APUSH in 1000 Terms

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

King Cotton

"Driving force" of Southern economy

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

FDR's Inaugural Address

"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries (4) federal assumption of Texas debt (5) slave trade abolished in DC (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children.

Gibson Girl

The idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by a magazine image that showed that woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by Charles Dana Gibson.

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994, U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Deregulation

The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

ADC

Aid to Dependent Children, financial assistance for needy children whose parents have abandoned them.

General George McClellan

Appointed by Lincoln. Egotism and overcautiousness cost the Union a quick end to the war. Fired.

Southern Tenant Farmers Union

Argued the AAA enriched large farmers and impoverished small farmers who rented rather than owned their land.

Panay Incident

Japan bombed American gunboat, strained U.S-Japanese relations.

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Kamikaze Pilots

WWII Japanese pilots trained to make a suicidal crash attack, usually upon a ship

Office of Price Administration

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

La Malinche (Doña Marina)

Aided Cortes with taking over the Aztecs. She had been enslaved by the Aztecs, and became his translator so that he could rally other enslaved people to join his fight.

Presidential Reconstruction

All states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S. (Oath of Allegiance)

Political Participation

All the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue.

U-Boats

German submarines used in World War I. Most notable was the one used in sinking the Lusitania, an American passenger vessel that pushed us into the war.

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Role of League of Nations

Basically did nothing.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. William Henry Harrison's campaign!

Baron von Steuben

Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

PWA

Public Works Administration, put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices ,etc.

Teenage Culture

Rock music, Hollywood films, clothing, music, hairstyles, accessories

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire

German invasion of Poland

September 1, 1939. Starts WWII. Nazis invaded fast in a manner called Blitzkrieg.

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

Olive Branch Petition

Colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances. Britain declined.

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

Draft Riots

Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers

Forgotten Men

Term used by Roosevelt in his fireside chat referencing the poor who were not being cared for. Done in order to build support for his "New Deal"

Military-Industrial Complex

Eisenhower said combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Dynamic Conservatism

Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution

Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf on August 4, 1964. Prompted the escalation of the War in Vietnam. Resolution was a 1964 authorization for Johnson to attack Vietnam.

General Horatio Gates

American general at Battle of Saratoga. Formed a new Southern army after defeat at Charles Town. Lost to Cornwallis in Camden.

Bank of North America

(1781) The first bank in the US, modeled on the Bank of England, helped to solve the wartime fiscal crisis. Instead of issuing paper currency through a land office, as farmers wanted, the bank issued money in the form of short-time loans backed by gold and silver plate

Three-Legged Stool of Conservatives

Anti-Communism, Laissez-Faire, Religious Traditionalism

Chesapeake Affair

1807 The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Hepburn Act

1906 regulates the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods in ICC.

Root-Takahira Agreement

1908 Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 working hours of women justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Mann Act

1910 made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes"

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

1943 authorized the federal government to seize and operate industries stopped by strikes

GI Bill of Rights

1944 gave money to veterans to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business

GI Bill of Rights

1944 helped returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education

Korematsu v. US

1944 upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor

Potsdam Conference

1945 Truman, Stalin and Churchill set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1945 two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

National Security Act

1947 established the Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Loyalty-Security Program

1947 permitted officials to investigate any employee of the federal government for "subversive" activities.

Yom Kippur War

1973 fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.

Roe v. Wade

1973 legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

War Powers Act

1973 stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Milliken v. Bradley

1974 desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines, which was a victory for anti-busing proponents who felt that Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education was an injustice

President Carter

1977 Democrat, had success promoting Middle East Peace. He looked weak from economic problems and the Iran Hostage Crisis, was more concerned with human rights than anti-communism.

Hatch Act

A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics.

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

WAC and WAVES

(Women's Army Corps and Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) The WAC (1942) was originally an auxillary branch to the army, but in 1943 it was upgraded to full army status. Many women served in the US, but some went overseas to serve. WAVES, formed in 1942, was part of the Navy, but the women could not serve on board combat ships or aircraft. They could serve overseas and stateside. This division was broken up in 1948 when women were fully allowed to serve in the military.

Life in the Chesapeake

-men came to seek wealth -many indentured servants -bad male to female ratio (4/5:1) -slow population growth (low life expectancy)

Causes of the Cold War

1. Germany divided into four sections, Berlin as well, divided separately and equally between the big three. 2. Stalin wanted to punish Germany with paid repressions just like after WWI, US wanted to help rebuild Germany. (If Germany was forced to pay repressions Stalin was hoping they would later become desperate and resort to communism) 3. US in Nato, USSR in Warsaw Pact. 4. Iron curtain 5. Truman Doctrine 6. Containment Policy 7. Domino Theory 8. Marshall Plan 9. Berlin Airlift

13, 14, 15 Amendments

13- officially abolished slavery, prohibits invol. servitude 14- ensure rights of free slaves, granted citizenship to freedmen, due process of law and right to vote 15 - voting rights to all citizens except women

Lodge Reservations

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

D-Day

160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France, Allies gained a foot-hold in Normandy.

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Lexington and Concord

1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; Armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

Battle of Trenton and Princeton

1776 battles in New Jersey in which George Washington's troops crossed the Delaware River and captured a Hessian encampment; Then Washington moves to the next city and takes British by surprise; Continental Army win both battles; gave soldiers confidence

Philipsburg Proclamation

1779 proclamation that declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. The army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. New government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively.

Pickney's Treaty

1795 treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2, which forbade trade with France and Britain but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its trade restrictions first. France took this offer.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.

Indian Removal Act

1830 congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

1831 Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress.

Irish and German Immigration

1840s saw a dramatic increase in immigration due to the potato famine in Ireland. Poverty of Irish led to competition for jobs. 1850s had increases in German immigration because of the failed revolution in 1848, settled in Wisconsin because they had money and other resources, which helped to cultivate the upper-midwest portion of the United States. Five Points neighborhood of New York City included Irish immigrants, African Americans, and Anglo, Italian, and Jewish cultures. "Melting Pot"

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842 landmark ruling of the Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

1851 treaty restricted Indians to specific areas away from the major trails

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave them popular sovereignty for slavery. Caused many from Missouri to vote in Kansas in order to secure slavery (Bloody Kansas)

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships (made by Commodore Matthew Perry)

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Battle of Bull Run

1861 people watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Homestead Act

1862 act provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Morrill Act

1862 law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing (not signing it) it after Congress adjourned.

Fetterman Massacre

1866 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them. With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail, the main route into Montana.

Classical Liberalism

A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power and laissez faire policies.

Granger Movement

1867 Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party.

Burlingame Treaty

1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.

Polygamy and Voting Laws in Utah

1870 Utah granted women suffrage because of polygamy (there were more women than men), and it had created conflict

Ku Klux Klan Act

1871 act allowed Congress to act against terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan and outlawed Klan activity

Colfax Massacre

1873, armed whites assaulted the town of Colfax, Louisiana, with a small cannon, killing hundreds of former slaves and fifty black militia members after they surrendered.

Reciprocity Treaty

1875 boosted trade between Britain and America, especially in British posessions such as Canadian provinces.

Battle of Little Bighorn

1876 Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died

Munn v. Illinois

1877 Supreme Court decision that allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders

Great Railroad Strike

1877 large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 denied Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

1883 created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.

American Federation of Labor

1886 founded by Samuel Gompers, sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Wabash v. Illinois

1886 individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Bayonet Constitution

1887 constitution forced Hawaiin King to sign, restricted his power, deprived most Hawaiians of the vote

Massacre at Wounded Knee

1890 U.S. Army killed of approximately 150 Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota; ended U.S-Indian wars on the Plains. Soldiers saw their ritual "Ghost Dance" as a threat

Lodge Bill

1890 if 100 citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner, hurt African American voters

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Venezuela Boundary Dispute

1895 dispute between the U.S. and Britain involving the point at which the Venezuela / Columbia border was drawn. Britain eventually won the dispute.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Williams v. Mississippi

1898 allowed states to impose poll taxes and literacy tests. By 1908, every southern state had adopted such measures.

Spanish-American War

1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Women in the Corporate Office

1900: 77% of stenographers were women 4 million worked

Dearborn Independent

1901 newspaper published by Henry Ford, anti-semitic (against Jews) said world's problems could be blamed on the Jews.

Anthracite Coal Strike

1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time)

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902 federal funds from public land sales pay for irrigation and land development projects

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties.

Elkins Act

1903 gave Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads

Russo-Japanese War

1904 war between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Portsmouth Treaty

1905 Roosevelt and representatives from Russia and Japan work out treaty, Japan takes over Korea, Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize

Meat Inspection Act

1906 binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Muckrakers

1906 journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business, like Lincoln Steffens.

