Apes unit 6
Natural gas is often priced in units of dollars per therm. One therm equals 100 , 000 BTUs . A certain family uses 600 therms of energy to heat its home annually using a natural gas furnace that is 80 percent efficient. The family is considering replacing its current furnace with one that is 96 percent efficient. Assuming the cost of a therm is $0.30, which of the following would be the family's annual savings in the cost of home heating? A $23.04 B $28.80 C $ 138.24 D 172.80
28.80
The process of growing algae for use as a biofuel has become an attractive and exciting prospect for the energy needs of our future. However, there is still much debate regarding the ultimate environmental benefits of algae production at the scale needed to significantly replace other forms of biodiesel. (a) Why is biofuel produced by algae considered to be carbon neutral? (2 points) (b) Many have questioned the ultimate sustainability of algae biofuel production based on physical principles. (1) What is the second law of thermodynamics? (1 point) (11) What does the second law of thermody- namics suggest about the efficiency of algal biofuel production over many decades? (1 point) (c) What are two similarities of algae biofuel production to the production of corn ethanol, and what are two differences? (2 points) (d) Where may be the best location to place an algal-biofuel generating plant that would maxi- mize the efficiency of fuel production? (2 points) (e) Many researchers are exploring how to genetically engineer strains of algae that are fast-growing and lipid-rich in order to maximize the amount of fuel created in relation to production area. List two ways in which this could poten
2. la) Any activity that does not change atmospheric CO, concentrations Is referred to as carbon neutral. Although the combustion of fuels created by algae does release CO, gas into the atmosphere, growth of algae also sequesters CO, gas. In theory, if production and use of fuels derived from age remain constant over time, then it is carbon neutral. (b) () The second law of thermodynamics tells us that when energy is transtormed, the quantity of energy never increases, and that its ability to do work diminishes. (4) The second law of thermodynamics suggests that the during the conversion of CO, into energy via plant photosynthesis some of that COz Is lost to plant respiration and metabolism. Although the production of fuel to algae is one of the most sustainable options for energy production. over many decades there will still be a net loss of energy. To compensate demand. We will have to grow slightly mare algae each year, or reduce our energy (c) Similarities between the production of corn and algae biofuel include the following: Both are potentially renewable fuels Both fuel sources have the potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Both fuel sources are potentially more environmentally friendly than tossil fuels. Both fuel sources require vast amounts of area for production. Both fuel sources emit CO, when combusted. Both require substantial amounts of water and sunlight. Differences between the production of corn and algae biofuel include the following: Production of algae biofuels is not likely to increase the cost of food, unlike production of corn ethanol. Production of algae biofuels does not require the use of cropland, and they may be grown on marginal lands, in brackish water, or even on rooftops. Algae may produce 15 to 300 times more fuel per area than conventional crops. Algae grows very quickly and may be grown year-round, unlike corn, which has a relatively slower growth rate and is an annual crop. (d) To grow and reproduce, algae require water, sunlight, and CO». The best location for an algae biofuel generating plant would be a location where all of these components are found in high abundance. One good starting point would be to place biofuel plants next to energy plants that com
Which of the structures in the diagram is the site where the nuclear power plant accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl occurred? A A B B C C D D
A
Purity is a major factor in determining the type of coal used for energy. Which of the following types of coal are correctly paired with a description of its purity and common use? A Anthracite is considered the highest grade coal because it is almost pure carbon, and it is often used for domestic heating. B Coking coal is most widely available and contains 60-86% carbon, which makes it ideal for use in coal power plants. C Steam coal has a high carbon content with low amounts of impurities, which makes it ideal for use in the steel industry. D Lignite is the most mature and purest form of coal, and it is often used for large-scale power generation.
A Anthracite is considered the highest grade coal because it is almost pure carbon, and it is often used for domestic heating.
Which of the following describes the best strategy for mitigating this potential problem? A Installing effective ventilation systems in dwellings B Updating dwellings with well-sealed windows C Planting native plants around the dwelling D Equipping dwellings with rainwater collection systems
A Installing effective ventilation systems in dwellings
A homeowner wants to save money and energy by heating her home using a passive solar design. She could consider (A) building a green roof (B) using only Energy Star appliances. (c) placing photovoltaic cells on the roof. (d) installing a ground source heat pump. (e) storing solar energy in a battery
A) building a green roof
Rock layer that can be porous but must have very low to no permeability A A B B C C D
B
Which of the following statements about geothermal energy is accurate? A While geothermal energy can heat buildings directly, it is not used to generate electricity. B The location of geothermal energy sources ranges from short distances below ground to miles below the surface. C Steam from underground sources must be condensed before it can be used aboveground. D In some parts of the world, geothermal sources are used to power steam locomotives.
