APUSH Final 1
Cornelius Vanderbilt
"Commodore", rich from steamboating, offers great RR service at lower rates --> gains much money - popularizes steel rail by replacing NYCentral's old iron tracks
James K Polk
"Dark Horse" 4-year HOR speaker and gov'nr of Tennessee - nominated by Democrats above MVB bc MVB against annexing Texas (South dislikes that)
William Pitt
"Great Commoner" great British orator; 1757 becomes leader of UK gov'nt; "Organizer of Victory"; pulls strength from fighting West Indies and devotes to Quebec-Montreal area; picks young and energetic leaders over old cautious incompetent generals.
John Calhoun
"Great Nullifier" proposes leave slavery alone, return slaves, give S rights as minority, and restore political balance - has awful idea of two presidents (one from N, one from S) each w/ one veto
Henry Clay
"Great Pacifier" proposes series of compromises so that N enacts stricter fugitive-slave law
Jim Fisk
"Jubilee Jim" w/ Gold milks money from gold market - is the "brass" of operation
American party
"Know-Nothing Party" bc secretiveness; "nativists" and antiforeignism against Ireland&German immigration nominate Millard Fillmore
William H McGuffey
"McGuffey's readers" lessons on morality/patriotism/idealism
NINA
"No Irish Need Apply" - because native workers hate low-wage competing Irish
Winfield Scott
"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican-American War
Walt Whitman
"Poet Laureate of Democracy" poems only received well after time
William Gilmore
"The Cooper of the South" from S writes 82 books - discusses southern frontier in colonial days and revolutionary war
"Tardy George" McClellan
"Young Napoleon" student of warfare, fighting in Mexican War and observing Crimean War - great organizer/drillmaster - perfectionist and overcautious - 1861 given command of Army of the Potomac
What did the published personal letter of Thomas Hutchinson's say? how was this reacted to?
"an abridgement of what are called English liberties" is necessary for preservation of order in colonies; colonist radicals' darkest conspiracy theories are confirmed
Philadelphia
"brotherly love" in Greek; more carefully planned than most colonial cities and thus enjoyed great streets
What spread the second great awakening?
"camp meetings"
Daniel Webster
"expounding father" serves in both house and senate - often leaves seat in Senate to present his Federalist/nationalist philosophy in Supreme Court chamber often
petroleum
"fifty-niners" to PA
FFV's
"first families of Virginia", great family clans. But most of these merchang planters did not imitate English country gentlemen. They worked hard in business and labor to manage their plantations and the servants
Franco-Amerian Alliance of 1778
"forever" binds US to help French defend West Indies against future foes (British)
Pullman Palace Cars
"gorgeous traveling hotels" but dangerous
Battle of Gettysburg
"high tide of the Confederacy" bc last real chance for Conf to win war - as rages, Conf peace delegation moves under flag of truce toward Union - Lincoln refuses to allow CPD pass through Union lines
Why did the whites who do not own slaves still support slavery?
"hillbillies" "poor white trash" hope to achieve "American dream" by acquiring a few slaves and moving up
William Sumner
"millionares are product of natural selection"
Harriet Tubman
"moses" United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
coureurs de bois
"runners of the woods": French fur-trappers range over woods and waterways in pursuit of beaver; they are drinkers, spendthrifts
What made colonies expansionary?
"soil butchery" by tobacco growing and long rivers invite penetration westward-- into conflicts with natives
breeding slaves
"sold down the river to toil as laborers in cotton - women who bear 10+ sometimes promised freedom - mulatto population from white men on black slaves
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)
"steamboat case" NY attempts to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce b/w NY+NJ (no other company can use waterway) - New York loses - Marshall says Const gives Congress alone control of interstate commerce
Phineas T Barnum
"the Prince of Humbug" tricks America w/ freaks
Tenskwatawa
"the Prophet"; Shawnee - unifies many native tribes in last-ditch battle w/ settlers - stupid fight
Benjamin Franklin
"the first civilized American" shines in literature, Poor Richard's Almanack; has incalculable influence in shaping America; only first-rank scientist in America; some of his inventions (lightning rod) are condemned by clergymen who feel he is "presuming on God"; established in Philadelphia the first library
Maine Law of 1851
"the law of Heaven Americanized" bans manufacture and sale of liquor in Maine 18th amendment - first action for temperance in AM
Democrats Divide
"war democrats" support Lincoln "Peace democrats" do not Copperheads openly obstruct war through attacks
US Steel Corp
$1.4bil is America's first billion-dollar corporation
Giovanni Caboto
(John Cabot) sent by English to explore NE America
William Cullen Bryant
(Puritan) writes "Thanatopsis": first amazing poem on US
Hernando de Soto
(Spanish) large gold-seeking expedition from Florida westward, crosses Mississippi River and mistreats natives before dying of disease
Francisco Coronado
(Spanish) wander through Arizona and New Mexico East to Kansas; discovered Colorado River, Grand Canyon, enormous bison herds
Why did the Quakers move to the New World?
(William Penn) hope to establish asylum for the people and experiment with liberal government and gain profit
Ostend Manifesto
AM envoys meet at Ostend, Belgium - suggest offer $120mil for Cuba - if SP refuses, AM justified in taking it bc continued ownership is dangerous - when angry N Free-Soilers hear of it, angry quickly and Pierce drops
Effect of the war of independence and war of 1812?
AM lit receives a boost from wave of nationalism
Charles Francis Adams
AM minister of GB says that allowing this sets a dangerous precedent
Similarity in features of new state constitutions
- makes drafting of workable federal easier - documents drafted are contracts that define powers of gov'nt unlike British accumulation of laws "constitution"; with authority from people - bill of rights: written = fundamental laws - create weak executive/judicial, as deep distrust of despots - annual election of legislators
Copperheads
- much political strengin in S OH, IN, IL
What two handicaps did Congress have under the AoC?
- no power to regulate commerce: states free to establish conflicting taxes/navigation - cannot enforce tax collection: states not required to pay gov'nt taxes; only asked (unsuccessfully)
Britain's imperial weaknesses
- oppressed Ireland is troublesome and British troops detached to watch it - bitter France waiting to stab Britain in back - government has no hero. just stupid George III and Lord North - Britons do not fully support war effort - army in America struggles
Gag Resolution
- petitions come into Congress from antislavery reformers - pushed through by South :strict rule passed by pro-south Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in HOR - tabled w/o any debate in HOR - JQS arises to fight for its repeal
Britain's Imperial strengths
- population outnumber - more money=hire foreign soldiers (German Hessians) - American loyalists - many natives enlisted to inflame the frontier
What reasons did France have for helping Americans?
- removing colonies from British takes Britain from being front-rank power, allowing France to step into that position
Great Compromise
- representation by population in House of Representatives - equal representation in Senate (each school gets 2 senators)
Sectional tensions
- rivalry b/w Slave South, free North over control of West
What was effect of Panic of 1819?
- rude setback to nationalism, esp in West - restricts poorer classes (leads to future Jacksonian democracy) - show inhumanity of debtors prisons
Billion-Dollar Congress
- salary is high bc did not lower tariffs - increases silver purchases and CW veteran pension
Why did the army in America struggle?
- second rate generals - soldiers terribly abused - provisions scarce and rancid - operate too far from home, delays and uncertainties - America too large. no central hub that if fallen would destroy the whole country
Actions of the Second Continental Congress
- select George Washington to head army besieging Boston
Effect of Nat Turner's rebellion
- sent hysteria through the area and paranoia - no connection w/ Garrison but his newspaper came out at about the same time and he is betterly condemned as terrorist
Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom
1786 created by TJeff+co-reformers baptists; religious should not be imposed on anybody but rather decided on own; separates church/state
Shay's Rebellion (where/who/why)
1786 western Mass: poor back-country farmers losing farms through mortgage disclosure/tax delinquencies - demand cheap paper money, lighter taxes, suspension of property takeovers - led by Captain Daniel Shays - uprising crushed but leaves fear in higher classes
Northwest Ordinance
1787 uniform national land policy creates Northwest Territories, giving land to gov'nt - individuals can purchase land - when territory has 60k ppl, may be admitted to Congress as state w/ same privileges of other 3
Who organizes opposition to Hamiltonian program?
1790s Jefferson and Madison confine activities to Congress but as newspapers more widely read of their political message, parties emerge
Bill of Rights
1791 adopted first ten amendments of Constitution - protect freedom of religion, speech, press, arms, jury, assemble, petition, etc. - prohibits cruel unusual punishments - prohibits arbitrary gov'nt seizing of private property
Neutrality Proclamation (who disliked it? why?)
1793 Washington issues to proclaim American neutrality - warns Americans to be impartial - isolationist - pro-French Jeffersonians pissed bc Washington announced it w/o consulting Congress
General "Mad Anthony" Wayne
1794 outroutes Little Turtle at Battle of Fallen Timber - British do not shelter native allies fleeing war; abandon
Pinckney's Treaty
1795 Spain, fearing that treaty foreshadows Anglo-American alliance, gives Americans free navigation of Mississippi and disputed territory N of Florida
Second Battle of Bull Run
8/29-30/62 Lee moves N, encountering fed force under General John Pope - Lee violently attacks, inflicting crushing defeat
1791-1819
9 states from West join US "Ohio fever": cheap land in west appeals to European immigrants - crushing of natives opens up new lands - highways built to improve land routes to Ohio Valley (Cumberland Road) - steamboat development - most added alternately, free, slave - after boycotts, bullets, land exhaustion
"Black Friday"
9/24/69 Fisk and Gould work w/ Grant and his brother-in-law to bid high the price of gold - would only work if Treasury stops selling gold, but Treasury starts releasing gold
General William Tecumseh Sherman
9/64 Unionist captured Atlanta - emerges at Savannah after leaving - cuts through and destroys Georgia to destroy supplies for Conf army and to weaken morale - "total "war advocate - later go into SC where destruction worse - capital city Columbia in NC destroyed
Where did most of America's population live by 1789?
90% rural despite flourishing cities; 95% east of Appalachians in crude frontier
Who did the Portuguese adopt slave practices from? What did they develop?
Arab and Africa; systematic traffic of slaves to work their sugar plantations on African islands
What strains appeared in the 1730s in the triangular trade? What was the (apparent) solution?
Americans breed much faster than British do, and the British quickly saturated in American supplies but Americans still need British products; Americans figure that in order to raise enough money to buy British products, they must seek non-British markets
What did removing the French from Canada do for the British?
Americans no longer feel the need to cling onto Britain for protection; now feel free and independent
Why did tax-supported schools come about?
Americans see that they have to educate their children bc they are future - conservatives see the tax as the price they have to pay for democracy and peace
Why did Americans continue to deny intentions of independence?
Americans still consider themselves part of Britain's transatlantic community - colonial unity is poor - rebellion dangerous, esp against British (rebels face deathly fate)
Lexington and Concord
April 1775 Boston British commander sends detachment of troops to Lexington and Concord to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and to get ringleaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock - American militiamen do not disperse rapidly enough and shots fired; several killed - redcoats go onto Concord where they were they retreat bc Americans readily fire
Battle of Lexington and Concord
April 1775, clear call for arms
When did Washington take office/oath?
April 30, 1789 on balcony overlooking Wall Street
How was slave trade brought to Carolina?
Barbados settlers bring that island's slave trade when emigrating to Carolina. With help of Savannah natives, they go in search of captives, which soon become major exports as well
Which three American peace negotiators gather at Paris?
Ben Franklin, John Adams of NE, John Jay of NY - explicit instructions to make no separate peace ant to always consult with French allies (but France directed them to say this)
What German friar nailed his protests to Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517? What did he protest? What happened?
Martin Luther denounced the authority of Catholic priests and popes, declaring the the Bible alone was the source of God's word, setting off the Protestant Reformation
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)
Maryland attempts to destroy branch of the BoUS by imposing tax on Bank's notes - John Marshall declares US bank constitutional by invoking Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers - strengthen federal authority - slap at state infringement - denies right of Maryland to tax bank
Who were the plantation colonies? What did they have in common?
Maryland, Virginia, N+S Carolina, Georgia; to some degree devoted to exporting agriculture, slavery found, strong aristocratic bc of immense acreage in strong (excpt N Carolina and Georgia), slow growth of cities due to wide scattering of plantations, some religious toleration
Eli Whitney
Mass-born, hearing that South will be relieved if has machine to separate seeds/cotton, stops education and builds cotton gin - develops idea of interchangeable parts in firearms
Commonwealth v. Hunt
Massachusetts Supreme Court legalizes unions for peaceful/honorable protest
Hartford Convention
Massachusetts issues call for convention at Hartford, Connecticut - RI, Mass, Conn have full delegations - NH, Vermont have partial rep - these 26 men meet in secret from 12/15-1/5/1815 to discuss grievances - minority of them talk of secession
Three of the four New England colonies wanted to rid of New Netherland. Who didn't? Why not?
Massachusetts would have had to provide most of the troops
Metacom
Massasoit(Wampanoag chieftain who signed treaty with Plymouth Pilgrims)'s son; "King Philip"
Grover Cleveland
NY democrat nominated, publicized affair but he says "tell the truth" but the RRR attacks him, esp NY Irish-AM voters
1800 envoys to Paris
Napoleon Bonapart at that time has dictatorial power and eager to free hands of American conflict
Republicans split; leaders?
National Republicans led by Adams Democratic Republicans led by Jackson
Cumberland Road
National Road Maryland - Illinois: fed gov'nt constructs with state and federal money
Britain lifts Orders in Council?
Napoleon convinces Madison to give Britain 3 months to lift its Orders in Council - GB chooses not to lift it - Madison reenacts US embargo just against Britain - leads to War of 1812
General Charles Cornwallis
Nathanael Green's foe - trapped after falling back to Chesapeake at Yorktown after Virginia, waiting supplies and reinforcements - time when he needs GB to control seas, power absent and attacked, surrenders 10/19/1781
Lord Dunmore
November 1775, royal governor of Virginia, proclaims freedom for any black slave in Virginia who will fight for British army. Many flee to Virginia despite tightening slave patrols and join "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment" - at end British keep word to some extend and send many "black loyalists" to nova scotia, Jamaica, england
Cuba?
Polk considers buying Cuba from Spain, but Spaniards say no - S attacks Cuba, but repelled so mob attacks Spain in NO - Spanish officials in Cuba seize AM steamer - Pierce provokes war w/ spain and seizes Cuba bc GB, FR, RS busyin Crimean War
1872 Amnesty Act
Repub Congress passes to remove grant citizenship to all confederates, reduce high CW tariffs, reform civil service
"Stalwart"
Repub faction led by NY Senator Roscoe Conkling, who embraces system of giving jobs in return for votes
How did Congress react to Lincoln's 10%?
Repubs fear restoration of planter aristocracy to power and potential re-enslavement of blacks - push Wade-Davis Bill through Congress 1864
James G Blaine
Repubs nominated in 1884
What was the timeline of declaring independence?
Richard Henry Lee June 7 1776 moves for independence After debate motion adopted and formally declared July 2 1776 Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence formally approved by Congress July 4 1776
What factors led to the decrease in number of indentured servants to America?
Rising wages in England 1680s shrank pool of penniless and large plantation farmers fear the many mutinous former servants
New Sweden
Swedes 1638-1655 trespass on Dutch preserves and plant New Sweden on Delaware River
Allbert Gallatian
Swiss French able secretary of treasury; national debt is bad, not blessing; by strict economy succeeds in substantially reducing debt while balancing budget
Election of 1800
TJeff beats JAdams close
Fort Pillow
TN S black group surrenders and is massacred, not recognized until 1864 as prisoners of war
How was the D.Scott Decision taken further?
Taney and many from slave-MC want general slavery decision - court says since slave is private property, 5th amendment forbids Congress from taking property - rule that MO Comp unconstitutional all along - Southerners happy
What happens when JMarsh dies?
Taney takes over, and always sides with newcomers
Why did Europeans seek alternate ways to get their Asian supplies?
The trip was so expensive and man-toiling
Where did most of the slaves to North America come from? Why?
The west coast of Africa; originally captured by African coastal tribes who branded and bound them then traded them in crude markets on the beaches to white flesh merchants
Zachary Taylor
Whig president (1848 election) who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (mexican-american war). won the 1848 election. surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. he died during his term and his vice president was Millard Fillmore (became president after him) - bent on vetoing any compromise b/w N & S that goes through Congress
Election of 1840
Whigs elect William Henry Harrison bc he has no flaws rn (John Tyler as running mate) - gives Harrison log cabin and hard cider image - Harrison wins
Fugitive Slave Act
a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders
What happened in America after the Glorious Revolution?
Dominion of New England collapses and a Boston mob rose against the regime; Andros attempts to flee but caught and sent back to England; unrest in NY and Maryland from 1689-1691 until royal governors restore order; new monarchs relax royal grip on colonial trade so Navigation Laws weakly enforced
Illinois Senate Election of 1858
Doug's term about to expire, so repubs run Lincoln against - Lincoln challenges Douglas to series of joint debates - Doug wins bc popsov and state leg chooses, but Lincoln wins in another way
Why did US not want Louisiana in Napoleon's hands?
US can seize territory when time is good but Napoleon, violent warman, foreshadows war in this area
What caused US to contrary anti-alliance policy?
US has to fight to dislodge and is not strong enough alone
Robert R. Livingston
US minister in Paris - while awaiting Monroe, negotiates for window on Gulf of Mexico at New Orleans - French foreign minister asks Livingston how much would give for all Louisiana
What happened in US when Napoleon was exiled 1814?
US now left to face GB alone after, under protection of FR, had provoked war
Treaty of 1818
US seeks to divide Oregon at 49th but GB unwilling "peaceful joint occupation" adopted
Why did cotton hold several countries in bondage?
US south produces more than half of world's supply of cotton - GB's leading industry is cotton cloth
Oliver O Howard
Union general leads Freedmen's Bureau
George G Meade
Union general replaces Hooker - stands near Gettysburg, PA - fights for 3 days, wins
Gullah
Unique language evolved by blacks off islands of South Carolina, blended English with several African languages
Peter Stuyvesant
Dutch directors-general who had lost led while soldiering in West Indies; "Father Wooden Leg"; sieges New Sweden for Dutch
Jacobus Arminius
Dutch theologian preaches that individual free will (not divine decree) determines person's eternal fate. His followers, Arminians, pressure some churches into conceding that spiritual conversion is not necessary for church membership
How did the sugar-plantation system of Caribbeans' affect North America?
West Indies focus so much on sugar that they depend on North America for foodstuffs and supplies; smaller English farmers migrate to southern mainland colonies, including a group that arrived in Carolina and brought some slaves and model of the Barbados slave code
Which islands were used as offshore bases for Spanish invasion of Americas?
West Indies islands store supplies, rest men and horses, provided laboratories for testing encomienda to subdue advanced native civilizations
Winfield Scott
Whig candidate for 1852 presidency - praises Compromises of 1850
What was the effect of tobacco cultivation in the Chesapeake?
Intense cultivation of tobacco, which the settlers planted before they did corn, quickly exhausts the soil, causing insatiable demand for new land, pushing growers up the river valleys into trouble with natives; enormous production depressed tobacco prices
"massacre of American liberty"
Intolerable Acts; -Boston Port Act: closed Boston harbor until damages are paid for and order ensued -many of Mass's chartered rights swept away -restrictions placed on town meetings -law-enforcing officials who kill colonists in duty face trial in England, where likely to get off free -new Quartering Act gives local authorities power to lodge soldiers anywhere, including in private homes
Denis Kearney
Irish in SF encourages followers to abuse Chinese bc competition
General Richard Montgomery
Irish, prev of GB army, campaign of Canada - pushes up Lake Champlain route, captures Montreal - joined at Quebec by Arnold's starving army - Attacks Quebec but loses - killed at Quebec
BoUS dies off
Jackson buries bank for good by removing federal deposits from bank and proposes depositing no more with Biddle to bleed bank dry - Jackson reshuffled cabinet twice to find a secretary of Treasury who will comply with him
Result of Election of 1832
Jackson defeats Clay bc he is common man
Where did Jackson's strongest support come from? Adams?
Jackson from S/W middle/NW divided Adams from NE and "better" - electoral college votes for Jackson hugely
What president, by being in office, encouraged American westward movement? Why?
Jackson is first president from beyond Appalachians; America though of as up to Alleghenies, Europe Eastward
Martin Van Buren of NY
Jackson's choice to be his successor in 1836, so he rigs nomination convention to get him in - Jackson's "yes man"
Pennsylvania attack
Lee prepares to follow up Chancellorsville victory by invading North - would add strength to peace prodders in N - would encourage foreign intervention
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
Lee's chief lieutenant in S
War of 1812
Madison asks Congress to declare war - invade Canada, native stronghold, bc natives armed by GB to attack settlers
Pendleton Act of 1883
Manga Carta of civil-service reform - makes compulsory campaign contribution from fed employees illegal - establishes Civil Service Commission to make fed job appointment on basis of examination - politicians turn to look for corrupt money in corporations
What great land did the Dutch West India Company buy from the natives?
Manhattan Island
How was the situation in Ireland a factor in native mistreatment in the New World?
Many English soldiers develop in Ireland a contempt for "savage" natives
Evacuation Day
March 1776 British forced to evacuate Boston
Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770: 60 townspeople attack 10 redcoats and injure maybe two. troops open fire and kill some citizens including Crispus Attucks
Who led the French on Plains of Abraham?
Marquis de Montcalm
Burr's acquittal
Marshall insists that guilty verdict requires proof of acts of treason, not just intentions - flees to Europe
Why was New Haven, Connecticut disfavored by Charles II? What happened?
a prosperous community of Puritan squatters who wanted to set up an extremely close church-government alliance, it sheltered two of the judges who had condemned Charles I to death; 1662 they were merged with more democratic settlements
Why was Buchanan blamed for the seceding states? Why didn't he?
bc as the 7 pull out during the lame duck period, he is blamed for not using force - he is old and surrounded by pro-S advisors, so no - current army needed for natives and N unwilling to take to violence bc still hope of reconciliation - Constitution/Union weak
New Granada gov'nt treaty of 1848
bc of GB encroachment (seizure of San Juan port in Nicaragua) - guarantees AM right of transit across isthmus in return for AM response to maintain neutrality - leads to 1855 construction of transcontinental railroat
Why were British colonists suddenly more motivated to keep supremacy of North America?
alarmed by French land-grabbing and fur-trade competition in the Ohio Valley, determined to maintain economic security and supremacy
Congressional Debate of 1850
called to address admission of CA to union? and threats of secession by S? - immortal trio and new youngies come
Massachusetts's special constitution convention
calls for after 2nd Continental Congress to draft constitution; submits final draft to people - constitution only changed by another specially called constitutional convention - inspires
The Association
calls for complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, nonconsumption
Washington reacts to Whiskey Rebellion
calls together large army and beats Whiskey Boys - anxious bc doubtful whether men will crush rebellion in sister state
Alexander Hamilton at Annapolis
calls upon Congress after Annapolis to summon convention to meet in Philadelphia in following year to fix entire AoC rather than just commerce - advocate of super-powerful central gov'nt
Why did these Utopias all fail?
cannot compete with domestic free enterprise/land
Whigs in election of 1836
cannot nominate a single presidential candidate chooses to get several prominent "favorite sons" to scatter vote so no candidate wins with majority - deadlock --> HoR where Whigs have chance - lose
Oliver Hazard Perry
captures British fleet at Lake Erie
Admiral Farragut
captures Mobile, AL
What fun activities were common in the South?
card playing, horse racing, cockfighting, fox hunting, dancing (Virginia reel, jigs, square dances), stage plays
Thomas Nast
cartoonist attacks Tweed
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, split from MA, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
Ohio Valley
critical area into which west-pushing British colonists would go and area that French must retain in order to link Canadian holdings to Mississippi Valley; rivalry brings much tension
Anne Hutchinson
strong-willed talkative smart woman who challenged the Puritan orthodoxy by claiming that holy life is no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved does not need to follow law in antinomianism; in trial she claimed that she had come upon her revelation directly from God, which was a heresy and she is banished. She goes with her 14-kid family to Rhode Island
Effect of Lincoln's death?
expires in arms of victory so shortcomings forgotten - S at first cheers but realize he is keeping them from being treated awfully
Women's Rights Convention
feminists meet at Seneca Falls, New York 1848 to rewrite Declaration of Independence to include women rights - Stanton reads up "Declaration of Sentiments", crusades for woman rights
Illinois
fertile garden of France's North American empire; French establishes forts and trading posts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Vincennes; large amounts of grain floated down Mississippi for shipment to West Indies+Europe
How did everyday life in the colonies look in the 18th century?
food plentiful, but basic comforts of heat, waste disposal, and plumbing and such are lacking
domestic feminism
form of birth control and fertility rate dropping as home goes from place of labor to place of refuge/rest from labor at m ill - women are in charge of small, affectionate, child-centered families
What technicality in electoral college/House of Reps with Jeff/Burr's campaign?
get same votes --> moves to HoR where Burr-preferring Federalists cause vote to be done a million times until some Federalists refrain from voting
How did slave brokers prevent resistance?
get slaves from distant sources, who cannot easily flee to native villages or be rescued, and mix unlike slaves together to frustrate organized resistance
Samuel Swartwout
gets post of collector of customs at port of NY through spoils system; corrupt and incompetent - leaves for England, steals a million from Washington gov'nt
Women and her Slaves
give daily orders for whole household - for some, affectionate for others atrocious
What happened after Massachusetts was made a royal colony in 1691?
given a new charter and royal governor; privilege of voting given to all qualified male property holders instead of just for church members
Peace Treaty of 1748
gives Louisbourg back to French -> New Englanders outraged that their glory is tarnished by Old World diplomants
How did RR keep S as "third world" in servitude to N?
gives better rates to goods moving N to S
Civil Rights Bill
gives blacks privilege of AM citizenship and strikes at Black Codes - in response to that S may repeal, Congress passes 14th amendment
What justification did factory owners have for their conditions?
giving better conditions is more expensive, less productive, and giving them better conditions may make them want more
Democrats
glorify liberty of individual, against 'privilege" of gov'nt - state rights
"Round the Circle with Johnson"
goes on speech-giving tour denouncing radical Repubs in Congress, but sucks so gets more votes for Repubs 1866 congressional
What does the transcendentalist movement spring forward?
golden age in AM lit, esp around Boston "Athens of AM"
What was Franklin's contribution to the Albany Congress? How was it responded to?
good but premature plan for colonial home rule; Albany delegates adopt plan, but individual colonies and London regime scorn it. Colonists think it does not give enough independence and UK authorities think it gives too much
What kind of ruler was King George III?
good man in private morals but bad ruler: stubborn, want power, surrounded by pushovers e.g. PM Lord North
Young and federal government conflict
gov'nt cannot control Young --> fed army sent and quarrel - anti-polygamy laws delay Utah's statehood
Governor DeWitt Clinton
governor of NY leads New Yorkers in digging Erie Canal from Lake Erie to Hudson River
William Henry Harrison
governor of native territory - defeats Shawnee at Battle of Tippecanoe
Anti-Masonic Party; who supported them?
third party enters in 1832 election: opposes secrecy of Masonic order - energized by mysterious disappear/murder of NY threatening to expose secret rituals of Masons - share Jacksonian ideals, but dislikes Jackson bc he is a Mason - get support from evangelical Protestant groups seeking to use political power to get moral/religious reeforms
Why were there not many schools at first?
high cost to communities
Archbishop William Laud
highly orthodox anti-Puritan Englishman, persecuted the Puritans
triangular trade
highly profitable: from England to Africa to New World and back
intercolonial committees of correspondence
next step to local ones; Virginia 1773 creates first and soon every colony has one established through which ideas and information are shared w/ other colonies; evolved directly into first American congresses
Why did Republicans fear S would take control of Congress?
now that there is opposing party, fear; S has more control in Congress due to lack of 3/5 - shut door in face of S delegates - Johnson says S states had met his condition so Union restored; anger Repubs
"nullies" vs. "submission men"
nullifiers try to get 2/3 vote for nullification in SC leg, but blocked by Unionists
What services did women work in?
nursing, domestic service, teaching
What was the effect of the Renaissance?
nurtures optimism and development of printing press, mariner's compass
Why was Charleston of Carolina so diverse?
sons of English aristocrats gave the town a rich flavor while religious Protestant refugees also come for religious tolerance
What were the different ways with which colonial assemblies asserted their authority/independence?
some withhold governor's salary unless he yields to their wishes (bc they are normally in need or money or would not come to America)
How did new liberal ideas challenge old-time Puritanism?
some worshipers claim that human beings are not predestined and can save by good works
Rev Russell Conwell
"Acres of Daimonds" "poor by own shortcomings"
What was William Pitt's comment about FtG's conquer in Germany?
