APHG, Ch.3, Key issues 1-4

Annotate the graph below from your reading of pages 86-88. Be sure to label "peaks" and "valleys' (as indicated by arrows) as to where immigrants came from during that time or why there was a decline in immigration. (know this graph!).

1840s and 1850s. Annual immigration jumped from 20,000 to more than 200,00. Three-fourths of all U.S. immigrants during those two decades came from Ireland and Germany desperate economic push factors compelled the Irish and Germans to cross the Atlantic. Germans also emigrated to escape from political unrest. 1870s. Emigration from Western Europe resumed following a temporary decline during the U.S. Civil war (1861-1865). 1880s. Immigration increased to one-half million per year. Increasing numbers of Scandinavians, especially Swedes and Norwegians, joined Western Europeans in migrating to the United States. The industrial Revolution had diffused to Scandinavia, triggering a rapid population increase. 1900-1914. Nearly a million people a year immigrated to the United States. Two-thirds of all immigrants during this period came from Southern and Eastern Europe, especially Italy, Russia, and Austria Hungary. (Austria-Hungary encompassed portions of present-day Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.) The shift in the primary source of immigrants coincided with the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution to Southern and Eastern Europe, along with rapid population growth.

Define guest worker

A person who temporarily leaves their country of origin to work in another.

What are push and pull factors?

A push factor induces people to move out of their present location, whereas a pull factor induces people to move into a new location.

Briefly describe role of each of the following in examining intervening obstacles and migration

A) In the past, intervening obstacles were primarily environmental. Bodies of water have long been important intervening obstacles. The Atlantic ocean proved a particularly significant intervening obstacle for most European immigrant to North America. Tens of millions of Europeans spent their life saving for the right across the rough and dangerous Atlantic in the Holding of a ship shared with hundreds of other immigrants. Summary- In the past, people had to travel mass bodies of water such as the Atlantic Ocean. Such voyage was rough and dangerous as well as expensive, furthermore, they had to be in a ship shared with hundreds of other immigrants. B) Before the invention of modern transportation, such as railroads and motor vehicles, people migrated across landmasses by horse or on foot. Such migration was frequently difficult because of hostile features in the physical environment, such as mountains and deserts. For example, many migrants lured to California during the nineteenth century by the economic pull factor of the Gold Rush failed to reach their destination because they could not cross such intervening obstacles as the Greate plains, the Rocky Mountains, or desert country. Summary- Due to the lack of modern transportation, such as railroads and motor vehicles, people migrated across landmasses by horse. Such aspects were quite difficult because of hostile freatures in the physical environement. For example, many migrants lured to California during the nineteenth century by the economic pull factor of the Gold Rush failed to reach their destination because they could not cross such intervening obstacles as the Greate plains, the Rocky Mountains, or desert country. C) Transportation improvements that have promoted globalization, such as motor vehicles and aeroplanes, have diminished the importance of environmental features as intervening obstacles. However, today's migrant faces intervening obstacles created by local diversity in government and politics. A migrant needs a passport to legally emigrate from a country and vias to legally immigrate to a new country. Summary- Today's migrants need to face the intervening obstacles created by local diversity in government and politics. A migrant needs a passport to legally emigrate from a country and vias to legally immigrate to a new country.

Answer the following questions regarding migrants from Mexico who move to the United States.

A) In what ways does migration from Mexico to the US support each of the following geographic models? i. Migration transition model (as adapted from the demographic Transition Model): Countries in stages 3 and 4 are principal destinations that attract immigrants, for various factors, such as economic advancement. Such case is found with Mexicans migrating to the U.S illegally for economic advancements. ii) Distance-decay function: The distance between mexico and the United states is very small in terms of geography, thus there would me more immigration from Mexicans. B) In what ways does migration from Mexico to the US benefit... i. the Mexican migrants? Better job opportunities ii. More workers C) How does seasonality make this phenomenon as much a concept of human mobility, rather than permanent migration: Mexican migrants move for economic opportunities associated with certain seasons so that to make money, and thus Mexicans migrate periodiccally rather then permanently settling in one place.

How did they favor immigration from certain regions

According to the quota, for each country that had native-born persons already living in the United States, 2 percent of their number (based on the 1910 census) could immigrate each year. This limited the number of immigrants from the Eastern hemisphere to 150,00 per year, virtually all of whom had to be from Europe. Quota laws were designed to ensure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans.

Define intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

U.S immigration law gives preferences to three groups. Identify them.

Because the number of applicants for admission to the United States far exceeds the quotas, Congress has set preferences. About three-fourths of the immigrants are admitted to reunify families, primarily spouses or unmarried children of people already living in the United states. The typical wait for a spouse to gain entry is currently about five years. Skilled workers and exceptionally talented professionals receive most of the remaining one-fourth of the visas. (Spouses, unmarried children of people already living in the United States, a and skilled workers and exceptionally talented professionals).

Finish this statement: The world's third most populous country (the U.S.) is inhabited overwhelmingly by...

Direct descendants of immigrants.

What are the 3 countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years?

China, India and the Philippines.

Prepare notes on 3 case studies of immigration in the chart below.

