APUSH in 1000 Terms
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
King Cotton
"Driving force" of Southern economy
Virginia Plan
"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.
FDR's Inaugural Address
"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries (4) federal assumption of Texas debt (5) slave trade abolished in DC (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
Republican Motherhood
The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children.
Gibson Girl
The idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by a magazine image that showed that woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by Charles Dana Gibson.
Rwandan Genocide
The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994, U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.
Deregulation
The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities.
Domino Theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
Berlin Wall
A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West
ADC
Aid to Dependent Children, financial assistance for needy children whose parents have abandoned them.
General George McClellan
Appointed by Lincoln. Egotism and overcautiousness cost the Union a quick end to the war. Fired.
Southern Tenant Farmers Union
Argued the AAA enriched large farmers and impoverished small farmers who rented rather than owned their land.
Panay Incident
Japan bombed American gunboat, strained U.S-Japanese relations.
Rough Riders
Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War
Kamikaze Pilots
WWII Japanese pilots trained to make a suicidal crash attack, usually upon a ship
Office of Price Administration
WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation
Hessians
German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.
La Malinche (Doña Marina)
Aided Cortes with taking over the Aztecs. She had been enslaved by the Aztecs, and became his translator so that he could rally other enslaved people to join his fight.
Presidential Reconstruction
All states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S. (Oath of Allegiance)
Political Participation
All the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue.
U-Boats
German submarines used in World War I. Most notable was the one used in sinking the Lusitania, an American passenger vessel that pushed us into the war.
Election of 1912
Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win
Atlanta Compromise
Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.
Pearl Harbor
Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.
Role of League of Nations
Basically did nothing.
Battle of Tippecanoe
Battle between Americans and Native Americans. William Henry Harrison's campaign!
Baron von Steuben
Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.
PWA
Public Works Administration, put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices ,etc.
Teenage Culture
Rock music, Hollywood films, clothing, music, hairstyles, accessories
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire
German invasion of Poland
September 1, 1939. Starts WWII. Nazis invaded fast in a manner called Blitzkrieg.
Counter Reformation
Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church
Olive Branch Petition
Colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances. Britain declined.
First Continental Congress
September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts
Draft Riots
Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers
Forgotten Men
Term used by Roosevelt in his fireside chat referencing the poor who were not being cared for. Done in order to build support for his "New Deal"
Military-Industrial Complex
Eisenhower said combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.
Dynamic Conservatism
Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats.
Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution
Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf on August 4, 1964. Prompted the escalation of the War in Vietnam. Resolution was a 1964 authorization for Johnson to attack Vietnam.
General Horatio Gates
American general at Battle of Saratoga. Formed a new Southern army after defeat at Charles Town. Lost to Cornwallis in Camden.
Bank of North America
(1781) The first bank in the US, modeled on the Bank of England, helped to solve the wartime fiscal crisis. Instead of issuing paper currency through a land office, as farmers wanted, the bank issued money in the form of short-time loans backed by gold and silver plate
Three-Legged Stool of Conservatives
Anti-Communism, Laissez-Faire, Religious Traditionalism
Chesapeake Affair
1807 The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.
Hepburn Act
1906 regulates the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods in ICC.
Root-Takahira Agreement
1908 Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.
Muller v. Oregon
1908 working hours of women justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health
Mann Act
1910 made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes"
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act
1943 authorized the federal government to seize and operate industries stopped by strikes
GI Bill of Rights
1944 gave money to veterans to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business
GI Bill of Rights
1944 helped returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education
Korematsu v. US
1944 upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor
Potsdam Conference
1945 Truman, Stalin and Churchill set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.
Yalta Conference
1945 meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1945 two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.
National Security Act
1947 established the Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.
Loyalty-Security Program
1947 permitted officials to investigate any employee of the federal government for "subversive" activities.
Yom Kippur War
1973 fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.
Roe v. Wade
1973 legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy
War Powers Act
1973 stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.
Milliken v. Bradley
1974 desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines, which was a victory for anti-busing proponents who felt that Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education was an injustice
President Carter
1977 Democrat, had success promoting Middle East Peace. He looked weak from economic problems and the Iran Hostage Crisis, was more concerned with human rights than anti-communism.
Hatch Act
A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics.
Gold Standard
A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold
Social Gospel
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
Townshend Acts
A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea
Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.
Mexican-American War
(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.
WAC and WAVES
(Women's Army Corps and Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) The WAC (1942) was originally an auxillary branch to the army, but in 1943 it was upgraded to full army status. Many women served in the US, but some went overseas to serve. WAVES, formed in 1942, was part of the Navy, but the women could not serve on board combat ships or aircraft. They could serve overseas and stateside. This division was broken up in 1948 when women were fully allowed to serve in the military.
Life in the Chesapeake
-men came to seek wealth -many indentured servants -bad male to female ratio (4/5:1) -slow population growth (low life expectancy)
Causes of the Cold War
1. Germany divided into four sections, Berlin as well, divided separately and equally between the big three. 2. Stalin wanted to punish Germany with paid repressions just like after WWI, US wanted to help rebuild Germany. (If Germany was forced to pay repressions Stalin was hoping they would later become desperate and resort to communism) 3. US in Nato, USSR in Warsaw Pact. 4. Iron curtain 5. Truman Doctrine 6. Containment Policy 7. Domino Theory 8. Marshall Plan 9. Berlin Airlift
13, 14, 15 Amendments
13- officially abolished slavery, prohibits invol. servitude 14- ensure rights of free slaves, granted citizenship to freedmen, due process of law and right to vote 15 - voting rights to all citizens except women
Lodge Reservations
14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself
D-Day
160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France, Allies gained a foot-hold in Normandy.