Mexican Revolution and Invasion

1911 Francisco Madero led revolution to overthrow dictator Porfino Díaz, then in 1913, military commander Victoriana Huerta assassinated Madero and took power; civil war broke out and American troops landed at Vera Cruz to prevent weapons from reaching Huerta's forces because Wilson was appalled and wanted to teach them to "elect good men;" Americans were seen as invaders, not liberators, and 100 Mexicans and 19 Americans died in fight; civil war continued when Huerta left presidency but none were grateful Wilson intervened

Federal Reserve Act

1913 set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

Naval Construction Act

1916 authorized $500 million in a three year expansion of the American navy

Intervention in Haiti and Dominican Republic

1916 established military government in Dominican Republic in 1916, American forces remained in Haiti after revolt.

National Defense Act

1916 expanded the regular federal army from 90,000 to 175,000 and permitted gradual enlargement to 223,000, expanded the National Guard to 440,000, made provision for their training, and gave federal funds for summer training camps for civilians.

Workingmen's Compensation Act

1916 granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation passed during the New Deal.

American Protective League

1917 claimed approval of the Justice Department for pressuring support of war, humiliated those accused of not buying war bonds, persecuted those of German descent and hated German culture

Lever Food and Fuel Control Act

1917 regulate production and consumption of food and fuels during wartime.

Russian Revolution

1917 revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

1917/18 imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

Velvet Revolution

19189 Czech people riots that led to the smooth end of communism in Czechoslovakia.

Schenk v. US

1919 Congress has the right to prohibit speech that causes a "clear and present danger"

Palmer Raids

1920 Attorney General Mitchel Palmer's federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Washington Naval Conference

1921 Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, producing an agreement involving limited production of war ships, not attacking each other's possessions, and respecting China's independence; signaled a "return to normalcy" regarding foreign policy

Sheppard-Towner Act

1921 federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

1923 voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the groundbreaking decision in Muller v. Oregon.

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Nye Committee

1934 investigated why America became involved in WWI, called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death" because they believed it was a ploy to sell war materials.

Schecter v. US

1935 NRA found completely unconstitutional (because Congress had exceeded its power by granting the Executive Branch too much power to regulate interstate commerce )

Social Security Act

1935 retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65, unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Invasion of Ethiopia

1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia with bombers and tanks. League of Nations did nothing.

Roosevelt Recession

1937-1938 FDR cut government spending to balance budget; this led to a small recession

Kristallnacht

1938 mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

SS St. Louis

1939 936 jews on board bound for cuba, denied entry, returned to europe where four nations took in refugees

Cash and Carry Policy

1939 allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. British Naval powered helped.

Smith Act

1940 made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists

Lend-Lease Act

1941 allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S.

Atlantic Charter

1941 pledge signed by US and Britain to not acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war.

Executive Order 8802

1941 prohibited discriminatory employment practices by federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Executive Order 9066

1942 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Battle of Midway

1942 turning point in the war in the Pacific, directed by admiral Charles Nimitz.

Shelly v. Kraemer

1948 outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities. Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing, unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.

Berlin Airlift

1948 supplied food and fuel to citizens of West Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Communist Takeover of China

1949 Mao Zedong took over China, started fears that communism would spread around the world. Kai-Shek, too.

NSC-68

1950 pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

Ho Chi Minh

1950-1960s communist leader of North Vietnamm, used geurilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine, brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Geneva Accords

1954 divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955 MLK led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Interstate Highway Act

1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history

Cuban Revolution

1958 political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.

Bay of Pigs

196 Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Young Americans for Freedom

1960 conservative youth organization critical of liberal public policy, govt. economic involvement, changes in social mores, and "containment" foreign policy. Loved Goldwater

Rise of the New Right

1960s-1980s, Goldwater, Reagan's economics and anti-communism, moral majority and religious conservatives (pro-life)

Alliance for Progress

1961 help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Peace Corps

1961 volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Equal Pay Act

1963 required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work

March on Washington

1963 showed support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Barry Goldwater

1964 Republican contender against LBJ, liked lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

1965 primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education.

National Organization for Women

1966 called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Miranda v. Arizona

1966 criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Kerner Commission

1967 investigated the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

My Lai Massacre

1968 American troops brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Tet Offensive

1968 huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet) which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties, declined approval of war

Black Sanitation Workers' Strike

1968 workers were discriminated against, worked in fatally dangerous conditions; 1,300 workers walked off the job; viewed as a civil rights conflict

Environmental Protection Agency

1970 coordinated programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Water Quality Improvement Act

1970 made oil companies responsible for cleanup costs of oil spills

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

1971 pproved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools

Watergate

1972 Commission to Re-Elect the President spied on the Democrats. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon stepped down (but then pardoned by Ford)

SALT I

1972 U.S. and USSR agreed to limit the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries.

Camp David Accords

1978 Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries.

Bakke v. University of California

1978 limited affirmative action by rejecting a quota system.

Iran Revolution

1979 Shah got overthrown, islamic state put in power, hostage crisis

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

1979 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas, guerillas got support from US and GB

HIV/AIDS Epidemic

1981 homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco; eventually became widespread around the world, many blamed it on gays

Air Traffic Controllers Strike

1981 union declared a strike and violated a law that banned strikes by government unions, so Reagan fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order and banned them from federal service for life.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

1989 allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable

Fall of the Soviet Union

1991 the soviet union's weakening economy along with great discrepancies between worker's wages and the privileges their leaders enjoyed, led the the breakup of the soviet union.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

1992 loosened standard for evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of "strict scrutiny" of any restraints on a "fundamental right" to one of "undue burden" that permits considerably more regulation.

Proposition 209

1996 California initiative that banned all affirmative action programs.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National Union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Role of Women during the Civil War

200,000 women worked as volunteers in the Sanitary Commission and Freedman's Aid Society, and as nurses, clerks, and factory operatives, as well as farm tasks and school and office jobs

Economic Growth and Tax Cut Relief Act

2001 ~

Lawrence v. Texas

2003 State law may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners

Barack Obama

2008 Democrat, first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia.

Native Americans in WWII

25,000 served in the army, Iroquois issued their own declaration of war against the Axis, 10,000's of Indians left their reservations for jobs in the war industries, some veterans went to college after the war because of the GI Bill

Abraham Lincoln Battalion

2800 man unit of white americans who fought for Republicans in the Spanish Civil War

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

African Americans in WWII

370,000 African Americans drafted; they face rampant discrimination and prejudice in the army, where their units were completely segregated from white units. They weren't allowed to serve in the Marines Corps and the 10,000 in the navy were restricted to lower ranks.

African American Involvement WWI

400,000 blacks served in WWI, many others took over factory jobs and migrated to the North (Great Migrations).

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats in order to meet with Talleyrand, Adams refused

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Molasses Act of 1733

A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Israel

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans who had fallen away from the church to become halfway members of the church. The Covenant allowed these halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church because they had not experienced full conversion. Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal or mission that had characterized Massachusetts in its change in the religious character of New England Society.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

General Valeriano Weyler

A Spanish general who was sent to crush the Cuban revolt. By using "brutal" methods, he caused uproar in the United States, who called for immediate action to help the Cubans.

The Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Benevolent Empire

A broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by evangelical Christian ideals and endorsed by upper-middle-class men and women in the 1820s and 1830s.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Driven by Governer DeWitt Clinton, who wanted to boost the economy in NY.

Reagan Coalition

A coalition supporting Ronald Reagan that included the traditional core of Republican Party voters, middle-class suburbanites and migrants to the Sunbelt states, blue-collar Catholics, and a large contingent of southern whites, an electorally key group of former Democrats that had been gradually moving toward the Republican Party since 1964.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII who wished to spare American lives.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Paternalism

A concept used to justify the legitimacy of slavery. Women would present themselves as mothers for the slaves, or protectors that provided benefits the slaves would not get on their own.

Whittaker Chambers

A confessed Communist and a star witness for the HUAC in 1948 when he testified against Alger Hiss.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Dust Bowl

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry, mass migration of exodusters.

National Park Service

A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans headed by John Collier who disagreed with forced assimilation.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921 under Harding.

Liberty League

A group of Republican business leaders and conservative Democrats who banded together to fight what they called the "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal.

Trust

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors. Notable examples: Standard Oil Company (Rockefeller), US Steel (JP Morgan)

Iroquois

A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests

Land Ordinance

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in 1785.

Patrick Henry

A leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies - "Give me Liberty or Give me Death"

Letter from Birmingham Jail

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Caucus

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Tax Revolt

A movement to lower or eliminate taxes. California's Proposition 13, which rolled back property taxes, capped future increases for present owners, and required that all tax measures have a two-thirds majority in the legislature, was the result of one such revolt, inspiring similar movements across the country.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

South Atlantic System

A new agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical and subtropical products for an international market. Its plantation societies were ruled by European planter-merchants and worked by hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.

Manchuria

A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937.

South Carolina Exposition

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War. Jackson put down any chance of sucession with military force.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Silent Majority

A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s

10 Percent Plan

A plan by Abraham Lincoln that would help restore the South by allowing a southern state to rejoin the union if at least 10% of it's voters swore loyalty to the union and if slavery were abolished. The plan also gave amnesty to some southerners.