Cuba- The U.S. government regarded emigrants from Cuba as political refugees after the 1959 revolution that brought the Communist government of Fidel Castro to power. Under Castro's leadership, the Cuban government took control of privately owned banks, factories, and farms, and political opponents of the government were jailed. The U.S. government closed its embassy and prevented companies from buying and selling in Cuba. In the years immediately following the revolution, more than 600,000 Cubans were admitted to the United States. The largest number settled in southern Florida, where they became prominent in the region's economy and politics. A second flood of Cuban emigrants reached the United States in 1980 when Castro suddenly decided to permit political prisoners, criminals, and mental patients to leave the country. More than 125,000 Cubans left within a few weeks to seek political asylum in the United States a migration stream that became known as the " Mariel boatlift," named for the port from which the Cubans were allowed to embark. Beginning in 1987, the United States agreed to permit 20,000 Cubans per year to migrate to the United States. Summary- Cubans were considered political refugees after the 1959 revolution that brought the Communist government of Fidel Castro to power. Under Castro's leadership, the Cuban government took control of privately owned banks, factories, and farms, and political opponents of the government were jailed. Which the United Staes government decided to close its embassy and prevented companies from buying and selling in Cuba. IN the years immediately following the revolution, more than 600,000 Cuban were admitted to the United States, the largest numbers settled in southern Florida, where they became prominent in the region's economy and politics. The second flood of Cuban migrants reached the United States in 1980 when Castro suddenly decided to permit political prisoners, criminals, and mental patients to leave the country. More than 125,000 Cubans left within a few weeks to seek political asylum in the United States, a migration stream that became known as the "Mariel boatlift" named for the port from the which Cubans were allowed to embark. Haiti- Shortly after the 1980 Mariel boatlift from Cuba, several thousand Haitians also sailed in small vessels for the United States. Claiming that they had migrated for economic advancement rather than political asylum, U.S. immigration officials would not let the Hiatiains aboard the boats stay in the United States. Under the dictatorship of Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier (1957-1971) and his son Jean-Claude (Baby Doc) Duvalier (1971-1986), the Haitians government persecuted its political opponents at least as harshly as did the Cuban government. But the U.s government drew a distinction between the governments of the two neighbouring Caribbean countries because Castro was allied with the SOviet union and the Duvaliers were not. Haitians brought a lawsuit against the U.S. government, arguing that if the Cubans were admitted, they should be too. The government settled the case by agreeing to t admit some Haitians. After a 1991 coup that replaced Haiti's elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, with military leaders, Thousands of Haitians fled their country in small boats. Although political persecution has subsided, many Haitians still try to migrate to the United States, reinforcing the view that economic factors may always have been important in emigration from the Western Hemisphere's poorest country. Summary- Shortly after the 1980 Mariel boatlift from Cuba, several thousand Haitians also sailed in small vessels for the united states, claiming that they migrated for economic advancement rather than political asylum. The U.S immigration officials, however, would not let the Haitians aboard the boat stay in the United States. Even though Haiti's dictator Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier (1957-1971) and his son Jean-Claude (Baby Doc) Duvalier (1971-1986), have persecuted its political opponents at least as harshly as did the Cuban Government. however, the U.S government made a distinction between the governments, Castro was allied with the Soviet Union, Whilst, the DUvaliers were not. The Haitians than brought a lawsuit against the U.S government arguing that if the Cubans were admitted, they should be too. The government settled the case by agreeing to admit some Haitians. After a 1991 coup that replaced Haiti's elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, with military leaders, Thousands of Haitians fled their country in small boats. Although political persecution has subsided, many Haitians till try to migrate to eh the U.S for economic advancement. Vietnam- The Vietnam war ended in 1975 when Communist-controlled North Vietnam captured South Vietnam's capital of Saigon (since renamed Ho Chi Minh City). The United States, which had supported the government of South Vietnam, evacuated from Saigon several thousand people who had been closely identified with the American position during the war and who were, therefore, vulnerable to persecution after the COmmunist victory. Thousands of other pro-U.S. South Vietnamese who were not politically prominent enough to get space on an American evacuation helicopter tried to leave by boat. A second surge of Vietnamese boat people came in the late 1980s. As memories of the Vietnam War faded, officials in other countries no longer considered Vietnamese boat people as refugees. Most of the boat people were now judged as economic migrants, so they were placed in detention camps monitored by the United Nations until they could be sent back to Vietnam. Vietnam remains a major source of immigrants to the United States, but the pull of economic opportunity is a greater incentive than the push of political persecution. Summary - When the Vietnam war ended in 1975 when Communist-controlled North Vietnam captured South Vietnam's capital of Saigon. The United States, which had supported the government of South Vietnamese evacuated several thousand people from Saigon who were closely identified with the America position during the war and who were, therefore, vulnerable to persecution after the communist victory. Thousands of other pro-U.S South Vietnamese who were not politically prominent enough tog et space on an American evacuation helicopter tried to levee by boat. A second surge of Vietnamese boat people came in the late 1980s. As the memories of the Vietnam war faded, officials in other countries no longer considered Vietnamese boat people as refugees but rather as economic migrants. And, as such, they were placed in detention camps monitored by the United Nations until they could be sent back to Vietnam. Vietnam remains a major source of immigrants tot united states, but the pull of economic opportunities is a greater incentive than the push of political persecution.