"America was conquered in Germany"
What jobs did the Irish take?
"Biddies" (bridgets) do kitchen maiding "Paddies" (patricks) pushed into pick-shoven - compete for low-wage jobs - eventually come to acquire property but still dirt poor - take on politics
Tariff of 1828
"Black Tariff" "Tariff of Abominations" Jacksonites promote high-tariff bill, expecting it to be defeated and thus hurt Adams - instead, tariff passes and Jackson must deal with it
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
"Bloodhound Bill" says that fleeing slaves cannot testify on own behalf and are denied jury trial - N who aid escaping slaves subject to imprisonment/fines - fed comissioner given more money if runaway not free - only S gain from Compromise of 1850
Tweed Ring
"Boss" Tweed uses bribery and fraud to get $200mil from NYC - NY Times 1871 gets evidence against him and publishes (though bribed not to) - prosecuted by NY attorney Samuel J Tilden
Where did most awakening preachers preach?
"Burned-over district" western NY where Puritans settle
Sylvester Graham
's fad diet of whole wheat bread and crackers
Winfield Scott (Whig)
("Old Fuss and Feathers"), the hero of the Mexican War, won the ballot.
John Tyler
(1790-1862) elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died [He was the President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk and opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery.]
Stephen W. Kearny
(1794-1848) General who led 1700 soldiers over the Santa Fe Trail to capture Sante Fe, thereby taking control of the Mexican province of New Mexico during the Mexican-American War [He then led his troops nearly to Los Angeles where he helped supress a revolt against the U.S. and secure the U.S. control there.]
James K. Polk
(1795-1849) 11th President who presided over the war with Mexico, the purchase of California, the settling of Oregon, the Walker Tariff of 1846, and the restoration of an independent treasury
Nicolas P. Trist
(1800-1874) chief clerk in the State Department, sent to negotiate a peace treaty with a defeated Mexico in 1847 [Before he could open negotiations, he was summoned to return, but he ignored the order and stayed to negotiate the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.]
John C. Frémont
(1813/1890) explorer who led the army for the "California Bear Flag Republic" to take control of California for the U.S. in 1846; later court marshaled when he declared himself military governor.
David Wilmot
(1814-1868) Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories
Caroline
(1837) diplomatic row between the United States and Britain [Developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada's short-lived insurrection.]
Conscience Whigs
(1840's and 1850's) Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds [Conscience Whigs sought to prevent the annexation of Texas a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the Southern "slave power."
Liberty Party
(1840-1848) anti-slavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil Party [Supporters of the Liberty Party sought the eventual abolition of slavery, but in the short term hoped to halt the expansion of slavery into the territories and abolish the domestic slave trade.]
Creole
(1841) American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves [The slaves successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas, raising fears among Southern planters that the British West Indies would become a safe haven for runaway slaves.]
Wilmot Proviso
(1846) amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired by Mexico [Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.]
spot resolutions
(1846) measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk's justification for war with Mexico [Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops.]
Walker Tariff
(1846) revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts
California Bear Flag Republic
(1846) short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico [Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.]
"Fifty-four forty or fight"
(1846) slogan adopted by mid-nineteenth-century expansionists who advocated the occupation of Oregon territory, jointly held by Britain and the United States [Though President Polk had pledged to seize all of Oregon, to 54°40', he settled on the forty-ninth parallel as a compromise with the British.]
Buena Vista, Battle of
(1847) key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War [This elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election.]
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of
(1848) ended the war with Mexico [Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts.]
Trent Affair
(1861) Union warship stops GB mail steamer Trent and forces out 2 Conf diplomats headed to Europe - pissed, GB starts sending troops and demanding ultimatums - Lincoln eventually reluctantly releases the prisoners
1789 First Tariff
8% tariff on value of dutiable imports to protect infant industries
Aroostook War
(began 1839) series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842
Blacks in the war
- initially many states bar blacks from joining war but by end many enlist, esp from northern states where there are many free blacks; serve as military heroes, cooks, guides, etc. - served on British side in "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment"
Why were most white migrants to colonial America from the middle class?
(except indentured servants) If one is rich and secure enough in England, they won't risk their life in the wilderness; If one is too poor to even start life anew, they cannot make it to America
King George's War
(known as War of Austrian Succession in Europe) France allies with Spain; New Englanders invade New France and w/ help from British navy (&luck), capture French Louisbourg fortress on Cape Breton Island, commanding the St. Lawrence River
New Amsterdam
(later NY city) aristocratic company town run by Dutch company; stockholders not interested in the freedom stuff so governors usually tyrannical esp toward dissenters of the Dutch Reformed Church; cosmopolitan, as many seaport towns are
John Randolph
(of Virginia) publicly assails alliance b/w Adams, Clay
noche triste
(sad night) 1520 Aztecs drive Spanish away from Tenochtitlan in bloody retreat before Cortes lays siege to the city
Carolina campaign of 17801
- 1780-1781 american riflemen wipe out British detachment at King's Mountain - defeats smaller force at Cowpens - General Nathanael Greene
How does Hamilton respond to Jefferson's arguments?
- invokes clause of Constitution that Congress may pass proper necessary laws to carry out governing - gov'nt collects taxes and regulates trade so thus national bank is logical
America's lack of supplies
- lack of military supplies - Valley Forge, Pennsylvania with cold hungry undressed colonist soldiers in winter of 1777-1778 - manufactured goods in shortage - clothing scarce and ragged
How did government benefit from granting land?
- long/term preferential rates for postal/military - granting land = cheap way to subsidize needed transportation system bc avoids new taxes for direct cash grants - RR can use land as collateral for loans from private bankers or sell it ($3/acre)
What factors led to America becoming major steel creater?
- Bessemer Process - only place where can find relatively close together materials and labor
Biddle's Panic
- Biddle tried to call in bank loans to produce minor financial crisis to illustrate bank's importance - some weaker banks defeated
Battle of Saratoga
- Burgoyne gets stuck north of Albany where colonial militiamen swarm and is trapped. - Americans drive back St. Leger's at Oriskany - Burgoyne surrenders his entire command at Saratoga 10/17/1777 to Horatio Gates
Hayes-Tilden deal
- Dems agree that Hayes may take office in return for withdrawal of fed troops from LA, SC - Repubs assure Dems place w/ presidential patronage and support bill subsidizing S RR - quietly abandons support for black freedmen and racial equality
1860 Election
- Dems split w/ Doug leading N, S walking out bc believe Doug is traitor, so nominating own Breckinridge - Constitutional Union party nominates John Bell - Repubs nominate Lincoln
What groups were influenced by the 2nd Great Awakening? Who wasn't?
- Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians continue to rise from wealthy educated levels of society - prosperous/conservative in East hardly touched by revivalism - Methodists and Baptists arise from less "learned" south/west
Britain after Yorktown Defeat
- G3 is only one who wants to keep fighting - Lord North's ministry March 1782 collapses; Whig ministry replaces
leadership in america
- George Washington - Benjamin Franklin - foreign aid esp from France of unemployed poor officers - Marquis de Lafayette
Results of Election of 1824
- Jackson gets most popular votes and most electoral votes, but not electoral majority - Adams gets second in both - Crawford fourth in popular, third in electoral - Clay 4th in electoral
Benedict Arnold
- May 1775 leads tiny American force w/ Allen for Bunker Hill - joins Monty at Quebec Campaign - 1780 turns traitor bc feels that his services not fully appreciated; plots to sell out key stronghold of West Point of Hudson River in trade for 6300 pounds and officer's commission, but caught in time
Election of 1864
- Repub party joins w/ War Democrats (Lincoln chosen over Chase; running made Andrew Johnson to attract War Democrats) - General MCClellan nominated by Copperheads - succession of N victories and "bayonet vote" pulls Lincoln through
Why did many northerners dislike the abolitionists?
- Southern planters owe much money to Northern bankers; if Union dissolves, so does that money debt - textile mills get cotton from slave-supported South
Why was France late in the scramble for New World?
1500s foreign wars and domestic strife b/w Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots
Washington at the New Jersey campaign
- Washington sneakily recrosses Delaware River and 12/26/76 surprise-captures thousand Hessians at Trenton - week later, leaves campfire burning as ruse and defeats smaller British detachment at Princetom
Why did Southerners dislike the Tallmadge amendment?
- a threat to sectional balance - North is becomimg more and more wealthy/ thickly settled (more reps in HoR)
Public reactions fo 1863 proclamation
- abolitionists say not far enough - some say gone too far - N opposes "abolition war" e.g. Boys in Blue bc fought for Union, not against slavery
What did the West demand? What did they get?
- cheap acreage; Land Act of 1820 - cheap transportation - cheap money issued by it sown "widlcat banks", fights BoUS to get this
Why did colonists want to invade Canada?
- conquered French explosive under British - successful assault on Canada = 14th colony - deprive GB of valuable base from which can attack colonies
What does Lincoln do to deal with border states?
- declare martial law in MD to keep DC safe - Union soldiers to WV and MO - cautious about official statements regarding slavery
Effect of Monroe Doctrine
- doctrine is only as big as nation's armed forces, no bigger - not pledge of agreement; just statement of Monroe's policy - each successsive presidene treats id ddifferently
Why did Napoleon decide to give up dream of New World empire?
- failed to reconquer Santo Domingo, for which Louisiana would be source of foodstuffs. Toussaint L'Ouverture leads resistance. Yellow fever sweep away French troops. Not worth the money - about to end peace w/ GB; GB controls seas so threat of having to give Louisiana for free to GB. Does not want US to ally w/ GB - hoped that US will be strengthened by Louisiana nd one day be militarily strong enough to thward GB
America's pluses in war
- fight defensively, easier - agriculturally self sustaining - belief in a just cause
final report of Hartford Convention
- financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargoes - constitutional amendment requiring 2/3 Congress vote before embargo can be posed, new state admitted, or war declared - abolish slavery - president can only serve one term - abolish 3/5 clause - prohibit election of 2 successive presidents from same state
Who first opposed railroads? Why?
- financiers afraid of losing money from Erie Canal traffic - railroads cause fires to houses from their embers - Easterners do not want to drain inhabitants out of their cities westward - bad brakes and such made early trains bad
14th Amendment
- gives civil rights, including citizenship, to freedmen - reduces proportionately the representation of state in Congress and Electoral College if denies blacks vote - disqualifies from fed and state office former Conf who had once sworn to support Const - guarantees fed debt so Union assumes all Conf debt
How does the N raise money for war effort?
- increase excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol and levies income tax - Morrill Tariff Act - sells bonds, esp through Jay Cooke and Company
Why was George Washington selected to head army? Why was this weird?
- showed up to Congress in officer's uniform - had never been high rank colonel or commanded many - great leader, strong character of patience, courage, self-discipline, justice - moral force > military mind - chose Virginian (largest most populous of colonies) instead of NEer (other colonies suspicious of large NE army around Boston) - wealthy, not accused of being fortune seeker - aristocrat counted on to check "excesses of the masses"
Who was against unhampered Westward expansion? Who was for it?
- slave-holding southerners and depressed pioneers favor unhampered - many northerners, esp Federalists, eager to use issue to break "virginia dynasty"
How did slaves respond to emancipation?
- slave-master loyalty prompts some to defy Union armies - others break free asap, some even going to torture masters - at first respond w suspicion, but soon celebrate
How did women get equality?
- some women disguisedly serve in military - NJ's new constitution in 1776 for time allows women to vote - republican motherhood: women have new prestigious role as keepers of nation's conscience through educating of youth - education FOR wives/mothers expands bc better cultivates virtues demanded by Republic in citizens
American System
- strong banking system to provide easy/abundant credit - protective tariff behind which eastern manufacturing flourishes - network of roads and canals
What improvements boosted the RR?
- stronger/more economic steel rail - standardization of track width eliminates inconvenience of numerous changes b/w lines - westinghouse air brake efficient and safe
What did the election of 1840 demonstrate?
- triumph of populist democratic style - aristocracy is taint, democracy respected - politicians must find favor with voting masses - formation of vigorous strong two-party system
What did democrats in 1868 disagree on?
- wealthy E wants fed war bonds redeemed in gold though purchased w/ inflated paper money - poor W want "Ohio idea" to keep money in circulation and interest rates lower
What was the effect of the first transcontinental railroad?
- welds West to Union - ensures trade with Asia - penetrates barrier of deserts
Four other transcontinental railroads
-Northern Pacific Lake Superior to Puget Sound - Atchinson, Topeka and Santa Fe through SW deserts to CA - Southern Pacific from NO to SF - Great Northern from Duluth to Seattle
Terms of the Missouri Compromise
1. Missouri enters as a Slave State, BUT then Maine enters as a free state so South does not have majority; 2. Agreed that in the West, all territory S. of the Southern border of Missouri extended to Mexico will be reserved as Future Slave States, All territory N. of the border will be future Free States; **resolved issue of Slavery for a short period of time, bout doesnt solve it
Battle of Thames
10-1813 Harrison's army overtakes British at Detroit and Fort Malden
Articles of Confederation as a constitution
13 colonies joined together for joint action in dealing w/ common probs like foreign affairs - Congress cannot regulate commerce and cannot enforce taxes
St Bartholomew's Day
1572; 10,000+ Huguenots killed
Invincible (Spanish) Armada
1588 these 130 huge ships heave into English Channel. English beat back using swifter ships to damage the Spanish. Then a storm arises "Protestant wind" that scatters the Spanish.
Edict of Nantes
1598 issued by crown; grants limited toleration to French Protestants. Religious wars cease; France becomes most formidable European nation
Battle of Acoma
1599 Spanish severed one foot of each Pueblo survivor and establishes the area to be New Mexico with capital Santa Fe
Virginia Company of London
1606 receives charter from King James I for settlement in New World. For gold and seeking passage through America to Indies. Meant to be liquidated within years for a profit, so puts pressure on colonists to quickly strike it rich
Quebec establishment
1608 by St. Lawrence River; led by Samuel de Champlain
Which winter was the "starving time"?
1609-1610
Lord De La Warr
1610 spring heads relief party, ordering settlers back to Jamestown; imposes harsh military regime on colony with aggressive military action against natives; carries from Virginia Company orders that are pretty much declaration of war; introduces "Irish tactics" against Indians
First Anglo-Powhatan War
1614: De La Warr's troops raided native villages, burned houses, confiscated their foods, and torched their fields; peace settlement ends the war with marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe
Thirty Years' War
1618-1648: Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus upholds Protestantism, causing energy that sends Sweden into the colony American game
House of Burgesses
1619 the London Company authorized settlers to summon this assembly in Virginia, the first of many miniature America parliaments. But as time passes it intimidates King James I
What year was the Pilgrims' first winter?
1620-1621
What year was the first Thanksgiving? Who contributed to it?
1621; Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed treaty with Plymouth Pilgrims
What was Harvard College initially established for?
1636 to train local boys for the ministry (very soon after the colony was founded, unlike Virginia's William and Mary college)
Pequot War
1637 Connecticutians and their Narragansett native allies surround Pequot village and set fire to their tents, shooting the survivors until the Pequots are practically annihilated and uneasy peace b/w
New England Confederation
1643 four Puritan colonies (Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven and other scattered Connecticut colonies) band together when Old England is dealing with civil war and colonists are forced to their own resources to defend against foes and intercolonial problems; each colony wields two votes
Second Anglo-Powhatan War
1644 natives again try to dislodge Virginians but defeated. 1646 peace treaty rids of any hope of coexisting by banishing and separating natives
Act of Toleration
1649 Catholics of Maryland support this when the inflow of Protestants place severe restrictions on the Catholics. It guarantees toleration to all Christians but decrees death penalty for those who deny Jesus's divinity
"slave codes"
1662 Virginia states that blacks and their children are the property for life of their white masters and that they cannot be freed even with a conversion to Christianity. Some colonies make teaching them to read/write illegal
New Jersey
1664 two proprietors receive the area from the Duke of York and many New Englanders flock to there. One Proprietor sells West Jersey to group of Quakers who set up sanctuary (before Pennsylvania even started). Quakers later acquire East New Jersey, but 1702 crown combines the two into one royal colony
Pope's Rebellion
1680 Pueblo rebels destroy every Catholic church in New Mexico and kill many Spanish. They rebuild kiva on ruins of Spanish plaza at Santa Fe. Takes nearly 500 years for Spanish to fully reclaim New Mexico
Robert de La Salle
1682 checks Spanish Penetration into Gulf of Mexico by sailing down Mississippi to where it mingles with Gulf; names interior basin Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV; three years later he returns with colonizing expedition but mislands at Spanish Texas an 1687 murdered by his men
Dominion of New England
1686 London imposes to include all of New England, New York, and Jersey. Supports colonial defense in event of war. Promotes efficiency in administration of English Navigation Laws
Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution
1688-1689 people of Old England dethrones James II and thrones Protestant William III and Mary
King William's War
1689-1697; pits British colonists against French coureurs de bois; both sides recruit whatever natives they can
How did the witchcraft situation end?
1693 governor, alarmed that his wife was accused, supported by clergymen prohibited any further trials; later the Massachusetts legislature annuls the previous convictions and reparations to the heirs
Pennsylvania Dutch
1700s Germans flee religious persecution, economic oppression, and ravages of war and settle mainly in Pennsylvania, making about 1/3 of Pennsylvania; belong to mainly Lutheran of Protestant sects; known erroneously as Pennsylvania Dutch; accounts for 6% of total American population by 1775; no deep loyalty to British crown as they reside on backcountry where they prosper in German customs
Antoine Cadillac
1701 founds Detroit "the City of Straits" to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley
Queen Anne's War
1702-1713; pits British colonists against French coureurs de bois; both sides recruit whatever natives they can
How did Philadelphia and New York respond to the new class of orphans and widows from war?
1730s create almshouses
Molasses Act
1733 Parliament, under pressure from British West Indian planters, passes this to stop American trade with French West Indies; would strike crippling blow to American international trade and standard of living
Premise for the tensions of Ohio Valley
1749 British colonists (mainly Virginians) secure legal "rights" to 500,000 acres in the Ohio Valley region, where French are currently in the process of erecting chain of forts commanding Ohio River
What was Pitt's first action?
1758 dispatch expedition against Louisbourg; it falls after siege and rejoicing ensues in Britain
Battle of Quebec
1759 Wolfe sends night detachment up poorly-guarded rock part protecting Quebec and brings the others; in the morning two armies face on Plains of Abraham: fatal wounds but French defeated and city surrenders
When did Montreal fall? significance?
1760; last time French flag flutters in Canada
Paris Peace Settlement
1763; by now French power is gone from North America with remaining French population; French allowed to keep several small West Indies sugar islands and 2 islets in St Lawrence gulf
Sugar Act
1764: first law passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in colonies for crown; increase tax on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies
Stamp Act
1765 imposed to raise revenue to support military force; stamped legal documents taxed
Stamp Act Congress
1765 met in NYC: 27 delegates from 9 colonies debate and draw up statement of their rights and grievances: ask king/Parliament to repeal legislation; made little effect but brought together unity
Quartering Act
1765: requires certain colonies to provide food+quarters for British troops
"Champagne Charley" Townshend
1767 persuades Parliament to pass Townshend Acts
What kind of people were the soldiers that Britain sent over to Boston?
1768 two troops of drunken profane characters, disliked and taunted by colonists
Quebec Act
1774 accompanies Intolerable Acts at same time - erroneously regarded in English colonies as part of Britain's response to Boston troubles - guarantees French their Catholic religion and other old customs (that do not include representative court or trial by jury) - southern boundaries extended to Ohio River
1st Continental Congress's comments on slave trade
1774 calls for complete abolition of slave trade
2nd Continental Congress
1776 asks colonies to draft new constitutions into new sovereignty states resting on authority of people - right before DoI, appoints committee to draft Articles of Confederation
Common Sense
1776 published; influential pamphlet by radical Thomas Paine. - says colonial inconsistency contradicts "common sense" - says tiny Britain should not control giant America - declares king "Royal Brute of GB" - calls for republic: power flow from people, not monarch - all gov'nt officials should be voted in by popular consent
Catherine the Great of Russia
1780 forms Armed Neutrality: lines up remaining European neutrals in passive hostility toward Britain
Dark period of war
1780-1781 before last decisive victory - inflation; bankrupt gov'nt declares will pay debt at 2.5c per dollar - sense of unity gone - mutinous armies
Articles of Confederation
1781 written constitution adopted by colonists
How did Spain demonstrate its unfriendliness to Americans?
1784 closed Mississippi river to commerce (strangle Tenn/Kent traders)
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
1784 pro-British Iroquois forced to sign; first treaty b/w US and native nation; natives cede most of their land
Land of Ordinance
1785 states that acreage of Old Northwest should be sold and proceeds used to pay off national debt; fair division
Convention at Annapolis
1786 Virginia calls for convention at Annapolis - only 5 states show up - Alexander Hamilton saves
Second Great Awakening
1800 larger than first - based on methodism, baptism
Tripolitan War and peace of Tripoli
1801 pasha of Tripoli, dissatisfied w/ share of protection money, informally declares war on US by cutting down flagstaff of American consulate - Jefferson reluctantly dispatches tiny navy to shores of Tripoli - 1805 peace of Tripoli: secures peace for $60,000: sum of ransom for captured Americans
James Monroe
1803 sent by Jefferson to Paris to meet w/ Livingston. - instructed to buy NO and as much land east as possible for max $10mil - if negotiations fail, to open up w/ GB for alliance
Lewis&Clark
1804 Jefferson's personal secretary Meriwether Lewi and young army officer William Clark send to explore N. Louisiana Purchase - expedition yields much info
Zebulon M. Pike
1805-1806 treks into uncharted West, headwaters of Mississippi River then south
Orders in Council
1806 England issues to close European ports under French controlled foreign shipping
Embargo Act
1807 Jefferson passes to ban exportation of any goods in countries - plan to force FR+GB to respect America+citizens - hurts American merchants too much - 1809 repealed and replaced
Americans seize Florida
1810 claim West 1812 Congress ratifies seize small Mobile region during War
Twelfth Congress
1811 meet - "war hawks" want to go to war w/ GB to eliminate native threats to pioneers
American Colonization Society
1817 formed: purchases tract of land in Liberia for return of blacks to africa
Denmark Vesey
1822 free black leads slave rebellion in Charleston
Monroe Doctrine
1823 President Monroe, in annual address to Congress, states warning to European powers 1: noncolonization: states that era of colonization of America is over 2: nonintervention: warns against foreign intervention: wants Britain to stay out of Western Hemisphere. America will also not intervene in foreign wars * basically warns Old World powers to stay away: concerned w/ security of America - thrives off Nationalism
Johnson's Reconstruction plan
5/29/65 calls for special state conventions, which are required to repeal all decrees of secession, repudiate Conf debts, and ratify 13th Amendment
transcendentalist movement
1830s results from liberalizing of Puritan theology and foreign influences
Lone Star Rebellion
1836 Texans name Sam Houston commander in chief - Santa Anna leads men into Texas, trap many at Alamo and wipe them out after thirteen-day siege, slay many - Houston takes advantage of Mexican siesta, wipes out pursuing force and captures Santa Anna, forces him to agree to withdraw Mexican terms and acknowledge Rio Grande as SW boundary of Texas
Bureau of Indian Afairs
1836 est to deal with natives
anesthetics
1840s several successfully use laughing gas and other for first time
Manifest Destiny
1844 campaign: many AM feel God has clearly destined AM to spread Democracy over the hemisphere
California Gold Rush
1848 Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco. - a few strike it rich, but most go poor fast
Order of the Star-Spangled Banner
1849 founded; "Know Nothing" party bc secretive - agitate for rigid immigration/naturalization restrictions and for authorization of deporting aliens - promote lurid literature of (fiction) exposure
Matthew C Perry
1852 Fillmore dispatches warship fleet commanded by him - 1853 sail into Edo Bay: tense negotiations and beach presentation - request free trade, friendly relations - returns next year w/ more gifts persuade signing of Treaty of Kanagawa
Civil War in KA
1856 continues intermittently until merges with larger Civil War
Lawrence
1856 gang of proslavery raiders shoot up and burn free-soil town of Lawrence
Homestead Act
1860 Congress passes public acres 25c/acre, but vetoed by Buchanan
Morrill Tariff Act
1861 after antiprotection states secede, increase existing duties to moderate level of Walker Tariff - to raise additional revenue and provide protection to manufacturers - protective tariff becomes identified with Republican
Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War
1861 formed, dominated by "radical" Repubs who resent expansion of exec power in wartime
Confiscation Act
1861: Congress decrees that rebel property used in war effort including slaves could be confiscated 1862: punish "traitors" by declaring slaves "captives of war"
N Conscription Law
1863 Congress passes for first time on nationwide scale - rich boys can hire substitutes to go in place or buy $300 exemption - democrats hate this - many are still volunteers bc pressures to enlist and bounties
Gettysburg Address
1863 Lincoln travels to Gettysburg to dedicate cemetery, read address
National Banking System
1863 authorized by Congress --> first step for unified anking system to stimulate gov'nt bond sales and est standard bank currency - banks who join system can buy gov't bonds and issue good paper money
Wilderness Campaign
1864 Grant engages Lee in furious battles; many casualties - 6/4/64 Grant orders frontal assault on Cold Harbor, SO RISKY
Ulysses S Grant
1868 Repub president supports military reconstruction of S
15th Amendment
1869 passed by Congress, granting black men the right to vote
Credit Mobiler
1872 Union Pacific RR forms construction company and hires themselves at inflated prices to build RR line, earning high dividends - keeps congress quiet by distributing shares of stock to key congressmen
Whiskey Ring
1874-75 robs Treasury of much in excise-tax revenue - Grant angry, but when finds personal secretary among these people, exonerates him
Civil Rights Act
1875 is last ditch Repub attempt to protect Blacks - supposedly granted equal accommodations in public places and prohibit racial discrimination in jury selection - declared unconst in SC by 1883 Civil Rights cases by declaring that 14th amendment prohibits on gov'nt violation of civil right, not individual
Alexander Graham Bell
1876 invents telephone to create giant communication network + jobs
RR wages
1877 RR presidents cut employee wages by 10% --> riots - Hayes calls in federal troops to quell unrest, but working class supports RR by strike - failure of strikes exposes weakness of labor movement bc no unity
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 Congress passes to prohibit further China immigration until 1943
Wabash
1886 SC decrees that indiv state cannot regulate interstate commerce
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 Congress passes - prohibit rebates/pools - require RR to publish rates openly - forbid unfair discrimination of shippers - outlaw charging more for short haul - sets up Interstate Commerce Commission
How did Cleveland respond to Checkerboarding?
1887 opens settlement of still-unclaimed portions, forcing them to choose land
McKinley Tariff Act
1890 raises tariffs and brings trouble to farmers - farmers have to buy manufactured and sell products into highly competitive world markets - loses repub public support
Wilson-Gorman Tariff
1894 passed w/ special-interst protection that hardly does anything to McKinley - law w/o Cleveland - SC strikes down - Dems suffer, repbs take majority
Plessy v Ferguson
1896 SC rules that "separate but equal" facilities are constitutional
US v Wong Kim Ark
1898 rules 14th grants citizenship to all US-born, thus protects Chinese
Independent Treasury Bill
1940 passes Congress - next year repealed by Whigs but comes back later
Northern military plan's 6 components
1: blockade to suffocate 2: liberate slaves to undermine economic foundations 3: seize control of MS River 4: send troops through GA, Carolinas 5: capture Richmond 6: (Grant's idea) try everywhere to engage enemy's main strength, grind into submission
What were the stipulations for Americans to Texas?