B The location of geothermal energy sources ranges from short distances below ground to miles below the surface.
In an apartment building, exhaust from a gas-powered electrical generator is captured to produce hot water to heat a swimming pool. Which of the following is illustrated by this process? A Synergy B Cogeneration C Synfuels D Energy recovery
B) Cogeneration
Which of the following is most likely the least expensive fuel to produce? A. Biodiesel B. Coal C. Ethanol from corn D. Ethanol from sugarcane E. Natural gas
B. Coal
Rock layer that must be rich in organic matter that was subjected to heat and pressure over time during the formation of oil and natural gas. A A B B C C D
D
Which of the following is NOT associated with the surface extraction of coal? (a) Low death rates among miners (b) Land subsidence and collapse (c) Large piles of tailings (d) Underground tunnels and shafts (e) Acid runoff into streams
D
Which of the following would be the best location for a wind farm with ten industrial turbines? A Adjacent to a wetland area with a large migratory avian population in the fall and spring B Scattered throughout a residential neighborhood where strong wind gusts are common C Just outside a town near a cave housing a large bat population D Arranged uniformly on a local farm that has fields and pastureland for dairy and grain production Related Content & Skills
D Arranged uniformly on a local farm that has fields and pastureland for dairy and grain production Related Content & Skills
Which of the following PV panel systems is least effective at producing energy? A Tracking, dual-axis B No tracking, tilted south C No tracking, tilted west D No tracking, tilted east
D no tracking, tilted east
Suppose you own a diesel car and the current price of diesel gasoline is $4.50 per gallon. You pay $1,500 for parts that allow the engine to run on straight vegeta- ble oil (SVO), which costs $1.50 per gallon. The car gets 50 miles per gallon when running on either type of fuel. After how many miles will you recoup the cost of engine conversion? (a) 1,000 (b) 1,500 (c) 5,000 (d) 10,000 (e) 15,000 (f) 20,000
F
Which is involved in generating electricity through nuclear fission? I. A positive feedback loop II. Creation of chemical energy III. Release of kinetic energy
I and III
Which of the following correctly pairs a region with its percent increase in electricity demand between 2016 and 2040? A Africa; 61 % B United States; 0.17 % C China; 158 % D 227%
India; 227%
Which of the following best describes the method of vehicle transport that is the most environmentally sustainable? A The use of a vehicle powered by hydrogen fuel cells because there are no carbon emissions B The use of a plug-in hybrid vehicle because the fuel sources do not release any carbon dioxide C The use of a vehicle powered by biodiesel because it can be used in conjunction with traditional diesel D The use of a vehicle powered by ethanol because corn is grown to produce energy rather than for human consumption
The use of a vehicle powered by hydrogen fuel cells because there are no carbon emissions
1. Although hybrid and electric vehicles release less carbon dioxide than fully gas-powered vehicles, there remains much debate over whether hybrid vehicles are better for the environment and whether they are truly more fuel-efficient. (a) Provide three reasons why hybrid and electric vehicles might be less energy-efficient than gas-powered cars. (3 points) (0) How might the lifetime of a vehicle alter its total ecological footprint? (2 points) c) Suppose a new all-electric vehicle costs $40,000 and requires 1.5 MI per passenger-mile. You made in your old gas-powered vehicle, which tequired 4 MJ per passenger-mile, for $2,000. 0) Supposing that a gallon of gnsolime contains 20 MI and costs $4.00, how many miles must you drive before your purchase becomes cost effective? (3 points) (1) How might the use of"smart grid" tech- ology reduce the environmental foorprint of an electric vehicle? (2 points)
Unit 6 Free-Response Questions (p. 475) 1. (a) There are several reason why hybrid and electric vehicles might be less energy efficient than gas-powered cars: The process of mining and conversion of fossil fuel into electricity is only about 35 percent efficient, which severely reduces the overall efficiency of an electric-powered car. Hybrid and electric vehicles require more expensive parts and may iNvolve a more labor- intensive construction process. The energy used 1o buld the car must be factored into the overall efficiency of the car uprid and electric vehicles may require more frequent replacement n engine components, which require energy to produce and manufacture. Hybrid and electric vehicles may encourage more driving due to their ow fuel costs, which would quickly eliminate any savings in energy efficiency. Batteries and other parts of hybrid and electric vehicles may require disposal or may not be recyclable. If the batteries or other parts last a shorter time than those of a conventional car, it will take more energy to run the electric or hybrid vehicle , Hybrid and electric vehicles may get fewer miles over