APES 19&21

The legislation that requires manufacturers to assess the environmental impact of new products is A) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). B) The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). C) The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Superfund). D) Emergency Planning and Community Right-to- Know Act (EPCRA). E) Community Protection and Emergency Preparedness (SARA, Title III).

A

The most significant source of all the major air pollutants is A) combustion of fuels and wastes. B) volcanoes. C) forest fires. D) sewage treatment plants. E) respiration.

A

Pollutants capable of causing immediate life-threatening physiological illness are said to be A) chronic. B) acute. C) carcinogenic. D) radioactive. E) none of the above

B

Temperature changes during the last century have been shown to correlate with A) destruction of ozone in the atmosphere. B) carbon dioxide and volcanic emissions. C) halocarbon production. D) nitrous oxide production. E) all of the above

B

Trace gases in the atmosphere include A) nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. B) ozone, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide. C) nitrogen, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. D) nitrogen, helium, water and oxygen. E) none of the above

B

A major federal law aimed at controlling air pollution is the A) Sunshine Maintenance Act. B) National Ambient Air Quality Standards C) Clean Air Act. D) Air Purification Act. E) Temperature Inversion Abolition Act.

C

The overall or net annual concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is being A) decreased by respiration. B) decreased by pollution. C) increased by burning fossil fuels. D) increased by photosynthesis. E) none of the above

C

Which of the following is/are NOT direct products of burning fuels or wastes? A) volatile organic compounds B) carbon monoxide C) ozone D) particulates E) water vapor

C

Ozone is A) toxic to plants and animals B) produced through photochemical interactions of volatile organic compounds and oxygen C) 03 D) A & B E) All of the above

E

Symptoms of heavy metal poisoning include(s) A) Loss of coordination B) Paralysis C) Coma D) A and B E) All of the above

E

"Normal" precipitation is slightly acidic because this is dissolved in it. A) carbon dioxide. B) radon C) VOCs. D) carbon monoxide. E) oxygen.

a

50) The products produced by the combustion and evaporation of hydrocarbons and fossil fuels are called A) primary pollutants. B) secondary pollutants C) threshold pollutants. D) emitted pollutants. E) photochemical pollutants.

a

60) The most significant source of sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere has been found to be A) coal-burning power plants. B) nuclear power plants. C) cars. D) sewage treatment plants. E) refuse dumps.

a

62) The primary function of the catalytic converter now installed on most automobiles is to A) complete the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. B) remove carbon dioxide. C) remove nitrogen oxides. D) prevent the car from burning leaded gasoline. E) remove particulates from the exhaust.

a

69) Which of the following statements about ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere is FALSE? A) Ozone causes reduction in crop yields only if the EPA standards for ozone are exceeded. B) Ozone is a component of photochemical smog. C) Ozone is considered to be a secondary air pollutant. D) If emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds were reduced, ozone pollution would also decrease. E) Ozone causes damage to paint and other building materials.

a

74) This step would probably have the greatest effect on reducing outdoor air pollution: A) drastic reduction in automobile use B) drastic reduction in power plant emissions C) drastic reduction in use of lead-based paint D) drastic reduction in cigarette smoking E) drastic reduction in use of aerosol cans

a

Biomagnification refers to A) the increase in concentration of a pollutant as it moves up the food chain. B) certain traits becoming more pronounced through natural or artificial selection. C) growth in size of individuals when given optimum nutrition. D) increase in populations when environmental resistance is low. E) two or more factors interacting together causing a much greater effect than each factor would acting alone.

a

During the months of the year when photosynthesis predominates over respiration in terrestrial ecosystems, carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere A) decrease slightly. B) increase slightly. C) stay the same. D) There is no data to answer this.