1: must become Mexican citizens 2: must become Catholic 3: no slavery allowed
Social ladder in the South
1: wealthy slave owners 2: less wealthy slave owners 3: whites do not own slaves 4: mountain whites
Tariff of 1816
1st protective tariff; British companies try to make American factories die off by selling GB goods for much less than American factories - place 20-25% tax on value of dutiable imports - at one point tax price continues to rise, creating problems of no comp b/w companies
Laird Rams
2 conf warships constructed in GB John Laird and Sons's shipyard designed to destroy Union navy wooden ships w/ iron rams and huge guns and thus destroy Union blockade - to avoid pissing off N, London call them off and buys for royal navy
France offers treaty of alliance with America
2/6/1778 France offers; does not conform exactly to Model Treaty (early example of practical self-interest > abstract realism in conducting foreign affairs); first military alliance: - both sides wage war until US fully secures freedom and both sides come to terms with Britain
exodusters
25k blacks from LA, TX, MS surge to KA 1878 - 1880 when steamboat captains refused to transport more blacks across MS river
Reconstruction Act
3/2/67 Congress passes - divides S into 5 military districts, each commanded by Union general and soldiers - requires that states wishing to be readmitted into Union must ratify 14th Amendment - states const has to allow former adult male slaves to vote
Citizen Edmond Genet
30-yo rep of French Republic - arrives in Charleston - sets out to equip privateers and otherwise take advantage of existing alliance - swept by Jeffersonians, believe that Neutrality Proclamation does not reflect true wishes - recruits armies to attack Florida/Louisiana/Canada against rules - withdrawn and replaced
Constitutional Convention (what did they establish)
5/25/1787 55 reps from all states but RI to Philadelphia to discuss future gov'nt of country - GWash elected as leader - RI not present - calls for president - three-fifths compromise - end of slave trade by end of 1807
About how many people inhabited the Americas when Europeans arrive in 1492?
54 million
General Braddock
60-yo experienced British warfare officer sent to Virginia w/ strong British detachment; forages scanty supplies from reluctant colonists then 1755 sets out with 2,000 men to capture Fort Duquesne; his expedition moves slowly, hacking down trees as they go; encounter small French-natives army near Duquesne and loses quickly
Scots-Irish
7% of American population by 1775. Scottish lowlanders- transplanted to N. Ireland where they do not prosper bc the Catholic Irish hate Scottish Presbyterian and English gov't places restrictions on Scot-Irish's production of linens. 1700s ten-thousands of Scots-Irish come to America for the tolerant Pennsylvania and illegally squat on frontier unoccupied lands, where they quarrel with natives and white owners. When they hit the Allegheny barrier, they go southward into Maryland Virginia Carolinas as the "great wagon road". They readily come to violence with natives, causing much inflammation. No love for British government. Many eventually joined American revolutionaries
the "Great Migration" of the 1630s
70k refugees leave England, many of whom attracted to the warm fertile West Indies
How did the South control Britain?
75% of Britain's cotton comes from South
Who enjoyed religious toleration in Georgia?
All christians but catholics
Bunker Hill
Allen+Arnold's force surprise-capture British at Ticonderoga and Crown Point upper NY where priceless gunpowder+artillery storage for siege of Boston. - June 1775 colonists seize Bunker Hill where menace enemy in Boston. -British attack from front bloodily. - Americans shoot at them until run out of gunpowder and abandon hill
What did the War of 1812 show nations around the world?
America will defend its beliefs; byproduct of war is heightened nationalism
Where was the Seven Years' War fought?
America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, and ocean
Elijah Lovejoy
American Presbyterian minister, journalist, newspaper editor murdere by mob for abolitionist views
Why was Parliament demanded to repeal the Stamp Act?
American buys 1/4 of British exports but 1/2 of British shipping is devoted to American trade; they suffer from nonimportation agreements
Why were cultural clashes not more frequent and violent in such a diverse country?
American economy is robust: growth attracts immigrants and ensures that when they do come, they can get share of wealth w/o jeapordizing others' - help fuel economic expansion, esp in Industrial Revolution
Horatio Gates
American general; surrendered to by Burgoyne's invasion at Saratoga
North American Review
American magazine by Americans for Americans
Francis Scott Key
American prisoner aboard British ship, watches British fleet bombard Fort McHenry and writes "Star Spangled Banner
Why did the British authorities forbid all export of supplies from New England and middle colonies?
American shippers were being fraudulent and trafficking with enemy Spanish and French West Indies
antinomianism
An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.
What was the effect of the few cities in the South?
An urban professional class was slow to emerge; Southern life revolved around great plantations distant from each other
Who defends New Orleans?
Andrew Jackson
Election of 1824 Candidates
Andrew Jackson of Tennessee Henry Clay of Kentucky William H Crawford of Georgia John Q Adams of Massachusetts - all claim to be Republicans - Clay sees himself as national figure John Calhoun is VP rep for Adams and Jackson
What were the two established (tax-supported) churches in 1775? How much of the population attended?
Anglican and Congregational; minimal
Protestant Episcopal Church
Anglican church, tainted by association with British crown, humbled and de-anglicized; revorms
Joseph Brant
Anglican-converted Mohawk chief urges natives to side with Britain bc victorious Britain will restrain American expansion westward; - Brant and British attack large areas of backcountry Penn/NY until 1779 American force checks them
Which groups adopted formal platforms?
Anti-Masons and a group of National Republicans
Battle of Antietam
Antietam Cree, MD Lincoln pressured to restore McCLellan - two Union soldiers find copy of Lee's battle plans wrapped around cigar package dropped by Conf soldier - w/ this info, succeeds in defeating Lee 9/17/62 - Lee retires across Potomac and McClellan does not pursue - McClellan removed
Foreign responses to Emancipation Proclamation
Aristocrats in Europe note that only apply to rebel slaveholders so sympathize w/ S - working class favor Union bc think that proclamation = doom of slavery = no more competition
What was the effect of the headright system?
As land becomes scarcer, masters become increasingly resistant to including land grants in the "freedom dues"; misbehaving servant were punished with extended term of service and often even after formal freedom was granted, the workers were too often too poor and would be rehired by their masters for low wages
Indentured servants
As more tobacco is being planted, there comes a higher demand for labor; unfortunately families procreate too slowly and natives die to quickly on contact with whites and Africans are too expensive; England still as a "surplus" population from enclosing so they offer their labor in exchange for the transatlantic passage and "freedom dues"
Why was there a large population of poor people by 1750?
As supply of land decreases and families grow, existing landholdings repeatedly divided until younger children are forced to hire out as wage workers or go past the Alleghenies
Treaty of Greenville
August 1795 b/w Miami Confederacy and Wayne after Battle of Fallen Timber - gives up vast tracts of Old Northwest in exchange for $20,000+$9,000/year
Moctezum
Aztec chieftain, superstitious, thinks Cortes is god Quetzalcoatl and treats his group hospitably before they exhaust their welcome
Who routinely sought favor of gods by offering human sacrifices (their hearts)?
Aztecs
Mulligan Letters
Blaine-written letters to Boston businessman, linking him to corruption - reform-minded repubs "Mugwumps" disagree w nomination of Blaine and publicize this
sewage system
Boston & NY adopt; eliminates mosquito breeding place
Thomas Hutchinson
Boston British official had his house destroyed in 1765 from Stamp Act protestors. this time after tea tax he doesn't budge - doesn't agree with tea tax but more believes that colonists have no right to flout law - orders tea ships not to clear harbour until cargoes unloaded
Wendell Phillips
Boston patrician "abolition's golden trumpet" boycotts all slavery-produced goods
Treaty of Paris of 1783
Britain formally recognizes independence of US and grands boundaries to Mississippi, Great Lakes, and Florida; Yankees must also share Newfoundland's fisheries - Americans cannot further persecute Loyalists - Congress must recommend state legislature to restore confiscated Loyalist property - states cannot put lawful obstacles in way of collection of debt to Britain
Utrecht Peace Treaty of 1713; what followed?
Britain given French-populated Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay; British win limited trading rights in Spanish America; generation of peace "salutary neglect" by Britain follows
British vs. Americans in New York 1814
Britain has to bring supplies over Lake Champlain waterway - Macdonough commands weaker American fleet - fight in Plattsburg 9/11/1814 - Macdonough unexpectedly turns it around and wins
Which Old World nations competed for control of North America?
Britain, France, Spain
Why were colonial naval stores highly valued by British? How was this demonstrated?
British are anxious to regain mastery of the sea; London authorities offer a lot to stimulate production of such materials; trees are marked with king's arrow for further use and anybody who is caught cutting one down is fined. (this shackle on free enterprise causes bitterness)
What led Madison to declare war of 1812?
British arming of hostile natives - restore confidence in republican experiment - only rigorous assertion of American rights can demonstrate viability of American nationhood
Why were Americans suspicious after all of Grenville's acts?
British army kept; worry that it is to whip rebellious colonists into line; after Whip suspicion of authority, think that British are going to strip them of historic liberties
What caused Americans to realize their inconsistencies?
British burnings of Falmouth and Norfolk and hiring of Hessians; Common Sense
The War of Jenkins's Ear
British captain Jenkins encounters Spanish revenue authorities and has his ear sliced off by sword; furious resentment arises when Jenkins returns to Britain. 1739 UK vs. Spanish in Caribbean Sea and Georgia (Oglethorpe fights to a standstill)
peace of Ghent
British competitors jam up American markets and newspapers, forcing American manufacturers to close
Fort McHenry
British fleet attack with cannons, but cannot capture - inspires Key's writing the Star Spangled Banner
Why was Canada the battleground for war of 1812?
British forces weakest there`
George Canning
British foreign secretary asks American minister in London if US will band with English in join declaration
1756 Invasion of Canada
British full-scale invade now that the war in America is world conflict but stupidly try to attack numerous posts simultaneously instead of putting all effort into the most important ones: Quebec and Montreal
Isaac Brock
British general leads operations to capture American fort Michilimackinac, which commands upper Great Lakes
Albany Congress
British gov'nt summons intercolonial congress to Albany, NY; only 7/13 colonies send delegates; led by Benjamin Franklin
Parliament holds British secrets
British have monopoly of textile industry, want to harbor its secrets - Parliament enacts laws w/ mercantile system to forbid export of machines/emigration of mechanics
hard times after war
British manufacturers flood American markets with good surpluses, causing suffering from competition
Samuel Slater
British mechanic memorizes plans for machinery, escapes to America for the riches, reconstructs w/ blacksmith+carpenter machine for cotton thread
George Grenville
British prime minister; strictly enforces Navitaion laws, orders Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act; says these are reasonable but colonists pissed about the lack of representation
Georgia and Charleston fall to British
British start with South where loyalists numerous - Georgia 1778-1779 overrun - Charleston, SC 1780 falls and is huuge loss to America, even larger that Britain's loss of Burgoyne
Compromise of 1850
CA admitted as free state - NW+UT open to slavery on basis of popular sovereignty - Senate unbalanced in favor of N
What caused the Financial Crash of 1857?
CA gold inflates currency, Crimean War oversea demands overstimulate grain growth, overspeculation
Treaty of Wanghia
CH 1844, eager to counter GB, signs first formal agreement b/w US + China - US gets any/all trading terms other nations get - "extraterritoriality" for AM in CH
Californian Constitution
Californians, needing protection from voilence and disease of 49ers, bypasses territorial stage of state - excludes slavery - applies to Congress for admission
Caroline affair
Canadian McLeod in NY brags of his being in Caroline raid, so he is arrested for murder - London Foreign Office sees the Caroline raider not as criminals. so says that arresting is a declaration of war - McLeod freed after establishing alibi
James J Hill
Canadian-AM believes that RR success depends on prosperity of area serves - runs agricultural demonstration trains through "hill county" and imports GB bulls to farmers - this is so successful that later they don't have trouble with economy when it's in trouble
Morgan and Carnegie
Carnegie eager to sell his steel and Morgan manufacturing steel pipe tubing - Carnegie threatens to invade same business, ready to ruin Morgan if not satisfied - Carnegie's agents haggle w/ Morgan until Morgan agrees to buy out Carnegie for $400mil+ - once owning all this, Morgan expands his empire and "waters" stock, launches US steel corp
Whom was Carolina named for? Why?
Carolina was named for Charles II in 1670 after king grants to eight Lords Proprietors the expanse of wilderness.
How did the Irish react to new Protestantism in 1560s? What happened?
Catholic Irish seek help from Spain to throw off Protestant Elizabeth's rule, but aid was weak and English easily crush Irish uprisings. Horrible atrocities are inflicted upon native Irish and new Protestant landlords are placed in control of Ireland. Many English soldiers develop in Ireland a contempt for "savage" natives
Why did Anglo-Spanish wars break out between Florida and Carolina?
Catholic Spaniards hate the Protestant refugees of Carolina. But Carolina too strong to be wiped out.
Why was there trouble in the way Baltimore established Maryland?
Catholic land barons surrounded by Protestant backcountry planters; rebellion near end of century->Baltimore family briefly lost proprietary rights; he at first encouraged freedom of worship, but when more Protestants submerge the Catholics, Catholics set the 1649 Act of Toleration
Lord Baltimore
Catholic; founds Maryland in 1634 to reap financial profits and to create refuge for Catholics; grants huge estates to his Catholic relatives in large major houses
English Protestant Reformation
Catholics battle Protestants for decades after King Henry VIII breaks with Roman Catholic Church in 1530s. Balance of religious power continues to waver until Protestant Elizabeth takes the English throne
Death of the Whig Party, 1852
Caused by the Democratic victory in the Election of 1852 when Pierce won a landslide victory. Last election that Whigs participated in
Where were the Mayans?
Central America
Matthew Lyon
Congressman who is convicted by Sedition Act
Blue Law State
Connecticut; named so for the blue paper on which the repressive sumptuary Puritan laws were printed
Royal African Company
Chartered in 1672 with crown-granted monopoly to carry slaves to colonies; loses this in 1698
"Five Civilized Tribes"
Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles
Haymarket Square
Chicago police advance on authority brutality protest meeting --> dynamite bomb
Nicholas Trist
Chief Clerk of State department - sent w/ Scott to arrange for armistice w/ Santa Anna - negotiates Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
"Fiscal Bank Corporation"
Clay drives through Congress "Fiscal Bank" for a new BoUS but Taylor vetoes; the Corporation again vetoes
"Corrupt Bargain" of 1824
Clay eliminated in HoR, but Speaker of House so throws support behind JQ Adams - Clay is appointed Secretary of State, typical stepping stone to presidency - Jacksonians claim this is corruption, that he, the people's choice, was swindled out by politics
Why did New England immigrants live longer than the Chesapeake ones?
Clean water and cool temperatures slow down spread of microbes
Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)
Cohens appeals to SC for being found guilty of illegally selling lotto tickets by Virginia - Virginia convicts - Marshall asserts right of SC to review these decisions
How did a currency shortage develop in the colonies? How did the colonists respond to this?
Colonies buy more from Britain than sell there; resort to other goods as methods of exchange
German contributions
Conestoga wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree - more educated on whole than Americans so encourage public schools and art/music - hate slavery
blue-backed paper money
Conf needs revenue as duties die off, but "runaway inflation"
Jefferson Davis
Confederate president, often disputes with own Congress and disliked bc defy popular opinion
How was money raised for transRR building? How was land obtained?
Congress (encouraged by military/postal) loans money to two large companies and donates a ton of acreage
Indian Removal Act
Congress 1830 passes to move natives in "Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma
Freedmen's Bureau
Congress creates to be welfare agency for blacks - provide food, clothing, med care, education to freedmen and white refugees - led by Howard
Tariff of 1832
Congress does away with the worst abominations of 1828, but still protective - southerners still not happy
Checkerboard method
Congress gives land in broad belts along proposed route to RR. RR must within area choose the sqmi parts they want - until determine precisely, hoards all land
Force Bill
Congress passes at same time as Compromise Tariff - authorizes president to use army/navy if necessary to collect fed tariff duties - SC pissed, begins to prepare for battle (but no other states support their potential secession) so Columbia convention meets again to nullify Force Bill
Preston S Brooks
Congressman of SC resents Sumner's insults - should call for duel, but in S only can fight w/ one's social equal - 5/22/1856 beats Sumner w/ cane until it breaks and Sumner collapses - HOR cannot get enough votes to expel him, but he resigns and is triumphantly reelected w love from SC
Why did Jefferson try to propose constitutional amendment?
Constitution says nothing about authorizing president to negotiate treaties such as Louisiana Purchase - in time would take, Napoleon may withdraw offer
"not worth a continental"
Continental paper money so depreciated - individual states issue their own currency - inflation quickly skyrockets prices (families of soldiers cannot send stuff over) - debtors easily "pay off debt"
What were the local level administrations in the different colonies?
County government in South, town meeting in New England, and a modification of the two in the middle
Bank War
Daniel Webster + Henry Clay present Congress w/ bill to renew BoUS charter in order to make it 1832 election issue - thinks that if Jackson approves it, alienate westerners; if veto, would alienate wealthy - Jackson vetoes, declaring it unconstitutional (but SC earlier declared it constitutional) - Jackson acts as if execute branch superior to judicial - vetoing amplifies power of presidency - in reality the easterners have lost political power
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)
Dartmouth College given a charter by G3, but NH wants to take it away - Marshall rules in favor of college saying original charter must stand - safeguards business enterprise from domination by state gov'nt
Wilmot Amendment
David Wilmot's proposal that Mexico territory be slave free - not passed bc South in Senate does not want to lose potential support base - endorsed by free state legislatures
Boston Tea Party
December 16, 1773: 100 Bostonians disguised as natives board docked ships and destroy/dump hundreds of crates of tea
What religion did Thomas Paine promote? with what?
Deism with The Age of Reason - states that church is set up to intimidate
Where did New Sweden lie?
Delaware
Winfield Scott Hancock
Dem candidate who appeals to S bc fair treatment during recnostruction
Franklin Pierce
Democratic candidate for 1852 presidency (wins) - supports territorial expansion and finality of everything including Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Law
Horatio Seymour
Democratic candidate in 1868 election - rejects "Ohio Idea"
Lewis Cass
Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s. - supports slavery
Jeffersonian anti-Federalists
Democratic-Republicans - believe best gov'nt is one that governs least. - state should hold bulk of power where people intimate w/ local affairs can keep eye on public servants - insist no special privileges for special classes - favors gov'nt for people but not by all people (literate men good) - pro-French
"war hawks"
Democratic-Republicans who support war - feel that country has to assert American rights to world
Democratic Convention of 1852
Democrats choose Franklin Pierce as candidate for presidency
"ate crow"
Dems endorse Greeley though Greeley often blasted them, but Dems like him bc he wants to "close the bloody chasm"
When did most servants arrive in North America? Where did they go before? Why didn't they come earlier?
Early 18th century; before most went to Spanish + Portuguese South America or West Indies; poor white colonists could not afford slaves who would die upon arrival (white slave are cheaper)
Where was most of the Dutch Republic's colonial activity?
East Indies
Where was the bulk of the American population in 1775?
East of Alleghenies; Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, N. Carolina, Maryland; 90% in rural areas
transportation revolution
East wants to Move West
Compromise of 1877
Electoral Count Act so that when Senate + House meet to settle dispute, disputed documents referred to electoral committee of 15 select politicians - when repubs win by 1 vite, dems threaten filibuster - Dems agree that Hayes may take office in return for withdrawal of fed troops from LA, SC - Repubs assure Dems place w/ presidential patronage and suppport bill subsidizing S RR
Individualism in literature
Emerson's "Self Reliance" Cooper's Natty Bumppo Melville's Captain Ahab
Henry David Thoreau
Emerson's close asociate - refuses to pay Mass poll tax bc refuse condemns slavery gov'nt - believes should reduce bodily wants for pursuit of truth by study/meditation
Headright system
Encourage importation of servant workers by Maryland and Virginia; whoever pays passage of laborer can acquire 50 acres of land; masters thus make servants an investment for real estate and become merchant-planters
By which century was the Chesapeake white population growing on its own birthrate?
End of 17th century, opening of 18th
Francis Drake
English "sea dog" who went around planet, inspired among many others by Elizabeth, to raid Spanish booty, netting many profits for his financial backers (one of which was Queen Elizabeth). Elizabeth knights Drake on his ship
Barbados slave code of 1661
English authorities devised "codes" that defined slaves' legal status and masters rights to control the slave population; denied rights to slaves and gave masters complete control, including extreme punishment
Henry Hudson
English explorer hired by Dutch East India Company, ordered to sail NE, but he sails up Hudson River, hoping he had found the shortcut through America, but instead he claims a wooded watery area for Dutch
Sir Edmund Andros
English military man, head of the Dominion of New England, with close connections with the Church of England. He sets up his headquarters in Puritanical Boston, so much hatred toward him and his soldiers
What global economic system emerged involving Europe, America, Africa?
Europe provides markets, capital tech. Africa provides labor. New World offers raw materials
Immigrants from Europe
Europe seems to be running out of room; "surplus" people sent everywhere, esp to the land of freedom/opportunity
Convention of 1800
France agrees to anull old alliance and US agrees to pay damage claims of American shippers; Adams is very good with France
Why was New England less ethnically mixed than the southern colonies?
European immigrants not attracted to where soil is stony and sermons stifling
What were the effects of 1690s-1700s wars?
Europeanization of America, creates class of widows and orphans who become dependent on charity
Who drew the famous slogan-drawing "Join, or Die"? When? Why?
Franklin published in his Pennsylvania Gazette the disjointed snake a month before the congress assembled
Who established two MA black regiments?
Frederick Douglass
Jesuits
French Catholic missionaries zealous to Christianize natives, keeping them from fur-trappers; some tortured by natives; play important role as explorers and geographers
How did Uncle Tom's Cabin affect international relations?
FR &GB considered intervening for S, but realize many of own people who love Beecher's novel would not support
Did New Englanders migrate as single individuals or as families? What was its effect?
Families, unlike the chesapeakes who traveled individually; thus the population grew naturally almost immediately
Johnson-Congress clash
Feb 1866 Johnson veto bill extending life of Freedmen's Bureau - (repub) Congress passes Civil Rights Bill
What effect did the discovery of New World crops have on the world?
Fed rapid population growth of Old World. 3/5 of crops today originated in Americas.
What did the Hartford Convention demands reflect?
Federalist fears that once-powerful NE is falling to agricultural S/W
Freedom dues
Few barrels of corn, suit of clothing, small parcel of land; given to indentured servants once freed
Why is American neutrality better for France?
French West Indies rely on Yankee foodstuffs. But if Americans enter war on France's side, GB fleets will blockade American coasts
fourth Anglo-French colonial war
French and Indian War began in America, started by Washington's scuffle in Ohio Valley and after two years becomes the Seven Years' War
Seven Years' War
French and Indian War; set stage for America's independence; fought globally
Robert de La Salle
French expedition leader down Mississippi River
What was the effect of FtG's conquer in Europe?
French put so much strength into the European situation that unable to put enough force into New World
voyageurs
French recruits natives into fur business; large native fur ship fleet of Montreal in 1693
Admiral de Grasse
French; advises Americans that his fleet in West Indies can join to assault Cornwallis at Yorktown; Washington seizes opportunity
Jacques Cartier
Frenchman journeys up St. Lawrence River
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850
GB and US said that neither nation would or could attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America
Hudson's Bay Company
GB monopoly trading profitably w/ natives for fur
What happened in the 1830s that gave energy to the abolitionist movement?
GB unchains slaves in West Indies - Second Great Awakening of last decade
Halifax-Quebec Route
GB wants to build road from Halifax to Quebec, but it runs through disputed Maine territory - London sends financier Lord Ashburton to establish relations w/ Webster and compromise on Maine boundary - GB gets Halifax-Quebec, but lots of land goes to future Minnesota - this solving of Caroline affair done entirely by letters
Slave revolts
Gabriel leads Richmond, Virginia, but foiled by informers Denmark Vesey leads in CHarleston, but same Nat Turner, black preacher, leads uprising that slaughters many
British 1814 at New Orleans
Gaunt and Jackson, feeling victorious from beating natives at Battle of Horseshoe Bend, command hodgepodge force - overconfident large British makes mistake of launching frontal assault; loses many men
Brook Farm
George Ripley (Mass) started by intellectual transcendentalists; fares well until fire fails bc writers hate farming works for 5 years because of Ms. Ripley's private school
Which colony was the last of the thirteen?
Georgia
Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)
Georgia leg grants 35mil acres of Yazoo River country (Mississippi River) to private speculators - next legislature cancels this bribery, yielding to popular pressures - John Marshall allows state to give the acres but calls it contract and thus constitutional - protects property rights against popular pressures - Constitution forbids state laws from damaging contracts
Which colony was firmly planted with the British government? What were the others founded by?
Georgia; other by companies, religious, land speculators
Carl Schurz
German liberal who is foe of slavery and public corruption - elevates American political life
Baron von Steuban
German organizational genius, whips Americans into shape
Why did Germans agree to fight for Britain?
German princes need the money
Battle at Shiloh
Grant attempts to capture junction of main Conf N/W & E/W RR, but plans foiled at Battle of Shiloh - just over TN border - marks no quick end to war in W
name two men of the meat industry
Gustavus F Swift, Philip Armous
loose construction
Hamilton and federalist followers invoke "elastic clause" of Constitution, contending for loose interp
Why did federalists support John Adams?
Hamilton's financial policies made him very unpopular
Which wing splits with Adams?
Hamiltonian; he even attacks him in private pamphlet
Battle of TippeCanoe
Harrison gathers army, advances, - Tecumseh absent recruiting supporters in South - Prophet stupidly attacks Harrison's army w/ small Shawneen force; Shawnees defeated, settlement burned - drives Tecumseh into alliance w/ GB
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay introduces whether or not Missouri will be admitted as slave state - 1820 Congress admits Missouri as slave state - Maine is to be admitted as a separate free state from Massachusetts - forbids slavery in remaining Louisiana Territory N of 36º30' except for Missouri
Compromise Tariff of 1833
Henry Clay of Kentucky doesn't want enemy Jackson to win but also supports tariffs so supports this bill - reduce 1832 tariff by 10% over 8 yrs - Congress passes after much debate
"immortal trio"
Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Daniel Webster
William Henry Harrison of Ohio
Hero of Battle of Tippecanoe leading Whig "favorite son'
Tallmadge Amendment
HoR slows plans of Missouri becoming state by passing this: - no more slaves to be brought into Missouri - gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there - later defeated by slave states in Congress
Hurons vs. Iroquois; lasting effect?
Hurons joined by Champlain; Iroquois scattered by white guns; Iroquois continue enmity with France
How did the natives populate America?
Ice Age glaciers revealed a bridge of land between present-day Siberia and Alaska, which nomadic hunters walked across following game into America for 250 centuries
How did the condition of life differ for slaves in the South and in the Chesapeake region?
In the south, climate is hostile and labor on the widely-scattered rice and indigo plantations is lonely/life-draining. Only fresh imports can maintain the slave population in these conditions. In Chesapeake, tobacco-growing is easier on the larger, closer tobacco plantations, allowing frequent contact with family and friends. The black population in Chesapeake area is soon growing naturally
What was the after-effect of Bacon's Rebellion?
It ignited the unhappiness that landless and resentful servants had for their masters; tensions remain and the planters, seeking non-troublesome laborers, look toward Africa
Giovanni de Verrazano
Italian mariner sent by French king to search eastern America
Christopher Columbus
Italian seafarer encourages Ferdinand and Isabella to give him three ships to head westward. He comes upon Bahamas in 6 weeks and incorrectly thinks he came upon Indies
Half-Breeds
James Blaine leads, likes job-vote system, but mad w/ Stalwarts for who gets spoils
Virginian Resolution
James Madison drafts less extreme but similar statement as Kentucky Resolution; Virginia leg 1798 adopts statement
Who draws up the amendments himself? Why? (Bill of Rights)
James Madison fears that calling new convention will unravel federalist victory in ratification so drafts it himself then guides to Congress
Election of 1820
James Monroe is elected president
Confederate Peace Delegation
Jeff Davis hopes negotiation will arrive in DC right as Lee's army victoriously defeats Gettysburg - but doesn't win
strict constrution
Jefferson and followers; believe Constitution should be interpreted literally
"whispering campaigns"
Jefferson becomes victim of these: accused by Federalists on defensive of having affair with one of his slaves
"Jeffs" "mosquito fleet"
Jefferson fascinated w/ small gunboats from Tripolitan war - advocates use large number of these to guard American shores while reducing taxes - more dangerous to crew and crappy
Why did the embargo fail?
Jefferson overestimates dependence of FR+GB on American trade - GB could trade w/ Latin American republics - France has enough European land to support itself
Naturalization Law of 1802
Jefferson reduces requirement of 14yrs residence --> 5yrs
Kentucky Resolution
Jefferson secretly pens series of resolutions which Kentucky leg 1798-1799 approves
Samuel Chase
Jefferson seeks revenge after Marbury v. Madison - Supreme Court justice so unpopular for "high crimes and misdemeanors" - voted by HoR then Senate cannot convict/remove bc not actually crimes but more just crappy person - victory for independence of judiciary and separation of powers among gov'nt
What two political camps have formed by end of Washington's first administration 1793?