McNary-Haugen Bill

A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products. Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse. Vetoed by Coolidge.

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Working Men's Party

A political group that radically opposed what they viewed as the exploitation of workers

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Globalization

A process by which regional societies, economies, and cultures have become joined together through an international system of trade, transportation, and communication. It benefited the American consumer because it offered new and varied products at low prices.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Election of 1952

A race between Dwight D. Eisenhower for the republicans and Adlai Stevenson for the democrats. Eisenhower won in a landslide.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Rhineland

A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

Sudentland

A region in western Czechoslovakia which Germany wanted to annex, and the other leaders let him believing that would be the end of his demands.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States: South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas originally. Then came Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Led by Jefferson Davis.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb led by Oppenheimer.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Began with textile manufacturing in America around 1790 and ended in the mid 1800s.

Slaughterhouse Cases

A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

Beaver Wars

A series of wars in the mid-1600s in which the Iroquois, who allied with the English and Dutch, fought the Huron and Algonquin tribes, who were backed by the French. The wars were fought over land and the monopolization of the fur trade.

Sexual Revolution

A social outlook that challenges traditional codes of behaviour related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The phenomenon took place throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the 1970s.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Federalism and Federalist Papers

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments. Federalist Papers were 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Freehold Society in New England

A yeoman society of relatively equal landowning farm families

States' Rights

According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution.

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Stonewall Riots

Activist protests among gays and lesbians after police raided gay bar, began gay pride movement

SALT II

Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads.

Veterans Administration

Administrates benefits provided by law for veterans of the armed forces.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month. Also called Townsend Plan.

Bill Clinton

Advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

Martin Van Buren

Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Battle of Britain

Aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Maroon Communities

African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.

President Andrew Johnson

After Lincoln's assassination, many thought he was too easy on the South. Congress impeached him because he removed his Secretary of War (a violation of the Tenure Act) but did not remove him from office because there weren't enough votes.

Newsburgh Conspiracy

After Revolutionary War, officers of the Continental Army were not paid. Washington appealed to them in a speech about the economy and convinced them to not revolt.

Return to Normalcy

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II. Harding's policy.

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Rural Electrification Administration

Agency established in 1935 to promote nonprofit farm cooperatives that offered loans to farmers to install power lines.

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war

Franco-American Alliance

Agreement by France to fund American military aids and loans to American colonies in 1778.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Administration, attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II

War Production Board

Allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Grimke Sisters

American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Frederick Douglass

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Theodore Weld

American abolitionist whose pamphlet Slavery As It Is (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

William Walker

American adventurer from the South who led an expedition to seize control of Nicaragua in 1855. Several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before he could convince the US to annex it.

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Sierra Club

American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature.

Ulysses S. Grant

American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Andrew Carnegie

American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. Wrote Gospel of Wealth, which described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. Extemely influential in important cases in the early years in the nation (such as McCulloch vs Maryland, Gibbons vs Odgen, Worcester v Georgia, etc.)

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Iran-Contra Affair

Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Age of Consensus

Americans were confident to the verge of complacency about the perfectibility of American society, anxious to the point of paranoid about communism; conformity was everywhere; people didn't demand for reform and avoided extremist and political views

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

Scientific Management

Application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace (timing workers and the like)

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Covenant Chain

An alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.

Economic Opportunity Act

An economic legislation that was part of the Great Society. It created many social programs to help the poor.

Supply-Side Economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

"Waving the Bloody Shirt"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet

An informal group of advisors who helped to write Jackson's speeches and supervise communication between the White House and party officials

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

National Association of Colored Women

An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns.

Ostend Manifesto

Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain for $20 million - not carried out because of Northern concern for the expansion of slavery

Crittenden Compromise

Attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austrian crown prince murdered on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian nationalist (Black Hand) while visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia. Germany urged Austria-Hungary to fight and they went to war against Serbia; all of this due to Serbia wanting to expand

Housing Act of 1949

Authorizing the construction of 810,000 units of government housing. Housing needs of the poor.

Pequot War

Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Kaiser Wilhelm

Became ruler of Germany in 1888 and dramatically changed Germany's foreign policy. He wanted to show the world how mighty Germany had become and did not want to share his power with anyone. He let Germany's treaty with Russia lapse in 1890, which allowed Russia to form a defensive military alliance with France. Next, Wilhelm began a shipbuilding program in order to make the German navy equal to the British fleet. This led Britain to form an alliance with France.

Formation of the Republican Party

Began in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and against the spread of slavery to territories and new states in 1854

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Black Nationalism

Belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

Shakers

Believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.

Radical Republicans

Believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Revision of 20 State Constitutions

Between 1830-1860, twenty states called conventions that furthered democratic principles by reapportioning state legislatures on the basis of population and gave the vote to all white men

Black Disenfranchisement

Between 1890 and 1906, every southern state enacted laws or constitutional provisions designed to eliminate the black vote: poll taxes, literacy tests, "understanding clauses," and "grandfather clauses" (could not vote if your grandfather was a slave).

Anti-Lynching Bill

Bill to stop the lynching of African Americans by FDR

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Birmingham police commissioner who arrested over 900 marching kids and directed the fire station to blast them with fire hoses and let police dogs loose on them.

Margaret Sanger

Birth Control

Black Panthers

Black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Convict Lease System

Blacks who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy

Antietam

Bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

General Burgoyne

Blundering British general whose slow progress south from Canada ended in disaster at Saratoga, also called "Gentleman Jonnie" because of his need to constantly set up tents...

Native American Assimilation Efforts

Boarding schools

Liberty Bonds

Bonds increased in interest over time sold by government.

Causes of the War of 1812

Britain impressed American sailors, Britain caused Native American rebellion, American War Hawks pressed for intervention, American fronteirsmen wanted more land in the West, Canada, and Florida, hostilities in trade.

Allied Powers (WWI)

Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States

General Braddock

British commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed and his army defeated in a battle at the intersection of the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers, known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers. After his death, his colonial second-in-command, Col. George Washington, temporarily lead the British forces.

General Howe

British commander-in-chief of all forces in the Revolutionary War, did not push the Revolutionary Army.

General Gage

British general in the Revolution. He was commander in chief of the North American forces and military governor of the Province of MA Bay. Bunker Hill hero.

General Cornwallis

British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown to George Washington

Dominion of New England

British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Winston Churchill

British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

Election of 2000

Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

Welfare Capitalism

Businesses are responsible for ensuring the welfare of their workers; effective in some companies, but had substantial limitations

Anti-Japanese Sentiment

CA law prevented Asian immigrants from owning property, preventing success and eventually fueling WWII hysteria

CIA: Iran and Guatemala

CIA secretly overthrew parliamentary government of Mossadegh and democratically-elected government of Jacobo Arbenz to support US-supportive governments.

Niagra Movement/NAACP

Called for a vigorous activism including legal challenges to achieve political equality for blacks and full integration into American life

Panic of 1819

Caused by inflation and land speculation destabilizing the economy - people couldn't pay the loans they got from the national bank.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Supreme Court and the New Deal

Challenges to Roosevelt's leadership, conservative decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court killed both the NRA for business recovery and the AAA for agricultural recovery. Attempted to pack the court.

Second Bank of the United States

Chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. Jackson fought against it throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.

Child Labor

Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

Washington Crossing the Delaware

Christmas night when Washington crossed the Delawer and secretly surrounded the sleeping Hessian soldiers.

Spanish Conquest

Christopher Columbus convinced the King of Spain to sponsor his voyage to Asia by the Atlantic Ocean, and thus found the Americas. The Spanish took control of the Indians and began converting them to Catholicism. Soon, the Spanish slave trade started. Disease and malnutrition decimated the Indian population.

Religious Revival of the 1950s

Church membership jumped, flocked to evangelical Protestant denominations, mesh with middle class, morality and modern life

Gay Rights Movement

Civil Rights movement dedicated to homosexual equality; starts in the late 1960's and early 1970's

CWA

Civil Works Adminstration, emergency work relief program, put more than four million people to work during the winter of 1933-34

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps, a relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

Culture Wars

Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld

Emergency Banking Act

Closed down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.

Operation Torch

Codename for allied invasion of North Africa from Novermber 1942 to September 1943

General Robert E. Lee

Commander of Confederate Army. Great leader, Lincoln wanted him as the leader of the Union Army

General Douglas MacArthur

Commander of US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan

John Chivington

Commander who attacked the Cheyenne at Sand Creek (an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members)

Commitees of Correspondence

Commitees created by the Massachussets House of Representatives in the 1760s to help towns and colonies share information about resisting British laws.

Warren Commission

Committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy

Commodore Dewey

Commodore during the Spanish-American War who captured the Philippines and Guam. Followed Roosevelt's order to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines when war was declared; completely destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed at Manila Bay. His victory shed light on the adjusted purpose of war with Spain, from just freeing Cuba to stripping Spain of all of its colonies.

Utopias

Communities founded by reformers and transcendentalists to help realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from the competition of modern industrial society.

Closed Shop

Company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.