Complete the table below with specific examples of push and pull factors

Economic- Push factors: People think about emigrating from places that have few job opportunities, and they immigrate to places where jobs seem to be available. Summary- People migrate to places they think have the most jobs available. Pull Factors: Because of economic restructuring, job prospects often vary from one country to another and within regions of the same country. The united states and Canada have been especially prominent destinations for economic migrants (figure 3-1). Many European immigrants to North America in the nineteenth century truly expected to find streets paved with gold. While not literally so gilded, the United States and Canada did offer Europeans prospects for economic advancement. This same perception of economic plenty now lures people to the United States and Canada from Latin America and Asia. Summaries- Some countries in stage 4 or 5 of the DTM that are wealthy are primary destinations for economic migrants, such prospects are encouraged through the perception of "economic plenty." Cultural- Push Factors: Cultural factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to emigrate from a country. Forced international migration has historically occurred for two main cultural reasons: slavery and political instability. Millions of people were shipped to other countries as slaves or as prisoners, especially from Africa to the Western Hemisphere, during the eighteenth and early nineteenth century (see Chapter 7). Large groups of people are no longer forced to migrate as slaves, but forced international migration persists because of political instability resulting from cultural diversity. According to the United Nations, refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. Summary- Cultural factors can be especially compelling push factors, with aspects like slavery and political instability being taken into account, such things are known as Forced migration. For instance, millions of people were shipped to other countries as slaves or as prisoners, especially from Africa to the Western Hemisphere, during the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, however, in this era, political instability is the main cause of forced migration rather than slavery. As political instability creates refugees who cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. Pull factors-Political conditions can also operate as pull factors. People may be attracted to democratic countries that encourage individual choice in education, career, and place of residence. After Communists gained control of Eastern Europe in the late 1940s, many people in that region were pulled toward the democracies in Western Europe and North America. Summary- Democratic countries that promote individual choice in education, career, and place of residence are a prominent example of how political conditions can operate as pull factors. Environmental - Pull factors- People also migrate for environmental reasons, pulled towards physically attractive regions and pushed from hazardous ones. In an age of improved communications and transportation systems, people can live in environmentally attractive areas that are relatively remote and still not feel too isolated from employment, shopping, and entertainment opportunities. Attractive environments for migrants include mountains, seasides, and warm climates. Proximity to the Rocky Mountains lures Americans to the state of Colorado, and the Alps pull French people to eastern France. Some migrants are shocked to find polluted air and congestion in these areas. The southern coast of England, the Mediterranean coast of France, and the coasts of Florida attract migrants, especially retirees, who enjoy swimming and lying on the beach. Of all elderly people who migrate from one U.S. state to another, one-third select Florida as their destination. Regions with warm winters, such as southern Spain and the southwestern United States, Attract migrants from harsher climates. Summary- People who are retired (or influenced, rich) migrate to environmentally attractive regions such as mountains and seasides, and within in an age of improved communications and transportation systems, people can live in environmentally attractive areas are relatively remote and still not feel too isolated from employment, shopping, and entertainment opportunities. Push factors- Migrants are also pushed from their homes by adverse physical conditions. Water⎯either too much or too little⎯poses the most common environmental threat. Many people are forced to move by water-related disasters because of life in a vulnerable area, such as a floodplain. The floodplain of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific number of years, based on historical trends. People living in the "100-year floodplain," for example, can expect to flood on average once every century. Many people are unaware that they live in a floodplain and even people who do know often choose to live there anyway. A lack of water pushes others from their land. Hundred s of thousands have been forced to move from Sahel region of northern Africa because of drought conditions. The people of the Shale have traditionally been pastoral nomads, a form of agriculture adapted to dry lands but effective only low population densities. Summary- Migrants are usually pushed away from places that have either too much of too little poses. For instance, floodplains are subjected to flooding during a specific number of years, that are abased on historical trends, people would generally move away from these places. However, a floodplain that is predicted to be for a long time, discourages people to move whether or not they know that area is a floodplain. A lack of water also pushes others from their land, for instance, people in the Sahel region of northern Africa are forced to move due to drought conditions. Although they adapted agricultural techniques (pastoral nomads) for such climate, it can only sustain low population densities.

Explain the difference between emigration and immigration

Emigration is migration from a location to a new location, and immigration is migration to a new location.

What was the first "intervening obstacle" which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent?

Few colonists ventured far from coastal locations because they depended on shipping links with Europe to receive products and to export raw materials. Settlements in the interior were also hindered by an intervening obstacle, the Appalachian Mountains.

How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change the existing quota laws?

Following passage of the Immigration Act of 1965, quotas for individual countries were eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemisphere quotas. The annual number of U.S. immigrants were restricted to 170,000 from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere.

How was immigration law further changed in 1978? And presently?

In 1978, the hemisphere quotas were replaced by a global quota of 290,000, including a maximum of 20,000 per country. The current law has a global quota of 620,000, with no more than 7 percent from one country, but numerous qualifications and exceptions can alter the limit considerably.

Migration may be classified as either international or internal. What is the difference?

International migration is the permanent movement from one country to another. Whereas internal migration is permanent movement within the same country.

Family status In the past and still today... Recent changes...

In the past and still today... Ravenstein also believed that most long-distance migrants were young adults seeking work, rather than children or elderly people. For the most part, this pattern continues for the United States. Summary- In the past and still today international migrants are usually young adults seeking work, rather than Children or Elderly people. Such aspects are for, the most part continues in the United States. About 40 percent of immigrants are young adults between the ages of 25 and 39, compared to about 23 percent of the entire U.S. population. Immigrants are less likely to be elderly people; only 5 percent of immigrants are over age 65, compared to 12 percent of the entire U.S. population. Summary- About 40 percent of immigrants are young adults between the ages of 25 and 39, compared to about 23 percent of the entire U.S. population. Such aspects indicate that immigrants are less likely to be elderly people; only 5 percent of immigrants are over age 65, compared to 12 percent of the entire U.S. population. Recent changes... However, an increasing percentage of U.S. migrants are children—16 percent of immigrants are under age 15, compared to 21 percent for the total U.S. population. With the increase in women migrating to the United States, more children are coming with their mothers. Summary- Recent changes with the increase in the percentage of U.S migrants are children, which are about 16 percent of immigrants are under age 15, compared to 21 percent for the total U.S. population. Such factors are caused by the increase in women migrating to the United States, as more children are coming with their mothers. Where/Distance- International long-distance Why?- Immigrants are typically young adults who are looking for jobs, rather than children or elderly people However, more recent changes show that there is an increase of children migrating with their mothers. For instance, in the U.S there is about 16 percent of immigrants are under age 15, compared to 21 percent for the total U.S. population.