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans Hamiltonian Federalists
1799 Adams proposes new minister to France
Jeffersonians explode with anger but public opinion favorable for one last try for peace
How do Americans feel about the alliance?
Jeffersonians favor honoring alliance bc thankful - Washington nd Hamilton believe war should be avoided at all costs in order to be stronger and successful a few generations later
trial of Boston Massacre
John Adams defends soldier; two redcoats found guilty of manslaughter and released after branded on hand
Harper's Ferry
John Brown plans to invade S secretly, call upon slaves to rise, arm them, and provide sanctuary - w/ money, arrives in VA - Harpers Ferry, seizes fed arsenal by killing innocents, but slaves fail to rise - Brown and supporters captured by US marines under Robert E Lee
Republicans in 1856 Election
John C Fremont > Seward bc not tarred by KA - platform against slavery extension
Who was a successful smuggler?
John Hancock
Oneida Community
John Humphrey Noyes NY free love, birth control, select for superior kids; flourish bc steel traps and silverware old shepherds young bc children are burden believe jesus has come down and they want to create a sinless world for him
Treaty of Ghent
John Quincy Adams leads 5 American peacemakers in Ghent, Belgian - British envoys make huge demands for neutral native buffer state in Great Lakes region and part of Maine - Americans reject terms; talks stalemate - news of British losses in upper NY and Baltimore, war-weariness at home lead to compromise - signed 12/24/1814 - both sides agree to stop fighting, restore conquered territory - no mention of natives, search and seizure, Orders in Council, impressment, confiscations
Who led the Mormons where?
Joseph Smith to Illinois then Bringham Young to Utah
Olive Branch Petition
July 1775 Continental Congress professes American loyalty to crown, begs king to prevent further hostilities - G3 replies by proclaiming colonies in rebellion, hires thousands of Hessians
attack at Monmouth
June 1778 Washington attacks withdrawing redcoats at NJ and many collapse from heatstroke; indecisive and British escape to NY; Washington from now on stays in NY area trapping in British
Seven Days' Battles
June 26 - July 2, 1862 Lee launches counterattack on McClellan after Peninsula Campaign - drives McClellan back to sea to abandon Peninsula Campaign as failure - Lee loses more lives than McClellan does - Linc temp removes McClellan as Potomac commander
James Henry Crittenden
KY senator proposes amendment to Constitution - Slavery in territories prohibited N of 36 30, but S gets fed protection - future states anywhere can come in w/ or w/o slavery as choose - slavery supporters given full right as long as in territories regardless of popsov
Where was trans-Appalachian overflow concentrated in?
Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio
English Civil war in 1640s
King Charles I 1629 dismissed Parliament, 1640 recalls it but members are mutinous and find leadership in Puritan Oliver Cromwell. They behead Charles and Cromwell rules England for a decade. 1660 Charles II is restored to throne. During this time, colonization had been paused.
Pennsylvania
King named this after William Penn despite Penn's objections, who fears that his critics will accuse him of naming it after himself; 1681 officially launched, simplified by the presence of many squatters already along the Delaware River banks; best truthfully advertised colony; liberal land policy encouraged substantial landholds
Battle of Long Island
Late summer 1776 Washington outmaneuvered by huge British fleet off of NY; Washington narrowly manages to escape to Manhattan Island - retreats Northward across Hudson to NJ then Delaware River - rebels collect all available boats to prevent pursuit and flee across river
Nathaniel Bacon
Leads 1000 Virginians (most are frontiersmen who were forced into backcountry in search of land) 1676 in rebellion against William Berkeley. They resent the friendly policy toward natives; when Berkeley did not retaliate for a series of native attacks, he leads his followers in Bacon's Rebellion
Knickerbocker Group
NY - supports lit as profession in seaboard cities
1865 Conf tries to negotiate peace
Lincoln meets w/ Conf rep but they won't compromise so fighting continues
Freeport Doctrine
Lincoln questions if people vote slavery down, but SC in Dred Scott Decrees no, then who prevails? - Doug + South answer with this, that no matter how SC rules, slavery will follow people's wills and leg will do so
"10 percent" Reconstruction plan
Lincoln's 1863 plan decrees: - state can be reintegrated into Union when 10 percent of voters in 1860 election take oath of allegiance to US and pledge to abide by emancipation - then can get formal state gov'nt and be recognized as purified
Proclamation of 1763
London gov'nt prohibits settlement in area beyond Appalachians; designed to prevent another bloody eruption with natives; Americans angry bc they feel a right to own that land
How did Americans benefit from the mercantile system?
London pays colonial ship part producers over British competition; Virginia tobacco planters monopolize British market; colonists enjoy world's best protection without pay
Polk's 4-point System
Lower Tariff, Restore ind treasury, Acquire Cali, Get Oregon
Thomas B Reed
ME HoR speaker is shuts up Dems by counting the ones who refuse to answer - million-Dollar Congress
Jefferson Davis
MS senator, voted to lead Confederacy
Who establishes the 10-hour-day for federal employees?
MVB
When would the Continental Congress meet again if grievances were not fixed?
May 1775
Ethan Allen
May 1775 leads tiny American force w/ Arnold for Bunker Hill
Peninsula Campaign
McClellan keeps drilling his army w/o movement so Lincoln issues firm orders to advance - McClellan chooses to approach Richmond at base of James/York River peninsula - takes month to capture Yorktown - Lincoln diverts McClellan's anticipated reinforcements to chase Jackson (doing stuff in Shenadoah Valley) - stalled, McClellan frustrated by Stuart's Confederate calvary rides scott-free around them
King Philip's War
Metacom coordinates assaults on English villages; frontier settlements are hit hard and fall back toward Boston. When war ends in 1676, many Puritan towns attacked and 12 destroyed. Metacom's family punished; the war slowed the westward march of English settlement for decades but it drastically reduced in number and spirit the natives
Peter Cartwright
Methodist traveling revivalist preacher who converts thousands
Jackson hesitant to formally recognize Texas as independent nation; other Americans
Mexicans complain that Americans have obligation to enforce neutrality statutes - Americans nullify legislation Jackson leaves office, but acknowledges them on last day - antislavery crusaders in N oppose annexation, say it slavocracy conspiracy
Where were the Aztecs?
Mexico
Chester Arthur
NY VP for Garfield who is conglinger
Europeans want to eliminate democracy
Monarchs bind together after Napoleon's fall from power in 1815
Treaty of 1818
Monroe's administration negotiates with Britain - America share Newfoundland fisheries w/ Canada - Fixes north limit of Louisiana along 49th parallel - 10-year joint occupation of Oregon County w/o surrender of rights/claims of America/Britain
Why was the Whig party split in 1852 election?
N Whigs hate party's platform but accept candidate S supports platform but not candidate
How did N get GB to break blockade with them?
N at this time is producing a ton of grain w/ McCormick's while GB is suffering agriculturally - GB breaks blockade to import huge quantities of grain - if GB had broken blockade to get cotton, couldn't have gotten wheat
What was the effect of the Financial Crash?
N hardest hit by grain situation S survives bc cotton prices favorable - shows that cotton is king and S economically stronger than N - N demands more public free farms, but E industrialists oppose bc fear will drain workers W and by S proslaveryites who fear free-soilers will fill up land - N wants higher protective tariff
State capitals
NH, NY, VA, NC, SC, GA capitals all moved westward
small-state plan
NJ-presented - equal representation in Congress w/o regards to state size/population
Which colonies showed the least racial diversity?
New England
Where do many free blacks settle?
New Orleans
Which state did Burr bring to Jefferson's side in order to obtain Jefferson victory?
New York
Leisler's Rebellion
New York City 1689-1691 bloody situation between landholders and aspiring mrerchants
Middle Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania midway between New England and Southern plantation colonies; soil is fertile on broad expanse of land; bountiful forests for lumbering and shipbuilding; deep rivers for commerce; most ethnically mixed with religious toleration and democracy; easier to acquire land than anywhere else
Where was England's first attempt at colonization?
Newfoundland; but was a failed attempt when Sir Humphrey Gilbert died at sea
First European discoverers of North America
Norse seafarers from Scandinavia arrive near present-day Newfoundland and name the grape-rich land Vinland. No strong nation-state interested in expanding supports them and the discovery soon abandoned
trade among colonies of resources
North produces more food than South bc South now grows cotton - products go from North to South via waterroutes - East to West needs some routes
SC State Election of 1832
Nullies mark loyalty to "Palmetto State" win w/ more than 2/3 vote - Columbia convention reconvenes: declare tariff void/null w/in SC; also threatens to take SC out of union if DC tried to collect duties by force
James A Garfield
OH Repub candidate wins, but is assassinated
Rutherford B Hayes
OH gov'nr, Repub candidate
Attack on Quebec
October 1775 British burn Portland, Maine - also invade Canada two-pronged - contradicts claim of colonists that they were only defensive for redress of grievances - Monty's column pushes up Lake Champlain and captures Montreal - Arnold+Monty join at Quebec but lose and retreat back up St. Lawrence River
Oberlin College
Ohio; opens doors to blacks and women
"old light" vs "new light" ministers
Old orthodox clergymen are skeptical of the new emotionalism and theatricalism while newer ministers defend the Awakening for its role in reviving American religion
"Oregon Fever"
Oregon Trail to Willamette Valley - GB tries to get more people to come for them, but soon realize they will be engulfed
Pontiac
Ottawa chief; 1763 senses newly precarious situation of natives and leads several tribes (+ several French traders) in violence to drive British out of Ohio country;
Declaratory Act
Parliament can do whatever they want, make whatever laws they want to the colonies
How did Americans distinct between legislation and taxation?
Parliament has right to legislate matters of the entire empire (including trade) but denied it the right to impose tax on Americans; only their own elected colonial leg can legally tax them. Parliament taxes amount to robbery
Why did Jefferson have to rely on personal charm?
Party so weak-jointed; cannot build loyal political following. only uniting factor is opposition to Federalists
Quaker Indian Policy
Penn leads in treating natives fair, going about them unarmed and hiring them as nannies; ironically the Quaker tolerance in Pennsylvania causes feisty European non-Quaker immigrants to be the undoing of the Quaker Indian Policy
Bread Colonies
Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey; heavy exports of grain
Com. Matthew Perry (Japan 1854)
Persuaded the Japanese to sign a treaty allowing commercial transactions between the US and Japan
Where were the Incas?
Peru
How did colonists defy the tea law? In Philadelphia/NY? in Maryland? in Charleston?
Phil/NY: mass demonstrations force ships to return without unloading cargo Annapolis: burn cargo+vessel S Carolina: officials seize tea after local merchants refuse to accept delivery
Who was the first group to found an anti-slavery society?
Philadelphia Quakers 1775
Andrew Hamilton
Philadelphia lawyer, defended Peter Zenger. Counters to the judge that the liberty of exposing and opposing power is at stake, and jurors vote in favor of Zenger
Mayflower Compact
Pilgrim leaders draw up and sign this brief thing before disembarking; a simple agreement to form government whose regulations must be followed
How did farmers respond to depressing tobacco prices? What was its effect?
Planting more acres of tobacco to bring more products to the markets. They needed more labor
James B Weaver
Populist candidate
Why did Spain look westward?
Portugal controls African coast and thus round-Africa water route to India
caravel
Portuguese mariners-developed ship that sails closely with the wind. Discovers that they can return to Europe by sailing NW from African coast toward (portuguese) Azores, where W breezes carry them home
Bartholomeu Dias
Portuguese rounded southernmost African tip "Dark Continent"
Who first set up trading posts along African shore? What did they trade?
Portuguese; gold and slaves
neo-trinity
Presbyterianism, Congregationalism, and rebellion
James Monroe
President 1816 by Republicans "Era of Good Feelings" bc Republican one-party rule - straddles generation b/w Founding Fathers and emerging nationalism
Give states aid for infrastructure improvement?
President madison vetoes, saying it is unconstitutional - Jeffersonian Repubs oppose building federally-funded roads bc feel would further drain population away and will create competition beyond mountains
Campaign of 1844
Proexpansion democrats under James K Polk Whigs under Henry Clay
List three AM scientists
Professor Benjamin Stillman - chemist, geologist Professor Louis Agassiz - French-swiss immigrant in biology encourages original research > memory Professor Asa Gray - publishes numerous interesting/clear pieces on botany
Gilbert Stuart
RIer; produces idealized GWash protraits
What ended the English Protestant Reformation in 1558? What happened as a result?
Protestant Elizabeth takes the throne and as Protestantism dominates in England, rivalry with Catholic Spain intensifies
John Cotton
Puritan who emigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution for his criticism of Church of England. In Bay Colony he devotes his time to defending gov'nt duty to enforce religious rules
Protestant ethic
Puritans share idea of serious commitment to work and engagement of worldly pursuit. They enjoy simple pleasures but passed laws to keep these human instincts simple and repressed.
What was the women's rights situation in New England?
Puritans worried that recognizing women's separate property rights would undercut unity of married persons; New England women often gave up their property rights when married; New England laws ensured property rights of widows and protected married women; laws seek to defend integrity of marriage (no divorce or divorce)
Susan B Anthony
Quaker stands strong against trash for womans rights
General Nathanael Greene
Quaker tactician distinguishes himself by standing then retreating, thus exhausting foe Cornwallis; succeeds in clearing most of GA/SC of British troops
Quakers
Religious Society of Friends; arose in England mid-1600s, derived from that they "quaked" under deep religious emotion; refused to support established Church of England with taxes; believe all are children in the sight of God and thus address all same as peers; take no oaths because "Swear not at all"; advocate passive resistance
John C Breckinridge
S Democrat leader - for slavery extension and Cuba annexation
Clement V Vallindigham
S Partisan Copperhead would have been tried in OH for sedition but first convicted by military and sentenced to prison - works way to Canada and runs for gov'nr of OH though loses
N agitation for abolition of slavery in DC
S angered by this bc putting a slave-free area b/w two slaveholding states would be weird
Merrimack
S raise/recondition former wooden US warship and plate sides w/ iron railroads 1862 (renamed the Virginia) - easily destroys two wooden Union ships and poses threat - tiny Union Monitor comes and fights - this battle heralds doom of wooden warships and afterwards, Conf destroys Merrimack to keep from Union
Why couldn't the fed gov'nt even after Lincoln wins touch slavery?
S still has majority in SC, and Repubs do not control Leg branch - constitutional amendment is only change to slavery
"fire eaters"
S threaten secession, announce will convene in Nashville 1850 to consider withdrawing from union - has immortal trios and younger ones
Which states seceded?
SC, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, TX form Confederate States of America
Who contributed the local committee of correspondence?
Samuel Adams founded first one in 1772 in Boston; soon many towns set up similar organizations
"Father of New France"
Samuel de Champlain, soldier, explorer leader of Quebec; friendly relations with Huron natives
Which British villages did the French native allies ravage?
Schenectady, NY and Deerfield, Mass.
What were the first three department heads under president and who occupied them first?
Secretary of State - Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury - Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War - Henry Knox
Salmon Chase
Secretary of Treasury - leads group of Lincoln critics
George Bancrott
Secretary of navy founds Naval Academy at Annapolis "Father of American History" puts much research and publishes patriotic history
Sen. Stephen A. Douglas
Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine
What was the French and Indian War known as in Europe?
Seven Years' War
Tecumseh
Shawneen; unifies many native tribes in last-ditch battle w/ settlers - ally w/ GB
Sacajawea
Shoshoni woman aids Lewis and Clark
Where did most Union black soldiers come from?
Slave states, some from free-soil North
Why is putting blacks in KA a losing game?
Slaves are valuable+volatile - in KA, bullets flying and soil potentially free
Who led protest against the "Tariff of Abominations"? Elaborate
South Carolinians - The South Carolina Exposition by Calhoun denounces recent tariff as unjust/unconstitutional - proposes that states should nullify the tariff
In what way was the south like an oligarchy?
South aristocracy widens wealth gap bc aristocrats make all decisions in their favor of gov'nt
foreign exports
South exports a lot of cotton North trades a lot of wheat with Britain
Apologists
South justify slavery by claiming that African Americans better off in current system than on their own
Why is Johnson mistrusted?
Southernor who does not understand N TN distrusted by S Dem not accepted by Repubs president never elected to office
American Revolutionary War becomes world war
Spain and Holland enter against British in 1779, multiple times the outnumbering fleets threaten British isles - Armed Neutrality
Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819
Spain cedes Florida and Spanish claims to Oregon in exchange for America abandoning claims to Texas
Effect of Revolutions in South America
Spain forced to take many troops out of Florida - Andrew Jackson goes into Florida, with pretext that he will punish natives and recapture runaways who are hiding in Spanish Florida - captures St. Marks and Pensacola (2 most important Spanish posts in area) - must respect all posts under Spanish flag
What was the exchange between Spain and Britain after Paris Peace settlement?
Spain gives Florida to Britain in return for Cuba
How did English manage to claim sever West Indies island in the mid 17th century?
Spain, weakened by military overextension and distracted by its rebellious Dutch provinces, relaxed its grip on Caribbean islands. English swoops in and gets several, including Jamaica.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquerer crushed Incas and hoards their booty, flooding Spain with riches
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
Spanish explored California coast but did not find much of interest
Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish explored Florida seeking gold, killed by native
Philip II
Spanish foe of Protestant Reformation used his imperial gain to amass "Invincible Armada" of ships to invade England
Frederick Douglass
US abolitionist escapes slavery, becomes influential writer/lecturer in North - looks to politics as end to slavery
What is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US?
St. Augustine, Florida
What posts did Jackson capture in Florida?
St. Marks and Pensacola
Millard Fillmore
Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.
What formed the foundation of the West Indies economy?
Sugar
What was the Aztec capital?
Tenochtitlan
Pacific railroad route
The Gadsden Purchase in 1853 allowed for a railroad route in the south that would be easier to build because the mountains were less high and because the route, unlike the proposed northern lines, would not pass through unorganized territory. This way, it stretched from Houston, Texas, through the New Mexico Territory and into Los Angeles, California.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter, The Marble Faun abt. evil omnipresence
Sojourner Truth
US abolitionist feminist free slave - advocate of abolition of slavery and rights of women
What was the difference between sugar and tobacco crop?
Tobacco is planted easily and produces often with wimple processing; sugar is planted extensively to yield enough though extensive land clearing is needed and elaborate sugar refining
What were loyalists also called? Why? Patriots?
Tories; dominant political faction in Britain Whigs; opposition faction
Why was nonimportation not effective against the Townshend Acts?
Townshend not taken seriously bc light and indirect; smuggling increases esp in Mass
"contraction"
Treasury accumulates gold stocks and reduces greenbacks - effective in deflation, depression, restoring credit rating, and bringing greenbacks back to face value
Who originally proposed mediation b/w Anglo-Saxon?
Tsar Alexander I of Russia feels pressured by Napoleon's army and does not want GB to lose strength in America
Russo-American Treaty of 1824
Tsar retreats, fixes limit at 54º40' (before Monroe Doctrine)
Gadsden Purchase, 1853
U.S. acquisition of land south of the Gila River from Mexico for $10 million; the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States.
Why were French Acadians scattered far?
UK authorities in Nova Scotia fear stab in back by Acadians so uproot 4,000 in 1755 and send them far south and become Cajuns
Divorce Bill
Van Buren convinced that financial fear fed by injection of federal funds into private banks - divorce gov'nt from banking altogether - establishing independent treasury = gov'nt can lock surplus money in vaults in several larger cities - safe funds, but denied as reserves
Back-to-back Military Success of Union
Victory right after Gettysburg - reopens MS to quell N peace agitators - tips diplomatic scales in favor of N as GF stops delivering to Conf and FR kills vessel sale
What was George Washington sent to do in 1754?
Virginia governor sends Washington to Ohio country in command of 150 militiamen to secure Virginia's claims
William Berkeley
Virginia governor, laments his trouble that he ruled a place where most of the people are wandering freemen who are frustrated with their inability to acquire land or spouses; rebelled against by Bacon and his crew; monopolized the natives' fur trade; friendly to natives
Where was representative self-government born?
Virginia in the House of Burgesses
Richard Henry Lee
Virginia representative at Philadelphia Congress. June 7 1776 moves for independent
Which state wanted the federal district to be located where? Why
Virginia wants on Potomac River to gain commerce/prestige
4 Laggard States
Virginia, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island do not sign constitution at first; VA,NY,NC ratify constitution before put into effect; RI only ratifies after gov'nt in operation already for a few months
large-state plan
Virginia-proposed, pushed for framework of Constitution - arrangement in Congress should be based on state's population
Nat Turner
Virginian slave starts slave rebellion 1831 - leads to state leg of Virginia for policy of no questioning slavery
Where were populists popular?
W, not E or S
JP Morgan
Wall Street man makes deal w/ Cleveland to lend gov'nt money, but symbolizes AM politic wickedness
Squanto
Wampanoag native who facilitated cultural accommodation between Plymouth English and the Wampanoag; he had learned English when he was kidnapped by a ship's captain
Why didn't the North want to fire first?
Want to keep border states on their side
What large-scale European war did the War of Jenkins's Ear merge with?
War of Austrian Succession (known as King George's War in America)
Yorktown Defeat
Washington and Rochambeau's French army trap British Cornwallis's troops by land while de Grasse blockades by sea; Cornwallis surrenders 10/19/1781
Fort Necessity; what happened here?
Washington's hastily constructed temp defense; French return with reinforcements after forest fight and after 10h siege, Washington surrenders 7/4/1754
What was the principal means of transportation in the South?
Waterways, as roads were so awful especially in bad weather (leads to family burial plots in South bc funeral parties cannot reach church burial grounds)
Ringshout
West African religious dance performed by shuffling in circle while answering a preacher's shouts; brought to America by slaves and contributed to jazz
John Slidell
sent to Mexico City by Polk to offer $25 mil for California; rejected
Bacon's Rebellion
When governor Berkeley does not retaliate for a series of native attacks on the settlements, Nathaniel Bacon leads his followers to attack the natives (both friendly and hostile), chase Berkeley from Jamestown, and set fire to the capital. Chaos ensues as frustrated freemen and servants steal the town; when Bacon dies, Berkeley brutally crushed the uprising
How did so many African slaves get imported to America in the 1700s?
When the Royal African Company lost its monopoly over slave importing, many Americans (esp. Rhode Islanders) ship in more slaves; supply rises steeply
What was the effect of slavery on the social structure of the South?
While earlier the rough equality of poverty and disease was prevalent, it gave way to defined hierarchy of wealth+status in 1700s. Top: great planters of established family clans "FFVs" monopolized political power and dominate the House of Burgesses. Middle (but much below planters): small farmers, largest social group, with modest plots and scarce slaves. Below: landless white, most of them former indentured servants. Further Below: indentured servants. Last: oppressed black slaves
Jackson's inauguration
White House open to multitude; "Hickoryites" steam into DC from all away, sleeping on floors and such to witness, meanwhile hoping to get office for themselves "King Mob"
Middle passage
White flesh merchants bring African slaves on the unhealthful ships, where death rates 20%, then put on auction blocks in New World ports
Bessemer Process
William Kelly (KA) is an iron kettle manufacturer who sees that blowing cold air on hot iron makes it white-hot and thus cheaper steel
How did the Union pinch off S ports?
Yankee captains seize GB freighters on the seas if have war supplies for Nassau - justify that theses shipments "ultimately" destined for Confederacy
Did the African slaves every revolt? How did they compare to Bacon's Rebellion?
Yes; 1712 New York City killed dozens and 1739 march in South Carolina, but they do not come even close to the scale Bacon's Rebellion was.
Who is sent to the Rio Grande from Nueces?
Zachary Taylor
What was Georgia crated for? What benefit does this have?
a buffer colony to protect the Carolinas against the Spanish in Florida and the French in Louisiana; they got money from UK government at beginning, the only one to get this
William H Prescott
very bad vision publishes accounts of Mexico + Peru conquer
How did the English take over New Netherland?
a secondary interest of the Dutch, New England became menacingly intimidated by the northern English colonies and the New England immigrants within. 1664 Charles II granted the area to his brother Duke of York and a strong English squadron arrives, causing Peter Stuyvesant to surrender
Three-fifths Compromise
a slave counts as 3/5 of a person
Ostend Manifesto, 1854
a statement by American envoys abroad to pressure Spain into selling Cuba to the United States; the declaration suggested that if Spain would not sell Cuba, the United States would be justified in seizing it. It was quickly repudiated by the U.S. government but it added to the belief that a "slave power" existed and was active in Washington.