Battle of Shiloh

Confederate forces suprised union troops & drove them across the Tennesee river; union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war

Andersonville

Confederate war camp in Georgia with terrible conditions for soldiers

Persian Gulf War

Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality, an organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights

Burger Court

Conservative jurist appointed by Nixon that nonetheless continued the judicial activism of the Warren Court as seen by Roe v. Wade; this was due to the other members of the court rather than his own liberal beliefs

Minstrel Shows

Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music

ERA

Constitutional amendment calling for equal rights regardless of gender; supported by Alice Paul, but eventually failed due to concerns over its perceived impact on labor regulations that protected women (and not men) from long hours and poor conditions

Power of the Purse

Constitutional power given to Congress to raise and spend money

Birth of a Nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Mobilization for War

Convert factories to war production, freeze prices and wages. rationing, no union strikes, increase income tax, war bonds, drafts.

Hoover and the Associative State

Cooperation between the government and business in order to promote the public interest.

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Impact of Civil War on Native Americans

Corruption in Minnesota where government pocketed most of the funds meant for the Sioux in return for settlement on a specific plot of land, left Sioux children starving

Rosenbergs

Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's

Cattle Ranching

Cowboys often worked on cattle drives. This was when a large herd of cattle was moved from the ranch to a market place where they could be sold. A lot of the original cattle drives went from Texas to the railroads in Kansas.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

Created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts

Judiciary Act of 1789

Created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Counterculture

Culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

Reagan's Environmental Policies

Cut the budgets to environmental agencies by about 12% but increased the Environmental Protection Agency's budget, added acreage to the National Wilderness Preservation System, and added animals and plants to the endangered species lists

Kitchen Debate

Debate between Nixon and Khrushechev. The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, through the U-2 Crisis in 1960. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate.

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

Election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty

Haymarket Square Riot

Demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

Department of Commerce and Labor

Department established by Roosevelt to deal with domestic economic affairs. Later split into two departments for better management.

Management Revolution

Departmentalized operations by function.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Scalawags

Derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Division of Labor and Putting-Out System

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers. The output system would have individual tasks at different places and would give different materials and products to each in order to maximize efficiency.

Manifest Destiny

Doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable coined by O'Sullivan.

Declaration of Independence

Document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, written mostly by Jefferson.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Changes in State Constitutions

Each state constitution began with a bill listing the basic rights and freedoms that belonged to all citizens. Most powers of state governments were given to three seperate branches: a two house legislature, an elected governor and a court system. The right to vote was extended to all property owning white males. The right to hold office was held to a higher property qualification than the voters.

Bunker Hill

Early battle, contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Market Revolution

Economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves.

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Fair Deal

Economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. Three Cs: Corporate Power, Consumer Protection, and Conservation.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin and the first to use the system of interchangeable parts. Cotton gin cleaned cotton of its seed. It fastened slavery to the south but also promoted industrialism.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Election of 1876

Ended reconstruction because neither canidate had an electorial majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 in 1814 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

William Howard Taft

Endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson. HUGE TRUSTBUSTER

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Northwest Ordinance

Established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states in 1787.

FTC Act

Established the FTC as an organization to police unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive practices in commerce

Glass-Steagall Act

Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Nixon's Domestic Policy

Expanded Johnson's Great Society (fight against poverty) w/ EPA, OSHA, Natl. Trans. Safety Board, Food Stamp expansion, & Auto SS Increase to match cost of living.

Poor People's Campaign

Expansion of the civil rights movement that tried to raise awareness about poverty among people of all races

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/ Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Half-Breeds, Stalwarts, and Mugwumps

Factions of the Republican Party in the 1880s Half-Breeds: supported civil service reform and merit appointments to government Stalwarts: Opposed civil service reform and supported the protective tariff Mugwumps: Group that left Republican Party to become Democrats; this group heavily favored civil service reform and mistrusted James Blaine as the presidential nominee because it suspected his involvement in past corruption The election of 1880 united Garfield, a Half-Breed, and Vice President Chester Arthur, a Stalwart

Pickett's Charge

Failed confederate attack during the Civil War led by general George Pickett at the Battle of Gettysburg. Wanted to push far into the North.

P.T. Barnum

Famous and unscrupulous showman, opened the American Museum in New York in 1842, not a showcase for art or nature, but a great freak show populated by midgets, Siamese twins, magicians, and ventriloquists, eventually launching his famous circus - consumerism

Farmers and Crop Prices After WWI

Farmers continued to produce food at wartime levels, massive surpluses

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

James Madison

Father of the Constitution and Federalist leader

Horace Mann

Father of the public school system; prominent proponent of public school reform

Red Scare in the 1890s

Fear of communism spreads accross the nation, incites Palmer Raids.

Red Scare

Fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

FERA

Federal Emergency Relief Administration, combined cash relief to needy families with work relief

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Federal Writers Project

Federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal One.

Comstock Law

Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

Revenue Sharing

Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

Federalists: America as a global power, urban and industry-driven, complex economy, strong central govenment, loose interpretation, aristocratic leaders Democratic Republicans: decentralized government, agrarian society, no concern for world problems, local commerce, slave labor, farmers/commoners as leaders, strict interpretation Similarities: personal freedoms, national independence, capitalism, Republican government.

Suffragists and the 15th Amendment

Fifteenth Amendment bittersweet for women Unionists, hoped to have women included in the amendment but prominent abolitionists feared it would detract from African-American males' chance to get the vote

James Monroe

Fifth President of the United States (1817-1825), administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

House of Burgesses

First elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Seneca Falls Convention

First national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written, which declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Valparaiso Incident

Foreign incident where two sailors are killed in a fight in Chile, the US demands an indemnity and gets it

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

National Consumers League

Formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions.

Alger Hiss

Former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Mormons

Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Farmers' Alliance

Founded in late 1870s, worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony. Act of Toleration in Maryland.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Jane Addams

Founder of Settlement House Movement, where immigrants could stay, learn english, etc. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Revolution and Religion

Founders were not all religious, America wanted separation of Church and State. The Declaration of Independence was not religious, and forced religion would be a breach of free will (Jefferson).

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver). Jay Cooke bank collapse.

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (Democrat) and Winfield Scott RESULTS: WHIG party splits over nomination Fillmore v. Scott; Antislavery North vs. Southern Whigs that disliked Winfield Scott; Doomed Whig Party - Democratic party united under Pierce! Leads to formation of sectional parties instead of national parties. Pierce wins.

David Walker's Appeal

Free black advocated a black rebellion to crush slavery, wanted to remind his people that they were Americans and should be treated fairly.

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Marquis de Lafayette

French general who joined the Continental Army during the American Revolution and was a huge tactical and financial asset.

Georges Clemenceau

French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)

Ohio Gang

Friends of President Warren Harding appointed to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Role of Protestant Work Ethic

Fueled growth and also began to include the ideas of work equating to social mobility and place in life

Gabriel Prosser

Gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Tea Act of 1773

Gave the East India Company an unfair business advantage over colonial merchants through a massive price reduction by reducing taxes/tarriffs.

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

Election of 1868

General Ulysses Grant, Republican, stood on the platform of "just having peace" in the South. Won.

General George Patton

General in the U. S. Army who helped lead the allies to victory in the Battle of the Bulge

Rape of Nanking

Genocidal war crime committed by japanese military in Nanjing. started in 1937 and lasted a few weeks. japanese army raped, stole and killed prisoners of war and civilians

The Taliban and War in Afghanistan

George W. Bush took on a war against terrorism. Tried to get a coalition of nations to assist him in getting rid of al-Qaeda

Nonagression Pact

Germany (Hitler) and Russia (Stalin) agree not to declare war on each other.

Two Front War

Germany had to fight enemies on both its eastern and western borders.

Central Powers (WWI)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Rise of Suburbs

Government policies, cheap, unregulated land, transportation, balloon frame, eroding economic base. New American subculture.

Mexican Americans During the Depression

Government promoted "repatriation" (deportation) of Mexican migrants, forcing over 500,000 to leave from 1929-1937 but used certain New Deal programs to get jobs and groups such as the youth-focused Mexican American Movements had support from liberal New Dealers

Granger Laws

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Black Cabinet

Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Western Confederacy

Group of Native Americans who joined together to attack Americans who tried to claim the Northwest Territory

Green Mountain Boys

Group of Vermont Soldiers who captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

National Woman's Party (Alice Paul)

Group opposed to American participation and women participation in the war; demonstrated with marches and hunger strikes. hated "kaiser" Wilson

Bank of the United States (BUS)

Hamilton proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder to collect and amass taxes and provide a strong and stable national currency. Some thought it was unconstitutional.

Assumption of debt and Washington DC

Hamilton wanted federal government to pay off all the state debts, which would also give rich people who owned them massive profits. To appease Southern States, DC was built on Potomac.

Hayne-Webster Debate

Hayne argued state could nullify a law that supported one part of country. Webster argued states could not nullify a law and federal power and the Union are more important than the States

Roger Sherman

He helped draft the Great Compromise that determined how states would be represented in Congress

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Gifford Pinchot

Head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them. Ballinger, another of Taft's cabinet, was accused of interfering in conservation by Pinchot. Split the Republican Party.