Complete the following table from the reading In the past... Present trends... Where/distance? why?

In the past... Ravenstein theorized that males were more likely than females to migrate long distances to other countries because searching for work was the main reasons for international migration and males were much more likely to than female to employed. This held true for U.S. immigrants during the nineteenth and much of the twentieth centuries when about 55 percent were male. Present trends... But the gender pattern reversed in the twenty-first-century women constitute about 55 percent of U.S. immigrants. Where/distance?- International long-distance Why?- Mexicans who come to the United States without authorized immigration documents—currently the largest group of U.S. immigrants—show similar gender changes. As recently as the late 1980s, males constituted 85 percent of the Mexican migrants arriving in the United States without proper documents, according to U.S census and immigration service estimates. But since the 1990s, women have accounted for about half of the unauthorized immigrants from Mexico. The increased female migration to the United States partly reflects the changing role of women in Mexican society. In the past, rural Mexican women were obliged to marry at a young age and to remain in the village to care for children. Now some Mexican women are migrating to the United States to join husbands or brothers already in the united states, but most are seeking jobs. At the same time, women also feel increased pressure to get a job in the United States because of poor economic conditions in Mexico.

What is the "population center" (see figure 3-16)

Indiana- 1920, 1930, 1940.

For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years?

Job opportunities and environmental conditions.

define brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Where do most undocumented immigrants in the US come from?

Mexico

Use the Chart on Page 97 to calculate the net growth or loss of U.S. regions for 2007. Name the region on the map and place the appropriate number in each region.

Northeast- 332,000+ West- 462,000+, 474,000- Midwest- 350,000+, 430,000- South- 827,000+, 619,000-

What are undocumented immigrants?

People who enter a country without proper documents.

What caused immigration from Latin America to the US to increase?

Pulled by economic opportunities and social advancement in the U.S. and pushed by poor conditions.

Read destination of immigrants within the United States (pgs. 90-92) and annotate the map below be sure to indicate: Where are immigrants coming from? what states are those immigrants coming to?

Recent immigrants are not distributed uniformly throughout the United States . One-fifth are in California and one-sixth in the New York Metropolitan area. One-fourth of unauthorized immigration are in California (Figure 3-12). Individual states attract immigrants from different countries. In 2008, more than 50,000 migrated from Mexico to California. Between 10,000 and 50,000 migrated from China to California, from China to new York, From Colombia to Florida, From Cuba to Florida, from the Dominican republic to new York, from Haiti to Florida, from India to California, from Mexico to Texas, from the Philippines to California, and from Vietnam to California Proximity clearly influences some decisions , such as Mexicans referring California or Texas and Cubans preferring Florida. But proximity is not a factor in Poles heading for Illinois or Iranians for California. Immigrants cluster in communities where people from the same country previously settled. Chain migration is the migration of people to specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Make appropriate notes in the chart below on 5 specific examples/case studies of interregional migration

Russia- Where?- Interregional migration was important in developing the former Soviet Union. Soviet policy encouraged factory construction near raw materials rather than near existing population concentrations. Not enough workers lived nearby to fill all the jobs at the mines, factories, and construction sites established in these remote, resource-rich regions. To build up an adequate labor force, the Soviet government had to stimulate interregional migration Why?- Soviet officials were especially eager to develop Russia's Far North, which included much of Siberia, because it is rich in natural resources—fossil fuels, minerals, and forests. The Far North encompassed 45 percent of the Soviet Union's land area but contained less than 2 percent of its people. The Soviet government forced people to migrate to the Far North to construct and operate steel mills, hydroelectric power stations, mines, and other enterprises. In Later years, the government encouraged, instead, voluntary migration to the Far North, including higher wages, more paid holidays, and earlier retirement. The incentives failed to pull as many migrants to the Far North as Soviet officials desired. People were reluctant because of the region's harsh climate and remoteness from population clusters. Each year, as many as half of the people in the Far North migrated back to other regions of the country and had to be replaced by other immigrants, especially young males willing to work in the region for a short period. One method the Soviet government used was to send a brigade of young volunteers, known as Komosomol, during schoool vacations to help construct projects. An example is the Baikal-Amur Railroad, which runs for 3,145 kilometers (1,955 miles) from Taishet to Sovetskaia Gavan. Brazil- Where?- Another large country, Brazil, has encouraged interregional migration. most Brazilians live in a string of large cities near thee Atlantic Coast. São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro have become to of the world's largest cities. Why?- In contrast, Brazil's topical interior is very sparsely inhabited. How?- To increase the attractiveness of the interior, the government moved its capital in 1950 from Rio to a newly built city called Brasília, situated 1,000 kilometrers (600 miles) from the Atlantic Coast. From above, Brasília design resembles an airplane, with government buidlings located at thecenter of the city and housing arranged along the "wings." Thousands of people have migrated to Brasília in search of jobs. In a country with rapid population growth, many people will migrate where they think they can find employment. many of these workers could not afford housing in Brasíilia and were living instead in hastily erected shacks on the outskirts of the city. Indonesia- Where?- Indonesia Why?-The need for more food production, and to occupy sparsely settled land. How?- Since 1969, the Indonesian Government has paid for the migration of more than 5 million people, primarily from the island of Java , where nearly two-thirds of its people live, to less populated islands. Under the government program, families relieve a one-way air ticket, 2 hectares (5 acres) of land, materials to build a house, seeds and pesticides, and food—a year's worth of rice—to tide them over until the crops are ready. Europe- The principal flow of interregional migration in Europe is from east and south to west and north.T his pattern reflects the relatively low incomes and bleak job prospects in eastern and southern Europe. In the twentieth century, wealthy Western European countries received many immigrants from their former colonies in Africa and Asia. The expansion fo the European Union in Eastern Europe in the twenty-first century removed barriers for Bulgarians, Romanians, and residents of other former Communist countries to migrate to Western Europe. Interregional migration flows can also be found within individual European countries. Italians immigrate from the south, known as the Mezzogiorno, to the north, and Britons migrate from the north to the south. In both cases, economic conditions are stronger in the regions to which migrants are heading than in the regions where they originated. The attractiveness of regions within Europe can change. For centuries, Ireland and Scotland were regions with net out-migration. Improved economic conditions in the late twentieth century induced a reversal of historic patterns, and both became regions of net in-migration. The deep recession of the early twenty-first century discouraged further in-migration to Ireland and Scotland India- A number of governments limit the ability of people to migrate from one region to another . For example, Indians require a permit to migrate—or even to visit—the State of Assam in the northeastern part of the country. The restrictions, which date from the British colonial era, are designed to protect the ethnic identity of Assamese by limiting the ability of outsiders to compete for jobs and purchase land.