the lifetime of the vehicle than gas-powered cars; because the cars may need to be replaced more often, the energy needed to produce new cars may increase. ¡b) Cars require energy to build, operate, and recycle. If the total lifetime of a hybrid or electric car is shorter than that of the average conventional far then the owner of the vehicle will generate higher energy demand to recycle and build new cars. In addition, parts such as batteries may not he fully recyclable, and could harm the environment if not disposed of properly. Ic) (i) Since the new vehicle costs $40,000 and you received $2,000 for your old vehicle, you must save $38,000 in fuel costs to make your purchase cost-effective. With the price of gas at $4.00 per 20 MJ, you can determine the total number of MJ that $38,000 can buy: 20 MJ $38,000 X = 190.000 MJ $4 You save 4 - 1.5 = 2.5 MJ per passenger-mile driven. So, the purchase becomes cost-effective after 190,000 MJ ÷ 2.5 MJ = 76,000 miles. (it) A smart grid coordinates energy use with energy availability. Smart grids are efficient, self-regulating electricity distribution
One particularly large nuclear power plant produces about 400 kilocuries of krypton per year. Krypton has a half-life of 10 years. How radioactive will the krypton waste generated at the power plant in a single year be after 30 years? (a) 50 kilocuries (b) 100 kilocuries (c) 200 kilocuries (d) 800 kilocuries (e) 7,500 Becquerels
a) 50 kilocuries
Which of the following consequences of water impoundment for hydroelectric energy production is most likely to release greenhouse gases? (a) Flooding of forests and grasslands (b) Siltation (c) The generation of energy by use of turbines (d) Transfer of energy to power lines (e) Use of excess energy from the hydroelectric plant to pump water into the impoundment
a) Flooding of forests and grasslands
The combined use of concentrated solar thermal (CST) and fossil fuel energy generation occurs most efficiently when (2) CST and fossil fuel plants are built near each other. (b) CST energy is used during peak hours whereas fossil fuels are used during off-peak hours. (c) CST and fossil fuel energy are equally distributed to the power grid. (d) CST plants are built in desert areas where there is consistent sunshine and plenty of open space (e) CST contributes to more energy production when the price of fossil fuels increases.
b) CST energy is used during peak hours whereas fossil fuels are used during off-peak hours.
Which of the following is a renewable energy source that does not originate from solar radiation? (a) Biomass (b) Geothermal le Nuclear d Wind *) Ground heat
b) Geothermal
Which of the following sources of electricity employ the use of turbines? (a) Photovoltaic cells, windmills, run-of-the-river hydroelectric plants (b) Photovoltaic cells, windmills, water impoundment hydroelectric dams (c) Concentrated solar thermal plants, nuclear plants, windmills (d) Concentrated solar thermal plants, water impoundment hydroelectric dams, fuel cells (e) Nuclear plants, fossil fuel plants, photovoltaic cells.
c) Concentrated solar thermal plants, nuclear plants, windmills
In a nuclear power plant, control rods are used to (a) control the placement of fuel rods. (b) increase the efficiency of nuclear reactions. (c) transfer heat energy from the fuel rods into water. (d) increase the capacity factor of the plant. (e) absorb excess neutrons emitted by fuel rods.
e) absorb excess neutrons emitted by fuel rods.
Relative to burning fossil carbon, the use of modern carbon for energy (a) rarely contributes to the removal of vegetation. (b) does not use energy that originates from the Sun. (c) is always subsidized by government programs. (d) is cheaper and more efficient. (e) is more likely to be carbon-neutral.
e) is more likely to be carbon-neutral.
Geothermal energy plants are a viable alternative energy source because they A use the heat from Earth's interior to create steam that is used to generate electricity and then can be pumped back into the ground B can be built for use in any location where surface drilling is possible and construction of geothermal plants increases land stability C use the heat from Earth's interior to directly heat buildings and houses and give off no greenhouse gasses D do not give off hazardous air pollutants into the atmosphere and require very little water
A use the heat from Earth's interior to create steam that is used to generate electricity and then can be pumped back into the ground
Which of the following describes an environmental problem that can result from the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity? A A chemical reaction occurs between the fossil fuel and oxygen to produce energy for the generation of electricity. B Carbon dioxide is a product of the combustion fossil fuels, and it can lead to global climate change when released into the atmosphere. C The combustion of fossil fuels can heat water to convert the water into steam to turn turbines that are connected to electrical generators. D Combustion reactions using fossil fuels require more energy than they produce and are therefore very inefficient.