Underground Railroad
a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North (canada)
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
poet writing for refined class, adopted by less cultured masses
What did Democrats adhere to? Where was it strong?
adhere to calmer views of human weakness-- want toleration, single moral standard - solid in S and N industrial cities (immigrants)
How much of the labor force was children?
about half; conditions are horrible
What did the Zenger decision mark?
achievement for freedom of press and health of democracy, points to need for open public discussion; will later contribute to that true statement about public officials cannot be labeled as libel
General "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne
actor-playwright-soldier
Why did mormons face much opposition?
add opp bc vote as a unit and openly drill militia for defense
Sons of Liberty / Daughters of Liberty
adent spirits "Liberty, Property, and No Stamps"; enforce nonimportation and tar/feather violators; ransack unpopular officials' houses, confiscate their money, and hang agents
America exports ___, imports ____
artists; art - Puritan prejudice that art is waste of time
Interstate Commerce Commission
administers/enforces new leg - still more about corp wealth - satisfies popwant for gov'nt supervision of RR but nominal only - orderly forum where competing businesses can peacefully resolve conflict - first large-scale attempt by Congress to regulate business in society's interast
People's Party
adopt platform denouncing injustice - demand inflation through free/unlimited silver coinage - call for graduated income tax, gov'nt owning stuff, one-term, direct citizen-leg, shorter workday, immigration restriction - nom weaver
How was the town meeting a "classroom for democracy"?
adult males meet together and vote regularly
Who was considered a "freeman"?
adult males who belong to Puritan congregations (the Congregational Church)
What does Washington say in his Farewell Address?
advises to avoid "permanent allies"
Hamiltonian Federalists
advocate strong central gov'nt with power to crush democratic excesses, protect lives/estates of wealthy, subordinate sovereignty-loving states - gov'nt should support private enterprise, not interfere - pro-British in foreign affairs
Delaware
after New Sweden; consists of three counties "two at high tide", named after Lord De La Warr who arrived in Virginia 1610; closely associated with Pennsylvania, granted its own assembly 1703; until American Revolution remains under Pennsylvania governor
What was the timeline of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation?
after Seven Days' Battle: begins drafting Bloody Antietam provides Lincoln opportunity to launch Emancipation Proclamation draft 9/23/62, 1/1/63 issue of final
How does Jefferson feel about the bank? Why?
against; insists there is no specific authorization in Constitution - States, not Congress have power to charter banks
Colored National Labor Union
agitates for 8h workday
How did repubs reply to 14th?
agree that no state should be welcomed back into Union w/o ratifying
covenant
agreement between church and its adherents
What shared sense of purpose did the first settlers of Massachusetts have?
agreement with God to build a holy society that would be model for humankind
What did the newspaper prove powerful for?
airing colonial grievances, rallying opposition to British control
vertical integration
all manufacturing phases done by same organization to improve efficiency by reducing middleman fees and assuring quality reliability
How did states respond to the slave declaration of Constitution? Which state responded differently? how?
all new states constitutions except Georgia's forbids overseas slave trade
Tenth Amendment
all rights not explicitly addressed by Constitution is turned over to state
How did taverns contribute to development of democracy?
all social classes mingle around the fire, gossiping (true or false); taverns crystallize public opinion and become hotbeds of agitation as revolutionary movement gains momentum
What did the French give Spain as compensation?
all trans-Mississippi Louisiana, New Orleans
trade agreement
all-union labor, boycotts/walkouts
Miami Confederacy
alliance of 8 native nations who terrorize Americans invading their lands
Why was England not interested in establishing colonies in the first half of the 1500s?
allies with Spain
encomienda
allows government to give natives to certain colonists in return for their promise to try and Christianize them
horizontal integration
ally w/ competition to monopoly a market
Early AM historians
almost all from NE bc Boston are has great libraries - thinks abolitionists are friends so dislike S bc slavery
Germans and politics
also chased by politicians for vote, but less strong bc strength scattered
Franklin Pierce (Dem.)
an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West. (NO ENEMIES)
Why did few slaveholding women believe in abolition?
and do not protest when family of slave broken up
Lucretia Mott
and fellow delegates not recognized at London's antislavery convention - calls first womens convention
How did S respond to the N financiers?
angry bc had supported KA-NA act of Douglas w/ understanding that KA slave, NA free; - in this, N trying to "abolitionize" KA - some attempt to "assist" small groups of slaveowner to KA, but putting blacks in KA not smart
How do American respond to GB fleets seizing American ships?
angry, esp from Jeffersonians, that should fight G3 in defense of liberties or at least order embargo to GB - but Federalists deny bc high hopes for economic development depends on trade w/ Britain
How did the middle-class feel about worker strikes?
annoyed bc wages in AM higher than anywhere else
Why did the government order S postmasters to destroy abolitionist material?
anti-abolitionist mobbing of the post office in Charleston 1835
The Liberator
anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison draws attention to abolition, positive and negative - cause war of words b/w supporter and opposers of slavery
William Seward
antislaveryite from New York, he stated that on the issue of slavery, there was a higher law than the Constitution, (God's moral law) - fails to see that no compromise = no union
Sedition Act
anyone who impedes gov'nt policy or falsely dfames officials is liable to fine/imprisonment - Federalists believe it justified - written to expire in 1801 so cannot be used against them if lost in next election - gathers support for Federalists
daguerreotype
primitive photograph - competition to portrait painters --> many painters turn to painting landscape
John Marshall
appointed by Adams to Supreme Court - TJeff's cousin - intellectual and commanding; shapes legal system - served at Valley Forge - committed to strengthen power of federal gov'nt - allows Federalism to live on
Adam's envoys in Paris 1797
approached by three go-betweens who bribe to talk to Talleyrand - they say no. Upon return to NY 1798, considered hero for steadfastnesss
Lord Sheffield
argues in pamphlet that Britain can win back America's trade
Snobocracy
aristocratic south farmers - can educate children in best private schools, thus in a way messing w public school system - can leisure study, reflect, produce front-rank statesmen - feel sense of obligation to serve public
What contributed to the "Europeanization" of America?
armed conflicts of 1690s-1700s enrich merchant princes in the New England and middle colonies, laying their economic foundation as military suppliers then sitting atop the social ladder; individuals come to be seated in churches and school according to social rank; soon the richest own most of wealth
Paxton Boys
armed march on Philadelphia in 1764 led by Scots-Irish protesting Quaker's native lenient policy
How did friction develop between British and colonists?
arrogant British contempt at amateur colonists; British refuse to recognize any American militia at high rank; British are "snobs" to the "scum" who fled to outhouses of civilization while Americans feel that they are cutting edge, deserving credit for their securing New World empire
How was Christmas viewed by New Englanders?
as an offensive reminder of "Popery", frowned upon
How did Republicans see the Judiciary Act of 1801?
as bold attempt to entrench Federalists in gov'nt; it is open defiance of people's will
Why did the natives feel a need to reinvent themselves?
as disease killed many of their own, thus destroying culture that held together tribes and European goods penetrated native trade system, way of life was drastically changed
Half-Way Covenant
as fewer people testify that they had received God's grace and attend church, troubled ministered 1662 arrange to modify the covenant: admit churchgoers to baptism but not full communion; weakened distinction bw elect and others by giving partial membership to the once-exclusive, thus further diluting spiritual purity
Why did Republicans hate the Dred Scott Decision?
as foes of slavery, insist that SC ruling is an opinion and not a decision, thus not binding
How did planters regard their slaves?
as major investments - like to protect them from too-dangerous jobs; leave those to Irish wage workers - each one about $1.2k
How did New England impact America?
as new englanders leave their unbearing soil, they spread the New England orderly town setup around America. The inventive clever idealism from the troublesome New England land comes to represent proud national "yankee ingenuity"
What effect did fur trade pursuit have on America?
as the trappers travel far, practically extinguish beaver population in many areas and inflict large-scale ecological damage
What was the purpose of the state constitutions?
as written documents, meant to represent fundamental law (not whims)
"military panic" at Bull Run
at first battle goes well for Yankees but "Stonewall" Jackson stands strong until Conf reinforcements arrive - panic = Union troops flee in shame and confusion
How was the blockade set?
at first leaky; extended rather than clamped all at once - simplified by concentrating on principal ports where dock facilities available for loading large bales of cotton
How was lawyering regarded in the colonies?
at first not favorably because honest manual labor required in the society and any issues could be self-represented; lawyers regarded as noisy and troublemakers, grouped with drunkards
S Conscription Law
at first rely on volunteers, but small so run out of people fast - rich can purchase exemption or hire substitute - slaveowner of 20+ can be exempt
What were the reasons for Britain's terms at Treaty of Paris being so liberal?
at time peace terms drafted, Britain trying to draw US out of French alliance and must have better deal - whig ministry friendly to Americans, determined to save wounds, reopen old trade channels, and prevent future wars over trans-appalachian region
taverns
attractions of bowling allies, pool tables, bars, gambling equipment that popped up along main routes of travel
Land Act of 1820
authorises buyer to buy 80 virgin acres at minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash - West demands sort of given in to
How were women's rights better in New England than in Old?
authorities intervened to restrain abusive spouses; midwifery fostered networks of women
Democrats in 1856 Election
away from Pierce and Douglas bc both tainted by KA-NB act - choose Buchanan, who wasn't in AM during the uproar
black communities
provide protection and mutual assistance to blacks, helping find opportunity
Why were women prominent in idealist reformations?
provide unique opposition to escape home confines for public arenna
Rush-Bagot agreement
b/w GB+US 1817 limits naval armament on lakes
Why did Georgia grow so slowly?
bad climate, early restrictions on black slavery, Spanish attacks
America's minuses in war
badly organized w/o unity - individual states untrusting and jealous of others - individual states resent Congress's attempt to assert power - economic issues and unwilling to raise taxes=print paper money which quickly depreciates - lack of supplies - unreliable "soldiers" - American profiteers
J Piermont Morgan
bankerman eliminates "wasteful" competition when businesspeople come to him bc of 1890s depression - tells them to combine rival enterprises and place his own officers on various boards of directors to ensure harmony - "Jupiter" Morgan finances reorganization of RR, insurance co, banks --> great reputation - does not believe money power dangerous, as long as in right hands (his)
How did the colonists endorse the idea of a separate church and state?
bar clergymen from holding formal political office
In what ways were all of the British North American colonies similar by the mid-18th century?
basically English in language and customs, Protestant in religion, ethnically diverse with some religious tolerance, offers much opportunity for social mobility, self-government while not complete democracy, stitchwork of communication and transportation; SHARED HISTORY, CULTURE, GEOGRAPHY
Dixie
battle hymn of Confederates; written in AM
"three-sister" farming
beans growing on cornstalk trellises and squash covering planting mounds to retain soil moisture; yields highest population densities on the continent
ecological imperialism
beaver hats, buffalo robes, sea-otter pelts drive them to annihilation
Why did Americans distrust central authority?
because G3 was evil
New York replaces New Orleans
because of Erie Canal
What was the effect of RR on land around it?
become industrialized for cornfields, cattle plains, lumber farms
attitude toward America wilderness
becomes nationalistic, inspiring new conservative movement - bc America is clean, unspoiled natural
Higher Tariff?
before crash, Congress w/ surplus of Treasury had Tariff of 1857 to reduce taxes low to 20%, as requested by S - N manufacturers blame misfortunes on low tariff and point out lack of surplus so need for protection
Pontiac vs. British
besiege Detroit and eventually overrun most British posts west of Appalachians and killing thousands; British retaliate by ordering smallpox-infected blankets to be distributed among the natives
N advantages
better transportation/population/supplies better navy and thus controls seas and establishes blockades
What were the two mainstays of the pilgrims?
bible and beaver; for soul and for body
John Audubon
bird painter in their natural environment - Audubian Society named after him though he kills birds often
David Walk
black abolitionist Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World advocates bloody end to white supremacy
Martin Delaney
black leader takes seriously notion of recolonization of Africa when he visits it
Prince Whipple
black military hero
Dred Scott Decision
black slave Dred Scott sues for freedom on basis of long residence on free soil in IL/WI - SC rules that Scott not citizen and so cannot sue in fed court - Taney takes it further
Pirates of the North African Barbary States
blackmails and plunders merchant ships in Mediterranean - preceding Federalist admin had to buy protection - Jefferson does not want to pay
What social class did the Irish resent?
blacks
Why were few blacks brought to Virginia in the early 1600s?
blacks are too expensive
Texas county line
blacks attempt to flee by swimming across river, but they are attacked and hung as warning
Why did GB support the blockade?
blockade is GB's greatest offensive weapon; does not want to tie hands in future war by insisting that Lincoln maintain impossibly high blockading standards
Lee's invasion of Maryland
boldened by Bull Run 2, thrusts into MD where hope to encourage foreign intervention and seduce Border States from Union - MDers do not respond bc invaders full of cold, poor unclothed
What effect did the French and Indian War have on colonial ego?
bolstered colonial self-esteem and shattered myth of British invincibility
What did the Algonquians of the Great Lakes area do?
bolstered their population by absorbing surrounding bands
Jay Gould
booms/busts Erie, kansas Pacific, Union Pacific, TX&Pacific stocks
Benjamin Franklin
born in Boston but came to Philadelphia in 1720; the most representative American personality of his time
What made the Knights of Labor weak?
both skilled and unskilled workers, so they have disagreements. - skilled leave to AM fed of labor
How did Free-Soilers respond to the Lecompton Constitution?
boycott the polls - proslaveryites win
Jay Gould
brains of operation w/ Gould
effect of industrialization on N
breeds new millionare class - new machinery expands N economically and releases more people to war - unseat king Cotton
How did American merchants react to the Molasses Act?
bribed and smuggled their way around the law, leading to the future of Americans revolting rather than submitting to Parliament dictates
Credit Mobilier
bribes congressmen to look other way as it gets tons of profit - have many Irish "Paddies"
What was the effect of the transRR on the W?
brings population, food, materials, market to huge concentrations of people - stimulates mining, agriculture, mnfg
How did Cortes change Mexico?
brought his crops, animals, language, laws, customs, religion, which Mexicans adapted to. His people also intermarries with surviving Indians
Donald McKay
builds clipper ships to dominate seas for brief time - get money by transporting high-value things very quickly - tea trade w/ GB grows, to Cali
What did Roger Williams do in Rhode Island?
built Baptist church and established complete freedom of religion, demanding no oaths regarding religion and no mandatory attendance, no taxes for state church. He even shelters the Quakers. Rhode Island becomes the most liberal with freedom of opportunity
Anasazis of the Southwest New Mexico managed to do what after incorporating corn planting into their way of life?
built elaborate pueblo of 600+ interconnected rooms at Chaco Canyon
How were new towns legally chartered in New England?
by colonial authorities; distribution of land entrusted to "proprietors" who then move them and their family to the place to lay out the town with a meetinghouse, houses, and village green
"great wagon road"
by mid-18th century a chain of scots-irish settlements lay scattered along this road which hugs eastern Appalachian foothills from Pennsylvania to Georgia
What are the ironies of Lee's Seven Days' Battles?
by not allowing the war to end mid-1862 (if this happened, Union would have been restored w/ minimal disruption to slavery), Lee ensure that war will endure until S obliterated
How was the 1858 IL election a loss for Doug?
by opposing Lecompton Const and defying SC at Freeport, Doug shunned by party
What did Jefferson accomplish in Virginia?
separate church and state (Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom)
Pittsburgh plus
deposits near Birmingham should have given steel mnfg to S markets, but Pittsburgh steel lords pressure so Birmingham steel charged as if shipped from Pittsburgh - stunts growth of Birmingham steel industry
What was the problem with the Confederate constitution?
does not disallow its own states from seceding - state troops stubborn, will only fight for itself
Spoils System; creator? supporter?
created by Martin van Burin, brought to national level by Andrew Jackson - reward political supporters with public office - Jackson argues that it's better to "bring in new blood" to office
Panic of 1837
caused by rampant speculation, Bank War, Specie Circular, crop failure, high prices - British bank failure causes British investors to call in foreign loans - American banks collapse, including "pet banks" which bring down government funds w/ it
effect of steamboat
causes increase of US trade bc no concern for weather/water current - contributes to development of S/W economies connect
How did the Spoils System cement the emergence of the two-party order?
cements loyalty to party over based on econ/geo - promise of patronage = Americans pick a party and stick with it
kiva
ceremonial religious chamber
Grimke Sisters Sarah and Anna
champion antislavery
William Jennings Bryan
champions free silver cause for 3 hours, but Cleveland breaks filibuster and thus alienates Dem
John Jay
chief Justice under Washington
Judiciary Act of 1789
created by first Congress organizes Supreme Court w/ chief justice and five associates federal district and circuit courts establishes office of attorney general - John Jay is first
Fight French in sea
esp around West Indies. undeclared hostilities. many seized on both sides
Joseph Smith
claims that an angel gave him some golden plates (which translate into the Book of Mormon - forms Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) 1830 - leads Mormons to Illinois
Thomas Jefferson as an architect
classical designs to VA home Monticello + UoVA
effect of the DoI?
clears air; foreign aid can be asked for with greater hope of success; inspires later revolutionaries
How did Americans respond to the Proclamation of 1763?
clog westward trails: 1765 1,000 wagons go through Salisbury, NC on "way west" in flouting royal authority
Presbyterianism
closely associated with Congregationalism; never made official in any colonies
General John Pope
cocky Union general at 2nd Battle of Bull Run; defeated; replaced by McClellan
How is possessing colonies an advantage for mercantilism?
colonies both supply raw materials to mother country, thus reducing need for foreign imports, and provides guaranteed market for exports
What were the reactions to the Boston Tea Party?
colonists applaud, burning leaves with hatred - conservatives complain that this destruction violates law and threatens anarchy - Hutchinson returns to Britain, disgusted - Parliament passes series of acts to punish Mass, Boston in particular
Why were the taxes on sugar lowered?
colonists protested bitterly, but resentment remains
Why were loyalists not treated too terribly?
colonists reflect Anglo-Saxon regard for order; loyalists smart enough to flee to British lines
In what ways was Thanksgiving a truly "American festival"?
combines thanks to God with opportunity for jollification and gorging
James Fenimore Cooper
come to light as distinct American literature born
Washington Irving
come to light as distinct American literature born
General William Howe
commanded British Bunker Hill; Washington's military not-so-genius adversary in Battle of Long Island; as a professional soldier, does not like rough country with slow supplies; has affair with wife of one of his subordinates - commands troops in NY that can meet Burgoyne near Albany in Burgoyne's invasion
David G Farragut
commands flotilla 1862 w/ N army to strike blow to S by seizing New Orleans
Comte de Rochambeau
commands huge French troops that arrives in Newport RI 1780; joins Washington in siege of Yorktown against Cornwallis
Colonel Barry St. Leger
commands third, smaller British force to meet Burgoyne
Articles of Confederation in making
committee appointed to draft right before DoI - written constitution for new nation - 1777 adopted by Congress - convinces France that America had genuine gov'nt in making - 1781 ratified by all 13 colonies
Robertson's Infallible Warm Destroying Lozenges
common medicine
Pony Express
communication by riders on horses from Missouri to California - fast, but also short-lived when replaced by telegraph wire
Carnegie's Homestead
company officials call in to stop strike
Adam's mindset
thinks British fear America will one day seize Spanish territory in Americas, thus jeopardising British possessions in the Caribbean
Why was European immigration more in North than in South? result?
competition of slave labor, high cost of fertile land, Euro ignorance of cotton growing - white South becomes most Anglo-Saxon section of US
How were prior large Loyalist holdings cut up?
confiscated, cut up into small farms to spread economic democracy
Vasco Nunez Balboz
considered discoverer of Pacific ocean; claims for his Spanish king all lands washed by the Pacific Ocean
Fundamental Orders
constitution drafted by the settlers of the new Connecticut River colony in 1639 that establishes the regime democratically controlled; later used to help compose Connecticut colonial charter and state constitution
How did the Constitution settle conflicting doctrines of liberty/order?
contend that every branch represents people - imbeds principle of self-rule in self-limiting system of checks/balances
Society of the Cincinnati
continental army forms exclusive hereditary order
Why were the lower class ranks swelled?
continual stream of indentured servants
Why was plantation agriculture wasteful?
cotton despoils good earth; quick profits --> excessive cultivation "land butchery" --> leak population NW
What effect did the cotton gin have on colonial power? firearm assembly lines? sewing machine?
cotton gin give South power, as more slaves+profit ensures military in NOrth over South gives another boost to North
Why couldn't the British pursue General Benedict Arnold past Lake Champlain in 1776?
could not move farther south until win control of lake, which is needed for carrying their supplies
enclosing
countryside English landlords enclosing croplands, forcing many small formers into penury or off land
Talleyrand
crafty French foreign minister - realizes should not fight US bc does not want new foe - next time makes known that will receive new American minister respectfully
what was goal of moderate Repubs in Reconstruction Act?
create voters in S states that will vote states back into Union and thus free fed gov'nt from direct responsibility of black rights
Why can't the individual worker battle against giant industry?
expendable; corp can call upon scabs or lockout or force yellow-dog contracts or use black list
Why were classes not distinct in early frontier life?
crude frontier life caused seventeenth-century society to have simple sameness, esp. in New England and middle colonies; those who tried (feebly) to recreate England's social scale were rebelled against
market revolution
form national network of industry and commerce
Diphtheria
deadly killer esp. of young people
What did VA leg do 1831-1832 ? effect?
debate and defeat emancipation proposals -- shuts souther abolitionists up - slave states tighten slave codes, move to prohibit all emancipation
silver?
debtors turn to silver - 1870 Treasury had said that silver 1/16 gold (untrue) so silver miners stop offering and Congress drops silver coinage - when new silver is discovered, westerners join debts in complaining, so demand repeal
George Rogers Clark
decides to seize Britain's French forts by surprise - 1778-1779 down Ohio River and captures forts quickly
Georgia legislature 1828 vs Cherokee council
declares Cherokee tribal council illegal; asserts own jurisdiction over native affairs/lands - Cherokees win in SC, but Jackson refuses to recognize court's decision
How does Britain demonstrate its bitterness toward America?
declines to make any commercial treaty w/ colonies or repeal Navigation Laws
John Brown
dedicated to abolitionist cause, move to KA from OH - leads followers to Pottawatomie Creek where cut up 5 presumed proslavery men - Harper's Ferry - convicted of murder/insanity and killed as a martyr
Free Soil Party
dedicated to opposing slavery in new territories
Black Belt
deep south area from SC to GA with high concentration of slaves
What was the effect of Bull Run on North?
defeat dispels all illusions of quick war; buckles N down to fight
demands of the West
demand cheap transportation and cheap money
How did the members of the Constitutional Convention agree economically? politically?
demands sound money and protection of private property; favors stronger central gov'nt w/ 3 checked&balanced branches
Cajuns
descendants of French-speaking Acadians
Non slave owning whites
described as ugly misshapen and lazy but in reality just malnourished and sick - strongest defenders of slave system bc hope to buy a couple slaves and move socially - take pride in that they are socially racially superior to somebody else, which will be watered down if slaves are freed
What did Cortes do to the temples of Tenochtitlan?
destroyed them to make way for Christian cathedrals of Mexico City
Describe American scientific achievements?
develop more efficient things, but in general borrow/adopt Euro basic science
Henry Clay
develops plan for profitable home market: American System - introduces Missouri Compromise
Lecompton Constitution
devised by proslavery forces - since 1857 KA has enough population (mainly free-soilers) to apply for statehood on popsov - ppl vote for const w/ slavery or w/o - if vote w/o, one of provisions of const protects owners of slaves already in KA - whatever outcome, still black bondage in KA
Why did the 4 laggard states ratify the constitution?
did not want to; had to cannot survive outside, individually
What did the Wade-Davis Bill reveal?
diff b/w repubs: - two factions: - majority that agrees w/ Lincoln that seceded should be restored quickly, though under Congress's rules not Lincoln - minority feels S should have trouble being readmitted, wanting to punish planters and protect emancipated
government of New France
direct control of king (commercial companies fail); royal regime completely autocratic: no elected representative assembly, no trial by jury
English Navigation Laws; its effect?
disallows American trade with countries not ruled by English crown; smuggling becomes popular and respected occupation
What advantage did the National Republicans have?
get a lot of funding from BoUS, thus can bribe editors
Captain Robert Gray
discovered and named Columbia River after his ship
Why did many perish in the first few years in Jamestown?
disease, malnutrition, starvation; panned for gold instead of gathering food
What led to the wiping out of many natives?
diseases carried from Old World to natives who do not have the protective antibodies
How did the Dutch react to the Swedish intrusion on their land?
dislike, send small military expedition in 1655 led by Peter Stuyvesant. They siege the main Swedish fort without bloodshed, and Swedish rule quickly ends. New Netherland absorbs the colonists.
Why did King James I begin to distrust Virginia? What did he do?
dislikes tobacco and the House of Burgesses; 1624 revokes the charter of (bankrupt) Virginia Company and makes Virginia a royal colony
How did Cleveland feel about federal interference in commerce?
dislikes, agrees w/ Jefferson idea that gov'nt should not interfere with business bc American Dream
Caleb Cushing
dispatched by Taylor to China to secure US concessions
Napoleon III
dispatches FR army 1863 to occupy MX City and establish Austrian archduke Mazimilian as MX emperor - VIOLATE MONROE DOCTRINE - hoped that Union would collapse and thus be too weak to enforce monroe doc - 1865 when Civil War ends, SoS Seward marches S vs. FR and Nap takes "french leave"
France approves American terms of peace
disturbed by lone-wolf course of America but relieved by prospect of ending costly conflict and free from promises to Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas
divide the "Heathen lands" of New World between Spain and Portugal
Why was FR interested in helping defend Texas?
dividing/conquering will break AM
Why did the Industrial Revolution take so long to take hold in America?
do not want to coop in factories when can work in their own fields (bc land cheap) - labor scarce, money not plentiful, materials unfound
Why did the RR declare need for time zones?
don't like worrying about each town's "local time" and meeting the time schedule
divided labor
each region specializes in its own economic activity - South sends cotton to NE - West sends grain and livestock to East and Europe - Each uses machines to send textiles to South and West
Henry W Grady
editor of Atlanta Constitution encourages S to outplay N at industry
Margaret Fuller
edits The Dial, helps bring unity to Italy
What was the Freedmen's Bureau successful in? What wasn't?
education; otherwise, sketchy - though authorized to give former slaves the land on confiscated Conf territory, little land actually goes to blacks; instead, join w local planters to trick blacks into signing labor contracts w former masters
What were the colonial governments of each colony in 1775?
eight have royal governors appointed by king, three (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware) under proprietors who choose the governors, two (Connecticut and Rhode Island) elect their own governor under self-governing charters
primogeniture; its effect?
eldest sons eligible to inherit landed estates; ambitious younger brothers forced to seek fortunes elsewhere
Sir Walter Scott
elite southerners' favorite GB author uses manors and castes to idealize feudal society though society actually capitalistic
Why were many free blacks in upper South?
emancipation inspired by idealism of Revolutionary days
Poor Richard's Almanack
emphasizes homespun virtues of thrift, industry morality, common sense and has sayings from many great minds of the time; more widely read in America than anything but Bible
joint-stock company
enables considerable number of investors to pool together their money for capital; allows for more success
What was the effect of New England's extremes of weather?
encouraged diversified agriculture and industry; no staple crops; limited black slavery
Catharine Beecher
encourages women to go into teaching
What did the election of 1852 mark?
end of Whig party
Treaty of Paris
ends French and Indian War; by removing Spanish from Florida and French from Canada, natives are deprived of their ability to play rival European powers against each other
What were the causes of intercolonial disunity?
enormous distances, geographical barriers, religious conflicts, nationality variance, government differences, boundary disputes, and social class clashes
How did railroad aristocracy protect their profit?
enter alliances, agreeing to divide business in given area and share profits - others give secret rebate to powerful shippers in return for assured steady traffic - slash rates on competing lines and make up difference on non-competing ones by charging more for short haul than for long haul
What did Jacksonian politics focus on?
enterprising lone-wolf businessmen
Dominion of Canada
est 1867 to strengthen Canada against potentially vengeful AM e.g. angry immigrants who hate GB and plan to invade Canada
Mary Lyon
est Mount Holyola Seminary (great women's school)
American Temperance Society 1826
est in Boston bc drinking to excess is everywhere, making things dangerous - stiffen to resist alcohol; temperance over teetotalism (total elimination) - some believe law should remove temptation
What did Spanish do to confine French expedition?
establish settlements in Texas
Russians in California
establish trading posts all down to San Francisco - Americans dislike that it may cut Pacific posts
New Netherland
established by Dutch West India 1623-1624 for fur trade
virtual representation
every member of Parliament represents all British subjects even the Americans who never voted for member of Parliament or no Americans in Parliament
National Labor Union
excludes Chinese, hardly includes women/blacks
What did Congress do about army/navy/BoUS in 1816?
expand army/navy, revive BoUS
Medicine in America
extremely primitive despite more medical schools - many suffer from decaying teeth (blacksmiths extract teeth) - self-prescribed medicines, fad diets, alcohol used for surgeon patients
How did the British colonists do in charges against Quebec and Montreal?
failed miserably
Why did London suspend the New York legislature in 1767?
failed to comply with Quartering Act
"Black Legend"
false idea that conquerers merely tortured and butchered natives, stole their gold, and left misery behind
John Wilkes Booth
fanatic pro-S actor assassinates Lincoln 4/14/64 in Ford's Theater
1870s Depression
farmers protest against "railroaded into bankruptcy", prompting midwest leg to attempt to regulate RR monopoly
Why did Germans come to America?
farmers uprooted by crop failure; liberal political refugees from (failed) democratic revolutions come to America for democracy
War preparation in US
fast despite many Jeffersonian opposition in Congress - Navy Dept created - three-ship navy expanded - US Marine Corps established - new huge army
American "nativists" react to immigration; what do they form?
fear that foreigners will outbreed, outvote, overwhelm - foreigners take jobs from americans - many are Roman Catholics, a religion still despised as many Americans, and they are doing a whole lot. Amerians think that soon they will establish Catholic Church at expense of Protestantism - form the Order of the Star Spangled Banner - encourage pure fiction literature about "secrets of Irish"
How did King James I respond to the Separatists?
fearing the possibility that if the Separatists defy him spiritually, they would one day defy him politically, James threatens to harass them out of the land
What does Carnegie do with the money Morgan gives him?
fears he will be "disgraced" with wealth, so Carnegie dedicates rest of life to giving away money to public philanthropic stuff
How did English attempts at converting natives to Christianity compare with Spanish?
feeble; small amount of natives gathered into Puritan "praying towns" to familiarize with English
Why did Jackson distrust the big banks? Why were private banks sketch?
feel it is a tool for rich to get richer - private banks print paper money, which value fluctuates w/ health of bank; private bankers control much of nation's economy
What were the reasons for secessions?
feel of political inbalance (Repub + Free-Soil > Dems), abolitionists, N interference in Underground RR, John Brown - feel that departure ok bc Yankees need S cotton, market, debt - S leaders see opportunity for S to become independent w/ banking, shipping, trade - feels DOI applies to them
Why did Lincoln oppose Crittenden amendment?
feels obligation to oppose slavery extension in any way
What was the family situation of Chesapeake in the 1600s?
few and fragile; most men cannot find mates and most marriages destroyed by death quickly; scarcely and children reach adulthood under two parents
Why did the idealism of abolishing slavery completely lose to political practicality?
fight over slavery would have fractured fragile national unity
Arthur St. Clair
fights Little Turtle, badly defeated on frontier
General Josiah Harmar
fights Little Turtle, badly defeated on frontier
Senator Douglas
fights for fair play and democratic principles for KA --> compromise puts entire Lecompton Const to popvote; free-soilers flock and null it
Vasco de Gama
finally reaches India and returns with cargo of jewels+spices
Central Pacific Railroad
financially backed by the Big Four from Sacramento over Sierra Nevadas - has many Chinese laborers - has to deal with Sierra Nevada, huge barrier that reduces progress
Why did many New Englanders disapprove of stage plays?