a

Ideally, use of surface impoundments will transform liquid wastes into A) solid wastes. B) inert wastes. C) waste that no longer poses a threat to the environment. D) radioactive wastes. E) none of the above

a

Money for the "Superfund" comes from A) taxes on chemical industries. B) sale of tee-shirts. C) recycled glass, plastic, and metal. D) A and C E) A, B, and C

a

Pollutants whose impact on human health is to cause a gradual deterioration of several physiological processes are said to be A) chronic. B) acute. C) carcinogenic. D) radioactive. E) none of the above

a

Since the passage of the Clean Water Act A) the water quality of many streams and rivers has improved. B) the quality of groundwater has improved. C) the quality of both streams and rivers and groundwater has improved. D) the quality of water in the oceans has improved E) none of the above

a

The chemical component which is responsible for BASIC properties is A) hydroxyl ions (OH-). B) sulfur oxide (SO). C) hydrogen ions (H+). D) nitrogen oxide (NO). E) carbon dioxide.

a

The greenhouse effect refers to A) warming of the Earth's atmosphere. B) the removal of air pollutants by passing the air through greenhouses. C) increased albedo due to greenhouses. D) the growth of crops in greenhouses using hydroponics. E) the principle on which a new solar heating device is based.

a

The legislation that requires "cradle to grave" tracking of HAZMAT is A) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). B) The Clean Air Act (CAA). C) The Clean Water Act (CWA). D) The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). E) Department of Transportation Regulations.

a

The major constituents of the atmosphere are A) nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. B) water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon. C) nitrogen, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. D) nitrogen, helium, water and oxygen. E) none of the above

a

The major source of sulfur dioxide emissions affecting the eastern United States and Canada has been identified as A) some 50 coal burning power plants. B) some 50 nuclear power plants. C) cars and trucks. D) coming from the many auto and truck plants in the region. E) none of the above

a

The pH of normal precipitation is A) slightly acidic B) slightly basic. C) exactly neutral. D) strongly basic. E) not known.

a

Two major categories of potentially toxic chemicals are A) heavy metals and synthetic organics. B) particulates and ozone. C) hydrocarbons and heavy metals. D) lead and mercury. E) carbon dioxide and ozone.

a

Use of deep well injection for liquid hazardous waste A) is dangerous because it is impossible to know exactly what happens to the liquid in the subsurface. B) is the only known method for disposal of mercury. C) is a recommended method for disposal of sewage sludge. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above are true.

a

67) Which of the following is NOT a significant source of indoor air pollution? A) smoking B) house plants C) cooking D) use of hobby glues and paints E) use of cleaning agents

b

71) These are devices which remove air pollutants from emissions: A) smelters and electrostatic precipitators B) catalytic converters and electrostatic precipitators C) catalytic converters and smelters D) incinerators and catalytic converters E) None of the above is correct.

b

75) Average exposure to which of the following carries the highest health risk? A) asbestos B) cigarette smoke C) radon D) fumes from household cleaners E) fumes from nail polish remover

b

Acid precipitation refers A) to any precipitation which is more acidic than neutral. B) to any precipitation which is more acidic than normal. C) only to precipitation which is strongly acidic. D) to a new kind of irrigation. E) to a precipitation which causes particularly severe erosion.

b

An aerosol mixture of particulates and sulfur compounds forms a grayish colored substance that is called A) photochemical smog B) industrial smog C) brown smog D) urban smog. E) inversion smog

b

At this point in time, experts feel that the most practical way to cope with depletion of the ozone shield is to A) produce more ozone at ground level. B) terminate production of CFCs through finding substitutes. C) transport ozone to the stratosphere with rockets. D) erect ultraviolet sunscreens over cities. E) none of the above

b

Biomagnification and bioaccumulation occurs for A) synthetic organic chemicals (such as DDT) only. B) at least heavy metals and some synthetic organic chemicals. C) heavy metals only. D) PCB's only. E) halogenated hydrocarbons.

b

Greenhouse gases A) are transparent to heat but absorb sunlight. B) are transparent to sunlight but absorb heat. C) are transparent to heat and sunlight. D) none of the above

b

Hazardous waste sites presenting the greatest threats to health and the environment are placed on the A) Toxic Mobil Incinerator List. B) National Priorities List. C) Hazardous Priorities List. D) EPA's 100 most contaminated sites list. E) Extremely Polluted Landfill List.