B Carbon dioxide is a product of the combustion fossil fuels, and it can lead to global climate change when released into the atmosphere.
Which of the following is the most practical solution to maximizing energy production at wind farms while minimizing the risk to wildlife? A Turn on turbines only at night when most birds and bats are not flying. B Turn off turbines during periods of maximum migration. C Turn on turbines only when winds are below 5 mph . D Limit the height of turbines to 10 meters and the width of the blades to 5 meters.
B Turn off turbines during periods of maximum migration
Which of the following is a drawback to using biofuels, such as ethanol, as a fuel source? A Ethanol-blended gasoline has higher carbon emissions than petroleum alone. B The global demand for biofuels is continually decreasing. C There is high energy investment in producing and processing the crops needed for ethanol production. D Ethanol-blended gasoline increases the likelihood of freezing gas lines in winter months.
C. There is high energy investment in producing and processing the crops needed for ethanol production.
Which of the following gases is released from the structure labeled C in the diagram? A Carbon dioxide B Methane C Water vapor D Radon-222
D Radon-222
A smart grid system I. regulates electrical energy usage accordingto electrical energy availability. Il. requires more energy-efficient electricity production. I. will reduce the cost of energy production. (a) 1 only (b) Il only (c) Ill only (d) 1 and Il (e) I, ll, and Ill
I only
Which of the following is a benefit of using petroleum instead of coal for energy? I. Petroleum releases about 15 percent more CO2 than coal II. Petroleum is easier to transport than coal III. Mining and transport of petroleum is less harmful to the enviornment
II only
Which of the following would be most likely to be used as a fuel source for electricity generation in the plant displayed in the diagram? A Uranium-235 B Cesium-137 C Iodine-123 D Yttrium-90 and Yttrium-91
A Uranium-235
A family of four lives in a three-bedroom house and uses an average of 900 kWh of electricity per month. The family cools their house for three months during the summer with two window-unit air conditioners that each use 350 kWh of electricity per month. Which of the following is the percentage of the family's total annual electricity that is used to run the two air conditioners for the three summer months? A 9.7 % B 19.4 % C 38.8 % D 77.8
B Correct. The family uses a total of 10800 kWh of electricity for the year ( 12 months × 900 kWh ) . It takes 2100 kWh to run the two air conditioners for three months ( 2 units × 350 kWh × 3 months = 2100 kWh ) . 2100 kWh / 10800 kWh × 100 = 19.4 % .
Although nuclear energy is considered a cleaner energy source than fossil fuels, some scientists argue this does not support the claim that nuclear energy is renewable. Which of the following claims best supports the argument that nuclear energy is a nonrenewable energy source? A Nuclear energy has low carbon emissions and does not contribute to global warming. B The uranium deposits on Earth are finite. C Nuclear energy is generated by the process of nuclear fission. D Nuclear power plants convert water to steam, similar to fossil fuel-burning power plants.
B The uranium deposits on Earth are finite.
Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of geothermal energy production? A Geothermal energy production is a significant source of noise pollution. B Geothermal energy implementation in homes and businesses has a high upfront cost, and electricity is needed to operate pumps. C Geothermal energy generation costs remain stable when gas and oil prices increase. D Geothermal energy is weather dependent and can be generated only at certain times of the year.
B) Geothermal energy implementation in homes and businesses has a high upfront cost, and electricity is needed to operate pumps.
Which of the following explains why some energy sources are renewable? A Renewable energy sources exist in a fixed amount and cannot be easily replaced. B Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally, at or near the rate of consumption. C Renewable energy sources include natural gas and other fossil fuels because they are made from the remains of ancient organisms. D Renewable energy sources use advanced technologies and have been discovered in recent years, making them newer energy sources.
B) Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally, at or near the rate of consumption.