Briefly state what one would expect to occur, in terms of migration, in each state of the demographic transition model, as it is applied to a migration transition.

Stage 1- A country in stage 1 of the demographic transition (high CBR and CDR and low NIR) is characterized by high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food rather than permanent migration to a new place. Stage 2- A country in stage 2 (high NIR because of rapidly declining CDR) is at the point when international migration becomes especially important, as does interregional migration from one country's rural areas to its cities. Like the sudden decline in the crude death rate, migration patterns in stage 2 societies are a consequence of technological change. Improvements in agricultural practices reduce the number of people needed in rural areas, and jobs in factories attract migrants to the cities in another region of the same country or another country. Summary- Countries in stage 2 of the Migration transition have populations who will migrate to urban areas due to the advancement of technology such as agricultural technology, that promotes the aspect of the reduction of people needed in rural areas, and thus forcing others to move into urban areas for jobs such as in factories. Stages 3 and 4- Countries in stage 3 and 4 (moderating NIR because of rapidly declining CBR) are the principal destinations of the international migrants leaving the stage 2 countries in search of economic opportunities. The principal form of internal migration within countries in stages 3 and 4 of the demographic transition is intraregional, from cities to surrounding suburbs. Summary- Countries in stage 3 and 4 of the Migration transition are the principal destinations for international migrants leaving stage 2 countries in search of economic opportunities. Such aspect promotes internal migration within countries in stages 3 and 4 of the demographic transition is that of intraregional aspects, from cities to surrounding suburbs.

In what stage of the Demographic Transition are most countries that send out immigrants?

Stage 2

Although the reasons people leave their countries to immigrate to the US have not changed over time, what has changed here in the US?

The United States is no longer a sparsely settled, economically booming country with a large supply of unclaimed land. In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona were admitted as the forty-seventh and forty-eight states. Thus, for the first time in its history, all the contiguous territory of the country was a "united: state (other than the District of Columbia). This symbolic closing of the frontier coincided with the end of the peak period of immigration from Europe to the United States.

Read the section, and then make 5 summary statements regarding global migration patterns.