Committee on Public Information

Headed by George Creel, mobilized people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Sack of Lawrence

Heavily armed pro-slavery radicals burned most of the city of Lawrence to the ground, stole their hogs, scattered their women and children.

Washington's Cabinet

Henry Knox (Secretary of War/Defense; Thomas Jefferson (Sec. of State); Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury); Edmund Randolph (Attorney General)

Election of 1928

Herbert Hoover/republican ("A Chicken in Every Pot") vs. Al Smith/democrat (first catholic to run for president) -> Hoover Wins

Lowell Factories

Hired girls from 15-25; expected to work 1-3 years, earned their own wages, encouraged by education. Criticisms included long hours and poor working conditions.

Fredrick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis

Historical opinion that argued that the westward movement was the most important development in American history because it stimulated democracy, individualism, and nationalism

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

HOLC

Home Owners' Loan Corporation, helped home-owners and mortgage companies. government payed companies for the home-owners so they could keep their homes and pay off w/ lower interest and longer time.

Cult of Domesticity

Idealized view of women & home; women, selfless caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Necessary and Proper Clause

Implied powers of Congress - has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

Treaty of Versailles

Imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

Dakota Attacks on Minnesota

In 1862 a decade of anger boiled over, Dakota fighters fanned out through the countryside, killing immigrants and burning farms; more than four hundred whites lay dead, including women and children from farms and small towns; in response a Minnesotan military court sentenced 307 Sioux to death (only 38 executions authorized by Lincoln); Congress then canceled all treaties with the Dakotas, revoked their annuities, and expelled them from Minnesota

Lodge Corollary

In 1912 Senate passed resolution to Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere.

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly. Their Italian ethnicity and anarchist/socialist positions are widely believed to have influenced the jury

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Independent Treasury Act

In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.

Medicaid and Medicare

In-kind government transfer programs that provide health and hospitalization benefits: Medicare to the aged and their survivors and to certain of the disabled, regardless of income, and Medicaid to people with low incomes.

Growth of Middle Class

Included farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, traders, "who carry on professionally the ordinary operations of buying, selling, and exchanging merchandise."

Mobilization for WWII

Increased military production, draft, programs to increase public support

Revenue Acts of 1942 and 1943

Increased taxes but failed to increase revenue. Paid for WWII

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Pontiac's Rebellion

Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Indian Burning

Indians set fires in woods to clear underbrush and make hunting easier, bison as far as New York before settlers

Indian Boarding Schools

Indians were forced to attend to learn new customs, religions and language of the "white men"

Baby Boom

Individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Robber Barons

Industrialists who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. Predatory pricing, where they sold products extremely cheaply, drove their competitors out of business. Completely controlled the market.

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. Proposed by La Follette

ICBMs

Inter Continental Ballistic Missile. They have the power to shoot a missile from one country to another. This makes it easier to attack a country without getting to close to them.

Issues Facing the Plains Indians

Inter-tribal warfare, disease and overhunting caused the society to weaken. Taken advantage of when the whites moved west. Land was taken again.

IMF

International Monetary Fund, promoted trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

Shuttle Diplomacy

International negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker.

Lord Dunmore and Slaves

Issued a controversial proclamation promising freedom to slaves and indentured servants who joined the Loyalist cause

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Encomienda System

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

Election of 1828

Jackson soundly defeated JQA, benefited from mass suffrage

Jackson and Veto

Jackson used the veto to stop the renewal of the national bank and to stop laws for tariffs and internal improvements - limiting the powers of the national government and his enemies in the senate. However, he waxed the powers of the executive branch by ignoring laws and judicial decisions alike

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson

Japanese Immigration

Japan did not allow citizens to emigrate until 1884 when many worked on sugar plantations of Hawaii; recruited to work in California where they performed the most dangerous jobs; barred from citizenship and faced racism

MacArthur Constitution

Japanese constitution, made Japan a parliamentary democracy

Asian Migrant Workers

Japanese migrants circumvented land-ownership restrictions by buying property in their American-born children's names; Chinese migrants were generally less prosperous than their Japanese counterparts, as they were classified as illegal and ineligible for citizenship until 1943 (and as such were excluded from most New Deal programs; Filipino immigrants were not affected by bans because they came from a US territory until the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, which granted the Philippines independence, classified Filipinos as aliens, and significantly restricted immigration

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South w/ armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, N. abolitionists; seized the fed. arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union

Jay's Treaty

John Jay said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley.

Congress v President Johnson

Johnson vetoed both the revised Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, Congress overrode both vetoes, Congress proposed Fourteenth Amendment (1868)--opposed by Johnson but public opinion against him; the House tried to impeach Johnson, although they failed--> showed power, Johnson largely irrelevant at end of term

Credit Mobilier

Joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes to allow them to do the work.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

John Fremont

Leader of the Bear Flag Revolt in California; helped overthrow Mexicans in revolt. First Republican Presidential Nominee.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union.

Warren G. Harding

Laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Sputnik

Launched by Moscow in 1957, fears of Soviet dominance in technology, led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Civil Rights Act 1875

Law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation later deemed unconstitutional.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Tecumsuh

Native American who spread ideas and belief to unite other Native American tribes to fight against the US

A Philip Randolph

Leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, America's largest black union; threatened a march on Washington if the government failed to promote racial equality.

Elizabeth Candy Stanton

Leading feminist who wrote the "Declaration of Sentiments" in 1848 and pushed for women's suffrage

League of Women Voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

Led the Allied invasion of North African and planned and executed the D-Day invasion at Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge

Beer-Wine Revenue Act

Legalized light alcohol no more than 3.5% concentration by weight, and put a $5 tax on each barrel. Many "drys" were upset; all alcohol was later legalized.

Economic Tax Recovery Act

Legislation passed by Congress in 1981 that authorized the largest reduction in taxes in the nation's history. The tax cuts disappointedly benefited affluent Americans and widened the distribution of wealth in favor of the rich.

Naval Act of 1900

Legislation that authorized a large increase in the building of ships to be used for offensive purposes; this measure helped ensure the creation of a world-class American navy.

Teller Amendment and Platt Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war in 4 years time. Platt Amendment reversed that and instead severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Election of 1864

Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.)

Legal Tender Act

Lincoln signed in 1862, authorized $150 million in greenbacks. - Confederacy never made its paper money legal tender, responded by making more paper money, which accelerated southern inflation.

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery (Stephen Douglas). As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

17th Parallel

Line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). Billy Sunday was a very influential fundementalist.

Literary Realism

Literature reflecting real life, rather, than imaginary or idealistic life.

Loose and Strict Construction Interpretation

Loose construction: the government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid Strict construction: the government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do

African Americans and the New Deal

Low-paying jobs with the WPA and the CCC (even though these jobs were often segregated). Moral support from Eleanor Roosevelt One hundred African Americans were appointed to middle-level positions in federal departments by President Roosevelt.

Federal Home Loan Bank Act

Lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure

Election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected. "54 40 or Fight!"

Strikes of 1919

Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops.

Isolationist Sentiment

Majority of the US believed the nation should focus on domestic issues (such as the lingering poverty of the Great Depression) rather than intervene abroad

Spread of Railroads

Manufacturers convinced the state governments to subsidize railways across the country, which quickly became the primary method of transportation of goods across america.

Seward's Folly

Many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly. Became an oil asset. (1867)

United Negro Improvement Association

Marcus Garvey, promoted settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland" - black separatism

Companionate Marriage

Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation.

Election of 1836

Martin Van Buren, Andrew Jackson's former vice-president, was elected.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Entertainment in the 1920s

Mass production of culture and entertainment as people couldn't get it from the rest of their lives. Rise of the penny press, dime novel, and sentimental romance. Magazine sales went way up, books were sold through dept. stores or by mail instead of book stores. Lots of radio and movies. Lots of baseball and boxing.

May Day Bombings

May Day, a day renowned for Communist revolution, was the subject of more than 36 homemade bombs delivered to unsuspecting targets.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed its complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Greensboro Sit-ins

Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters at the Woolworth. RESULT: Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters. NOTE: Dr. King DID NOT organize or lead these protests.

Incan Empire

Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas

Open Door Notes

Message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

Classic Liberalism

Middle class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosophes, the French Revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its political goals were self government; a written constitution; natural rights (speech, religion, press, property, mobility); limited suffrage; its economic goals were laissez-faire

Daily life for northern farmers and city dwellers

Middle class could send children to school, but lower class had to make their kids work.

New Woman

Middle class, dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself

Harlem Race Riots

Migration of African Americans to northern cities increased racial tensions, leading to violence in many cities. Two famous race riots occurred in Harlem (N.Y.) and Watts (Calif.)

Race Riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

Suez Canal Crisis

Military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel in 1956 after Egypt seized the Suez Canal from British administration.