Albany Congress
1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.
Lexington and Concord
1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; Armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)
Battle of Trenton and Princeton
1776 battles in New Jersey in which George Washington's troops crossed the Delaware River and captured a Hessian encampment; Then Washington moves to the next city and takes British by surprise; Continental Army win both battles; gave soldiers confidence
Philipsburg Proclamation
1779 proclamation that declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain.
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. The army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. New government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively.
Pickney's Treaty
1795 treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2, which forbade trade with France and Britain but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its trade restrictions first. France took this offer.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1819 New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.
Monroe Doctrine
1823 Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.
Indian Removal Act
1830 congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1831 Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"
Worcester v. Georgia
1832 Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it
Gag Rule
1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress.
Irish and German Immigration
1840s saw a dramatic increase in immigration due to the potato famine in Ireland. Poverty of Irish led to competition for jobs. 1850s had increases in German immigration because of the failed revolution in 1848, settled in Wisconsin because they had money and other resources, which helped to cultivate the upper-midwest portion of the United States. Five Points neighborhood of New York City included Irish immigrants, African Americans, and Anglo, Italian, and Jewish cultures. "Melting Pot"
Commonwealth v. Hunt
1842 landmark ruling of the Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.
Wilmot Proviso
1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
1850 treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.
Treaty of Fort Laramie
1851 treaty restricted Indians to specific areas away from the major trails
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave them popular sovereignty for slavery. Caused many from Missouri to vote in Kansas in order to secure slavery (Bloody Kansas)
Treaty of Kanagawa
1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships (made by Commodore Matthew Perry)
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
Battle of Bull Run
1861 people watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody
Homestead Act
1862 act provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
Morrill Act
1862 law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.
Wade-Davis Bill
1864 demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing (not signing it) it after Congress adjourned.
Fetterman Massacre
1866 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them. With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail, the main route into Montana.
Classical Liberalism
A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power and laissez faire policies.
Granger Movement
1867 Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party.
Burlingame Treaty
1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
Polygamy and Voting Laws in Utah
1870 Utah granted women suffrage because of polygamy (there were more women than men), and it had created conflict
Ku Klux Klan Act
1871 act allowed Congress to act against terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan and outlawed Klan activity
Colfax Massacre
1873, armed whites assaulted the town of Colfax, Louisiana, with a small cannon, killing hundreds of former slaves and fifty black militia members after they surrendered.
Reciprocity Treaty
1875 boosted trade between Britain and America, especially in British posessions such as Canadian provinces.
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876 Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died
Munn v. Illinois
1877 Supreme Court decision that allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders
Great Railroad Strike
1877 large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 denied Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
1883 created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.
American Federation of Labor
1886 founded by Samuel Gompers, sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
Wabash v. Illinois
1886 individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.
Bayonet Constitution
1887 constitution forced Hawaiin King to sign, restricted his power, deprived most Hawaiians of the vote
Massacre at Wounded Knee
1890 U.S. Army killed of approximately 150 Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota; ended U.S-Indian wars on the Plains. Soldiers saw their ritual "Ghost Dance" as a threat
Lodge Bill
1890 if 100 citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner, hurt African American voters
McKinley Tariff
1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history
Venezuela Boundary Dispute
1895 dispute between the U.S. and Britain involving the point at which the Venezuela / Columbia border was drawn. Britain eventually won the dispute.
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Williams v. Mississippi
1898 allowed states to impose poll taxes and literacy tests. By 1908, every southern state had adopted such measures.
Spanish-American War
1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence
Women in the Corporate Office
1900: 77% of stenographers were women 4 million worked
Dearborn Independent
1901 newspaper published by Henry Ford, anti-semitic (against Jews) said world's problems could be blamed on the Jews.
Anthracite Coal Strike
1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time)
Newlands Reclamation Act
1902 federal funds from public land sales pay for irrigation and land development projects
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties.
Elkins Act
1903 gave Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads
Russo-Japanese War
1904 war between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.
Portsmouth Treaty
1905 Roosevelt and representatives from Russia and Japan work out treaty, Japan takes over Korea, Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize
Meat Inspection Act
1906 binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.
Muckrakers
1906 journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business, like Lincoln Steffens.
Mexican Revolution and Invasion
1911 Francisco Madero led revolution to overthrow dictator Porfino Díaz, then in 1913, military commander Victoriana Huerta assassinated Madero and took power; civil war broke out and American troops landed at Vera Cruz to prevent weapons from reaching Huerta's forces because Wilson was appalled and wanted to teach them to "elect good men;" Americans were seen as invaders, not liberators, and 100 Mexicans and 19 Americans died in fight; civil war continued when Huerta left presidency but none were grateful Wilson intervened
Federal Reserve Act
1913 set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914 strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act
Naval Construction Act
1916 authorized $500 million in a three year expansion of the American navy
Intervention in Haiti and Dominican Republic
1916 established military government in Dominican Republic in 1916, American forces remained in Haiti after revolt.
National Defense Act
1916 expanded the regular federal army from 90,000 to 175,000 and permitted gradual enlargement to 223,000, expanded the National Guard to 440,000, made provision for their training, and gave federal funds for summer training camps for civilians.
Workingmen's Compensation Act
1916 granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation passed during the New Deal.
American Protective League
1917 claimed approval of the Justice Department for pressuring support of war, humiliated those accused of not buying war bonds, persecuted those of German descent and hated German culture
Lever Food and Fuel Control Act
1917 regulate production and consumption of food and fuels during wartime.