How many kilograms of a fuel will be consumed if two people travel 200 km in a single car that uses biodiesel fuel, assuming that the car expends 3MJ per passenger-kilometer? A. 7.5kg B. 15 kg C. 22 kg D. 66kg E. 100 kg
B. 15kg
In many parts of the United States, homeowners use a significant portion of their energy budget to heat their home in the winter. It has been determined that lowering a thermostat by 3 ° F in the winter can reduce the energy costs by about 10 percent in many homes. An individual homeowner lowers their thermostat by 3 degrees exactly halfway through the billing period. For the month that the thermostat was lowered, the heating bill was $ 95 . How much money did the family save in the month in which they lowered the thermostat setting halfway through the billing period? A $ 2.85 B $ 5.00 C $ 9.50 D 10
B. 5.00
Which of the following best explains the process of electricity generation in a hydrogen fuel cell? A At the cathode, water reacts with oxygen to release hydrogen and heat. Electricity is generated as the bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen. The by-product of the reaction is heat. B At the cathode, hydrogen is reduced and then electrons flow to the anode to generate electricity. Oxygen is produced at the cathode. Oxygen and heat are the by-products of the reaction. C At the anode, hydrogen is oxidized and electrons flow in a circuit to the cathode. At the cathode, oxygen reacts with the hydrogen to produce water. Water and heat are by-products of the reaction. D At the anode, hydrogen is oxidized and electrons pass through an electrolyte to the cathode. There, the protons react with water to produce oxygen. Water and heat are by-products of the reaction.
C At the anode, hydrogen is oxidized and electrons flow in a circuit to the cathode. At the cathode, oxygen reacts with the hydrogen to produce water. Water and heat are by-products of the reaction.
Which of the following best describes an advantage of burning biomass rather than burning fossil fuels in developing countries? A Biomass production requires less open space than fossil fuel extraction does, so land is available for other purposes. B Burning biomass is associated with fewer human respiratory concerns than fossil fuels are because it does not give off sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. C Biomass production is cheaper than fossil fuel extraction, making it more readily available for use. D Burning biomass is more efficient than burning fossil fuels, providing more available energy from less of the resource.
C Biomass production is cheaper than fossil fuel extraction, making it more readily available for use.
An individual has been driving a passenger vehicle to work, averaging 60 miles a week in a car that averages 22 miles per gallon. The individual plans to purchase a hybrid vehicle that averages 50 miles per gallon. If the individual drives to work 50 weeks a year, how much gas will they save if they switch to a hybrid vehicle for their commute? A 28 gallons B 60 gallons C 76 gallons D 107 gallons
C 76 gallons
If peak electricity use occurs around 2 p.m. in the Los Angeles area and avoiding brownouts is more important to the installers of the PV panels than annual energy output, which of the following PV panel systems would be best to use in the area? A No tracking, tilted south B No tracking, tilted west C No tracking, tilted east D No tracking, flat
C no tracking, tilted east
Which of the following best describes the conditions under which peat is formed? A Partially decayed vegetation is placed under low-pressure, aerobic, acidic conditions. B Partially decayed vegetation is placed under high-pressure, anaerobic, alkaline conditions. C Partially decayed vegetation is placed under high-pressure, anaerobic, acidic conditions. D Partially decayed vegetation is placed under low-pressure, aerobic, alkaline conditions.
C) Partially decayed vegetation is placed under high-pressure, anaerobic, acidic conditions.
Within a developing nation, an increase in the use of subsistence energy sources would most likely be caused by A.) a decrease in the availability of straw, sticks, animal dung, and other sources of fiel B.) an increase in the availability of oil C.) an increase in the cost of oil D.) the loss of forested land E.) a reduction in waste energy generated by subsistence energy sources
C. An increase in the cost of oil
__________ is likely to reduce the efficiency of a power plant. A.) increasing the capacity factor of the plant B.) using anthracite coal instead of bituminous coal C.) shutting off a turbine driven by exhaust gases D.) pumping cold water from a nearby stream into the condenser E.) releasing ash residues into the enviornment
C. Shutting off a turbine driven by exhaust gas
Which of the following is a characteristic of nonrenewable energy sources that distinguishes them from renewable energy sources? A The construction of power plants that use nonrenewable energy sources is typically more expensive than the construction of those that use renewable energy sources. B Nonrenewable energy sources are typically less harmful to wildlife and ecosystems than renewable energy sources are. C Nonrenewable energy sources typically require additional new technology in order to be used than renewable energy sources do. D Nonrenewable energy sources typically take a longer time to replenish than renewable energy sources do.
D Nonrenewable energy sources typically take a longer time to replenish than renewable energy sources do.