b

Hazardous wastes have become an increasing threat since the 1950s because A) industries have become increasingly careless regarding their disposal. B) such materials are produced and used in much larger quantities. C) users have become increasingly careless in using these materials. D) regulations regarding use and disposal have become more lax. E) money to fund clean-up of contaminated sites has run out.

b

Ozone in the UPPER atmosphere A) is a pollutant. B) is necessary to screen out ultraviolet radiation. C) is necessary to maintain the temperature of the Earth. D) is necessary to maintain ocean circulation. E) none of the above

b

Ozone, PANS, and aldehydes and ketones are examples of ________ pollutants. A) primary B) secondary C) threshold D) tertiary E) oxidative

b

The first federal law addressing acid deposition on acid rain is contained in Title 10 of the A) 1972 Clean Water Act. B) 1990 Clean Air Act. C) 1970 Clean Air Act. D) 1977 Clean Air Act. E) none of the above

b

The legislation that regulates the release of HAZMAT into the atmosphere is A) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). B) The Clean Air Act (CAA). C) The Clean Water Act (CWA). D) The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). E) Department of Transportation Regulations.

b

The main intent of Superfund legislation is to A) tax the chemical industry. B) provide money to clean up existing toxic waste sites. C) pay for scientific studies to choose future waste disposal sites properly. D) provide for the proper disposal of toxic wastes currently being produced. E) provide for advanced sewage treatment.

b

Which of the following is NOT a major state or step in controlling air pollution? A) identification of pollutants B) finding cures for the diseases caused by air pollutants C) identification of the pollutant(s) responsible for adverse effects D) determination of major sources of pollutants E) implementing strategies to attain the standards

b

Which of the following is/are conjecture (speculation) as opposed to documented fact? A) The carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is increasing. B) The recent drought in midwestern North America, Africa, and Australia was caused by the greenhouse effect. C) Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation. D) Levels of infrared absorbing gases other than carbon dioxide are increasing. E) all of the above

b

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? A) The amount of toxic wastes generated in the United States amounts to nearly 1/2 ton per person per year. B) There are many thousands of old disposal sites that need remedial action soon to prevent groundwater contamination. C) All toxic wastes are now being disposed of in facilities the security of which is eternally reliable. D) Bottled water is not a threat to consumption because it only comes from EPA- approved sites. E) Toxic waste contaminated aquifers are a threat because there is no way to remove the contaminants, so they are in there forever.

b

Which rock type is the most effective at buffering acid precipitation? A) granite B) limestone C) sandstone D) clay-rich rocks E) loam

b

63) The most significant factor in reducing sulfur dioxide at ground level has been A) pollution control devices in cars. B) banning the open burning of trash and refuse. C) coal-burning power plants building tall smokestacks. D) increased use of public transit systems. E) none of the above

c

Acid precipitation is likely to have the greatest economic impact on humans through A) adverse health effects caused by direct contact. B) adverse health effects caused by mobilization of toxic elements. C) dieoffs of forests and aquatic ecosystems. D) dieoffs of agricultural crops. E) deterioration of building materials.

c

Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium and chromium are considered hazardous because they are A) ignitable. B) corrosive. C) toxic. D) reactive. E) radioactive.

c

It is estimated that as much as half of all Superfund moneys spent goes to A) research on new clean up technologies. B) excavation and removal of contaminated soils. C) legal costs. D) landfill tipping fees. E) drilling extraction wells.

c

Many lakes in Scandinavia, Canada, and the Adirondack Mountains of New York State have become acidified over the past few decades because of acid deposition. Fish mortality in these lakes is high because of A) acids eating away the fish flesh. B) elevated sulfur and nitrogen levels in the lake waters poisoning the fish. C) toxic metals leaching from surrounding soils and rocks and building up in the lakes. D) overpopulation and a reduction in competing species. E) none of the above

c

Pollutants capable of causing cancer in animals are said to be A) chronic. B) acute. C) carcinogenic. D) radioactive. E) none of the above

c

Rainwater having a pH of 4 is A) 10 times more acidic than pure water. B) 100 times more acidic than pure water. C) 1000 times more acidic than pure water. D) 10,000 times more acidic than pure water. E) 1000 times more basic than pure water.