Russian Revolution
1917 revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
1917/18 imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI
Velvet Revolution
19189 Czech people riots that led to the smooth end of communism in Czechoslovakia.
Schenk v. US
1919 Congress has the right to prohibit speech that causes a "clear and present danger"
Palmer Raids
1920 Attorney General Mitchel Palmer's federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
Washington Naval Conference
1921 Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, producing an agreement involving limited production of war ships, not attacking each other's possessions, and respecting China's independence; signaled a "return to normalcy" regarding foreign policy
Sheppard-Towner Act
1921 federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children
Adkins v. Children's Hospital
1923 voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the groundbreaking decision in Muller v. Oregon.
Scopes Trial
1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928 nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another
Nye Committee
1934 investigated why America became involved in WWI, called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death" because they believed it was a ploy to sell war materials.
Schecter v. US
1935 NRA found completely unconstitutional (because Congress had exceeded its power by granting the Executive Branch too much power to regulate interstate commerce )
Social Security Act
1935 retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65, unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
Invasion of Ethiopia
1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia with bombers and tanks. League of Nations did nothing.
Roosevelt Recession
1937-1938 FDR cut government spending to balance budget; this led to a small recession
Kristallnacht
1938 mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.
SS St. Louis
1939 936 jews on board bound for cuba, denied entry, returned to europe where four nations took in refugees
Cash and Carry Policy
1939 allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. British Naval powered helped.
Smith Act
1940 made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists
Lend-Lease Act
1941 allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S.
Atlantic Charter
1941 pledge signed by US and Britain to not acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war.
Executive Order 8802
1941 prohibited discriminatory employment practices by federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.
Executive Order 9066
1942 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion
Battle of Midway
1942 turning point in the war in the Pacific, directed by admiral Charles Nimitz.
Shelly v. Kraemer
1948 outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities. Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing, unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
Berlin Airlift
1948 supplied food and fuel to citizens of West Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
Communist Takeover of China
1949 Mao Zedong took over China, started fears that communism would spread around the world. Kai-Shek, too.
NSC-68
1950 pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs
Ho Chi Minh
1950-1960s communist leader of North Vietnamm, used geurilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine, brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
Geneva Accords
1954 divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955 MLK led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Interstate Highway Act
1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history
Cuban Revolution
1958 political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.
Bay of Pigs
196 Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.
Young Americans for Freedom
1960 conservative youth organization critical of liberal public policy, govt. economic involvement, changes in social mores, and "containment" foreign policy. Loved Goldwater
Rise of the New Right
1960s-1980s, Goldwater, Reagan's economics and anti-communism, moral majority and religious conservatives (pro-life)
Alliance for Progress
1961 help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military
Peace Corps
1961 volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
Equal Pay Act
1963 required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work
March on Washington
1963 showed support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally
Barry Goldwater
1964 Republican contender against LBJ, liked lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964
Freedom Summer
1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
1965 primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education.
National Organization for Women
1966 called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.
Miranda v. Arizona
1966 criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.
Kerner Commission
1967 investigated the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States
My Lai Massacre
1968 American troops brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.
Tet Offensive
1968 huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet) which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties, declined approval of war
Black Sanitation Workers' Strike
1968 workers were discriminated against, worked in fatally dangerous conditions; 1,300 workers walked off the job; viewed as a civil rights conflict
Environmental Protection Agency
1970 coordinated programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment
Water Quality Improvement Act
1970 made oil companies responsible for cleanup costs of oil spills
Phyllis Schlafly
1970s new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
1971 pproved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools
Watergate
1972 Commission to Re-Elect the President spied on the Democrats. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon stepped down (but then pardoned by Ford)
SALT I
1972 U.S. and USSR agreed to limit the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries.
Camp David Accords
1978 Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries.
Bakke v. University of California
1978 limited affirmative action by rejecting a quota system.
Iran Revolution
1979 Shah got overthrown, islamic state put in power, hostage crisis
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
1979 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas, guerillas got support from US and GB
HIV/AIDS Epidemic
1981 homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco; eventually became widespread around the world, many blamed it on gays
Air Traffic Controllers Strike
1981 union declared a strike and violated a law that banned strikes by government unions, so Reagan fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order and banned them from federal service for life.
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1989 allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable
Fall of the Soviet Union
1991 the soviet union's weakening economy along with great discrepancies between worker's wages and the privileges their leaders enjoyed, led the the breakup of the soviet union.
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1992 loosened standard for evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of "strict scrutiny" of any restraints on a "fundamental right" to one of "undue burden" that permits considerably more regulation.
Proposition 209
1996 California initiative that banned all affirmative action programs.
Articles of Confederation
1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)
W.E.B. DuBois
1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910
Knights of Labor
1st effort to create National Union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed
Role of Women during the Civil War
200,000 women worked as volunteers in the Sanitary Commission and Freedman's Aid Society, and as nurses, clerks, and factory operatives, as well as farm tasks and school and office jobs
Economic Growth and Tax Cut Relief Act
2001 ~
Lawrence v. Texas
2003 State law may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners
Barack Obama
2008 Democrat, first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia.
Native Americans in WWII
25,000 served in the army, Iroquois issued their own declaration of war against the Axis, 10,000's of Indians left their reservations for jobs in the war industries, some veterans went to college after the war because of the GI Bill
Abraham Lincoln Battalion
2800 man unit of white americans who fought for Republicans in the Spanish Civil War
Woodrow Wilson
28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize
African Americans in WWII
370,000 African Americans drafted; they face rampant discrimination and prejudice in the army, where their units were completely segregated from white units. They weren't allowed to serve in the Marines Corps and the 10,000 in the navy were restricted to lower ranks.