Which of the following best describes a benefit of increasing the number of offshore wind farms rather than onshore wind farms? A Offshore wind farms will consume less water during operation than wind farms on land because the turbines require less steam for electricity generation. B Offshore wind farms will decrease the maintenance costs associated with electricity generation because they are cheaper to operate than wind farms on land. C Offshore wind farms will emit less carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide than wind farms on land because they are farther from urban areas. D Offshore winds farms will produce up to three times as much electricity as wind farms on land because of increased wind speeds offshore.
D Offshore winds farms will produce up to three times as much electricity as wind farms on land because of increased wind speeds offshore.
Which of the following best describes how the use of hydrogen fuel negatively impacts the environment? A The harvesting of hydrogen fuel from ocean sediments can result in damage to marine ecosystems and fisheries. B The transport of hydrogen fuel requires pipelines that can negatively impact terrestrial habitats, especially when these pipelines leak. C The combustion of hydrogen fuel releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change. D The energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change.
D The energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change.
Which of the following statements is best supported by the data shown in the graph? A PV panels that cannot track the Sun and are in a fixed position tilted to the east produce the most electricity daily and annually. B Of the PV panels that cannot track the Sun, those in a fixed position tilted to the west produce more electricity daily and annually than do those in a fixed position tilted to the south. C PV panels that cannot track the Sun and are in a fixed position tilted to the south produce the least electricity daily and annually. D PV panels that can track the Sun and are constantly moving to always directly face the Sun produce the most electricity daily and annually.
D PV panels that can track the Sun and are constantly moving to always directly face the Sun produce the most electricity daily and annually.
Which of the following best describes an environmental problem associated with hydrologic fracturing, or fracking? A Fracking has led to an increase in the production of oil and natural gas, lowering energy prices. B Fractures in the shale will close up once the fracking fluid is removed unless fine particles, like sand, are introduced to hold them open. C The products of fracking release more carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds into the atmosphere than other fossil fuels. D Fracking fluids can escape from the drill hole and contaminate surface water and groundwater.
D) Fracking fluids can escape from the drill hole and contaminate surface water and groundwater.
Which of the following is true regarding natural gas? (a) Extraction and combustion of natural gas have less effect on global warming than extraction and combustion of coal. B) Contamination of water during the extraction process is of little concern. Liquefied petroleum gas is a slightly more energy-dense than natural gas. Pipelines are the primary means of transporting natural gas. (e) Exploration for natural gas requires less energy than exploration for other energy sources.
D. Pipelines are the primary means of transporting natural gas.
In 1969, M. King Hubbert calculated lower and upper estimates for the volume of total world petroleum reserves. Regardless of which estimate was used, he predicted that 80 percent of the total reserves would be used up in approximately 60 years. Which of the following likely explains why his predictions were the same for both estimates? - I. The lower and upper estimates were not different enough to cause a major significant shift in his predictions. II. Per capita energy use will increase with available energy. III Availability and use of petroleum is inversely correlated with cost. (a) I onlv (b) Il onlv (c) III onlv (d) Il and III (e) LIL and III
II AND III
Which of the following statements correctly explains the role of fossil fuels in the production of energy? A The combustion of fossil fuels heats water to produce steam, which then turns a turbine. B The steam released from the combustion of fossil fuels turns a generator, which then powers a turbine. C The heat released from burning fossil fuels rises and turns a turbine, which then releases carbon dioxide. D Steam produced from a turbine ignites the fossil fuels, which then powers the generator.
The combustion of fossil fuels heats water to produce steam, which then turns a turbine.
In this depiction of a hydrogen powered fuel cell, components i, il, ji, and iv refer to (a) hydrogen, protons, neutrons, water. (b) hydrogen, protons, hydrogen ions, water. (c) hydrogen, protons, electrons, water. (d) hydrogen, electrons, protons, water. (e) hydrogen, electrons, protons, hydrogen ions.
c) hydrogen, protons, electrons, water.
Which of the following reduces the capacity factor of nuclear power plants? (a) The need for long-term storage of radioactive waste (b) Government regulation of low-level radioactive waste (c) Competition with plants that use coal to produce energy d) The tendency for fuel rods to overheat and risk a meltdown (c) The relative supplies of 235 U and 298 U isotopes
d) The tendency for fuel rods to overheat and risk a meltdown
Which of the following is NOT likely to increase efficiency of energy use and production in the United States? (a) Government subsidies for active solar construction designs (b) Increasing the cost of fossil fuels c Replacement of large power plants with senar smaller plants (d) Use of smart grid systenns and smart appliances (e) Increasing the production of battenes
e) Increasing the production of batteries