find it time-consuming and immoral; prefer religious lectures, where they get much spiritual satisfaction
James Fenimore Cooper
first AM novelist for world fame - wife challenges him to write
Washington Irving
first AM to win international recognition as literary figure - uses AM + GB themes - The Sketch Book, Knickerbocker
Lord Cornbury
first cousin of Queen Anne, made governor of New York and New Jersey in 1702 by the king; a drunkard, spendthrift, grafter, bigot, embezzler, fool
Panic of 1819
first financial panic since Washington takes office - rough deflation - depression - bankruptcies - bank failures - unemployment - debtors' prisons - BoUS forces speculative "wildcat" western banks to foreclose mortgages on many farms (legal but dumb)
John Winthrop
first governor of Bay Colony who had been a successful lawyer and major lord in England. He accepted the governor position happily, believing he had a calling from God; does not believe in democracy due to distrust of the "meaner" sort
Navigation Law of 1650
first law passed by Parliament to regulate mercantilist system; (aimed at rival Dutch shippers) all commerce with colonies only in British vessels;
Kerosene
first major product of oil industry to replace whale oil, but becomes obsolete as new electricity takes over - luckily, invention of automobile perpetuates life of oil industry
Great Awakening
first spontaneous mass movement of American people; rousing religious revival in 1730s and 1740s ignited by Jonathan Edwards in Northampton, Massachusetts that sweeps through the colonies with George Whitefield's emotionalism
What is the significance of the Missouri emancipation amendment?
first state entirely west of Mississippi River to come out of the Louisiana Purchase - sets dangerous precedent
Dr Elizabeth Blackwell
first woman to graduate from medical school
What enterprise was active on the Maine coast? What company absorbed it in 1677 from whom?
fishermen and fur traders; Massachusetts Bay from Sir Ferdinando Gorges's heirs
What industry was pursued in New England?
fishing and shipbuilding; exports shiploads of dried cod to Europe
What enterprise was active in New Hampshire? What company absorbed it in 1641? How did the king respond to this absorption?
fishing and trading; Bay Colony; king annoyed by Bay Colony's greed and separated them in 1679 to make it royal colony
Why were deposit (warehouse) privileges important to frontier farmers?
float their produce down Mississippi to outgoing vessels - angry, but do not attack
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
forbids combinations in trade w/o distinction b/w "Good" and "bad" bc big is sin, not bad - ineffective in that too many loopholes for corp lawyers - effective by curbing labor unions that restrain trade
How did Mercantilism stifle the colonists?
forced them to depend on British and feel debased, used and kept in perpetual economic immaturity
Why did the West dislike the bank?
forcloses many western farms and drains tribute eastways first priority if profit
Republic of Liberia
formed by American Colonization Society 1822 by former slaves on West African coast - capital names Monrovia after President Monroe
Lake Bonneville
formed from melting glaciers in the west; covered much of Utah Nevada Idaho and drained to pacific through Snake + Columbia River until less rainfall-> no access to rivers; as it sits there, gradually shrinks and grows increasingly saline, leaving mineral-rich desert and Great Salt Lake
Free Soil Party
formed from the remnants of the Liberty Party in 1848; adopting a slogan of "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men," it opposed the spread of slavery into new territories (Oregon, Kansas, Mexican Cession) and supported homesteads, cheap postage, and internal improvements. It ran Martin Van Buren (1848) for president and was absorbed into the Republican Party by 1856. - attracts huge variety of people
Liberty Party
former political party in US to oppose practice of slavery - later merges with Free Soil Party
Fort Duquesne
formidable French fort where Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio River - Pittsburgh
What was the effect of American Beauty of oil?
forms sugar trust, tobacco trust, leather trust, harvester trust
siege of Vicksburg
fortress on important MS is S's lifeline to W sources of supply - commanded by Grant; great fight - 7/4/63 seized; 7/9/63 Port Hudson falls - marks severing of Conf's spinal cord
College of William and Mary
founded 1693 to train better class of clerics for Anglican church
University of Virginia
founded and designed by Jefferson to free from religious/political shackles in favor of modern stuff
John Jacob Astor
founds American Fur company, makes much money
Robert Owen
founds New Harmony, Indiana, seeking human betterness
"third race"
free African Americans prohibited from working in certain occupations and from testifying against whites in court - detested by slave supporters - always vulnerable to being tricked back into slavery - hated by Irish bc compete - treated badly in North
David Walker
free african american argues blacks to take freedom by force
Where did many free blacks settle? how?
free blacks who purchase own freedom with after hours labor own property, many in New Orleans
In what ways was the Bay Colony government a democracy? In what ways was it not?
freemen annually elected the governor and his assistants and the General Court (a representative assembly), but only the visible saints could be freemen. However, according to doctrine, the whole purpose of Government is to enforce God's laws, which apply to believers and nonbelievers alike, so all have to pay taxes
13th Amendment
frees slaves
American invasion of Canada
from Detroit, Niagara, Lake Champlain; beaten back by Canadians so Americans attack by sea
Union Pacific Railroad and benefits
from Omaha, NE westward - for every mile built, granted 20 sqmi alternating in 640-acre sects on either side - for every mile, builders also get fed loan depending on what build over
Where did Spain attack from? to?
from their Florida base to South Carolina settlements
drifters
from town to town looking for jobs - social mobility exists, though difficult
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
full confront w/ GB avoided bc neither AM nor GB will seek exclusive control over any isthmian waterway
Hamilton's financial successes
funding, assumption, excise tax, bank, suppressing Whiskey Rebellion; all encroach upon state rights
John Marshall
future chief of justice; one of Adam's new envoys
how does American economy change with time?
gap widens b/w rich and poor bc more modern specialty driven economy
Which revival took of in AM?
greek/roman public buildings and gothic in midcentury
How did the slave system take root in North America?
group of English settlers from Barbados came to Carolina in 1670 and brought some African slaves and model of Barbados slave code. Carolina adopted a version of that code
New England Emigration Aid Company
group of N abolitionists/Free-Soilers finance inflow to Kansas in order to forestall S and make profit
Grange: Patrons of Husbandry
group of farmers who protest against RR takeover
Salem Witch Trials; what were the long-term causes?
group of teen girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to have been witched by some older women. Witch hunt ensues, leading to 1692 twenty killed; unsettled social conditions of Massachusetts
Lane rebels
group of theology students led by Theodore Dwight Weld - expelled for abolitionist activity, later become leading preachers of antislavery - fan out across Old NW preaching antislavery
Kentucky bluegrass
grown on burnt-off tobacco cane fields ideal for livestock; many flock to Kentucky
Congregational Church
grown out of Puritan church, established in all New England colonies except Rhode Island; at first Mass. taxes all residents to support Congregationalism but later exempts members of others;
What is the significance of the charter of the Virginia Company?
guaranteed to overseas settlers the same rights of Englishmen at home to make colonists feel that even in America they are within England
Model Treaty
guides American commissioners it is about to dispatch to French court - John Adams, one of its chief authors, describes basic principles: 1: no political connection 2: no military connection 3: only commercial connection
May Day Strikes
half fail, focusin Chicago, Knights of Labor fall - e.g. Haymarket
How did the Iroquois demonstrate enmity with French?
hamper French penetration of Ohio Valley, frequently ally with British against French, ravage French settlements
self-liberation
happy slaves flock to invading Union armies regardless of w/ or w/o Emanc Proc
Lancaster Turnpike
hard road from Phil to Lancaster - economic expansion westward
Where did Germans settle?
have more material goods, so push Mid West, esp Wisconsin where settle farms
How did Charles punish Massachusetts when he reclaimed throne? Why?
he gave their rival Connecticut in 1662 a charter grant to legalize the squatter settlements and in 1663 gave Rhode Island new charter to give kingly allowance to that religiously tolerant place then in 1684 revoked the Bay Colony's charter; because colonial defiance in Massachusetts paid no attention to the royal orders
How did Johnson feel about whites?
he is a white-supremacist like most white S - tries to kill Freedmen's Bureau
Why did Tyler finally pass the Law of 1842?
he needs more money despite his dislike for spending federal money
Why did Blaine lose?
he was present at all Dem insulters, but stays silent and is thus deemed as agreeing w/ them and Irishmen support Cleveland
How did Cortes manage to take over Aztec Empire?
heard through his interpreters of unrest within Aztec empire and treasures stored within Tenochtitlan. He burns his ships to cut off any hope for his troops of retreat and marches with 20k native allies toward Tenochtitlan. Moctezuma sent gifts to the approaching Spaniards and believed that Cortes was god Quetzalcoatl whose return from Eastern seas was predicted in Aztec legends. Spanish allowed to enter Valley of Mexico unopposed. Noche triste, Aztecs attack. Cortes lays siege to city and smallpox epidemic burns through. Aztec gives way
1862 Congressional election
heavily against admin, esp NY, PA, OH
What was the effect of republican hard-money policy?
helps elect Dem HoR and spawns Greenback Labor party
What would the South fail to consider in secession?
thinks Mississippi links them to upper valley states, but overlook man-made links
Why did Penn die full of sorrows?
his governors quarreled bitterly with the people for more political power; Penn became too friendly with James II and was arrested multiple times
"interlocking directorates"
his own banking officers placed on various boards of directors
"cult of domesticity"
home - but some see it as cage
nonimportation
homespun wool garments become fashionable and eating lambchops discouraged; avoid importing so can self-sustain and unite as opposed to relying on Britain
Germans are suspicious characters
in hopes of preserving language/culture, settle in compact "colonies" aloof from surrounding community - drink much beer, not super respectful of religion
Why did some Americans help with Canadian uprising?
hope that snuffling out GB will gain their own freedom
Why did Jefferson reduce military?
hopes that America might rise above bloody wars and European entangling alliances - Republicans distrust large standing armies as invitation to dictatorship - navies less feared but potentially still may corrupt wars far away
How did natives respond to this building?
hostile natives attack in hopes of protecting their land, but laborers shoot them
Factory worker conditions?
hours long, wages low, conditions unsafe/unhealthy, no unions
John Rolfe
husband of Pocahontas; perfected methods of raising tobacco, leading to rush for tobacco
judicial review
idea that supreme court alone has last word on question of constitutionality
Why would taking down Quebec and Montreal have been enough to conquer?
if these strongholds fall, all west outposts would have withered without supplies
GB fleets seize American ships
ignore America's rights as neutral but do so bc eager to starve out French West Indies and supposed US to defend French
buckskins
ill-disciplined colonial militiamen who comprise much of Braddock's force and whose guerrilla methods of fighting natives are contempted by Braddock
Why was growth in New York retarded?
illiberal spirit of the Dutch remained, with more autocracy as corrupt English governors grant much land to their favorites, causing influential families to hold disproportionate power in political affairs; discourages many European immigrants from coming
What did the Pueblo peoples in the Rio Grande valley manage to develop in their cities?
intricate irrigation system to water their cornfields, dwell in villages of multi-level buildings
Andrew Johnson
impeached by party members who demand harshness toward S
What was the architectural situation in the New World?
imported largely from Old World and modified to meet American climate
Noah Webster
improves textbook and dictionary to standardize AM language - "reading lessons" used by many to promote patriotism
Port Royal
in Acadia (Nova Scotia); British colonists temporarily seize this in Queen Anne/King William's War
Democratic National Convention
in Baltimore, Democrats choose General Lewis Cass for presidency
Fort Sumter
in Charleston blocks mouth of SC Atlantic seaport, but is weak and conditions horrible - not strategically helpful to any side - surrenders to S
What were the sides of the Seven Years' War?
in Europe: Britain+Prussia vs. France+Spain+Austria+Russia
Where were patriots most numerous?
in NE colonies, where self-government strong and mercantilism weak - where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourishes
Difference b/w how blacks are treated in North/South?
in North, free blacks hated more as individuals white southerners like blacks as individuals but hate the race
Colored Farmers' Nation Alliance
in S for time agrees w/ poor whites
How did slave states manage to thwart all northerner attempts to hamper slaver?
in Senate, each state has two votes, and equal number of each state
Appomattox Courthouse
in VA, N troops capture Richmond and corner Lee - 4/9 Grant meets w/ Lee and grants generous surrender - Lincoln comes and is thanked
France wants to keep America independent
in abstract but not in action; plans to keep US east of Allegheny Mountains to keep it weak in order to promote French interests and policy (paid a lot and wants to get moneys worth)
How did the new aristocracy justify?
in constitution: clause giving congress control of interstate commerce and the 14th amendment
Where was Jefferson the most effective politician?
in formal dinner party, using personal charm while pouring wines and serving dishes from his French cook
Women in factories
leave house for toiling in factories under poor conditions - usually single young women
Why couldn't the S use King Cotton to secure foreign help?
in prior years, S overproductive so surplus sits in GB warehouses and thus GB not reliant for a while - Union sends cargoes and captured supplies to GB, Conf sends some through blockade, Egypt/India cotton growers increase output
Emily Dickinson
in recluse writes poetry abt nature/love/death/immortality - stuff published after she dies
Mob outbursts in North
in response to extreme abolitionists - break into Lewis Tappan's NY house and demolishes interior - Garrison dragged around Boston by Broadcloth Mob, with rope tied around him - Lovejoy's printing press destroyed and he is killed by mob "martyr abolitionist"
Spanish conquistadores
in service of God and search of gold/glory, fan across Americas
How is the Scots-Irish's disregarding of government demonstrated?
in the armed march of the Paxton Boys, the Regulator movement in North Carolina
federalists
led by George Washington, Benjamin Franklin - most Federalists live in settled area along seaboard (wealthier, more educated, organized) - control press
Shakers
led by Mother Ann Lee; religious sect but no marriage/sex so die quickly
Canada rebellion 1837
incidents along northern frontier, threatens war with Britain; Van Buren attempts neutral game
Big Four
includes Leland Stanford (ex-gov of CA w/ political connections) and Collis B Huntington - operates through two construction companies - stays out of corruption and Congress bribery
What troubles brewed in the Dutch company colonies from the beginning?
incompetent directors, greedy company shareholders, revengeful natives
What did the flood of precious metals from New World cause in Europe?
increased consumer costs by 500%, led to capitalism, bank system, spread commerce, paid for international trade
Napoleon's 1800 secret pact
induces king of Spain to cede to France the Louisiana area - 1802 confirmed when Spaniards at NO withdraw right of deposit from Americans
What did transcendentalism criticize?
industrial society because think that it drains people's spirituatlity
Second Great Awakening
inflames many abolitionists against slavery
Why was S economic life poor after civil war?
inflation ruins banks/businesses - transportation broken down (Sherman's soldiers) - agriculture crippled
To what extent did religious leaders have power?
influence admission to church membership by holding public interrogations for conversion. But congregation had right to hire/fire/set salary of minister. Clergyman cannot hold formal political office
Why did North Carolina break off from South Carolina?
inhabited by a "ragtag" group of outcasts from Virginia (outcast by religion or by poverty), North Carolinians did not need slaves for their small squatted farms, was irreligious, and hospitable to pirates. They developed strong resistance to authority while isolated from their neighbors. Friction between governors led to North Carolina 1712 being separated from South Carolina and each becoming royal colony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
insists that take "obey" out of marriage ceremony
Sir Walter Raleigh
inspired by his half-brother Gilbert; organized expedition to North Carolina's Roanoke Island off coast of Virginia. The Roanoke colony vanished after several failed attempts
William Walker
installs himself president of Nicaragua and legalizes slavery after failed attempts to seize and Pierce withdraws diplomatic recognition
anti-federalists
led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee - followers are poorest class: states' right devotees, backcountry dwellers, poor farmers
American Peace Society
led by William Ladd wants peace for progress
What characteristics were shared by the settlements that rebelled against England?
intense population growth,
urban growth issues
intensifies sewage, sanitation, lighting issues
Pocahontas
intermediary between natives and settlers to preserve peace and provide needed goods; daughter of Powhatan
How did giant trusts call the 14th?
interp corporation as legal "person" and thus can't be deprived of property without "due process of law"
Robert Fulton
invents first steamboat, Clermont, 1807; steamboats common soon
Thomas Edison
invents lightbulb and many others - lightbulb changes human habits as night turns to day
Cyrus McCormick
invents mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain
Elias Howe
invents sewing machine
John Deere
invents steel plow that cuts through hard soil, pulled by horses
Why did planter aristocrats face difficulties after war?
investments lost, land worthless, slaves gone
What was the effect of British trading rights in Spanish America?
involved friction over smuggling -> Jenkins Ear situation
Why was popular sovereignty appealing to politicians?
is good compromise b/w abolitionists and slave-holders
How did the colonies respond to the currency shortage? How did British respond to this? and Americans?
issued paper money, which quickly depreciated; British merchants become angry and Parliament prohibits paper currency printing bc harms British merchants; Americans say their welfare is being sacrificed for British commercial interest
Samuel Gompers
made president of AM Fed of Labor for many years - soft pedals attempt to engineer sweeping social reform - hates socialism - seeks better conditions
What was the old English idea regarding education?
it is a blessing reserved for aristocratic few leader males.
What was ALincoln's statement about secession?
it is impractical bc N and S not geographically divided - w/ secession, new controversies will arise: nat'l debt, fed territories, FSL, underground RR
What mistake did the London government in arranging the governor's pay?
it left that control to the colonial legislatures, leading to prolonged bickering and thus generating spirit of revolt
Why did Jeffersonians hate Jay's Treaty?
it seems like surender to Gb and betrayal of South; South has to pay most of debt while rich Federalist shippers collect damages for recent GB seizures
Why did Whigs condemn the divorce bill?
it squelches their hopes for revived BoUS
Why was GB interested in an independent Texas?
it would check AM's growing into nearby GB possessions and hopes that if can puppet Texas, Texas may turn on Yankees and that distraction will allow GB to intrude on Monroe Doctrine - GB abolitionists want to free slaves in Texas in order to inflame nearby slaves of south AM - GB merchants see Texas as potential free trade area w/ fiber resources
Marco Polo
italian adventurer returns to Europe and tells of his time in China, furthering Europe's desires to East
George Whitefield
itinerant English preaches different style of preaching that sets off new religious ardor; impressively great orator whose voice booms, making some actors envious; tours the colonies, preaching his message of human helplessness; during his sessions many sinners feel conversion; he inspires many American imitators and emotionalism
What were the lasting effects of the Awakening?
its emphasis on direct emotive spirituality undermined older clergy, whose authority came from education; it increased competitiveness and number in American churches; encouraged fresh wave of missionary work; founded "new light" centers of higher learning; contributed to sense that Americans are a single people united by a common history with shared experiences
What was S advantage?
just has to play defense/ bring to draw fight on own soil with stronger morale and determination better officers accustomed to fighting since youth can obtain manufactured items through aggression
What does War of 1812 reveal about sectional disunity?
kills of sectionalism-identifying Federalist party
What attributed to the relative ease with which Europeans took over natives?
lack of society due to nomadism
Van Buren as president
lack support of many Democrats bc feel just smuggled in under Jackson - inherits depression caused by Jackson's killing of the BoUS
What did Cleveland do in office?
laissez-faire capitalism - liked by businessmen and bankers - closes N-S chasm by appointing to cabinet 2 confederates - careful with GAR pension bills - recklessly throws appeal for lower tariff to Congress
Whom were witchcraft persecutions often directed at? from?
land-owning women or from families associated with the burgeoning market economy accused by poorers
In what ways were the Middle Colonies the "middle"?
landholdings smaller than in South but larger than small-farm New England (exc. aristocratic NY), local government larger than personal-town New England meetings and large county South gov'nt, fewer industries than in New England, more than in South
What is the effect of the slave system in south politically?
landless will be pawns in landowning superiors - black slave system ensures that white labor unneeded
Why did population in Catholic New France grow slowly?
landowning French peasants have little economic motivation to move; Protestant Huguenots denied religious refuge in the colony; French gov't favors its agriculture-rich Caribbean islands
effect of agriculture-booming inventions
large-scale production and growth of cash crops
University of Pennsylvania
launched with major role help by Benjamin Franklin; first American college from from denominational control
Cyrus Field
lays telegraph cable b/w US/Europe, providing instant communication with Europe
General Sheridan
lays waste to Shenandoah Valley of VA
Don Juan de Onate
leader of expedition northwards; cruelly abused Pueblos
Thaddeus Stevens
leads HoR radicals
Terence V Powderly
leads Knights of Labor for workday hour strikes
Charles Sumner
leads Repub radicals in Senate for racial equality
Black Hawk
leads Sauk and Fox tribes 1832 in Illinois and Wisconsin revolt, but are crushed
Osceola
leads Seminoles in geurilla warfare against US, but when he is seized they flee deeper into Everglades of Florida if not moved to Oklahoma
Father Junipero Serra
leads Spanish missionaries up California, establishing 21 missions to Christianize the natives. Teaches horticulture and crafts as well as Christianity, but natives also lose culture and lives to the white man diseases
Toussaint L'Ouverture
leads ex-slaves in resistance on Santo Domingo island vs. French
Reverend Thomas Hooker
leads group of Boston Puritans westward into Hartford (Connecticut) area
What happened when the glacier blankets receded from atop Canada?
left and scraped away depressions which collected water and now form many lakes
Northern Democrats
left w/ taint of association in N w/ seceders - when S Douglas dies, Democrats divide
Why were increasing numbers of colonists paying the tea tax in 1773?
legal tea cheaper than smuggled tea
How was doom of slavery achieved?
legally by indiv states and ratification of 13th amendment 1865 8 months after Civil War ends
Horace Greeley
liberal republican candidate - editor of NY Tribune
What was Lincoln's goal in the Emanc Proc?
liberate slaves and strengthen Union morale - changes nature of war bc removes any chance of negotiated settlement
How did the masses gain education?
libraries and traveling lyceum lecturers and magazines (for brief time)
Townshend Acts
light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. Made an indirect customs duty payable at American ports; to pay salaries of royal governors/judges in America
How did the smaller slave-owning farmers live?
like those of North; live in modest farmhouses, working alongside bondsmen
"Third War with England"
literary battle b/w GB aristocrats
How did Northerners reap profit from cotton trade?
load cotton at S ports, transport them to England for money to buy manufactured goods for sale in US
Abraham Lincoln
log cabin, self-taught, laborer, patient lawyet - Whig politician in Congress for one term, when the KA-NA act ignites him
republicanism
looking at ancient Greek/Roman republics, republicanism defines just society as one in which all citizens yield personal selfish interests for public common good; stability of society and authority of government relies on citizenry; opposes hierarchical aristocracy
Why were the Navigation Laws no huge burden before 1763?
loosely enforced; many Americans make great fortune by smuggling
What was the effect of Sumter on the Union?
lost, but arises N to fight and defend honor from S - once Lincoln calls for militiamen and blockade of sea ports, S angry and more join confederacy
What would be good about lowering tariffs when Treasury has surplus?
lower consumer price, less monopoly protection, end to Treasury surplus
Why was Lincoln hesitant to advance before Bloody Antietam?
loyalty of border states in doubt; North military fortunes seem uncertain against S - but by 1861 wavering states are safe in Union and arms victories solid
What was the most important manufacturing activity in New World?
lumbering;
What led to S agricultural boost?
machine-made cigarettes cause tobacco consumption to shoot up
Why did American vessels find restriction for a while?
made little progress bc embargoes and panics
Freedman's Savings & Trust Company
made unsecure loans that go under - blacks hit hard
Why was New England more zealously interested in education than any others?
mainly religious reasons; dominated by Congregational Church, it stresses need for Bible reading by individual worshipper; many graduates from English universities populate this region, so early on establish schools that youth will attend when not laboring on farms
Why did British remain in America?
maintain fur trade with natives - can stay bc Americans have not honored treaty of debt/loyalist peace - but actually stayed to keep natives on British side in order to defend against future attacks on Canada by Americans
What were the agricultural practices of Incas/Mayans/Aztecs based on? What did this lead to?
maize cultivation; develop sophisticated elaborate cities and commerce
Deep South
majority of country's cotton produced - many flock here to find work
What was the primary goal of Congregational clergy?
make good Christians, not necessarily citizens
America's tiny naval force
makes no real dent in Britain's fleets but manages to destroy merchant shipping and thus bringing war into waters around British Isles
Who mainly populated Rhode Island?
malcontents and exiles from the Bay Colony who were not welcome anywhere else
Why was most of American population clustered around waterways?
man-made roads are awful; coastwise traffic, though slow and unreliable, is relatively cheap and pleasant
What accomplishment did the Mississippian settlement at Cahokia achieve after incorporating corn planting into their way of life?
managed to home 25,000 people
How does war breed American independence?
manufacturing behind GB blockade
Why did gov'nt have to draw up bill of rights?
many antifederalists had criticized Constitution for not guaranteeing individual rights, only ratifying on understanding that will soon be amended
What effect did the fur trade have on natives?
many recruited natives die from disease and corrupted from alcohol; mass slaughter of beavers violates many native religious beliefs
Why were gender differences strengthened?
market economy is increasingly separating into distinct roles: - women seen as physical/emotional weak but also artistic; keep society's conscience - men crude and strong, reckless if nor for women
What was the lasting effect on Charles II's attempt to tighten control over colonies?
more English officials (often corrupt and incompetent and lacking in care) in America who inhibit local leaders from rising to political power
What main American inventions industrialized America?
mass production techniques, cash register, typewriter, stock ticker
Violence on Catholics
mass violence shows America mistreatment of minorities - on Boston Catholic convent burnt, later many attacks upon Catholic schools/churches - 1844 Catholics fight back in Philadelphia and many die
First Continental Congress
meet in Philadelphia to consider ways of helping colonial grievances. All colonies but Georgia send 55 well-respected men. After-hour social activity melts friction. 7 weeks from 9/5-10/26/1774 discussion body - John Adams brings them to revolution as opposed to a strain of home rule under British direction - draws up Declaration of Rights - draws up solemn appeals to other British American colonies, to the king, to British people - creates The Association - seek only to repeal offensive legislation
Who was the first president to be nominated by formal party convention?
meet together to nominate party candidates (Jackson first nominated here 1832)
What were the standards for New England towns?
meetinghouse for worship and town hall, village green for militia; each family gets several parcels of land, woodlot, crop and animal tract; towns of 50+ families require to provide elementary education
Second Continental Congress
meets Philadelphia May 10, 1775; - conservative element still strong, just want to continue fighting in hope that king+Parl will redress grievances - delegates raise money and create army/navy
Anglicans
members of the Church of England; official faith in Georgia, Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, part of New York, and England; serves in America as major prop of Kingly authority, so British official try to impose it on additional colonies; Anglican church based off religion not as fiery as that of Puritans
What was effect of industry on individual life?
menial manual labor creates empty shells of people
When was the intercolonial postal system established? How was it?
mid 1700s; secrecy, speed, frequency are all doubtful
Who supported the protection tariffs? Who didn't? Why?
middle states support bc industries booming and they believe that future prosperity comes from factories - Southerners oppose bc consume manufactured goods w/o industry of their own; feels the act discriminates against them bc South sells goods in market unprotected by tariffs but has to pay taxes to buy stuff
abolitionism
militant effort to do away with slavery - begins in N 1700s and soon dominates politics
General James Wilkinson
military governor of Louisiana Territory - sometime secret agent in pay of Spanish crown
musters
militia assembles periodically for several days of drilling, interspersed with merrymaking and flirting
Boys in Blue
millions of youth fight in Civil War, inspired by Uncle Tom's Cabin
What is the significance of the Battle of New Orleans?
restores honor in American eyes; unleashes nationalism and self-confidence
What did the two Carolinas have in common?
mistreatment of natives. North Carolinians crushed the Tuscaroras and Yamasee natives with aid of the South
How did people on the frontier find pleasure?
mixed it with work: e.g. quilting bees, husking bees, etc.