African American Involvement WWI
400,000 blacks served in WWI, many others took over factory jobs and migrated to the North (Great Migrations).
XYZ Affair
A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats in order to meet with Talleyrand, Adams refused
Boxer Rebellion
A 1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.
Molasses Act of 1733
A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism
Father Charles Coughlin
A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.
Israel
A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.
Halfway Covenant
A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans who had fallen away from the church to become halfway members of the church. The Covenant allowed these halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church because they had not experienced full conversion. Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal or mission that had characterized Massachusetts in its change in the religious character of New England Society.
William Penn
A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.
General Valeriano Weyler
A Spanish general who was sent to crush the Cuban revolt. By using "brutal" methods, he caused uproar in the United States, who called for immediate action to help the Cubans.
The Alamo
A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
Benevolent Empire
A broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by evangelical Christian ideals and endorsed by upper-middle-class men and women in the 1820s and 1830s.
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Driven by Governer DeWitt Clinton, who wanted to boost the economy in NY.
Reagan Coalition
A coalition supporting Ronald Reagan that included the traditional core of Republican Party voters, middle-class suburbanites and migrants to the Sunbelt states, blue-collar Catholics, and a large contingent of southern whites, an electorally key group of former Democrats that had been gradually moving toward the Republican Party since 1964.
America First Committee
A committee organized by isolationists before WWII who wished to spare American lives.
joint-stock company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
Paternalism
A concept used to justify the legitimacy of slavery. Women would present themselves as mothers for the slaves, or protectors that provided benefits the slaves would not get on their own.
Whittaker Chambers
A confessed Communist and a star witness for the HUAC in 1948 when he testified against Alger Hiss.
New Jersey Plan
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress
Annapolis Convention
A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention
Modernism
A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.
Dust Bowl
A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry, mass migration of exodusters.
National Park Service
A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks.
Liberty Party
A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848
Bureau of Indian Affairs
A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans headed by John Collier who disagreed with forced assimilation.
Teapot Dome Scandal
A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921 under Harding.
Liberty League
A group of Republican business leaders and conservative Democrats who banded together to fight what they called the "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal.
Trust
A group of corporations run by a single board of directors. Notable examples: Standard Oil Company (Rockefeller), US Steel (JP Morgan)
Iroquois
A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests
Land Ordinance
A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in 1785.
Patrick Henry
A leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies - "Give me Liberty or Give me Death"
Letter from Birmingham Jail
A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.
Stamp Act Congress
A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.
Caucus
A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Tax Revolt
A movement to lower or eliminate taxes. California's Proposition 13, which rolled back property taxes, capped future increases for present owners, and required that all tax measures have a two-thirds majority in the legislature, was the result of one such revolt, inspiring similar movements across the country.
Pocahontas
A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.
Commodore Matthew Perry
A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.
South Atlantic System
A new agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical and subtropical products for an international market. Its plantation societies were ruled by European planter-merchants and worked by hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.
Manchuria
A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937.
South Carolina Exposition
A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War. Jackson put down any chance of sucession with military force.
Mestizos
A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory
Transcendentalism
A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.
Silent Majority
A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s
10 Percent Plan
A plan by Abraham Lincoln that would help restore the South by allowing a southern state to rejoin the union if at least 10% of it's voters swore loyalty to the union and if slavery were abolished. The plan also gave amnesty to some southerners.
McNary-Haugen Bill
A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products. Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse. Vetoed by Coolidge.
Affirmative Action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
Perestroika
A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
Appeasement
A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.
Detente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
Working Men's Party
A political group that radically opposed what they viewed as the exploitation of workers
Free Soil Party
A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery
Fascism
A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
Globalization
A process by which regional societies, economies, and cultures have become joined together through an international system of trade, transportation, and communication. It benefited the American consumer because it offered new and varied products at low prices.
Sussex Pledge
A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.
Election of 1952
A race between Dwight D. Eisenhower for the republicans and Adlai Stevenson for the democrats. Eisenhower won in a landslide.
Sons of Liberty
A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
Rhineland
A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936
Sudentland
A region in western Czechoslovakia which Germany wanted to annex, and the other leaders let him believing that would be the end of his demands.
Tennessee Valley Authority
A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
Confederate States of America
A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States: South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas originally. Then came Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Led by Jefferson Davis.
Manhattan Project
A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb led by Oppenheimer.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Began with textile manufacturing in America around 1790 and ended in the mid 1800s.
Slaughterhouse Cases
A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions.
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Zoot Suit Riots
A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.
Beaver Wars
A series of wars in the mid-1600s in which the Iroquois, who allied with the English and Dutch, fought the Huron and Algonquin tribes, who were backed by the French. The wars were fought over land and the monopolization of the fur trade.
Sexual Revolution
A social outlook that challenges traditional codes of behaviour related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The phenomenon took place throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the 1970s.
World Bank
A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Federalism and Federalist Papers
A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments. Federalist Papers were 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.
Spoils System
A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.
Indentured Servitude
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.
Freehold Society in New England
A yeoman society of relatively equal landowning farm families
States' Rights
According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution.
Quartering Act of 1765
Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.
Stonewall Riots
Activist protests among gays and lesbians after police raided gay bar, began gay pride movement
SALT II
Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads.
Veterans Administration
Administrates benefits provided by law for veterans of the armed forces.
Dr. Francis Townsend
Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month. Also called Townsend Plan.
Bill Clinton
Advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached
Martin Van Buren
Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.
Battle of Britain
Aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.
Ida B. Wells
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
Maroon Communities
African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.