Consequences of WWII

Millions killed, US became world power, USSR now distrusted because of imperialist behavior, US helps reshape Japan, went from Isolationist to international, US established, Israel, decolonization and independence for many colonized countries

Cold War Liberalism

Moderate liberal policies that preserved the programs of the New Deal welfare state and forthright anticommunism that vilified the Soviet Union abroad and radicalism at home. Truman!

Colored Farmers' Alliance

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org.

Living in the Wild, Wild West

Most cowboys were the African-Americans and Latinos that were farmhands. Long, harsh hours for low pay. Prostitution and drinking were rampant.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Most epic naval turnaround in history. Spain's large ships could not land troops on English shores. Swifter English and Dutch ships outmaneuvered Spain.

Southern Migration

Move from the south in a hope to escape the elite planter dominated society, but land in Kentucky/Tennessee/Virginia was sold to more elite people. Widespread landlessness, forcing people into Mississippi and the like.

Redemption

Movement in 1870s as southern Dems began to muster more political power. Led to Compromise of 1877.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen. Roosevelt used it in the Pure FDA Act, which forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs.

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

In re Jacobs

NY court struck down public health law in 1882 that prohibited cigar manufacturing in tenements. The court argued that such a law exceeded the state's police powers. A blow for workers' safety. Pro-business. p. 634

Mexican Wage

Name given to the lower wage that Mexican miners received, showed how racism and discrimination were still at large in the west

National Audubon Society

Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife.

NIRA

National Industrial Recovery Act, created NRA to enforce codes of fair competition, minimum wages, and to permit collective bargaining of workers.

NLRA

National Labor Relations Act, outlawed company unions and other unfair labor practices in order to insure collective bargaining for unions. Replaced NRA.

Malaise Speech (Crisis of Confidence)

National address by Jimmy Carter in July 1979 in which the President chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships. Although Carter intended the speech to improve both public morale and his standings as a leader, it had the opposite effect and was widely perceived as a political disaster for the embattled president.

Slaves and Native Americans' roles in the war

Native americans were a big part of the british force, and slaves also played a part in the army after the Philipsburg Proclamation. Native americans were screwed over by the British later at the Treaty of Paris when they signed much of their land away to the colonists

John Locke

Natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens. Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US. Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Code Talkers

Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

National War Labor Board

Negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

Slavery in the new republic

New Lights encouraged abolitionism, as Enlightenment disagreed with the notion of slavery. New England began to abolish slavery as well, and a wave of pro-slave laws helped slaves buy their freedom across the nation.

Education in the New Republic

New movements to establish public schools were readily undertaking in 1800-1830, with most states having some sort of private schools and some states having secondary and grammar schools.

Splendid Little War

Nickname for Spanish American war coined by Hay, indicative of US attitude and cockiness

Bull Moose Party

Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Scottsboro Boys

Nine young black men between the ages of 13 to 19 were accused of of raping two white women, charged and convicted of rape by white juries, despite the weak and contradictory testimonies of the witnesses. "Lily-white Jury"

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

Separate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Legacy of the Cold War

No person, country, or party necessarily won the Cold War, enormous financial toll for the U.S. and Soviet Union, negatively benefitted society members, fear of nuclear warfare, fall of communism and the Soviet Union demonstrated that free-market capitalism and a democracy were the "right" forms of government

14th Amendment Due Process Clause

Nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law - corporations were seen as an entity and were protected by this clause

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement, allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Difference Between North and South Carolina

North Carolina was isolated, and mainly consisted of poor farmers. South Carolina was aristocratic, and ruled by wealthy landowners.

Economies of Different Settlements

North had textile industry, middle colonies (Chesapeake) had wheat and grain, South had cotton, indigo, and molasses

Wage Slaves

Northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)

Carpetbaggers

Northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation.

United Farm Workers

Organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez

George H.W. Bush

President during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Anti-Imperialist League

Objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Argonne Forest

On September 26, an American force of over 1 million soldiers advanced against the Germans in the Argonne Forest. After 42 days, the force had helped push the Germans back toward their own border and had cut the enemy's major supply lines to the front.

Omnibus Bill

One very large bill that encompasses many separate bills of the Compromise of 1850

Haitian Revolution

Only successful slave revolt in history. Is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Trench Warfare

Opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

Impact of Television

Overpowered newspapers, magazines, radios as source of news info and diversion, advertising, pro sports, popular image of american life.

Continentals

Paper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the revolution; supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them basically worthless.

Silver Legion

Paramilitary group allied with Hitler's Nazis in LA.

Family life in the 1700s

Parents only able to provide one child with suitable inheritance, caused much smaller family sizes; women and children worked in groups to spin, sew, and shuck corn

Total War

Participating sides devote all their resources to the war effort

Criticism of U.S. involvement in WWI

Parties such as the Women's Peace Party, founded by Addams and Chapmon, and the Progressive Party, were against American involvement in the war.

Greenbackers

Party that supported the circulation of paper money to stimulate the economy.

Declatory Act 1766

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

Anti-Masons

People who believed that the Free-Mason Society was "undemocratic" and "exclusive" because it was a secret society. Formed part of the Whig Party, because both Jackson and Van Buren were Free-Masons

Pax Americana

Period of relative peace in the Western world since the end of World War II in 1945, no armed conflict, no nuclear weapons have been used, although the United States and its allies have been involved in various regional wars.

Pennsylvania Constitution

Philadelphia in July 1776. The constitution gave the right to vote to all men, judges could be removed at any time by a vote of the people (very democratic - protects against abuse of judicial power), and it was the most democratic constitution in America.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Election of 1972

Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon

Stamp Act of 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Plan for post-World War I outlined by President Wilson in 1918. This plan called for self-determination (countries in Africa and Asia govern themselves), freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Dawes Plan

Plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Nathaniel Bacon

Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony (Governer William Berkeley)

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Second Continental Congress

Political authority that directed the struggle for independence beginning in 1775.

Glorious Revolution

Political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Tammany Hall

Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

Population Surge in 1770s and Repurcussions

Population surged as women tended to have more children during the Revolutionary War. This caused an increase in economic sectionalism (Northern emphasis on textiles, Southern emphasis on sugar and cotton, middle states focus on providing food for the nation)

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Montezuma

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

Lyman Beecher

Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States.

Grant's Peace Policy

President Grant end the Plains Indian wars by creating a series of reservations on which tribes could maintain their traditional ways

Specie Circular

President Jackson, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. Sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Barbary Pirates

President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations that cost quite a bit

Peace Without Victory

President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others. Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".

Mohammed Mossadegh

Prime Minister of Iran before overthrown in CIA coup, accused of treason, and convicted as a Communist

Deindustrialization

Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

National Child Labor Committee

Progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor

Keating-Owen Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children

Williams Lloyd Garrison

Prominent abolitionist who started his own newspaper, The Liberator. Founded American Anti-Slavery Society, which argued for "no Union with slaveholders".

Office of War Information

Promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.

New South

Promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

Rosie the Riveter

Propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party

Propelled by nationalism of Germans, outlawed all other political parties. Withdrew from league of nations in 1933. Remilitarized Germany and invaded Sudetenland, Rhineland, and Poland. Was appeased in Munich Agreement.

Enforcement Laws

Protect freedmen's rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, largely succeeded in shutting down Klan activities.

Selma March

Protest to register African American voters in the South, violence against protesters

Panic of 1907

Proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts.

Explosion of the USS Maine

Provide evacuation opportunity for Americans in Cuba; internal accidental explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish-American War

National Defense Education Act

Provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans, upgraded funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Taft-Hartley Act

Provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Creation of National Parks

Purpose was to protect public land from any exploitation or development at all. This led to the creation of parks such as: Yellowstone in Wyoming, Yosemite and Sequoia in California, and Mt. Rainier in Washington

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

Lynching

Putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Congressional Reconstruction

Radical Republicans usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.

Charles Sumner

Radical republican along with Thaddeus Stevens from Massachusetts. Wanted to break the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote. Guy who got caned.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US - boosted trade and the economy

National Bank Act

Raised money for the Union in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds, and taxed state bonds out of existence. It helped the Union war effort economically.

Women in the Revolutionary War

Ran boycotts (homespun clothes) in the Daughters of Liberty, ran homes in wartime

Military Spending and the National Budget

Reagan pushed military spending and put the nation into debt.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Shays' Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act

Reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax.

Arsenal of Democracy

Referred to America's Ability to supply its European allies with war supplies prior to the U.S. entry into WWII.

Ethnocultural Politics

Refers to the fact that the political allegiance of many American voters was determined less by party policy than by their membership in a specific ethnic or religious group.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada.

Florence Kelley

Reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

Sunbelt

Region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Enlightenment in America

Rejected vengeful God, exalted man's capacity for knowledge and social improvement. Tilotson influential- morality over dogma. Most Harvard graduated ministers embraced this view, that of no hell or divinity of Jesus.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Malcolm X

Renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Election of 1944

Renominated Roosevelt but changed vice president to Harry S. Truman. Roosevelt won with sweeping victory. 4th term for Roosevelt.