c

Statistical studies show that populations living in cities with high average levels of air pollution have a higher incidence of lung disease than those living in clean regions. The actual cases of lung disease, however, are most prevalent in A) men. B) industrial workers. C) smokers. D) office workers. E) women.

c

The law that provides for the identification and clean up of toxic waste sites is A) The Safe Drinking Water Act. B) The Resources Conservation and Recovery Act. C) "Superfund". D) The Clean Water Act. E) Toxic Substances Control Act.

c

The legislation that provides funds to remove HAZMAT from abandoned disposal sites in areas of disposal prior to disposal regulation is A) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). B) The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). C) The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Superfund). D) Emergency Planning and Community Right-to- Know Act (EPCRA). E) Community Protection and Emergency Preparedness (SARA,Title III)

c

The legislation that regulates the release of HAZMAT into natural waterbodies is A) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). B) The Clean Air Act (CAA). C) The Clean Water Act (CWA). D) The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). E) Department of Transportation Regulations.

c

Two lakes are close to each other and receive roughly the same acidic precipitation. One lake has turned acidic in recent years while the other lake is still neutral. This can best be explained by A) acidification due to an acidic spring feeding one but not the other. B) acidification due to midnight dumping. C) difference in buffering capacity of the two lakes. D) wind patterns moving over hills and mountains. E) none of the above

c

Which of the following is the major contributor to the formation of acid rain? A) ozone B) methane C) sulfur dioxide D) carbon dioxide E) hydrocarbons

c

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? Toxic wastes generated by households A) have been shown to be insignificant. B) are significant and should be brought under the regulations of RCRA. C) may be handled by occasional toxic waste pickups and public education. D) should be banned. E) should be monitored and controlled by the same laws that control industry.

c

Which of the following statements regarding ozone depletion is FALSE? A) Reduction in ozone concentrations in the stratosphere is predicted to result in increased incidence of skin cancer. B) Ozone concentrations in the stratosphere vary little with latitude and with season. C) Each chlorine atom in the stratosphere destroys one ozone molecule. D) The Montreal Protocol is an agreement signed by 92 nations with an aim toward protecting the ozone layer. E) Preliminary studies have correlated ozone loss with increases in uv-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface.

c

Which of the following will probably not be a consequence of extreme ozone layer depletion? A) more severe sun burning B) more cases of skin cancer C) more cases of lung cancer D) more cases of blindness E) damage (burning) to leaves of agricultural crops and forest trees

c

64) Since the early 1970s, air quality in rural areas surrounding cities has generally deteriorated because of A) increasing suburban development and commuting. B) location of major shopping malls in rural areas. C) building power and industrial plants in rural areas. D) all of the above E) Rural areas aren't experiencing declines in air quality.

d

68) Which of the following are major sources of acid deposition? A) carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide B) volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides C) lead and radon D) sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides E) carbon monoxide and radon

d

70) What color will be seen in the skies of cities suffering from photochemical smog? A) gray B) blue C) white D) brown E) none of the above

d

Air pollution hurts the economy by A) increasing human health care costs. B) reducing agricultural yields. C) reducing forestry yields. D) reducing the recreational opportunities of freshwater lakes. E) all of the above

e

72) Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Clean Air Act of 1990? A) reduction of sulfur emissions by 50 percent B) addition of alcohol to some gasoline C) better emission control equipment on automobiles D) required radon testing for all homes E) development of maximum achievable control technology standards for 189 toxic pollutants

d

A temperature inversion A) is created when cool air forms a pocket beneath a warm air mass. B) is created when a warm air forms a pocket beneath a cool air mass. C) is a weather condition that prevents smog from rising and dissipating in the upper atmosphere. D) A and C E) B and C

d

Acid precipitation A) is always limited to an area within a mile or so of the source of emissions B) is generally limited to an area within a few (3 - 5) miles of the source of emissions. C) is generally limited to an area within several (6 - 15) miles from the source of emissions. D) may occur hundreds of miles from the source of emissions. E) affects the whole globe uniformly.