President Andrew Johnson
After Lincoln's assassination, many thought he was too easy on the South. Congress impeached him because he removed his Secretary of War (a violation of the Tenure Act) but did not remove him from office because there weren't enough votes.
Newsburgh Conspiracy
After Revolutionary War, officers of the Continental Army were not paid. Washington appealed to them in a speech about the economy and convinced them to not revolt.
Return to Normalcy
After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II. Harding's policy.
Metacom
Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts
War Industries Board
Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.
Rural Electrification Administration
Agency established in 1935 to promote nonprofit farm cooperatives that offered loans to farmers to install power lines.
Munich Agreement
Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war
Franco-American Alliance
Agreement by France to fund American military aids and loans to American colonies in 1778.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States
Three-Fifths Compromise
Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)
AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Administration, attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II
War Production Board
Allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers
Benedict Arnold
American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.
Grimke Sisters
American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.
Samuel Adams
American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
Frederick Douglass
American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
Theodore Weld
American abolitionist whose pamphlet Slavery As It Is (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.
William Walker
American adventurer from the South who led an expedition to seize control of Nicaragua in 1855. Several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before he could convince the US to annex it.
Ngo Dinh Diem
American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.
Thurgood Marshall
American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
Sierra Club
American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature.
Ulysses S. Grant
American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. Wrote Gospel of Wealth, which described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
Robert Fulton
American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
John Marshall
American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. Extemely influential in important cases in the early years in the nation (such as McCulloch vs Maryland, Gibbons vs Odgen, Worcester v Georgia, etc.)
Containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
Battle of Saratoga
American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.
Noah Webster
American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.
Iran-Contra Affair
Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved
Age of Consensus
Americans were confident to the verge of complacency about the perfectibility of American society, anxious to the point of paranoid about communism; conformity was everywhere; people didn't demand for reform and avoided extremist and political views
Nativists
Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society.
Whig Party
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
Geronimo
Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)
Scientific Management
Application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace (timing workers and the like)
Henry Hudson
An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him
Salutary Neglect
An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
Sugar Act of 1764
An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.
Covenant Chain
An alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies
Iroquois Confederacy
An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.
Olaudah Equiano
An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.
Economic Opportunity Act
An economic legislation that was part of the Great Society. It created many social programs to help the poor.
Supply-Side Economics
An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
"Waving the Bloody Shirt"
An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.
Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet
An informal group of advisors who helped to write Jackson's speeches and supervise communication between the White House and party officials
American Protective Association
An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration
National Association of Colored Women
An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns.
Ostend Manifesto
Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain for $20 million - not carried out because of Northern concern for the expansion of slavery
Crittenden Compromise
Attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Austrian crown prince murdered on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian nationalist (Black Hand) while visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia. Germany urged Austria-Hungary to fight and they went to war against Serbia; all of this due to Serbia wanting to expand
Housing Act of 1949
Authorizing the construction of 810,000 units of government housing. Housing needs of the poor.
Pequot War
Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.
Harry Truman
Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb
Calvin Coolidge
Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.
George Grenville
Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.
Kaiser Wilhelm
Became ruler of Germany in 1888 and dramatically changed Germany's foreign policy. He wanted to show the world how mighty Germany had become and did not want to share his power with anyone. He let Germany's treaty with Russia lapse in 1890, which allowed Russia to form a defensive military alliance with France. Next, Wilhelm began a shipbuilding program in order to make the German navy equal to the British fleet. This led Britain to form an alliance with France.
Formation of the Republican Party
Began in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and against the spread of slavery to territories and new states in 1854
Reconquista
Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.
Black Nationalism
Belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community
Shakers
Believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.
Radical Republicans
Believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.
Revision of 20 State Constitutions
Between 1830-1860, twenty states called conventions that furthered democratic principles by reapportioning state legislatures on the basis of population and gave the vote to all white men
Black Disenfranchisement
Between 1890 and 1906, every southern state enacted laws or constitutional provisions designed to eliminate the black vote: poll taxes, literacy tests, "understanding clauses," and "grandfather clauses" (could not vote if your grandfather was a slave).
Anti-Lynching Bill
Bill to stop the lynching of African Americans by FDR
Eugene "Bull" Connor
Birmingham police commissioner who arrested over 900 marching kids and directed the fire station to blast them with fire hoses and let police dogs loose on them.
Margaret Sanger
Birth Control
Black Panthers
Black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.
Convict Lease System
Blacks who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy
Antietam
Bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.
General Burgoyne
Blundering British general whose slow progress south from Canada ended in disaster at Saratoga, also called "Gentleman Jonnie" because of his need to constantly set up tents...
Native American Assimilation Efforts
Boarding schools
Liberty Bonds
Bonds increased in interest over time sold by government.
Causes of the War of 1812
Britain impressed American sailors, Britain caused Native American rebellion, American War Hawks pressed for intervention, American fronteirsmen wanted more land in the West, Canada, and Florida, hostilities in trade.
Allied Powers (WWI)
Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States
General Braddock
British commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed and his army defeated in a battle at the intersection of the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers, known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers. After his death, his colonial second-in-command, Col. George Washington, temporarily lead the British forces.
General Howe
British commander-in-chief of all forces in the Revolutionary War, did not push the Revolutionary Army.
General Gage
British general in the Revolution. He was commander in chief of the North American forces and military governor of the Province of MA Bay. Bunker Hill hero.
General Cornwallis
British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown to George Washington
Dominion of New England
British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.
Virtual Representation
British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members
Winston Churchill
British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
Election of 1960
Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.