Taney Court

Replaced Marshall Court. Dred Scott. Sandford. Economic opportunity was expanded. Also under the Taney court the ideas of private property were protected.

Republican Government vs Democratic Government

Republican ideals resonated with those that saw the Revolution as a way to create freedom. Democratic ideals resonated with those that saw inequalities in society such as slavery.

Role of Tariff Revenue and Civil War Debt

Republican's protective tariffs helped to build other U.S. industries including textiles and steel in the NE and Midwest, and sugar beet farming and sheep ranching in the West; also provided a bulk of treasury revenue, Civil War left the Union with a debt of $2.8 million (erased by tariff income and generated huge budget surpluses)

Compromise of 1877

Republicans promise to remove military from South, appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), and for federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river in order to award Hayes the presidency

Internal Security Act of 1950

Required Communist organizations to register and to publish membership lists

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

William McKinley

Responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism.

General Amnesty Act

Restored right of ex-Confederates to hold office after the passage of the 14th amendment

Building Black Communities

Reunite families, education, migration to urban areas, Religion, migration to frontier.

Primogeniture

Right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

Anti-Rent Riots

Riots in New Jersey where families refused to pay rent.

Bread Riots

Riots that occurred in the South in the Civil War as the blockade from the North decreased the amount of available food and increased food prices.

Second Red Scare

Rise of "Red China" and the Shocks of 1949; Origins from formation of HUAC who made accusations about "subversives" (traitors/Communists) in government. Included FELP, blacklist, Alger Hiss Case, Rosenberg Case, and Joe McCarthy (rise of McCarthyism); deportations; escalated by Korean War

Buying on Credit

Rise of credit and its "buy now, pay later" philosophy helped Americans improve their standards of living (at least in the short-term) but had an important role in the start of the Great Depression

Pulitzer and Hearst

Rival newspaper publishers who used yellow journalism (clickbait-y titles, exaggeration) to sell

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Neomercantilism

Run an export surplus to achieve social or political objectives

Freedmen's Bureau

Run by army to care/protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Brest-Litovsk Treaty

Russia and Germany stating Russia's withdrawal from the war and letting German gain Poland, Ukraine and other territories to the Germans

Eugenics

Science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. In the 1900s, forced sterilization of physically or mentally disabled became not uncommon

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.

SEC

Securities and Exchange Commission, regulated stock market; determined how stocks and bonds were sold, rules for margin (credit) transactions, and prevented insider trading

Island Hopping

Selectively attacking enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Rhode Island Colony

Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablishment, universal suffrage for white males w/ property qualifications; most democratic

Huey Long

Senator, promoted "Share Our Wealth" programs, a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Aaron Burr

Served as a U.S. Senator, principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. Was VP to Jefferson. Treason charges after raising small army on frontier in order to secede Midwest-area...

Special Field Order 15

Set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for forty-acre grants for freed slaves; rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year.

Horizontal Integration

Several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Great Recession

Severe ongoing global economic problem that began in December 2007 and took a particularly sharp downward turn in September 2008; has affected the global economy, with higher detriment in some countries than others; sparked by the outbreak of the late-2000s financial crisis

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915. Obtained through assisting Panama with gaining independence from Colombia.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Vertical Integration

Single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Stagflation

Slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Susan B. Anthony

Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Anarchism

Socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state, thought governments do nothing but promote exploitation.

American Colonization Society

Society that thought slavery bad, but bought land in Africa in order to try to get blacks out of America.

Oneida Community

Socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Dawes Act of 1887

Sought to "Americanize" Native Americans.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Draft (North and South)

South: 1862 required existing soldiers to serve for the duration of the war and mandated three years of military service from all men 18-35 (exempted one white man per 20 slaves and draftees could hire substitutes) govt. in Richmond could not compel military service North: Militia Act of 1862, towns/states used cash bounties and signed up nearly 1 million men, allowed men to avoid military service via substitute or paying a fee Enrollment Act of 1863--German and Irish immigrants refused to serve

SEATO

Southeast Treaty Organization: Includes USA, UK, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

Dixiecrats

Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Big Three

Soviet Union - Stalin United Kingdom - Churchill United States - Roosevelt

Warsaw Pact

Soviet Union and Eastern European nations alliance in response to NATO

Glasnost

Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Reconcentration Camps

Spanish refugee camps into which cuban farmers were herded to prevent them from providing assistance to rebels fighting for Cuban independance from Spain.

Four Freedoms

Speech, Religion, from Want, and from Fear, used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

George W. Plunkitt

Stalwart of New York's Tammany Hall machine, good-naturedly defended what he called "honest graft": making money from inside information on public improvements

Roger Taney, "Pet Banks"

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank in an effort to destroy the bank. Taney, Secretary of Treasury, was appointed to Supreme Court for doing this.

Proclamation Line of 1763

Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains-- made the colonists very upset

Border States

States between the north and the south: Delaware, Mayland, Kentucky, and Missouri. Lincoln thought they were crucial to winning the war for soldiers but primarily for Washington DC, which is in Maryland. Kentucky was also vital for transportation.

Black Thursday

Stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone. Cause by uneven distribution of wealth, stock market, excessive use of credit, agricultural overproduction, laissez-faire, gold standard, natural slowdown

United Mine Workers Strike

Strike in PA that TR realized would make people run out of coal resulting in a loss of heat. So, he threatened to send troops to work the mines unless the owners agreed to negotiate. This is called collective bargaining.

Five Nations of the Iroquois

Strong ties with Dutch; traded furs for guns and wampum; attacked French and Hurons. Fought w/ British in both French & Indian War and later in the American Revolution. Were originally brought together by mourning ceremonies that Hiawatha learned from spirits. Eventually became Six Nations.

SNCC

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Women and Life in the West

Success of a western farm depended on the work of wives and children who tended the garden and animals, preserved food, and helped out at harvest time, some women also decided to strike out on their own

Sumner-Brooks Incident

Sumner was an MA senator and unyielding foe of slavery. He was physically attacked with a cane by Senator Brooks of SC in retaliation for a two-day speech made denouncing the proslavery Missourians who had crossed into Kansas and Brook's pro-slavery uncle who supported the Missourians- showed the split of the government

President Grant

Supported the efforts of the Radical Republicans to enfranchise African Americans and spoke out for the need to control secret societies known as the Ku Klux Klan in the South. Corruption scandals began to plague the administration in 1872.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Lochner v. New York

Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8 hour work day for bakers

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

Underground Railroad

System of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada. Most famous abolitionist: Harriet Tubman.

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Sharecropping

System used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops - created loop of debt bc of buying equipment. Similar to tenant farmers, who also work land owned by another and pay rent either in cash or crops.

Election of 1908

Taft, Republican, won over Byran, Democrat, because of his support of Roosevelt.

Tariff of Abominations and Following

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South. In 1832, another tariff was given but Southern states still felt it was not correct, as it benefitted North too much. Henry Clay's Tariff of 1833 resolved the issue.

Inventions

Telephone Department Stores Jobs as Telepone Operators Mail-Order Empires Magazines Tourism Mass production Monopolies

Fourth Great Awakening

Televangelists, focus on family with tackling problems using religion.

Solid South

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

Solitude of Self

Term coined by Stanton, women did not need equal rights because they were protected by men was false, believes that women are faced with obstacles, criticism, and oppression as much or more than men

Annexation of Texas

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Crime of 1873

The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. U.S. set the specie standard in gold and not silver, upsetting miners who referred to it as a crime

HUAC

The House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda

OPEC Oil Embargo

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries that placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. Caused worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the US.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Quebec Act (1774)

The Quebec Act of 1774 restored the use of French civil law in Quebec, granted rights to Catholics in the territory, and expanded the borders of Quebec. The act was very unpopular among the American colonists, particularly in Virginia which had staked land claims on the territory that had been given to Quebec. Additionally set up non-representative gov.

Spanish Mission System

The Spanish network of missions in the New World established to bring Christianity to Native Americans who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Christian teachings.

Robert McNamara

The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architech for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly

U.S. interest in Cuba

The United States had such interest in this nation due to its $50 million in investments and reliance on its sugar exports.

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Tribalization

The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.

Maternalism

The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations.

Edmund Pettus Bridge

The bridge at which people marching in the selma march were stopped, turned around, and were beaten

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

New Look

The defense policy of the Eisenhower administration that stepped up production of the hydrogen bomb and developed long-range bombing capabilities.

J. Edgar Hoover

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals.

Election of 1968

The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.

James I

The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625

Mayflower Compact

The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Tariff Act

The first national tariff in 1789 was designed primarily to raise revenue and not to protect home industries

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Credibility Gap

The gap between the Johnson Administration and the American public support

Long Telegram

The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Rust Belt

The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.

Smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.

New England Migration

The overcrowded states of New England provided many thousands of migrants to the new northwest territories.

Lost Cause

The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication

Lecompton Constitution

The pro-slavery constitution suggested Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected.