d

Atmospheric pollution can be significantly reduced by A) using unleaded fuels. B) requiring catalytic converters on passenger vehicles. C) maintaining motor vehicles in good working order. D) all of the above E) none of the above

d

Carbon dioxide A) is taken up by plants during photosynthesis. B) is released by plants during respiration. C) is absorbed by surface ocean waters. D) all of the above E) A and C only

d

Clean up of contaminated soils is done by A) washing it with detergent. B) Burning it. C) injecting microorganisms into the soil to "eat" the contamination. D) all of the above E) none of the above

d

During the lifespan of a chemical A) it is only hazardous or toxic in its pure state. B) it is only hazardous or toxic when it is no longer useful for the intended purpose. C) it is only hazardous or toxic if it bioaccumulates. D) it may be hazardous or toxic at any stage during its lifetime either in its pure state or combined with other substances. E) it is always hazardous and/or toxic.

d

Examples of corrosive hazardous materials include(s) A) strong acids. B) strong bases. C) strong oxidizing agents. D) all of the above E) none of the above

d

Examples of ignitable hazardous material include(s) A) gasoline. B) organic solvents. C) coal. D) A and B E) all of the above

d

Examples of toxic hazardous materials include(s) A) some pesticides. B) chlorine. C) radioactive materials. D) A and B E) all of the above

d

Factors that influence the level of local air pollution may include A) the amount of pollutant entering the air. B) the wind speed. C) the amount of precipitation. D) all of the above E) none of the above

d

Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium are hazardous because A) they never break down. B) they are not readily excreted by animals. C) they are soluble in water and therefore easily absorbed. D) all of the above E) none of the above

d

Many synthetic organic compounds threaten the environment because A) the very characteristic that makes them desirable products, that is, nonbiodegradability, also causes them to persist in the environment. B) they can mimic natural organic compounds in living organisms. C) they are believed to cause mutations, cancer, and birth defects. D) all of the above E) B and C only

d

Ozone in the upper atmosphere shields life from excess ultraviolet radiation. Ozone in the lower atmosphere A) is toxic to both plants and animals. B) causes respiratory damage and lung disorders. C) is also beneficial as a barrier to ultraviolet radiation. D) A and B E) none of the above

d

Practically, use of surface impoundments for liquid wastes often does not work so well because A) bottom seals may leak. B) evaporation of liquid wastes can contaminate the air. C) the water does not evaporate readily in these impoundments. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

d

The Clean Water Act of 1972 led to A) decreased releases of wastes into surface waters. B) increased use of deep well injection for liquid waste disposal. C) increased use of landfilling of liquid wastes. D) all of the above E) A and B only

d

The Cuyahoga River which flows through Cleveland, Ohio A) once caught on fire. B) served as a focal point for drawing attention to the indiscriminate release of HAZMAT into public waters. C) was mostly devoid of life in the 1960s yet is now biologically diverse. D) all of the above E) none of the above

d

The adverse effects on human health of air pollutants can be assigned to one of three different categories of seriousness. They are A) chronic, acute, threshold. B) chronic, threshold, carcinogenic. C) threshold, carcinogenic, ambient. D) chronic, acute, carcinogenic. E) chronic, acute, ambient.

d

The legislation that requires employers to notify employees of HAZMAT they may come in contact with as a part of their jobs: A) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). B) The Clean Air Act (CAA). C) The Clean Water Act (CWA). D) The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). E) Department of Transportation Regulations.