Election of 2000
Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush
Welfare Capitalism
Businesses are responsible for ensuring the welfare of their workers; effective in some companies, but had substantial limitations
Anti-Japanese Sentiment
CA law prevented Asian immigrants from owning property, preventing success and eventually fueling WWII hysteria
CIA: Iran and Guatemala
CIA secretly overthrew parliamentary government of Mossadegh and democratically-elected government of Jacobo Arbenz to support US-supportive governments.
Niagra Movement/NAACP
Called for a vigorous activism including legal challenges to achieve political equality for blacks and full integration into American life
Panic of 1819
Caused by inflation and land speculation destabilizing the economy - people couldn't pay the loans they got from the national bank.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations
Supreme Court and the New Deal
Challenges to Roosevelt's leadership, conservative decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court killed both the NRA for business recovery and the AAA for agricultural recovery. Attempted to pack the court.
Second Bank of the United States
Chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. Jackson fought against it throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.
Child Labor
Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.
Washington Crossing the Delaware
Christmas night when Washington crossed the Delawer and secretly surrounded the sleeping Hessian soldiers.
Spanish Conquest
Christopher Columbus convinced the King of Spain to sponsor his voyage to Asia by the Atlantic Ocean, and thus found the Americas. The Spanish took control of the Indians and began converting them to Catholicism. Soon, the Spanish slave trade started. Disease and malnutrition decimated the Indian population.
Religious Revival of the 1950s
Church membership jumped, flocked to evangelical Protestant denominations, mesh with middle class, morality and modern life
Gay Rights Movement
Civil Rights movement dedicated to homosexual equality; starts in the late 1960's and early 1970's
CWA
Civil Works Adminstration, emergency work relief program, put more than four million people to work during the winter of 1933-34
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps, a relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.
Culture Wars
Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld
Emergency Banking Act
Closed down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.
Operation Torch
Codename for allied invasion of North Africa from Novermber 1942 to September 1943
General Robert E. Lee
Commander of Confederate Army. Great leader, Lincoln wanted him as the leader of the Union Army
General Douglas MacArthur
Commander of US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan
John Chivington
Commander who attacked the Cheyenne at Sand Creek (an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members)
Commitees of Correspondence
Commitees created by the Massachussets House of Representatives in the 1760s to help towns and colonies share information about resisting British laws.
Warren Commission
Committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy
Commodore Dewey
Commodore during the Spanish-American War who captured the Philippines and Guam. Followed Roosevelt's order to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines when war was declared; completely destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed at Manila Bay. His victory shed light on the adjusted purpose of war with Spain, from just freeing Cuba to stripping Spain of all of its colonies.
Utopias
Communities founded by reformers and transcendentalists to help realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from the competition of modern industrial society.
Closed Shop
Company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.
Battle of Shiloh
Confederate forces suprised union troops & drove them across the Tennesee river; union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war
Andersonville
Confederate war camp in Georgia with terrible conditions for soldiers
Persian Gulf War
Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality, an organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights
Burger Court
Conservative jurist appointed by Nixon that nonetheless continued the judicial activism of the Warren Court as seen by Roe v. Wade; this was due to the other members of the court rather than his own liberal beliefs
Minstrel Shows
Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music
ERA
Constitutional amendment calling for equal rights regardless of gender; supported by Alice Paul, but eventually failed due to concerns over its perceived impact on labor regulations that protected women (and not men) from long hours and poor conditions
Power of the Purse
Constitutional power given to Congress to raise and spend money
Birth of a Nation
Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.
Mobilization for War
Convert factories to war production, freeze prices and wages. rationing, no union strikes, increase income tax, war bonds, drafts.
Hoover and the Associative State
Cooperation between the government and business in order to promote the public interest.
Political Machines
Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.
Impact of Civil War on Native Americans
Corruption in Minnesota where government pocketed most of the funds meant for the Sioux in return for settlement on a specific plot of land, left Sioux children starving
Rosenbergs
Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's
Cattle Ranching
Cowboys often worked on cattle drives. This was when a large herd of cattle was moved from the ranch to a market place where they could be sold. A lot of the original cattle drives went from Texas to the railroads in Kansas.
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
Created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts
Judiciary Act of 1789
Created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.
George Whitefield
Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)
Counterculture
Culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.
Reagan's Environmental Policies
Cut the budgets to environmental agencies by about 12% but increased the Environmental Protection Agency's budget, added acreage to the National Wilderness Preservation System, and added animals and plants to the endangered species lists
Kitchen Debate
Debate between Nixon and Khrushechev. The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, through the U-2 Crisis in 1960. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate.
Election of 1932
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.
Election of 1856
Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty
Haymarket Square Riot
Demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.
Department of Commerce and Labor
Department established by Roosevelt to deal with domestic economic affairs. Later split into two departments for better management.
Management Revolution
Departmentalized operations by function.
Hoovervilles
Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress
Scalawags
Derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners
38th Parallel
Dividing line between North and South Korea
Division of Labor and Putting-Out System
Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers. The output system would have individual tasks at different places and would give different materials and products to each in order to maximize efficiency.
Manifest Destiny
Doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable coined by O'Sullivan.
Declaration of Independence
Document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, written mostly by Jefferson.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans
Whiskey Ring
During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.
Changes in State Constitutions
Each state constitution began with a bill listing the basic rights and freedoms that belonged to all citizens. Most powers of state governments were given to three seperate branches: a two house legislature, an elected governor and a court system. The right to vote was extended to all property owning white males. The right to hold office was held to a higher property qualification than the voters.
Bunker Hill
Early battle, contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.
Market Revolution
Economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves.
Panic of 1857
Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads
Fair Deal
Economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.
Square Deal
Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. Three Cs: Corporate Power, Consumer Protection, and Conservation.