The United States of America plays a unique role in the study of international migration, being the world's third most populous country that is inhabited overwhelmingly by direct descendants of immigrants. Such as aspects are caused by the approximate 75 million people who migrated to the United between 1820 and 2010, including 40 million who were alive in 2010. The United States had three main eras of immigration the first was the initial settlement of the colonies. The second era began in the mid-nineteenth century and culminated in the early twentieth century, and the third era began in the 1970s and, continues today. The three eras have drawn migrants from different regions, most were English or African slaves during the first era, and nearly all were European during the second era, and more than three-fourths of immigrants are from Latin America and Asia during the third era. Although the origins vary, the reason for migrating has remained essentially the same, Economy. Rapid population growth limited prospects for economic advancement within Europe during stage 2 of the demographic transition in the nineteenth century and as such Europeans sought after the U.S for better, furthermore, Latin Americans and Asians began to leave in large numbers in recent years after their countries enterd stage 2. However, the Europeans that arrived in the United States in the Nineteenth century found a very different country than Latin Americans and, Asians who have recently arrived. Colonial immigration from England and Africa- Immigration to the American colonies and the newly independent united states came from two principal sources, Africans whom were forced to migrate to the United States as slaves, whereas most Europeans were voluntary migrants, even though the harsh economic conditions and persecution in Europe blurred the distinction between forced and voluntary migration for many Europeans. About 1 million Europeans who migrated to the American colonies before independence, and another million from the late 1700s until 1840. From the first permanent English settlers who arrived at the Virginia colony's Jamestown, in 1607, until 1840, a steady stream of Europeans migrated to the American colonies and even after 1776 to he newly independent the United States of America. Ninety per cent of European immigrants to the United States before 1840 came from Great Britain. Most African Americans are descended from Africans who were forced to migrate to the Western Hemisphere as slaves. As during the eighteenth century, about 400,000 Africans were shipped as slaves to the 13 colonies that later formed the United sates primarily by the British, the importation of African slaves was made illegal in 1808, however, another 250,000 Africans were brought to the united states during the next half-century. Nineteenth-Century Immigration from Europe- In the 500 plus years since Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain to the Western Hemisphere, about 54 million Europeans have migrated to other countries, about 50 million of them the destination was the United States. The remainder went primarily to the temperate climates of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, southern Africa, and southern South America, where farming methods used in Europe would be most easily integrated. For European migrants, the United States offered the greatest opportunity for economic success. Early migrants told the virtues of the country to friends and relatives back in Europe, which encouraged still others to come. Among European countries, Germany has sent the largest amount of immigrants to the United States, 7.2 million, other major European sources include Italy, 5.4 million, the United Kingdom, 4.3 million, Ireland, 4.8 million, and Russian and the former soviet union, 4.1 million. About one-fourth of Americans trace their ancestry to German immigrants, and one-eighth each to Irish and English immigrants. Precise national countries are however impossible due to the frequent boundary changes in Europe. For example, most Poles migrated to the united states at the time in which Poland did not exist as an independent country. Therefore, most immigration counts are from the countries from Germany, Russia, or Austria. Recent immigration from Less developed regions immigration to the United States dropped significantly in the 1930s and 1940s due to the Great Depression and World war 2. The number of immigrants steadily increased beginning in the 1950s and then surged to historically high levels during the first decade of the twenty-first century. More than three-fourths of the recent U.S. immigrants have originated in two regions, Asia the leading source of U.S immigrants from Asia are China, India, and the Philippines. Latin America, where nearly one-half million emigrate to the United States annually from Latin America, more than twice as many as during the entire nineteenth century. Furthermore, Mexico passed Germany in 2005 as the country that has sent to the United states the most immigrants ever, unofficially because of the large number of unauthorized immigrants, Mexico probably became the leading source during the 1980s. In the early 1990s, an unusually large number of immigrants came from Mexico and other Latin American countries as a result of the 1986 immigration reform and control act, which issues visas to several hundred thousand people who had entered the United States in previous years without legal documents. Although the pattern of immigration the United States has changed from European to Asian and Latin America, the reasons however for immigration remains the same, people are pushed by poor conditions at home and lured by economic opportunities and social advancements in the United States. Europeans came in the nineteenth century because they saw the United States as a place to escape the pressures of Land shortage and rapid population increase, and such similar motives exist today for people in Asia and Latin America. Although the motives for immigrating to the country may be similar, the United States has changed over time. The United States is no longer a sparsely settled, economically booming country with a large supply of unclaimed in. As in 1912, New Mexico and Arizona were admitted as the forty-seventh and forty-eight states. Thus, for the first time in its history, all the contiguous territory of the country were a "united" stated exempting the district of Columbia, this symbolic closing of the frontier coincided with the end of the peak of immigration from Europe to the United States. Global Migration Patterns At a global scale, Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out-migration, and North America, Europe, and Oceania have net in-migration. The three largest flows of migrants are to Europe from Asia and to North America from Asia and Latin America. The global pattern reflects the importance of migration from LDCs to MDCs. Migrants from countries with relatively low incomes and high natural increase rates heard for relatively wealthy countries where job prospects are brighter. The united states have more foreign-born residents than any other country, approximately 4- million are immigrants as of 2010 and growing annually by around 1 million. Other MDCs have a higher rate of net in-migration, including Australia and Canada which are much less populated than the United States. The highest rate can be found in petroleum exporting countries of the middle east, which attract immigrants primarily from poorer middle eastern countries and from Asia to perform many of the dirty and dangerous functions in the oil fields for money.

What did the Quota Act (1921) and the National Origins Act (1924) do?

The era of unrestricted immigration to the United States ended when Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924. These laws established quotas or maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States from each country during a one-year period. According to the quota, for each country that had native-born persons already living in the United States, 2 percent of their number (based on the 1910 census) could immigrate each year.

How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?

The expansion of the railroads encouraged settlements of the Great plains, the federal government gave large land grants to railroad companies, which financed construction of their lines by selling portions to farmers. The extensive railroad network then permitted settlers to transport their products to the large concentrations of costumers in east coast

What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the U.S.?

The opening of the American west.

Why was settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing it by for California and the west coast?

The westward movement of the U.S population center slowed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In 1940, the center of population was still in Indiana, only 150 miles west of its 1890 position. The rate slowed, in part, because large-scale migration to the east coast from Europe offset some of the migration from the east coast to the U.S west also, immigrants began to fill the area between the 98th meridian and California that earlier generations have bypassed.

What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?

Transportation improvement, especially the building of canals, helped to open the interior in the early 1800s.

Carefully read this section. The, complete the Venn disarm below to compare and contrast attitudes in the U.S. and Europe towards immigrants.