d

The term "midnight dumping" refers to A) unscrupulous "fly-by- night" waste handlers. B) dumping or leaving drums or hazardous wastes on vacant land or in abandoned buildings. C) dumping hazardous wastes in non-secure municipal landfills under the cover of darkness. D) all of the above E) none of the above

d

When leaks are detected in underground storage tanks, remediation must begin within A) 1 week B) 3 weeks C)1 day D)3 days

d

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the process of biomagnification? A) chemical contaminants B) low concentrations in the environment C) the food chain D) artificial selection or "survival of the fittest" E) serious consequences to predators

d

Which of the following is/are common secondary pollutants? A) carbon monoxide B) particulates C) sulfur dioxide D) acids E) nitrogen oxide

d

Which of the following pollutants is NOT a direct product of combustion fuels? A) hydrocarbons B) particulates C) sulfur dioxide D) acids E) nitrogen oxide

d

Which of the following statements is/are NOT TRUE? A) There are already hundreds of lakes in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada which are lifeless. B) It is predicted that by the year 2005, the "production" of acid rain will have diminished. C) Forests in many regions of the eastern United States show signs of damage and reduced growth. D) More research is needed to prove acid precipitation exists. E) All of the above are true.

d

Which of the following statements is/are NOT TRUE? Considering human health A) smoking by itself causes many adverse health effects. B) the adverse health effects of smoking are far greater than those caused by exposure to existing levels of air pollution. C) smoking greatly increases the adverse effects of air pollution. D) adverse effects caused by air pollution are far greater than those caused by smoking. E) all of the above

d

59) Standards that are set for air pollutants are open to controversy because A) some persons are much more sensitive than others. B) it is impossible to assay all the potential synergistic effects. C) it is impossible to assay all the long-term effects. D) it is impossible to assay all the environmental effects. E) all of the above

e

61) In the 1960s, the most significant source(s) of emissions of particulates into the atmosphere was/were observed to be A) nuclear power plants. B) cars. C) open burning of refuse. D) industrial smokestacks. E) open burning of refuse and industrial smokestacks.

e

65) Further reductions in harmful air pollution might be achieved through A) increasing fuel efficiency for automobiles. B) development of alternative energy sources. C) further control of industrial emissions. D) control of evaporation of fuels and chemicals. E) all of the above

e

66) Recent testing has shown that the average levels of many hazardous air pollutants in indoor air are A) very often higher than those in outdoor air. B) generally lower than those in outdoor air. C) often above the standards set for outside air. D) B and C E) A and C

e

73) All of the following are considered to be common indoor air pollutants EXCEPT A) formaldehyde. B) radon. C) asbestos. D) cigarette smoke. E) sulfuric acid.

e

Adverse effects of air pollution and/or acid rain on the environment are currently being documented in such findings as A) decline of fish populations in increasing numbers of lakes and rivers. B) decline of growth rate of forests. C) dieoff of forests in some regions. D) loss of buffering capacity for some aquatic ecosystems. E) all of the above

e

Characteristics of a compound or element which may lead to its bioaccumulation include its being A) readily absorbed into the body. B) excreted very slowly, if at all. C) nonbiodegradable. D) soluble in water or oils. E) all of the above

e

Examples of reactive hazardous material include(s) A) explosives. B) elemental phosphorus C) concentrated acids. D) chlorine. E) all of the above

e

Factors that determine the level of local air pollution include A) the amount of pollutants entering the air. B) the volume of air into which the pollutants are dispersed. C) the mechanisms that remove pollutants from the air. D) the rate of movement of local air masses. E) all of the above

e

In your home you may be exposed to hazardous materials through A) fumes given off from hobby/art supplies. B) fumes given off from building materials. C) fumes given off from stoves or furnaces. D) seepage of radon gas from the Earth. E) all of the above

e

Industries may be able to reduce their output of hazardous wastes by A) developing and substituting alternative production methods or products which result in the generation of a lower volume of hazardous wastes. B) developing methods of reclaiming and recycling waste chemicals. C) initiating exchange programs where one company's waste becomes another company's raw materials. D) developing and substituting new products. E) all of the above

e

It is difficult to pinpoint which specific pollutant(s) are responsible for which adverse effect because A) organisms are exposed to many different pollutants simultaneously. B) levels of pollutants in the air are constantly changing. C) levels of pollutants depend upon proximity to source. D) there may be synergistic effects. E) all of the above