American System
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin and the first to use the system of interchangeable parts. Cotton gin cleaned cotton of its seed. It fastened slavery to the south but also promoted industrialism.
Treaty of Paris 1763
Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain
Election of 1876
Ended reconstruction because neither canidate had an electorial majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812 in 1814 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
William Howard Taft
Endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson. HUGE TRUSTBUSTER
John Smith
English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia
Henry VIII
English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
Northwest Ordinance
Established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states in 1787.
FTC Act
Established the FTC as an organization to police unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive practices in commerce
Glass-Steagall Act
Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation.
Interstate Commerce Act
Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices
17th Amendment
Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)
Nixon's Domestic Policy
Expanded Johnson's Great Society (fight against poverty) w/ EPA, OSHA, Natl. Trans. Safety Board, Food Stamp expansion, & Auto SS Increase to match cost of living.
Poor People's Campaign
Expansion of the civil rights movement that tried to raise awareness about poverty among people of all races
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
Good Neighbor Policy
FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/ Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region
Half-Breeds, Stalwarts, and Mugwumps
Factions of the Republican Party in the 1880s Half-Breeds: supported civil service reform and merit appointments to government Stalwarts: Opposed civil service reform and supported the protective tariff Mugwumps: Group that left Republican Party to become Democrats; this group heavily favored civil service reform and mistrusted James Blaine as the presidential nominee because it suspected his involvement in past corruption The election of 1880 united Garfield, a Half-Breed, and Vice President Chester Arthur, a Stalwart
Pickett's Charge
Failed confederate attack during the Civil War led by general George Pickett at the Battle of Gettysburg. Wanted to push far into the North.
P.T. Barnum
Famous and unscrupulous showman, opened the American Museum in New York in 1842, not a showcase for art or nature, but a great freak show populated by midgets, Siamese twins, magicians, and ventriloquists, eventually launching his famous circus - consumerism
Farmers and Crop Prices After WWI
Farmers continued to produce food at wartime levels, massive surpluses
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.
James Madison
Father of the Constitution and Federalist leader
Horace Mann
Father of the public school system; prominent proponent of public school reform
Red Scare in the 1890s
Fear of communism spreads accross the nation, incites Palmer Raids.
Red Scare
Fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life
FERA
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, combined cash relief to needy families with work relief
Fort Sumter
Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
Federal Writers Project
Federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal One.
Comstock Law
Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents
Revenue Sharing
Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states
Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans
Federalists: America as a global power, urban and industry-driven, complex economy, strong central govenment, loose interpretation, aristocratic leaders Democratic Republicans: decentralized government, agrarian society, no concern for world problems, local commerce, slave labor, farmers/commoners as leaders, strict interpretation Similarities: personal freedoms, national independence, capitalism, Republican government.
Suffragists and the 15th Amendment
Fifteenth Amendment bittersweet for women Unionists, hoped to have women included in the amendment but prominent abolitionists feared it would detract from African-American males' chance to get the vote
James Monroe
Fifth President of the United States (1817-1825), administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas
Alexander Hamilton
First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
House of Burgesses
First elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.
Sherman Antitrust Act
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
Hispaniola
First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.
Tehran Conference
First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war
Seneca Falls Convention
First national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written, which declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights
Valparaiso Incident
Foreign incident where two sailors are killed in a fight in Chile, the US demands an indemnity and gets it
Dollar Diplomacy
Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.
National Consumers League
Formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions.
Alger Hiss
Former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
Mormons
Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT
Hudson River School
Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River
Industrial Workers of the World
Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.
Farmers' Alliance
Founded in late 1870s, worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy
Lord Baltimore
Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony. Act of Toleration in Maryland.
James Oglethorpe
Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.
Jane Addams
Founder of Settlement House Movement, where immigrants could stay, learn english, etc. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.
Revolution and Religion
Founders were not all religious, America wanted separation of Church and State. The Declaration of Independence was not religious, and forced religion would be a breach of free will (Jefferson).
Panic of 1873
Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver). Jay Cooke bank collapse.
Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (Democrat) and Winfield Scott RESULTS: WHIG party splits over nomination Fillmore v. Scott; Antislavery North vs. Southern Whigs that disliked Winfield Scott; Doomed Whig Party - Democratic party united under Pierce! Leads to formation of sectional parties instead of national parties. Pierce wins.
David Walker's Appeal
Free black advocated a black rebellion to crush slavery, wanted to remind his people that they were Americans and should be treated fairly.
Citizen Genet
French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)
Fort Duquesne
French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.
Marquis de Lafayette
French general who joined the Continental Army during the American Revolution and was a huge tactical and financial asset.
Georges Clemenceau
French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)
Ohio Gang
Friends of President Warren Harding appointed to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.
Role of Protestant Work Ethic
Fueled growth and also began to include the ideas of work equating to social mobility and place in life
Gabriel Prosser
Gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.
Treaty of Greenville
Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.
Tea Act of 1773
Gave the East India Company an unfair business advantage over colonial merchants through a massive price reduction by reducing taxes/tarriffs.
19th Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote
Election of 1868
General Ulysses Grant, Republican, stood on the platform of "just having peace" in the South. Won.
General George Patton
General in the U. S. Army who helped lead the allies to victory in the Battle of the Bulge
Rape of Nanking
Genocidal war crime committed by japanese military in Nanjing. started in 1937 and lasted a few weeks. japanese army raped, stole and killed prisoners of war and civilians
The Taliban and War in Afghanistan
George W. Bush took on a war against terrorism. Tried to get a coalition of nations to assist him in getting rid of al-Qaeda
Nonagression Pact
Germany (Hitler) and Russia (Stalin) agree not to declare war on each other.