What advantage did the inner-land natives have?
more time, space, and numbers. An European trader inland would have to conform to native ways
effect of more canals
more trade w/ East from West (south left out)
Alien Laws
most European immigrants are poor, thus scorned by aristocratic Federalists - welcomed as voters by less prosperous more democratic Jeffersonians - Federalist Congress erects barrier by raising residence requirements from 5yrs--> 14 yrs (violates opendoor/speedy assimilation) - president can deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace - can deport or imprison i time of hostility
Why the sudden need for gov'nt in CA?
most comers are lawless - draft of 1849 w/o slavery - apply for admission, thus bypassing territorial stage - S violently objects
Similarities between North Carolina and Rhode Island?
most democratic, independent-minded, least aristocratic of all the colonies
How has equality become more prevalent after AmRev?
most states reduce property-holding requirements for voting - resent Society of Cincinnati - party with primogeniture
Scotland steamers
most successful blockade runners - would take on arms cargoes brought from GF, leave w/ fraud papers for "Halifax" (Canada) and return later with cargo of cotton - high risks, but 700% profit
greenbacks
much paper money issued at face value and inadequately supported by gold, so value fluctuates with nation's credit
Adams's followers
mudsling the women in Jacksons's life like crazy and his violence - and his gambling stuff - and the large sums of money he has gotten over years in federal salaries - and of serving as pimp for Russian tsar
William T Johnson
mulatto free slave owns slaves himself
How was the importance of skilled laborers demonstrated?
murdering carpenter in Virginia freed bc his woodworking skills are needed
Millerites
named after William Miller, risen from W NY - believe Christ will return to Earth 10/22/1844 - when doesnt, dampens movement
What actions did Sir Edmund Andros do as head of the dominion?
restrict the assemblies, courts, press, schools, revoked land titles, taxed without representation, and enforced Navigation Laws to suppress smuggling
Chief Tammany
native chief whom Penn bought land from in advance; patron saint of New York's Tammany Hall
Powhatan
native chieftain holds ritual to show Smith and other settlers his intentions; dominated natives in the James River area under the Powhatan's Confederacy; at first might have considered settlers assets in his quest to conquer more native enemies
Malinche
native slave who translated for Cortes between Mayan and Nahuatl. She eventually learned Spanish and was baptized with Spanish name Dona Marina. Her name in the Spanish language now means traitor
What was the effect of victory over Braddock's army?
natives find that so easy that they go scalping all around frontier; some local Philadelphia authorities desperately offer bounties for native scalps
Where did most of the increase in slave population come from?
natural reproduction
What factors helped America become first in manufacturing?
natural resources, massive immigration, ingenuity
What did the Sugar Act and Stamp Act provide for?
naval admiralty courts, where juries not allowed and guilty until proven innocent
Thomas Macdonough
naval officer forces invading British near Plattsburg to retreat on 9/11/1814 - saves upper NY from conquest
Washington vs. small French troops in forest
near Fort Duquesne, Virginians encounter small French troop and fires; french leader killed, men retreat
"wedding of the rails"
near Ogden, UT w/ Leland Stanford driving last golden spike
Where did the Virginia Company's three ships initially land?
near mouth of Chesapeake Bay, where Indians attacked them
What did the Pontiac uprising show the British?
need to stabilize relations w/ western natives and keep troops stationed along frontier
Whom did the Plymouth colony merge with in 1691?
neighbor Massachusetts Bay Colony
jeremiad
new form of sermon heard from Puritans middle 17th century; take cue from prophet Jeremiah preachers scold churchgoers for their wilting religiousness
How was America a revolutionary force since its outset?
new ideas about nature of society, citizen, and government in fresh American wilderness while in Old World one did not question the social status they and generations before them lived in
Mexicans win independence
new regime 1823 arranges to grant huge tract of land to Stephen Austin with understanding he will populate it with Americans of the Roman Catholic faith who will be Mexicanized upon arrival - they are ignored though as hardy Americans come
Effects of the Whiskey Rebellion
new respect of Wash's gov'nt - foes of administration condemn Wash for brutal display of force
What was the result of newly-united Spain?
newly-married Ferdinand and Isabella are sovereigns of eager to beat Portuguese in race to get rich from Indies
John Peter Zenger
newspaper printer in New York; his newspaper had attacked corrupt royal governor and Zenger is charged with rebelling condemnation, brought into court, and defended by Andrew Hamilton. Zenger argues that he has printed truth, but chief justice instructs jury that the mere fact of printing is enough to convict but he is saved by Hamilton and given verdict of not guilty
Why were Davis and colleagues released? What happened later?
no VA jury will convict them; Johnson later pardons all and Congress cleans their slates later
What did idealists want?
no cruelty, no war, no alcohol, no slavery
Why did many blacks not wish to be transplanted?
no longer Africans, but native-born African-Americans with own history and culture
British change strategy when France joins war effort
no longer can blockade colonial coast and command sea; French w/ powerful fleets in american waters jeopardises Britain's blockades; British evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate on NYC
Laws of "free incorporation"
no need to apply for charter from legislature to start a corporation
overspeculation
no profit with material held - in land and in slaves - forces many into debt
Why were Anglicans in the New World handicapped?
no resident bishop to ordinate young ministers-- they must travel to England; serious talk of creating American bishopric but non-Anglicans oppose this, fearing tightening of royal reins
Did Britons endorse the war effort at first? why?
no; Pitt withdraws his son from the army. English Whigs openly cheer for American victories; many believe that fight for British freedom is being fought in America
Hinton R Helper
non-aristocratic white from NM - write the Impending Crisis of the South, arguing w/ stats that non-slaveholding whites suffer most from slavery - only in N, inflammatory
Who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony? How?
non-separatist Puritans secured royal charter to form it and brought the charter to Massachusetts, using it as a sort of constitution. They say they only want to separate from the church's impurities
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
nonconformist writes "The Last Leaf" about white indian of B T Party
What was Lincoln's 1860 platform?
nonextension of slavery protective tariff no abridgement of rights pacific railroad internal improvements and fed expense free homesteads from public domain
What stopped factory growth in America?
nonintercourse, embargo, War of 1812 - "Wear American" Buy American"
How did slaves revolt?
not many cast of chains, but many revolt by abandoning plantations when Union army arrives
How was education in the middle and South colonies?
not nearly as good as in New England; some institutions are tax-supported and some private; South struggle with logistics in establishing effective school system with its biracial population; wealthy families rely on private tutors
the Alabama
notable of British shipyard-produced Conf commerce-raiders. - leave ports unarmed, pick up arms elsewhere, capture Union ships - this one went to Azores and captures so many that N has to divert naval strength from blockade to it - 1864 challenged by stronger Union cruiser of Fr coast and destroyed GB IS THE CHIEF NAVAL BASE OF CONFEDERACY - 1872 GB pays $15.5mil for damages
What does the Constitution say about a cabinet?
nothing; just provides that president may require written opinions of heads of executive-branch depts (Treasury, State, War) but this is pain in ass
Ulysses S Grant
notorious drinker who fought in Mexican War - success in N TN captures Fort Henry and Fort Donelson - "when in doubt, fight"
What did Jefferson think his election represented?
return to "original spirit of the revolution"; peaceful transfer of power is accomplishment
What did the delegates decide they would do about the old AoC?
scrap, contradicting Congress's instructions to simply revise
Nullification Crisis
of 1832: states move to make any emancipation illegal - silences voice of abolitionism - southerners argue that slavery is supported by Bible
Samuel Adams
of Boston, cousin of John Adams: unimpressive in appearance but passionate about politics: ultrasensitive to colonial rights
John Trumbull
of Connecticut, discouraged by his father's remark that Connecticut is not for artists; forced to travel to London to pursue his ambitions, like many similar to him
Neal S Dow
of Maine "Father of Prohibition" sponsors Maine Law of 1851
Senator Charles Summer
of Massachusetts - leading abolitionist - highly educated but highly disliked - "The Crime Against Kansas" condemns proslavery men including well-liked Andrew Butler - beaten up by Brooks - even after injury, Mass reelects - becomes political issue
What did Mark Twain accuse Scott of?
of arousing southerners to fight for decaying social structure "sham" - S aristocrats have been striving to perpetuate a type of medievalism that died on Europe
Elizabeth Blackwell
organizes US Sanitary Commission to assist Union armies - trains nurses, collects medical supplies, equips hospitals - helps women acquire skills/confidence
Where did the Pilgrims choose to settle? What was wrong with this?
off the shore of Plymouth Bay, which was outside domain of the Virginia Company and thus the Pilgrims are squatters
Europeans react to Monroe Doctrine
offended in big part bc of America's soft military strength for such a strong declaration - but British support of America is strong
What did Pitt due in response to colonists who refuse to provide for the conflict?
offered to reimburse 900,000 euros; it works
What was foreign policy regarding natives' land?
officially to acquire land from natives through formal treaties, but more often they are tricked
John D Rockerfeller
oil baron masters "horizontal integration" and devises the trust to control bothersome rivals - owns Standard Oil Company to conquer whole world's petroleum market - believes in survival of fittest in big business - American Beauty
New York Central
older Eastern network that is expanded to facilitate W success
Where did the Virginia Company settle in 1607?
on banks of James River (named after King James I); Jamestown very disease and mosquito infested.
Where was most of the emphasis in school placed?
on religion and classical languages Latin and Greek, not in experiment and reason but on doctrine and dogma; independent thinking is discouraged and discipline severe
Thomas Paine
once a poor corset-maker's apprentice who came from Britain a year before writing Common Sense
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
one of "midnight justices" of 1801, William Marbury, justice of peace for DC - learns that his salary is being cut by new SoS Madison - sues; Marshall defends - SC rules that Marbury has right to his pay but court has no authority to force Madison to pay him - Marshall invokes Judiciary Act of 1789, saying it is unconstitutional - shows that SC has final authority in determining meaning of Constitution
James Oglethorpe
one of a high-minded group of philanthropists who wanted to crate a haven for debted people in Georgia and to have slave-free there. He became interested after one of his friends died in debt jail. He saved "the charity colony" with his leadership and mortgaging his personal fortune
Charles Grandison Finney
one of greatest revivalist preachers - devises "anxious bench"
Judiciary Act of 1801
one of last important laws passed by leaving Federalist Congress: creates 16 new federal judgeships/ judicial offices "midnight judges"
What did the Battle of Antietam mark?
one of the decisive engagements of world history; Davis never again so near victory - Union victory prevents GB/FR gov'nt from intervening medially
Why were the British especially vulnerable to attack in Illinois?
only have scattered posts obtained from French
What N industry was crippled?
only ocean trade bc of raiders
John Quincy Adams's administration
only removes 12 public servants from federal payroll - refuses to remove efficient officeholders in favor of his less efficient supporters
town meeting
open discussion, open voting -> direct democracy functions best
Non-Intercourse Act
opens up trade to every country but FR+GB; replaces Embargo Act
How did Parliament regulate the mercantilist system?
passed laws: all goods to America first must land in Britain where taxes and middlemen can take some of profit; American merchants ship certain products exclusively to Britain despite possibly better prices elsewhere
Whigs
oppose Jackson, despise "King Andrew" and his iron fist - emerge when Clay/Webster/Calhoun join forces to pass motion blaming Jackson for removing federal deposits from BoUS on his own - support Henry Clay's American System - joined by those offended by jackson's stand on null - joined by many anti-masonic church people - support active gov'nt programs, call for internal improvements - welcome market economy - claim to be defenders of common man - like natural harmony of society; berates leaders whose self-interest fosters conflict - favor renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, moral reforms
How was the blockade regarded by the naval powers of the world?
ordinarily would have been defied bc never really effective, but GB, great maritime nation, recognizes it as binding and warns shippers from it
Why had the Philadelphia Founders not envisioned political parties?
organised opp to gov'nt seems disloyal and against spirit of national unity
Robert E Lee
originally offered to command N, but when home state VA secedes, Lee goes to S
1893 depression
overbuilding/speculation ,labor disorder, agriculture depression, foreign loans, free-silver agitation --> economy dies in large ways
How did pioneer builders go bankrupt?
overoptimistic, pushing into areas w/o enough pop
What factors led to the Panic of 1819?
overpseculation in frontier lands - BoUS, through western branches, becomes deeply involved in ^
1873 Economic Panic
overreaching promoters put too much in for markets and bankers make too many rash unsuccessful loans to finance these
What caused the downfall of Spain's imperialism?
overreaching; convinced of its own invincibility and overrun with South American riches, Holland (Spanish Netherlands) and much of Spanish Caribbean escapes from Spanish hold
Why did the Southern planters resent North middlemen?
pained by outward flow of commissions and interest to yankee manufacturing
Charles Willson Peale
painted portraits of George Washington, ran museum, stuffed birds, practiced dentistry
John P Altgeld
pardons 3 survivors of Haymarket; good statement but controversial
What does Jefferson do once he gets in office?
pardons prisoners of Sedition Acts, passes Naturalization Law of 1802, does away with excise tax, reduces ilitary establishment
How has the two-party system actually been important for democracy?
party out of power balances government so politics never drift too far
British Parliament reacts to defeat at Saratoga
passes measure for American home rule within empire, but no independence
Jonathan Edwards
pastor in Northampton Massachusetts proclaims the ridiculousness of believing in salvation in good works, confirming that we need complete dependence on God's grace; paints "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
"jayle birds"
paupers and convicts involuntarily shipped to America by London authorities; not happy about European authorities and some of these were only convicted for capital crimes: in America they do well
What factors set the stage for English colonizations?
peace with Spain, population growth (enclosing), unemployment(enclosing), motive in thirst for adventure+markets+religious freedom, financial means(joint-stock)
How does economy change with Taney?
people do not monopolize as much. little crops for living money
mestizos
people of mixed native and European heritage
Federalists respond to compact theory
people, not states, made the original compact and thus it's up to Supreme Court, not states to nullify Congress's unconstitutional legislations - 1803 adopted by Supreme Court
Isaac Singer
perfects sewing machine
John Greenleaf Whittier (Quaker)
poems against inhumanity - helps arise AM on slavery issue - poet of human freedom
What did Taylor do in resp to TX's threatening to capture Santa Fe?
personally leads army in and hanging traitors
Why were Americans angry at Grenville's actions?
pinched their pocketbooks; struck at local liberties
How does Royal Navy respond to Battle of New Orleans?
places naval blockade along America's coast and lands raids - cripples American economic life
How did the early American colonists "live by the sun"?
plant in spring, tend crops in summer, harvest in fall, prepare to renew cycle in winter; rise at dawn, sleep at dusk
What effect on the S/W did the 2nd Great Awakening have?
plant many small tax-supported public liberal arts colleges - academically poor and awfully boring, mainly for regional pride
What did French officials do in efforts to block Spain on Gulf of Mexico?
plant several fortified posts in Mississippi and Louisiana, esp. New Orleans (1718)
sharecropping
plantation owners rent out pieces of land to black and make cost of rent higher than return of land produces so that land renters bound to continue work until debts repaid (usually never) - blacks cannot pay off debt; begin "jumping" labor contracts
How did the South become more monopolistic?
plantation system unstable bc poorer farmers will sell small land holdings to larger farmers
How does Franklin help in obtaining French treaty?
plays on French fears of Anglo-American reconciliation
Resumption Act of 1875
pledges gov'nt to further withdraw greenback and redeem all paper currency in gold at face value
Aaron Burr joins with Federalists
plots secession of NE+NY - Hamilton foils conspiracy - duel challenged, Hamilton shot moves West, strikes up allegiance w/ Wilkinson - plan to separate west and east of US w/ invasions of Spanish Mexico/Florida - ditched though in 1806 at Natchez when Wilkinson learns that Jefferson knows and flees to NO
James Russell Lowell
political satirist in Biglow Papers
Iroquois Confederacy
politically organized military alliance
indentured servants
poor people who bind themselves to work for a number of years to pay for their trip to America
Describe the conditions of the pioneers?
poorly fed, ill-clad, awful shelter, lonely violent wresting is popular pastime they, isolated by geography, often ill-informed, superstitious, overly individualistic
Physicians in the colonies
poorly trained as apprentices under practitioner, not highly esteemed; bleeding is frequent remedy
Stephen Foster
popular white Pennsylvanian captures spirit of slaves in song
How did the American colonies look by 1720?
population growing robustly; transportation and communication improving; hands-off British allow colonists to have their own government, trade, church; AMERICA IS THRIVING
How did the Puritans' religious zeal fade as time went on?
population increase -> push Puritans onto outlying farms away from church and neighbors
Aftermath of Civil War
population loss, debt, supreme righters cursed, test of democracy --> English Reform Bill of 1867
Tom Watson
populist leader needs black vote, reaches out
Why did Europeans have no direct access to South Africa before?
sea travel down African coast practically impossible. Goods would cross Sahara camelback along with tales of impressive Mali kingdom and Timbuktu
Why did the Irish move?
potato famine breaks about famine/disease and GB is heavy on them - move to Land of Plenty in the "Black Forties" - one of the dispersed people (diaspora)
Why was the S panicking about political equality?
potential slave territory in US running short - NM + UT want nonslave
matrilinear culture
power and possessions passed down female side of family line; Iroquois culture
Where was most AM literature effort put at first?
practical outlets e.g. political essays, pamphlets, oration
Economic democracy
precedes political democracy - ind from GB = US must make everything no longer imported from GB on own - many Americans poor bc economy bad
How did moderate Republicans (Congress majority) feel about state policies?
prefer policies that restrain states from cutting citizens' rights rather than policies that directly involve fed w/ indiv
Emancipation Proclamation
prelim announces that 1/1/63 president will issue final - declares "forever free" the slaves in those rebelling Conf states - slaves in Border States and conquered S areas unaffected - an "act of justice" - where can, does not; where can not, tries to
Where was college education geared toward early on? What did some rich families do?
preparing men for the ministry, as a church will wither if the minsters are not adequately trained; some rich families, esp. in south, send their sons abroad to get a refined and philosophical education in England
Jackson's followers
present Jackson as frontiersman and champion of common man - denounce Adams as corrupt aristocrat, argue that he thwarted the people's wills; only way to right the wrong is to seat Jackson, who will sweep out Adams (all hyperbole. Jackson actually wealthy. Adams has high morals)
James Madison
president 1809
Nicholas Biddle
president of BoUS holds immense amount of power over nation's financial affairs
Why did Lincoln decide to attack at Bull Run?
press and public clamor for action from Union army - figure can attack smaller Conf force - if successful, will demonstrate Union superiority and capture Richmond
What followed the 8-year peace of the First Anglo-Powhatan War?
pressed by land-hungry whites and their diseases, natives 1622 strikes back, leaving hundreds of settlers dead. Virginia Company issues new orders calling for destructive war that reduced native population and drove survivors westward
Why did American architecture not take off early?
pressured to build quickly, so continue to imitate Europe
Lord North
pressured, persuades Parliament to repeal Townshend revenue duties exc. one on tea
1808 end of slave importation
price of slaves so high that many smuggled in despite death penalty; those caught often acquitted by south judges
What kind of warfare did the French and British use in America? Why?
primitive guerrilla warfare because neither considers America worth the commitment of large detachments of regular troops
How did the BUS have so much power?
principal depository for gov'nt funds and controls much of nation's gold/silver; notes are stable, unlike smaller banks' - private institution accountable to elite circle of investors
privateers
privately owned armed ships (legalized pirates) authorized by Congress to attack enemy shipping - diverts more manpower from mainland effort - brings in urgently needed gold, harasses enemy, raises American morale with victories - skyrockets insurance; British pressure Parliament to end war
How did Jackson react to the SC convention?
privately threatens to invade and hang nullifiers - publicly dispatches naval/military reinforcements while prepping army - issues proclamation against nullification - gov'nr Hayne counterproclamates - one must back down
Charles W Peale
produces GWash portraits
American profiteers
profit>patriotism; sell to British bc raise more money this way; while they are gaining money, American army at Valley Forge freezing to death
William Lloyd Garrison
prominent American abolitionist, journalist, social reformer - edits radical abolitionist paper "The Liberator" - founder of American Anti-Slavery Society - burned constitution as demonstration
Black Codes
series of laws designed to ensure stable and subservient labor force - first passed by MS 1865 - force blacks to continue working on plantations due to "sharecropping" - seek to restore pre-emancipation system of race relations by forbidding blacks from voting or serving on jury
What was the effect of industry on women?
propel them into jobs, creat Gibson Girl's "new woman", delays marriage and creates smaller familise
Treaty of Kanagawa
proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors, AM coaling rights in Japan, establish consular relations - opens up Japan's isolation
Daniel Webster
propose all reasonable compromises be made w/ S and that new Fugitive Slave law form - against slavery - supports Wilmot Proviso - believes God established that cotton cannot grow in new Mexican territory
Whigs propose remedy Panic of 1837
propose expand bank credit, higher tariff, subsidies for internal improvement
Bank of the United States
proposed by Hamilton, inspired by Bank of England - gov'nt is major stockholder and Treasury can deposit surplus - print urgently-needed paper money - provide sound stable national currency - 1791 created by Congress, chartered for 20 years located in Philadelphia - capital of $10 million, 1/5 of which owned by federal gov'nt - stock for public sale
Jackson's policy for natives
proposes transfer them west of Mississippi, where can maintain culture
Samuel J Tilden
prosecutes Tweed, becomes Dem candidate
1855 KA election
proslavery "border ruffians" from MO come and vote a lot (sketchy) - slavery supporters win and set up gov't at Shawnee Mission - free-soilers est regime in Topeka
What were the two Republican economic issues for the 1860 election?
protection, farms
Tariff of 1842
protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates
Harriet Beecher Stowe
publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin - determined to awaken N to wickedness of slavery - popular book esp abroad - helps start civil war and enlighten Northerners
What was the reason for most agitation against spread of slavery?
race prejudice (not humanitarianism)
Whigs
radical British political commentators fear threat to liberty posed by monarch's arbitrary power; attacks corruption; warn citizens to be suspicious of everything
Garrisonians
radical followers of William Lloyd Garrison
How did the colonies rally together on the day the Boston Port Act went into effect?
rally to send food to Boston, even rice from faraway South Carolina; summons Continental Congress of 1774
How was expansion of settlement in Chesapeake generally done?
random by lone-wolf planters on their own initiative
Why were slaves not permitted to read?
reading brings ideas, ideas bring discontent
Emma Willard
reason for women's schools at secondary level est Troy Female Seminary gains respect for woman for education
Trumbull
recaptures spirits/scenes of war
How did natives tribes adapt to the introduction of horses by Columbus?
some adopt it, making their cultures into hunter societies that hunt the buffalo
Ohio Idea
redemption in greenbacks, intended to keep interest rates lower
capital offenses and punishment and prisons?
reduced, less severe, prisons "reformatories"
King Louis XIV
reign since he was 5 yo, from 1643-1715; interested in overseas colonies
transcendentalism
reject Locke's theory that all knowledge comes to mind through senses. Truth instead transcends senses and cannot be found just by observation - self-reliance, self-culture, self-discipline - every person has inner light than can illuminate truth "oversoul" w GOd - individualism in religious/social matters
What influenced idealists?
religion
What were the qualifications for voting in 1775?
religious and property qualifications, with stiffer qualifications for officeholding; upper class fears democratic excess, unwilling to extend vote to everybody; luckily due to relative ease of acquiring land, right to vote is not too far-off
John Calvin of Geneva
religious leader elaborated Martin Luther's ideas in Calvinism, dominant credo of Puritans and others. He writes about it in 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion
Deism
rely on science rather than bible, deny divinity of Christ - believe in supreme being who created universe and gave humans capacity for moral behavior
What did the Jeffersonians do about Federalist programs?
removes excise tax, but keeps programs for funding national debt and assuming State debts; keeps Bank of US and tariffs. Later even boosts
George Canning's joint declaration
renounce any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, specifically warning European dictators to keep hands off Latin American republics
Macon's Bill No. 2
reopens American trade with whoever respects America's policies
How did Republican Congress respond to Judiciary Act of 1801?
repeals, taking away chairs
Frederick the Great
repels French, Austrian, and Russian armies in Germany though he is greatly outnumbered
"Fighting Joe" Hooker
replaces Burnside - Chancellorsville, VA Lee sends divided force and badly beats Hooker - Jackson shot
General A E Burnside
replaces McClellan as commander of Army of Potomac - proves unfit when launches rash frontal attack on Lee's strong Fredericksburg position "Burnside's Slaughter Pen"
Dorthea Dix
reports on crazy-people establishments - 1843 petitions to mass leg for improved conditions - gain for concept that demented mentally ill, not willfully perverse
What were Pennsylvania's liberal features?
representative assembly elected by landowners; no tax-supported state church; freedom of worship (though London pressure Penn to deny Catholics/Jews right to hold office or vote), limited death penalty; no provision made for military defense; no restriction on immigration; dislike of black slavery
Which two ideas took root in American colonists mid-17th century?
republicanism and Whig ideology
Specie Circular
requires all public land be bought with hard metallic money
Wade-Davis Bill
requires that 50% of state's voters take oath of allegiance; demands stronger safeguard for emancipation than Lincoln's - Lincoln refuses to sign and vetoes - Repubs mad, refuse to seat LA delegates (LA recently accorded w 10%)
William Belknap
resigns from Grant's Secretary of War after pocketing bribe
Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians
respect natives, try to Christianize them
How did the English look when Spain and England signed the peace treaty of 1604?
restless, thirsty for adventure, curious about unknown, self-confident, patriotic, faithful, golden age of literature
discord of western lands
six jealous, seven w/ charter-granted acreage
What disease did natives infect some early explorers with?
revengefully kneaded tainted blood into masters' bread, injecting syphilis into Europe
What was the effect of the cotton gin?
revives slavery, makes cotton highly profitable
Amelia Boomer
revolts v. attire of day by wearing short skirts + bloomers
What became the principal export crop in Carolina? How?
rice; rice was grown in Africa and Carolinians were buying experienced rice cultivator slaves who were also immune to Malaria and thus perfect for working the rice plantations
Marquis de Lafayette
rich young French nobleman fled from boredom and loved glory/liberty: major general in colonial army in trade for recognition of his family influence and political connections; secured further aid from France
Doeur d'Alene district
riots quelled by fed troops
Why were Grant's triumphs in TN early 1862 crucial?
rivets KY securely to Union and opens gateway to TN, GA, heart of Dixie
What was the transportation system in 1700s North America?
roads, though finally built, are treacherous; reliance placed on waterways
How did Dems in HoR obstruct HoR business?
roll call refusing na demanding
Hudson River School
romantic mythic heroic painting style of AM landscape 19th century
Why was most literature imported from GB in the early days?
rough pioneer life
What were the negative effects of growing tobacco?
ruined the soil, stuck Virginia to be slave to the prices of a single crop
Jay's Treaty
sent to London in 1794 - Jeffersonians unhappy bc think he will sell out America - sabotaged by Hamilton who secretly supply GB with details of America's bargaining - GB will evacuate posts on US soil (but iffy promise) - GB will pay damages for recent seizures of AM ships (but does not address future) - binds US to pay debts to GB merchants - Pinckney's Treaty of 1795
Foreign feelings about Civil War
ruling powers love this because can pit N v S and swoop to defy Monroe Doctrine - masses want to help Union bc of Uncle Tom - ruling powers want to help Conf bc likes aristocracy and hates democracy
Crispus Attucks
runaway mulatto and leader of Boston Massacre mob
Sally Tompkins
runs Richmond infirmary in S for wounded Conf soldiers
How did Washington compare to Philadelphia?
rustic, simple, frugal Washington contrasts with elegant Federalist Philadelphia
Hernan Cortes
sailed from Cuba; rescued Spanish castaway who had been enslaved for several years on island of Cozumel off Yucatan Peninsula by Mayan-speaking natives; picks up native slave Malinche who served as translater between Mayan and Nahuatl (Aztec language); using these two, Cortes can understand the speech of the Aztec
What did the Philadelphia delegates hope to obtain?
save revolutionary idealism to make into strong political structure
Santa Anna's trickery
says if AM will allow him into Mexico, will sell out country - Polk agrees, but Santa Anna instead goes to defend - Santa Anna pockets Trists's bribe money
Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion
scheme for capturing Hudson River Valley 1777 - if successful, British cut NE off from rest of states and paralyze American cause - main invading force under Burgoyne pushes down Lake Champlain route from Canada - Howe's troops if needed advance up Hudson River rom NY to meet Burgoyne near Albany - St. Leger's smaller force comes from West by Lake Ontario and Mohawk Valley - very slowly (baggage and women) Burgoyne's huge troops starts invasion through forest - Howe surprisingly sails south to attack Philadelphia to force engagement w/ Washington, destroy his army, and leave path open for Burgoyne - Washington transfers army to Philadelphia and is defeated at Brandywine Creek/Germantown. He retires to miserable Valley Forge - Burgoyne gets stuck north of Albany where colonial militiamen swarm and is trapped. - Americans drive back St. Leger's at Oriskany - Burgoyne surrenders his entire command at Saratoga 10/17/1777 to Horatio Gates
the Bladensburg races
second British force lands in Chesapeake Bay area 8/1814 - advance on capital and disperse many militia at Bladensburg; enter and set fire
Horace Mann
secretary of Mass Board of Education campaigns for better schooling system, gets it
John Quincy Adams
secretary of state to James Monroe
1791 Ham's excise tax
secured from Congress on a few domestic items, esp Whiskey
Why did Americans criticize the British East India Company's monopoly of American tea market?
