normal tissue response to injury that involves redness, swelling, heat, pain, and altered functioning of the affected area is called .
inflammation or edema
The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the ______ system.
integumentary
Thermoregulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production and protection are all functions of the ______.
integumentary system
what is the location of stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized- primarily in the skin; nonkeratinized- mouth, pharynx, larnyx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea
Keratin, a protein associated with the skin, is produced by ______.
keratinocytes
The epidermal cells that produce a protein that increases the durability of the skin are ______.
keratinocytes
The majority of cells found in the epidermis are ______.
keratinocytes
what is the location of stratified columnar epithelium
mammary gland ducts, larynx, a portion of the male urethra
stratified epithelium
more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane
characteristics of epithelial tissue
mostly composed of cells, covers body surfaces, distinct cell surfaces, cell and matrix connections, nonvascular, capable of regeneration
The viscous secretion produced by goblet cells is called .
mucus, mucin, or mucous
Of the four classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is tissue.
muscle
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
one layer of cells, with all the cells attached to the basement membrane. There appear to be two or more layers of cells because some of the cells are tall and extend to the free surface, whereas others are short and do not extend to the free surface
A cell that produces bone is a(n)
osteoblast
Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ______. Select all that apply.
presence of components of the immune system secretions of sebaceous glands stratified epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue functions
protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
In _____, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed. Multiple choice question.
regeneration
simple epithelium
single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface
if the cell is SIMPLE then what is the shape of the cell
squamous cuboidal columnar
if the cell is STRATIFIED then what is the shape of the cell
squamous (nonkeratinized or keratinized) cuboidal columnar
The functions of vitamin D include ______. Select all that apply.
stimulating the uptake of calcium and phosphate from the intestines. promoting calcium and phosphate release from bones. reducing calcium loss from the kidneys.
An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials which performs a discrete function is known as a(n) ______.
tissue
Collections of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them are known as a(n)
tissue