U.S. Attitudes Toward Immigrants- Americans have always regarded new arrivals with suspicion but tempered their dislike during the nineteenth century because immigrants helped to settle the frontier and extended U.S. control across the continent. European immigrants converted the forest and prairies of the vast North America interior into productive farms. By the early twentieth century, most Americans saw the frontier as closed and thought that therefore entry into the countries should be closed as well. Opposition to immigration also intensified into the twentieth century when the majority of immigrants no longer came from Northern and Western Europe. Italians, Russians, Poles, and other Southern and Eastern Europeans who poured into the United States after 1900 faced much more Hostility than did British, German, and Irish immigrants a half-century earlier. A government study in 1911 reflected population attitudes when it concluded that immigrants from Southey and Eastern Europe were racially inferior, "inclined toward violent crime," resisted assimilation, and "drove old-stock citizens out of some lines of work." More recently, hostile citizens in California and other states have voted to deny unauthorized immigrants takes to most public services, such as schools, day-care centres, and health clinics. The laws have been difficult to enforced and of dubious constitutional but their enactment reflects the unwillingness on the part of many Americans to help out needy immigrants. Summary- Many Americans have always regarded new arrivals with suspicion and distaste. However, are willing to temper their dislike if they provided help to them, such as during the nineteenth century because immigrants helped to settle the frontier and extended U.S. control across the continent. European immigrants converted the forest and prairies of the vast North America interior into productive farms. However in the twentieth century when the majority of immigrants no longer came from Northern and Western Europe. Italians, Russians, Poles, and other Southern and Eastern Europeans who poured into the United States after 1900, many Americans were more hostile towards them than they did to the British, German and Irish immigrants a half-century earlier. As expressed in a government study in 1911 reflected population attitudes when it concluded that immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were racially inferior, "inclined toward violent crime," resisted assimilation, and "drove old-stock citizens out of some lines of work." Such implications express distaste towards those who be competition for jobs. Furthermore, more recently, hostile citizens in California and other states have voted to deny unauthorized immigrants takes to most public services, such as schools, day-care centres, and health clinics. Such aspects imply how hostile Americans are towards their needy immigrants. Middle- Both the U.S and Europe hate immigrants who come for economic opportunists as such prospects result in competition. European attitudes toward Guest Workers- In Europe, many guest workers suffer from poor social conditions. The guest worker is typically a young man who arrives alone in a city. He has little money for food, housing, or entertainment because his primary objective is to send home as much money as possible. He is likely to use any surplus money for a railway ticket home for the weekend. Far from his family and friends, the guest worker can lead a lonely life. His isolation may be heightened by unfamiliarity with the host country's language and distinctive cultural activities. Man guest workers pass their leisure time at the local railway station. There they can buy native-language newspapers, mingle with other guest workers, and meet people who have just arrived by train from home. Both guest workers and their host countries regard the arrangement as temporary. In reality, however, many guest workers remain indefinitely, especially if they are joined by other family members. Some guest workers apply their savings to start a grocery store, restaurant, or other small shops. These businesses can fill a need in European cities by remaining open on weekends and evening s when most locally owned establishments are closed. Many Western Europeans dislike guest workers and oppose government programs to improve their living conditions. Poetical parties that support restrictions on immigration have gained support in France, Germany, and other European countries, and attacks by local citizens on immigrants have increased. Summary- Many guest workers suffer from poor social conditions, as many young male guest workers arrive alone in a city. He has little money for food, housing or, entertainment because his primary objective is to send home as much money as possible. He is also likely to use any surplus money for a railway ticket home for the weekend. Far from his family and friends, the guest worker can lead a lonely life, with his isolation heightened by unfamiliarity with the host country's language and distinctive cultural activities. Many guest workers pass their leisure time at the local l railway station, where they can buy native-language newspapers, mingle with other guest workers, and meet people who had just arrived by train home. Guest workers and their host countries regard this arrangement as temporary, however, in reality, it is not true as the guest workers can stay indefinitely, especially if they are joined by other family members, some guest workers apply their savings to start a grocery store, restaurant or other small shops. These businesses can fill a need in European cities by remaining open on weekends and evenings when most locally owned establishments are closed. however, many western Europeans dislike guest workers and oppose government programs to improve their living conditions. political parties who support restricts on immigration have gained support in France, Germany, and other European countries, and attacks by local citizens on immigrants have increased.

Define/describe each of the following terms, and summarize a single important fact about its occurrence in the U.S.