see it as Britain's attempt to trick Americans into accepting the tax by luring them in with cheaper tea
Why did French hate Jay's Treaty? What do they do?
see it as initial step toward alliance with GB, their archfoe - it is violation of 1778 treaty French warships being to seize weak American vessels - outright refuses to receive America's new envoy
French respond to Orders in Council
seize all merchant ships that enter British ports
General Sherman
seizes Atlanta
James Wolfe
selected by Pitt to lead the conquering of Quebec; sends night detachment up poorly-guarded rock part protecting Quebec and brings the others; in the morning two armies face on Plains of Abraham: fatal wounds but French defeated and city surrenders
Andrew Johnson
self-made man becomes TN Congressman; horrible speaker - attracts favor in N when refuses to secede w/ TN - when TN "redeemed", he is appointed war governor and serves courageously - made Union party VP in 1864 to attract War Democrats and other pro-S kind - pro-states rights and advocator of Constitution
William Bradford
self-taught penta-langual scholar chosen governor of Pilgrims thirty times concerned that the non-Puritans north of them would ruin their religious experiment
Ancient Order of Hibernians
semisecret society in Ireland to fight greedy landlords - in America, serves to help the lowly - spawns the Molly Maguires
William H Seward
senator of NY - antislavery - argue that God's moral laws are higher than Constitution
James Gadsden
send by Jefferson Davis to MX - finds Santa Anna needing money, so negotiate Gadsden Purchase
Protestant Reformation
set off by Martin Luther, a religious reform that burnt Europe for century and kindled spirit of millions
What did the Manhattan settlers do in response to the native massacres?
set up short wall (Wall Street)
In what ways did the Cherokees adopt American ways?
settled agriculture, alphabet, legal code, written constitution
How did states respond to 1774 Continental Congress's summons for abolition of slavery?
several northern abolish or provide for gradual slave emancipation; - no states south of Pennsylvania abolish - in all states, law harshly discriminates against all blacks (free or not): cannot purchase property, hold certain jobs, or educate children - laws against interracial marraige
Molly Maguires
shadowy Irish miners' union in Pennsylvania
What did Hamilton do to correct economic issues?
shape administration to favor rich, who in turn provide money/political support - bolster national credit by funding debt - assume state debts (assumption: state debt can be regarded as proper national gov't - will chain states more tightly to federal - tarriffs
What was the effect of population boom in the Americas?
shifts balance of power from English subjects to American colonists as most of the population boom comes from natural fertility rather than import
What did the New Englanders specialize in commerce?
shipbuilding and lumber, codfish
Charles Guiteau
shoots Garfield in 1881, saying that placing Arthur in president seat will provide more Conglingite jobs - argued not guilty bc insanity, but eventually found guilty and hung
effect of Erie Canal
shortens expense and time of transportation - cities grow along canal - price of food reduced - farmers cannot compete in East, so go west - shipping prices and transit time reduced
How did Jefferson behave in the party overturn?
show moderation: dismisses few public servants, Federalist appointees stay in office for long time
Southern delegates?
show up in Congress w/ former Conf generals, infuriating apprehensive Republicans
effect of the Sumner-Brooks clash
shows how dangerously inflamed passions in the US were becoming
What did Jefferson demonstrate by absorbing major Federalist programs?
shows that change in regime does not need to be disastrous for defeated
5 Civilized Tribes
side w/ Confederacy as Conf takes over tribes' fed payments and invites native delegates for troops - rival natives and plains indians side with Union though
What asian goods were craved by Europe?
silk, drugs, perfumes, draperies, spices (sugar)
How did the colonists fare in gathering support for the Patriot cause in comparison to British?
since 1/3 of population is neutral, need to jockey over neutral support. colonists are very good at "political education"
Phillis Wheatley
slave girl brought to Boston and never formally educated; in England at 20 yrs old publishes poetry book and is successful
"peculiar institution"
slavery in the South
Why were civil laws difficult to enforce?
slaves cannot testify in court or have marriages legally recognized
"stomach of the Confederacy"
slaves keep farms and prepare provisions while white men fight
Jefferson as president unconventional
sloppy attire; sends messages to Congress to be read by clerk instead of personal appearance (bc seems monarchial)
How did the Chesapeake settlements grow in the seventeenth century?
slowly; mainly through English immigration of young men who almost all died upon arrival; survivors compete for the few women in the town
separatists
small group of dedicated Puritans, disgusted by the idea that visible saints must be in church among all of the king's subjects including the damned, vowed to break away from the Church of England
"Blue Light" federalists
small minority of New England extremists propose secession from the Union or at least separate peace with Britain - supposedly flash lanterns on shore to warn blockading GB of AM ships attempting escape
What was a result of the bank dying off?
smaller banks are not as strong - Jackson authorizes issue Specie Circular
What was the biggest epidemic in the colonies? How was it "cured"? How did clergy respond?
smallpox hit 20% of population; crude inoculation of dried toad introduced in 1721, but some of clergy object, saying that that is messing with God's will
Branson Alcott
so devoted to philosophy that cannot earn living
Why wouldn't representation actually help Americans?
so few Americans in Parliament that easily outnumbered and no effect
How did the French and Indian War foster unity?
soldiers and statesmen from different colonies come together and talk, often agreeing upon things; all Americans w/ same language an dideals
Why did the Am Fed of Labor fail?
solid but not representative of all workers bc mainly skilled craftsmen
How did women's rights advance in the south?
southern men frequently died young, leaving widows with small children to support and thus southern colonies allowed married women to retain separate title to their property, inherit their husbands' estates
Whiskey Rebellion (where/why)
southwestern Pennsylvania 1794 - pioneer folk see excise tax as burden on economic necessity - crops distilled into alcohol cheaper to transport to Eastern markets - whiskey poles and actions similar to those of Sons of Liberty
Regulator movement in N. Carolina
spearheaded by Scots-Irish; against Eastern domination of colony's affairs
Mountain Whites
special category of Southern whites from appalachians where civilization has not reached yet - believe the impending civil war is "rich mans war but poor mans fight": cripples confederacy - support unionism - sneer at "snobocracy" - raise corn and hogs, not cotton - live isolatedly except for occasional camp meeting
Ninth Amendment
specifying certain rights cannot be interpreted to deny rights of people
What did the Mexican War stimulate?
spirit of Manifest Destiny
What did the issue of slavery do to the churches? what did this foreshadow?
split churches apart; foreshadows secession of states along with churches
What was the purpose of the local committees of correspondence?
spread spirit of resistance by exchanging letters; to keep alive opp. to British policy
Unitarianism
spun off of Deism; believe God exists in only one person, not the orthodox trinity - appeals mainly to intellectuals - see god as loving rather than intimidating
How was the New England family situation?
stable due to longevity; children learned obedience from their family and grandparents in nurturing environments; strong family ties and few premarital pregnancies
How was the Stamp Act on the day it was supposed to go into effect?
stamp agents all resign and nobody sells stamps; law openly and flagrantly defied/nullified
Knights of Labor
starts as secret society, but seeks to unite all - led by Powderly - 1885 strike against Gould's Wabash RR mushrooms membership
French Revolution
starts as shackling Louis XVI, Americans cheer (except some ultraconservative federalists who are wary) 1792 declares war on Austria; French win and France is republic reign of terror follows in 1793 - When Britain gets involved, quickly spreads t oNew World and European war for control of Atlantic ensues
What effect did the factory system have on personal relationships?
takes them away, forcing people into stuffy buildings
Era of Good Feelings pt.2
talk of succession subsides when Fillmore signs compromises, N&S determined that compromises will end slavery issue
Calvinism
stated by John Calvin in Institutes of the Christian Religion: God is all-powerful, all-knowing and all-good while humans, because of sin, are weak and wicked. God has known, since the moment of creation, who was going to heaven/hell. The elect are destined for eternal bliss and others for hell, whom even good works cannot save. All constantly seek signs of conversion
Jefferson's inaugural address
statement of democratic principles; pledges "honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none"
role of women in early 19th century
stay at home and be subordinate to husband - cannot vote, when married cannot hold territory - women start to avoid marraige
Andrew Carnegie
steel king pioneers "vertical integration" from Mesabi Range across Great Lakes to Pittsburgh furnaces - mounts ladder of success with hard work and right partners, entering steel business in Pittsburgh once got some money - disagrees w/ monopolism, so has parnership with a few millionares for huge profit
stock watering
stock promoters overinflate claims about given line's assets/profitability and sells the stocks/bonds in excess of actual value - RR managers have to charge high rates, battling to pay off those obligations
trust
stockholders in smaller oil companies assign stock to board in his Standard Oil Company, which consolidates operations of previously competing enterprises - weaker competitors left out of trust agreement forced to decline
Why was New England favored as industrial center?
stony soil means no farming, so manufacturing yes - dense population provides more labor - snug seaports makes shipping of import/export easy - rapid rivers provide power to turn machine cogs
crop-lien system
storekeepers extend credit to small farmers for food/supplies for lien on harvests - manipulated so that farmers perpetually in debt to merchants
New Orleans
strategic outpost taps fur trade of interior valley
How did Lewis and Clark help establish AM toehold in Oregon?
strengthened by more missionaries and settlers, some of whom go to Willamette River Valley - stimulates interest, thus helps US get Oregon
How are Methodists and Baptists similar?
stress personal conversion and democracy
What did Republicans adhere to? Where was it strong?
strict code of personal morality, believing gov'nt should regulate economic and moral affairs of society - strong in midwest, rural NE, S freedmen, GAR
1877 Wage reductions
strikes ard to put down
What role did rivers play for the middle colonies?
tapped fur trade and beckoned adventure into backcountry
George Catlin
studies native life; first to advocate nature preservation as national policy - sees Sioux slaughter buffalo for trade for whiskey and appalled - Yellowstone Park 1872 created
Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley
succeeded to become famous painters, but had to go to England to complete their training, as it is only there where they can find subjects leisured enough to sit for their portraits and rich enough to pay for them
James Buchanan
succeeder of Pierce - oblivious of Dem splits, supports Lecompton Constitution, and divides N from S Democrats
Tappan Brothers
successful merchants in NYC use wealth to fund antislavery
How did Africans come to outnumber whites around 1700?
sugar lords import enormous amounts of African slaves to work their plantations
What kind of gov'nt did Alexander Hamilton advocate?
super-powerful central gov'nt
Why did federalists oppose war of 1812?
support Britain
John Jay detects France's game
thinks that French cannot satisfy conflicting ambitions of both Americans and Spaniards - thinks he sees signs that Paris Foreign Office about to betray American trans-Appalachian interest for Spain's - secretly makes separate proposal to London (contrary to instruction from Congress), and Britain agrees
How did Southerners defend slavery?
supported by bible, encourage religion, relationships good, better than wage workers, outside rather than stuffy inside, cared for whole life
African-American identity
sustain family life in slavery - mold own distinctive religion from Christian and African mixture - "responsorial" preaching - avoid intermarriage
Effect of Pottawotomie Creek?
taints free-soil cause; retaliation from proslavery forces
Politics and the Irish
take control of NY's Tammany Hall and soon dominate police departments - Politicians try to get their votes bc Irish hate the British
James Buchanan Duke
takes advantage of mass production to produce coffin nails - 1890 absorbs competitors into American Tobacco Company
Military Reconstruction
takes control of certain presidential functions (commander in chief) - sets up martial regime 1877 last fed arms removed from S politics; Dem south made
Bringham Young
takes over Mormon church when Joseph Smith+brother killed 1844 by opposition in Illinois; - leads Mormons to Utah to avoid persecution
early schooling days
teachers incompetent and mostly men focus on punishment readin' ritin' 'rithmetic
Samuel Morse
telegraph "talking wires"
How does Lincoln deal with Sumter situation?
tell S that N is sending provisions to fort, not supplies for reinforcement - plan for that either way, N wins: S must either bow to federal authority or attack, becoming aggressor in public's eyes
black church
when freed, black churches (Baptist Church and African Methodist Episcopal Church) grow robustly - give rise to other great black societies for protection
What kinds of people were loyalists typically?
the "better sort" wealthy and educated aristocrats (NYC, Charleston) -British veterans of Seven Years' War, -recent immigrants from British isles (Volunteers of Ireland, North Carolina Highlanders), -ethnic minorities who believe British rule = more religious toleration, -black slaves seeking freedom -Anglicans (virginia)
What was Virginia named after?
the "virgin queen" Elizabeth
compact theory
the 13 sovereign states in creating federal government is entered into contract and thus judge whether federal gov'nt has overstepped authority originally granted - regarding Allien/Sedition Acts, nullification is rightful remedy
What did the slave owners rest their fugitive slave law argument on?
the Constitution, which protects slavery
Where did many of the Puritans who sought total purification of English Christianity come from?
the Eastern and Western woolen districts
What side did the Anglicans support?
the King; aware that their tax-provided income came from England
Benjamin Franklin at the France treaty
very underdressed and shocked royal court; ordinary Parisians adore him as specimen of new democratic social order; when he embraces French philosopher Francois Voltaire, spectators go wild with love
Why did the Swedish join the American colonial game?
the Thirty Years' War gave a burst of energy that pushed them in
What was the most valuable resource in New France? Why?
the beaver; European fashion-setters value beaver pelt hats for their warmth+appearance
What was the effect of Bull Run on South?
victory inflates overconfidence in S to point where some soldiers leave bc so sure will win
Why was the french land avoided?
the frightful FrenchRev excesses avoided bc cheap land available
How did the conditions of the Utrecht Peace terms threaten the French?
the land given to UK pinches St. Lawrence French settlements, hinting their doom
Why were many fugitive loyalists' estates confiscated?
the loyalists fled; estates sold as relatively painless way to finance war
Why did Savannah natives end their alliance with Carolina in 1707? How did the Carolinians react?
they moved to Maryland and Pennsylvania backcountry where Quakers promised better relations; Carolinians set off a series of bloody raids to "thin" the Savannah population
How did the colonists' view of using the land differ from the natives? What was its effect?
the natives feel that they could use the land, but English OWN the land; when livestock is imported, the hooves and cutting down of forests trample the soil, furthering erosion and flooding
Popular Sovereignty
the notion that power lies with the people (for status of slavery) - liked by public bc democracy - liked by politicians bc comp bw abolitionism and S demands - puts large decision to various local ones
Why did many of the believers in religious conversion move to the Baptists and other sects?
the others are more prepared to make room for emotion in their religion
In what ways was the Era of Good Feelings a misnomer?
the period is a troubled one; - issues of tariff, bank, internal improvement, sale of public land competition - sectionalism, slavery conflict
What right did the British crown reserve regarding colonial legislation with the mercantilist system? How did colonists react?
the right to nullify if laws negatively interfere with mercantilism; colonists resent its existence
What did England's acquiring New York mark?
they now own solid stretch of territory from Maine to Carolinas
What did the Spanish Armada mark?
the start of the end of Spanish's imperialism, as it dampens Spain's fighting spirit and ensured England's naval dominance in North Atlantic and world
Why did some colonial legislatures try to restrict African slave importation? How did English authorities respond?
they sensed the dangers in a heavy concentration of resentful slaves; English authorities seek to preserve supply of cheap labor for the colonies, esp. sugar plantations
What did the Powhatans fall victim to?
the three D's: disease, disorganization, disposability
What did the Puritan churches struggle with in the 18th century?
their elaborate theological doctrines and their efforts to liberalize membership requirements: churchgoers complain about the tedious sermons; some ministers worry that their parishioners have gone soft w/o Calvinism fire
Why did Americans regard the Townshend's tax as another attempt to enchain them?
they used to control the salaries of the governors; now that British hold it, unhappy
Why did "tea kettles" take over clipper ships?
they are more reliable and can haul heavier loads, though slower
What were Grenville's assertions about Parliament?
they are supreme and undivided, Americans are represented in virtual representation
Why did most eligible voters not actually vote?
they frequently trust the leadership of their "betters" who ran colonial affairs; they save their right to vote to kick misbehavior-ers out of office
What did Lincoln believe about the S states?
they had never legally withdrawn from Union, so formal restoration simple
Why did American colonists feel offended by the Quebec Act?
thought that this one hit America on wider range: by sustaining unrepresentative assemblies and denying jury trials, sets dangerous precedent in America; - land speculators alarmed by snatching of territory from them - anti-Catholics shocked by extension Roman Catholic jurisdiction southward into region once for Protestantism
Anglo-Dutch wars
three naval wars; 17th century after England helped oppressed Netherlands rebel against Spain
Felix Grundy of Tennessee
three of his brothers killed in clashes w/ natives - say that only way to remove native threat is to wipe out Canadian base
Where did wheat cultivation spread to?
through Chesapeake on lands depleted by overgrowth of tobacco, esp Middle "bread" colonies
What was the path of the most famous group of Separatists?
to Holland in 1608, but wanting to remain English purified Protestants, negotiates with Virginia company to secure rights under it and 1620 arrives in America in the Mayflower
What was the long-range purpose of the Albany congress?
to achieve greater colonial unity and bolster common defense against France
Why did natives sometimes ignite forest fires?
to create better (deer) hunting habitats
Why did the Bostonians of the tea party dress as natives?
to give threatening image and to avoid detection
What was the purpose of Carolina?
to grow foodstuffs to provision the sugar plantations in Barbados and to export non-English products. Carolina prospers by developing close economic ties with English West Indies
personal liberty laws
to hamper enforcement of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 by denying local jails to fed officials
What happened to the land crossed by the RR?
villages passed by RR flourish - some towns even bribe builders to build close to them, and builders take advantage of this
What was the immediate purpose of the Albany congress?
to keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to Britain in the upcoming war: chiefs harangued at length then presented with many gifts including guns
Roman Catholics take action
to protect children from Protestant indoctrination in public schools, begins to construct entirely new Catholic education system (too poor, but it shows strength of commitment) - soon they become a huge religious group
What expectations did Britain have of the colonies?
to provide products needed in Britain, to not export certain products, to only buy manufactured goods fromBritain, to not become self-sufficient
What had France offered Spain for its help? why is this troublesome?
to return to deliver British-held Gibraltar; but it defies join assaults; Spanish alway wants trans-Allegheny area on which Americans are settling
Why did Spanish settle their North American borderlands by establishing fortress at St. Augustine?
to secure northern periphery of their New World from foreign encroachments and to convert more natives to Christianity
Where did many emancipated blacks go?
to test freedom, search for lost family, to work in cities
What plant was Virginia overswept with? What was its impact?
tobacco; colonists hunger for more land to plant tobacco on and presses against the natives' land
Why was Henry Clay not nominated for election of 1848?
too many enemies
Why did the British East India Company face bankruptcy? What happened?
too much unsold tea-- if collapses, London gov'nt loses much tax revenue; ministry gives East India Company complete monopoly of American tea business. They sell at super cheap price even with the tax
Where did the Irish go? Why?
too poor to move west and buy necessary stuff - flood the large seaboard cities (esp NY)
1876 election
too tight b/w Hayes and Tilden, so question who will count electoral state returns
Why does New Harmony fail?
too wide a variety of people come; community sinks in confusion
What did Monroe do early 1817 that helped emerge nationalism?
took a goodwill tour, in pretext of inspecting military defense - he gets big welcome
Captain John Smith
took over Virginia in 1608 with rule "he who shall not work shall not eat". He had been taken captive by Powhatan in 1607 while Pocahontas interfered, meant to show to the colonists Powhatan's power and their desire for peace.
12th Amendment
top three electoral vote getters voted upon in House of Reps; majority is elected president
rendezvous system
traders make camp in Rocky Mountains, waiting for trappers+natives to pass by w/ beaver pelts to trade for Eastern manufactured goods
Railroad titans
trample public interest by bribing, lobbying and electing themselves to high office - give free passes to politicians/journalists to help them - manipulate monopoly and have direct control over more people than president
nation's breadbasket
trans-Allegheny region plants corn and raises hogs and distills it for easy shipping
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
treasury most issue legal tender notes for silver bought; paper currency for gold and notes reissued
How did Christian crusaders contribute to the discovery of America?
tried to take Holy Land from muslim control and in process starts to really like Asian goods. Europe's developing sweet tooth
black education
try to establish schools, but not enough qualified black teachers so accept aid of American Missionary Association N white women and fed gov'nt
What was the effect of prepping for war w/o actually going to war?
under Adams public debt swells; require taxes; newly prepared military seems extravegantly unecessary
Why were strikes ineffective?
undermined by management's ability to call in "scabs" to put them down
What were the "reasons" for Polk's asking Congress to declare war on Mexico?
unpaid claims and rejection of buying California
What did the Whig party do for AM?
upheld ideal of Union through electoral strength in S
What was the legislative body used by most colonies?
upper house, council, appointed by crown/proprietor/voters depending on government; lower branch, popular branch, elected by the qualified voters; people enjoy direct representation and self-taxation becomes precious privilege that Americans enjoy; unfortunately many backcountry elements are underrepresented
Daniel Webster, 7th of March Speech, 1850
urged the North to compromise on the slavery issue - Free-Soilers and abolitionists call him a traitor
John Quincy Adams's first annual message
urges Congress to construct roads/canals and other improvements - public reaction immediately against it bc it would increase tariffs - South worries that fed gov'nt may try to mess w/ black slavery
Liberal Republican Party
urges purify gov'nt and end military reconstruction - nominates Horace Greeley
How did the Mormons prosper in the Utah desert?
use ingenious irrigation, find luck in the seagulls that eat crickets - many come, including foreign immigrants
corruption
use of patronage and bribes by king's ministers; sense of rot or decay
Why was Common Sense so easily read?
used biblical imagery and common language - at a time when republicanism particularly appeals to British politicians critical of excessive power with King
national nominating conventions
used to name candidates
Francis Parkman
uses guiding machine in dark to write abt France/GB's fight over control of North America
settlers to texas
usually fleeing from sheriff "G.T.T."
patroonships
vast feudal estates on the Hudson River granted to promoters who promise to settle 50 people on them; gave Dutch colony an aristocratic flavor
African diaspora
vast scattering of African peoples throughout New World
How were lotteries utilized in the colonies?
very approved, esp by clergy who uses it to raise money for churches and colleges
Lincoln's decrees
w/o Congress in session, Lincoln defies const - proclaims blockade - increases size of fed army - tells SoT to give $2mil to three private citizens for military - suspends Habaeus Corpus so can arrest anti-unionists - arranges for "supervised" voting - orders arrest of editors obstructing war
What did colonists demand in terms of being treated as Englishmen?
want rights and privileges of Englishmen without the responsibilities and duties
What reasons did blacks have for wanting education?
want to read the bible and want to close gap b/w them and whites
What revolutionary ideas did the Americans have about international affairs?
wanted to end colonialism and mercantilism; support free trade and freedom of the seas - want to substitute rule of law for reliance on raw power to rule nation affairs - Continental Congress 1776 summer drafted "Model Treaty" because at time where military conflict abandoned for bonds of mutual commercial interest
How did the RR advertise for more settlers?
wants settlers to whom land grants can be sold at a profit - some offer to transport newcomers for free to the farms
What did the GB want in staying in US?
wants to keep lucrative fur trade in Great Lakes region, wants to build up native buffer state to contain Americans - openly sell warstuff to natives of Miami Confederacy
Little Turtle
war chief of Miamis - give notice that Confederacy regards Ohio River as border - defeat Harmar & St. Clair's armies badly
Jim Crow laws
what starts as informal segregation develops into state-level legal codes - sets lmits on voting to target black voters
How did the British still get profits from American commerce when supplies are shipped to foreign countries?
when Americans ship their resources out, British re-export and take a slice of the money
Millard Fillmore
when Taylor dies, VP takes presidency - signs series of compromises, and second Era of Good Feelings comes
How was the family situation of Chesapeake reflected in the unmarried young girls?
weak family ties reflected in the many pregnancies among young unmarried; many brides already pregnant when wed
Dutch West India Company
weaker than East; 1628 captured fleet of Spanish treasure ships $15 million; thriving sugar industry in razil
mercantilism
wealth is power and a country's economic wealth (thus military and political power) is grown by exporting more than importing
Louisiana Purchase
week of haggling April 30, 1803 treaties signed to give Louisiana to US for $15mil
Ralph Waldo Emerson
well-known transcendentalist lyceum lecturer - appeal for intellectual independence, urging AM to throw out Europ traditions - essays stress self, ideals reflect those of expanding AM - condemn slavery, support union cause
Adams's land policy; the Georgian Cherokees
westerners who want wide-open expansion resent his attempt to curb speculation in public domain - Georgians want the Cherokees out; Adams tries to deal fairly - GA gov'nr threatens to resort to arms, resists fed gov'nt efforts to put federal authority on behalf of Cherokees
women
when men leave for war, women take jobs in gov'nt, industry, war - many raise money for war relief
Hartford resolutions
when the Massachusetts envoys send, overwhelmed by news from New Orleans and Ghent Treaty - symbolises end of Federalist party
What happened to debt prisons?
when working man gains power, state leg eventually abolishes debtor prisons
Theodore D Weld
white abolitionist preaches against slavery writes Slavery as It Is: pamphlet exposes evil of slavery - spiritually inspired by Finney - sponsored by NY merchants Arthur and Lewis Tappan through Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinatti, presided over by Lyman Beecher
What effect (socially) did the 2nd Great Awakening have?
widens gaps b/w classes, regions
What did Arnold accomplish with his tiny ragtag flotilla?
wins time; British forced to retreat to Canada as winter descends and Burgoyne must start anew from Canada next year
What fun activities were common in the North?
winter sports
Ferdinand Magellan
with 5 small ships from Spain, after making it through S.American tip, though slain by Philippine inhabitants, one remaining vessel completes first circumnavigation of globe
How did the Americans view the Irish?
with contempt - "proper" Protestant Bostonians see them as menace
How were Hamilton's objectives in debt political?
within limits, national debt is a kind of union adhesive; gov'nt owes more people money, more reason to see success of ambitious enterprises
What group of people played a large part in the 2nd Great Awakening? Why?
women bc do not care about economy expansion as much as men do - gospel of female spiritual worth preached
What were the women's and men's roles in agricultural settlements?
women tend crops; men hunt, fish, gather fuel, clear fields
What was the effect on marriage?
women usually work before marriage; afterwards become housewives/mothers - arranged marriages die down - more affectionate families bc marriages based on love
What was the (pretty much) full-time occupation of most New England women? Explain.
women wed early and had babies every 2 years until menopause; often about 80% of their pregnancies had surviving children
Where did most of the early English immigrants to America come from? Why?
woolen districts of Eastern and Western England; economic depression hit woolen trade, so thousands of farmers drift around England unemployed, many becoming beggars. Many contemporaries feel that England has surplus population
"hells on wheels"
workers who do not die try to relax in these overpopulated tented towns
What effect did factory working have on adult laborers?
working conditions improve with mass vote given to workers - want 10-hour-day, higher wages, tolerable conditions, public education, ban of imprisonment for debt - find that strikes are best way to get what they want
Lincoln v Congress?
would have clashed - unlike Johnson, Lincoln is victorious president so has power and leadership
Why did S object to CA admission?
would upset balance of free and slave states in Senate (CA excludes slavery)
Louisa May Alcott
writes Little Women to support family when father cannot
Herman Melville
writes Moby Dick about good/evil/revenge - ignored at time bc public likes upbeat prose
Edward Hale
writes fiction of Philip Nolan 'The Man Without a Country' to help stimulate devotioin to Union
Edgar Allen Poe
writes with pessimistic tone unlike literature of the time
Declaration of Independence
written by Thomas Jefferson - invokes "natural rights" of humankind, not just British rights - since King flouted such rights, colonists justified in cutting connection - list of G3's tyrannies (e.g. tax w/o consent, no jury in trial, est military dictatorship, etc.)
Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin to persuade more Northerners to become anti-slavery
William Penn
young Englishman attracted to Quaker faith in 1660 at 16 years old; after army time, fully embraces the faith though he suffers much persecution; thoughts turn to New World and 1681 he secures from King a large amount of land due to the debt owed to his father by the crown
John Paul Jones
young Scotsman, officer of small American navy that attacks British merchant ships
Roger Williams
young popular Salem minister who was extreme Separatist, he encouraged his fellow clergymen to make clean break with the Church of England and challenged the legality of the Bay Colony's charter. He says that the charter unfairly took land from the natives. Then he denied the authority of the civil government to regulate religious behavior. 1635 he is banished but manages to stay. He is aided by natives and flees to Rhode Island.