Lousiana Purchase

The selling of Lousiana by the French to the United States in 1803 for about $15 million; Jefferson was hesitant about the purchase, as he didn'g believe it was constitutional, however he eventually submitted to the treaties of Congress. It essentially doubled the size of the U.S.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Treaty of Paris 1898

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Turner Frontier Thesis

Theory put forth by Frederick Turner that stated the frontier was the source of American vitality and exceptionalism.

Dual Revolution Theory

Theory that the war for independence was actually two revolutions - the revolution for the freedom of the colonies and the revolution between the colonial rich and poor - how the rich used the anger of the poor against the british and defined a common enemy

YMCA/YWCA

These Christian organizations taught physical education and religious instruction together and were in most major cities in the US.

Workers/Unions After WWI

These groups pushed and received a higher standard of living, while membership in these groups decreased due to an anti-union government after the Red Scare. This group, which was diminishing, also led to the diminishing number of strikes occurring during the 1920s.

Fugitive Slave Law

These laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South.

Queen Elizabeth I

This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

Currency Act of 1764

This act applied to all of the colonies. It banned the production of paper money in the colonies in an effort to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. Destroyed our economy.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review (declaring a law unconstitutional) by saying that Marbury couldn't bring this case to the Supreme Court.

Impact of the Automobile Industry

This got roads paved, started new types of businesses (gas stations, hotels, shopping centers), cities continued to spread outward, and it was a status symbol for auto owners

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Article X

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Ferdinand and Isabella

This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

Virginia Dynasty

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), James Monroe (1817-1825). All presidents from virginia.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine: claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation, empowered Patriot cause.

Economy after Revolution

Trade with Britain and British colonies was crippled, causing a lack of cheap products for the nation. Debt accumulated from fighting the war.

Dutch West India Co.

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.

Oregon Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. Helped propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

Tordesillas

Treaty that divided Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

1948 Election

Truman (Democrat) v. Strom Thrumond (States' Rights/Dixiecrat) v. Thomas Dewey (Republican); Truman won in a surprising upset

New Morality

Turning people away from traditional values. Glorified weath, youth, and personal freedom.

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Wilson and Moral Diplomacy

U.S. should serve as a model of democratic-capitalist development to other nations

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

President Eisenhower

US President who sent military advisors to Vietnam and decided that the "Domino Theory" would be America's philosophy and reason for entering the Vietnam War

Sanitation Efforts

US Sanitary Commission founded in 1861

Textile Manufacturing in New England

US offered better wages than England in the textile industry, so people like Samuel Slater pioneered the textile industry in America and set off an industrial boom in the Northeast.

Japanese Invasion of Indochina

US responded by restricting trade and then, after a full invasion, freezing assets; expression of non-neutrality that significantly contributed to Japan's decision to bomb Pearl Harbor. Freezed assets and oil embargo caused Japan militaristic and economic damage.

Election of 1872

Ulysses S. Grant ran against Democrat Horace Greeley, who died during the election. Grant still won by a landslide

Quasi War

Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war. Burned everything, destroyed cities, etc in Sherman's March.

David Farragut

Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge

Women in Unskilled Labor Positions

Unions discriminated against women, said they should stay at home, had a hard time getting jobs, only in certain positions, paid less

General Winfield Scott

United States Army lieutenant general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. He was responsible for defeating Santa Anna. He also conceived the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan, which called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south.

Mary McLeod Bethune

United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925). Attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold in his "Cross of Gold" speech.

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Abrams v. US

Upheld Sedition Act

National Origins Act

Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Maysville Road Veto

Veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky. Went against Clay's system and irritated the West.

Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States

Vetoed the renewal of the 2nd BUS. This partially won him his reelection, and he "killed" the bank.

Double V

Victory against racism at home and victory against the Axis powers

Regulators

Vigilante groups active in the 1760s and 1770s in the western parts of North and South Carolina. They violently protested high taxes and insufficient representation in the colonial legislature.

Appotomax Court House

Village in Virginia that was the site of the Confederate surrender to Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant

Lord Dunmore's War

Virginians and the Shawnee and Mingo Indians in 1774, Indians were defeated. Virginia gained uncontested rights to lands south of the Ohio in exchange for its claims on the northern side.

French Maginot Line

Wall surrounding France that they assumed would help their defenses. Very expensive for France however. Ineffective, Germany took France and established Vichy government only six weeks after they declared war on Germany. It was the only offense and defense used by France.

Fourierism

Wanted to counter the current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity.

Sino-Japanese War

War between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory

Women involvement in WWI

War bonds, conserved food, took over factory jobs

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Battle of the Philippines

Was the invasion of the philippines by Japan from December 8, 1941- May 8, 1942. The defense of the islands was by Filipino and United States Forces

U.S. Response to the French Revolution

Washington wanted to remain neutral. The Republicans supported the French and the Federalists supported the British. Neutrality Act of 1793 made assisting either side a crime.

Aftermath of the Civil War

Waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government. Reconstruction.

Protestant Work Ethic

Way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Leisler's Rebellion

When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leisler, a militia officer, governor of New York.

Carter and the Oil Crisis

When OPEC created an embargo towards America for oil, and America could not function, caused many problems and tension. Carter stated to ration oil and to look for alternative sources

Zachary Taylor

Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore. As a General in the Mexican American War, he was Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grnade Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River.

Strikes during WWI

While strikes were restricted during the war, they erupted in 1919, as Gompers advised that support war would lead to gains in organized labor.

Race Relations After WWI

White soldiers after WWI come back and want their jobs back, causing severe racial tension

US vs Cruikshank

William Cruikshank argued that his conviction was unconstitutional because the his actions weren't under the authority of federal law. The Supreme Court overturned Cruikshank's conviction, saying that the federal government could only regulate the actions of states regarding civil rights, it was up to the states to regulate the actions of individuals.

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison was portrayed as a common man, and was shown as living in a log cabin and drinking cider. Considered first modern presidential campaign because all the advertising was done for him. Harrison's presidential administration was the shortest because he catches pneumonia during is long inauguration speech and dies after one month of being president. TIPPECANOE AND TYLER TOO

Brinkmanship

Willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down

Election of 1916

Wilson ran for reelection for the Democrats on the call that he had kept the United States out of the war. Charles Evans Hughes was the Republican candidate who attacked the inefficiency of the Democratic Party. Wilson won the election, so was able to continue his idealistic policies.

Election of 1924

With Republican Coolidge running against Democrat Davis and Progressive LaFollette, the liberal vote was split between the Democrat and the Progressive, allowing Coolidge to win.

Impact of Industrialization on Suffrage

Women's roles shifted greatly. For example, textile making, a previously female-oriented area, was now done by mass-production in factories. Women were being employed by factories of all different types, too. Industrial society tended to be more willing to let women vote will suffrage movements.

WPA

Work Progress Administration, funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

White Flight

Working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

Women's Trade Union League

Working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire contributed to this.

Progress and Poverty

Written by Henry George, critical of entreprenuers, after studying poverty in America, determined that rich didn't pay fair share of taxes and proposed "Single Tax" on incremental value of land

Abigail Adams

Wrote letters to her husband (John Adams) describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Knickerbocker Group

Wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes

Flapper

Young women of the 1920s who behaved and dressed in a rather radical fashion; represented the lasting impact of the challenging of gender norms during WWI

Beatniks

Youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.

Election of 1848

Zachary Taylor - Whig. Lewis Cass - Democrat. Martin Van Buren - Free Soil Party (Oregon issues). Taylor side-stepped the issue of slavery and allowed his military reputation to gain him victory. Cass advocated states' rights in the slavery issue. Free Soil Party wanted no slavery in Oregon.

START

a treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union that limited the number of nuclear warheads, ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers held by both sides

Rise of the KKK

begins on Stone Mountain in GA; spread due to the spread of African Americans in the Great Migration, but targeted Jews and Catholics as well with a motto of "native, white, Protestant supremacy;" declined only after the passage of the National Origins Act, but remained strong in the South. Founded by William Simmons.

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Fast Food

inexpensive food (hamburgers or chicken or milkshakes) prepared and served quickly

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Specie Resumption Act

issued by Congress, limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, causes deflation angering farmers and workers

Business in the 1920s

laissez-faire capitalism, promoted by the era's Republican governments, allowed businesses to grow with few to no restrictions; new inventions, credit purchases, and other factors also fueled this growth

Vichy Government

puppet government Germany set up in France in WWII, French citizens rebelled against it by helping Britain, with this government France was basically out of WWII

Exodusters

the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment (18th)

Women in the Workforce

the stigma surrounding working women had been diminished by increased female labor force participation during WWI, but discrimination persisted

China's Economic Growth

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Clinton and the Balanced Budget

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Economic Woes of the 1970s

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Forced School Integration

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Frederick Jackson Turner Foreign Policy

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Hillary Clinton and National Healthcare

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Impact of WWII on Civil Rights Movement

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Johnson's Policies toward Vietnam

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Labor Relations in the 1950s

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New York's Near Financial Collapse

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Nixon Silencing Critics

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Patterns of Trade in the Americas

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Protests in the Great Depression

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