Urbanization- Migration from rural (or non metropolitan) areas to urban (or metropolitan) areas began in the 1800s in Europe and North America as part of the Industrial Revolution. The percentage of people living in urban areas in the United States, for example, increased from 5 percent in 1800 to 50 percent in 1920. Today, approximately three-fourths of the people in the United States and Other MDCs live in urban areas. In recent years, urbanization has diffused to LDCs, especially in Asia. The number of Asians living in urban areas increased from 1/2 billion in 1982 to 1 3/4 billion in 2007, and the number i in rural areas declined from 1 3/4 billion to 1 1/4 billion. The percentage of Asians living in urban areas increased during that quarter-century from 23 percent to 42 percent. Worldwide, more than 20 million people are estimated to migrate each year for mural to urban areas. Like interregional migrants, most people who move from rural to urban areas seek economic advancement. They are pushed from rural areas by declining opportunities in agriculture and are pulled to cities by the prospect of work in factories or in service industries. Significant Fact in U.S.- The percentage of people living in urban areas in the United States, fr example, increased from 5 percent in 1800 to 50 percent in 1920. Today, approximately three-fourths of the people in the United states and other MDCs live in urban areas Sub urbanization- Most inraregional migration in MDCs is from cities out to surrounding suburbs. The population of most cities in MDCs declined during the second half of the twentieth century, and suburbs grew rapidly. Into the twenty-first century, nearly twice as many Americans migrate from central cities to suburbs each year than migrate from suburbs to central cites. Comparable patterns are found in Canada, the United Kingdom, and other Western European countries. The major reason for the large-scale migration to the suburbs is not related to employment, as is the case with other forms of migration. For most people, migration to suburbs does not coincide with change jobs. Instead, people are pulled by a suburban lifestyle. Suburbs offer the opportunity to live in a detached house rather than an apartment, surrounded by a private yard where children can play safely. A garage o driveway on the property guarantees space to park automobiles at no charge. Suburban schools tend to be more modern, better equipped, and safer than those in cities. Automobiles and trains enable people to live in suburbs yet have access t o jobs, shops , and recreational facilities throughout the urban area (see chapter 13). As a result of sub urbanization, the territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded. To accommodate suburban growth, farms on the periphery of urban areas are converted to housing developments, where new roads, sewers, and other services must be built. Significant facts in U.S.- Into the twenty-first century, nearly twice as many Americans migrate from central cities to suburbs each year than migrate from suburbs to central cities. Counter urbanization- MDCs witnessed a new migration trend during the late twentieth century. For the first time, more people immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of them . Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counter urbanization. Counter urbanization results in part from very rapid expansion of suburbs. The boundary where suburbs end and the countryside begins cannot be precisely defined. Most counter urbanization represents genuine migration from cities and suburbs to small towns and rural communities . Like sub urbanization, people move from urban to rural areas for lifestyle reasons. Some are lured to rural areas by the prospect of swapping the frantic pace of urban life fro the opportunity to live on a farm where they can own horses or grow vegetables. Others move to farms but do not earn their living from agriculture; instead, they work nearby factories, small-town shops, or other services. In the united States, evidence of counter urbanization can be seen primarily in the Rocky Mountain states.Rural counties in states such as Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming have experienced net in -migration (figure 3-22). With modern communications and transportation systems, no location in an MDC is truly isolated, either economically or socially. Computers enable us to work anywhere and still have access to an international network. We can obtain money at an time from a conveniently located electronic transfer machine rather then by going to a bank building. We can select clothing from a mail-order catalog, place the order by telephone, pay be credit card, and have the desired items delivered within a few days. We can follow the fortunes of our favorite baseball teams on television anywhere in the country, thanks to stateliest dishes and computer webcasts. Significant facts in U.S.- In the united states, evidence of counter urbanization can be seen primarily in the Rocky Mountains states. Rural counties in states such as Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah and Wyoming have experienced net in-migration ( Figure 3-22).

what types of push factors are usually responsible for each of the following categories of international migration.

Voluntary migration- Voluntary migration implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement. Forced migration (refugees)-...whereas forced migration means that the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors.

Impact of immigration in the US Complete the chart below.

What were some of the causes of European immigration to the United states?- Rapid population growth in Europe fueled emigration, especially during the nineteenth century. Application of new technologies spawned by the Industrial revolution—in areas such as public health, medicine, and food—produced a rapid decline in the CDR and pushed much of Europe into a stage 2 of the demographic transition (high NIR). As the population increased, many Europeans found limited opportunities for economic advancement. Migration to the United States served as a safety valve, draining off some of that increase. People remaining in Europe enjoyed more of the economic and social benefits from the Industrial revolution. Summary- Due to the massive decrease of CDR in Europe, when it is in the second stage of the Demographic transition model, there was a very high NIR. As such competition for economic opportunities were limited. Thus to fix this issue many Europeans migrated to the United States in search of more economic opportunists. What were some of the important effects of European immigration to the U.S. and other world regions?- The emigration of 65 million Europeans has profoundly changed world culture. As do all migrants, Europeans brought their cultural heritage to their new homes. Because of migration, Indo-European languages now are spoken by half of the world's people (as discussed in Chapter 5), and Europe's most prevalent religion, Christianity, has the world's largest numbers of adherents (see Chapter 6). European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have also diffused throughout the world. Regions that were sparsely inhabited prior to European immigration, such as North America and Australia, have become closely integrated into Europe's cultural traditions. Distinctive European political structures and economic systems have also diffused to these regions. Europeans also planted the seeds of conflict by migrating to regions with large indigenous populations, especially in Africa and Asia. They frequently imposed political domination on existing populations and injected their cultural values with little regard for local traditions. Economies in Africa and Asia became based on raising crops and extracting resources for export to Europe rather than on growing crops for local consumption and using resources to build local industry. Many of today's conflicts in former European colonies result from past practices by European immigrants, such as drawing arbitrary boundary lines and discriminating among local ethnic groups. Summary- European immigration to the U.S and other regions, has profoundly influenced world culture. As Europeans bring their cultural heritage to their new homes, they alter the distinctive cultural aspects of other regions. For instance because of migration Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world's population, and the widespread of Europe's most prevalent religion, Christianity, has the world's largest numbers of adherents. Furthermore, European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have also diffused throughout the world. Sparsely populated regions prior to European immigration such as North America and Australia, have become closely integrated into Europe's cultural traditions, European political structures and economic systems have also diffused to these regions. However, European immigration has not always resulted in positive aspects. For instance, European immigration has also planted the seeds of conflict by migrating into regions with large indigenous populations, especially in Africa and Asia. They frequently imposed political domination on existing populations and injected their cultural values with little regard for local traditions. Furthermore, economies in Africa and Asia became based on raising crops and extracting resources for export to Europe rather than on growing crops for local consumption and using resources to build local industry. Within today's era many conflicts in former European colonies result from past practices by European immigrants, such as drawing arbitrary boundary lines and discriminating among local ethnic groups.

Define chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Migration is a form of what type of diffusion?

relocation diffusion