e

Materials are classified as hazardous if they are A) ignitable. B) corrosive. C) reactive. D) toxic. E) one or more of the above

e

Methods of disposing HAZMAT on land include A) deep-well injection. B) landfills. C) surface impoundments. D) A and B E) all of the above

e

Smog A) is a word derived from "smoke" and "fog". B) that consists of grayish soot, sulfurous compounds, and water vapor is called industrial smog. C) that consists primarily of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic carbon compounds from motor vehicles is called photochemical smog because these pollutants react in sunlight. D) B and C E) all of the above

e

Standards that are set for air pollutants are open to controversy because A) some persons are much more sensitive than others. B) it is impossible to assay all the potential synergistic effects. C) it is impossible to assay all the long-term effects. D) it is impossible to assay all the environmental effects. E) all of the above

e

Synthetic organic HAZMAT A) are resistant to biodegradation. B) are readily absorbed by animals. C) adversely affect animal metabolism. D) all of the above E) none of the above

e

Synthetic organic HAZMAT include(s) A) many second generation pesticides. B) halogenated hydrocarbons. C) chlorinated hydrocarbons. D) toxic industrial solvents. E) all of the above

e

The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to Know Act 1986 A) requires industries to report the location of stored HAZMAT to state and federal government. B) requires industries to report the quantities of stored HAZMAT to state and federal government. C) requires industries to report releases of HAZMAT to state and local government. D) A and B E) all of the above

e

The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants regulates A) all primary pollutants. B) all secondary pollutants. C) particulate matter. D) all of the above E) none of the above

e

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RCRA A) requires all HAZMAT landfills to be regulated by permit. B) requires HAZMAT destined for landfills to be modified into forms that resist leaching. C) requires cradle to grave tracking of HAZMAT. D) is the key legislation for preventing "midnight dumps" and orphan site of HAZMAT disposal. E) all of the above

e

The legislation that specifies the ways HAZMAT can be transported across state lines is A) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). B) The Clean Air Act (CAA). C) The Clean Water Act (CWA). D) The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). E) Department of Transportation Regulations.

e

The most widespread and serious pollutant(s) of the atmosphere include A) suspended particulates. B) volatile organic compounds. C) carbon monoxide. D) nitrogen oxides. E) all of the above

e

Under the Clean Water Act A) standards are set for allowable discharges. B) interim permits may be granted for continued discharges to avoid economic distress to the polluter. C) schedules are set for reaching attainment of pollution standards. D) standards for allowable discharges may become more strict over time E) all of the above

e

We produce carbon dioxide when we A) drive our automobiles. B) heat our houses with oil or gas. C) get energy from the food we eat. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

e

When groundwater is contaminated from a leaking storage tank, remediation A) is impossible. B) may be accomplished by injecting neutralizing chemicals. C) may be accomplished by walling it off. D) may be accomplished by pumping and treating the contaminated water and soil. E) has only had limited success at cleaning up groundwater contamination, and will shortly be discontinued.

e

Which of the following statements is/are NOT TRUE? Attempts are made to minimize the injuries and deaths resulting from accidents occurring during the transportation of hazardous materials by A) DOT regulations regarding the containers and packing of hazardous materials. B) requiring vehicles to be labeled regarding the nature of hazardous materials they are carrying. C) having teams of firefighters trained in hazardous waste emergency response. D) evacuating people for safe distances when an accident involving hazardous materials occurs. E) moving all hazardous wastes by rail because they have the best safety record with hazardous waste transport.

e

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? Air pollution has been shown to have adverse effects on A) forest tree growth. B) human health. C) agricultural crop production. D) building materials. E) all of the above

e

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? The Resources Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 requires A) that hazardous wastes be tracked from "cradle to grave". B) that disposal facilities meet certain criteria. C) unannounced on-site inspections of disposal facilities. D) that the generator remains responsible for the wastes. E) all of the above

e