Two Front War
Germany had to fight enemies on both its eastern and western borders.
Central Powers (WWI)
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Rise of Suburbs
Government policies, cheap, unregulated land, transportation, balloon frame, eroding economic base. New American subculture.
Mexican Americans During the Depression
Government promoted "repatriation" (deportation) of Mexican migrants, forcing over 500,000 to leave from 1929-1937 but used certain New Deal programs to get jobs and groups such as the youth-focused Mexican American Movements had support from liberal New Dealers
Granger Laws
Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional
Vicksburg
Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.
Patronage
Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
Black Cabinet
Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.
Pilgrims
Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.
Western Confederacy
Group of Native Americans who joined together to attack Americans who tried to claim the Northwest Territory
Green Mountain Boys
Group of Vermont Soldiers who captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775.
Bonus Army
Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash
Freedom Riders
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
National Woman's Party (Alice Paul)
Group opposed to American participation and women participation in the war; demonstrated with marches and hunger strikes. hated "kaiser" Wilson
Bank of the United States (BUS)
Hamilton proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder to collect and amass taxes and provide a strong and stable national currency. Some thought it was unconstitutional.
Assumption of debt and Washington DC
Hamilton wanted federal government to pay off all the state debts, which would also give rich people who owned them massive profits. To appease Southern States, DC was built on Potomac.
Hayne-Webster Debate
Hayne argued state could nullify a law that supported one part of country. Webster argued states could not nullify a law and federal power and the Union are more important than the States
Roger Sherman
He helped draft the Great Compromise that determined how states would be represented in Congress
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
William Graham Sumner
He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.
Gifford Pinchot
Head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them. Ballinger, another of Taft's cabinet, was accused of interfering in conservation by Pinchot. Split the Republican Party.
Committee on Public Information
Headed by George Creel, mobilized people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.
Headright System
Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
Sack of Lawrence
Heavily armed pro-slavery radicals burned most of the city of Lawrence to the ground, stole their hogs, scattered their women and children.
Washington's Cabinet
Henry Knox (Secretary of War/Defense; Thomas Jefferson (Sec. of State); Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury); Edmund Randolph (Attorney General)
Election of 1928
Herbert Hoover/republican ("A Chicken in Every Pot") vs. Al Smith/democrat (first catholic to run for president) -> Hoover Wins
Lowell Factories
Hired girls from 15-25; expected to work 1-3 years, earned their own wages, encouraged by education. Criticisms included long hours and poor working conditions.
Fredrick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis
Historical opinion that argued that the westward movement was the most important development in American history because it stimulated democracy, individualism, and nationalism
Lebensraum
Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people
HOLC
Home Owners' Loan Corporation, helped home-owners and mortgage companies. government payed companies for the home-owners so they could keep their homes and pay off w/ lower interest and longer time.
Cult of Domesticity
Idealized view of women & home; women, selfless caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
Necessary and Proper Clause
Implied powers of Congress - has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government
Treaty of Versailles
Imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
Trent Affair
In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release
Dakota Attacks on Minnesota
In 1862 a decade of anger boiled over, Dakota fighters fanned out through the countryside, killing immigrants and burning farms; more than four hundred whites lay dead, including women and children from farms and small towns; in response a Minnesotan military court sentenced 307 Sioux to death (only 38 executions authorized by Lincoln); Congress then canceled all treaties with the Dakotas, revoked their annuities, and expelled them from Minnesota
Lodge Corollary
In 1912 Senate passed resolution to Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere.
Sacco and Vanzetti
In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly. Their Italian ethnicity and anarchist/socialist positions are widely believed to have influenced the jury
Spanish Civil War
In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.
Independent Treasury Act
In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.
Medicaid and Medicare
In-kind government transfer programs that provide health and hospitalization benefits: Medicare to the aged and their survivors and to certain of the disabled, regardless of income, and Medicaid to people with low incomes.
Growth of Middle Class
Included farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, traders, "who carry on professionally the ordinary operations of buying, selling, and exchanging merchandise."
Mobilization for WWII
Increased military production, draft, programs to increase public support
Revenue Acts of 1942 and 1943
Increased taxes but failed to increase revenue. Paid for WWII
Powhatan
Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia
Pontiac's Rebellion
Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.
Indian Burning
Indians set fires in woods to clear underbrush and make hunting easier, bison as far as New York before settlers
Indian Boarding Schools
Indians were forced to attend to learn new customs, religions and language of the "white men"
Baby Boom
Individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
Robber Barons
Industrialists who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. Predatory pricing, where they sold products extremely cheaply, drove their competitors out of business. Completely controlled the market.
Initiative, Referendum, Recall
Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. Proposed by La Follette
ICBMs
Inter Continental Ballistic Missile. They have the power to shoot a missile from one country to another. This makes it easier to attack a country without getting to close to them.
Issues Facing the Plains Indians
Inter-tribal warfare, disease and overhunting caused the society to weaken. Taken advantage of when the whites moved west. Land was taken again.
IMF
International Monetary Fund, promoted trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies
Shuttle Diplomacy
International negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties
Cyrus McCormick
Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker.
Lord Dunmore and Slaves
Issued a controversial proclamation promising freedom to slaves and indentured servants who joined the Loyalist cause
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
Encomienda System
It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity
Election of 1828
Jackson soundly defeated JQA, benefited from mass suffrage
Jackson and Veto
Jackson used the veto to stop the renewal of the national bank and to stop laws for tariffs and internal improvements - limiting the powers of the national government and his enemies in the senate. However, he waxed the powers of the executive branch by ignoring laws and judicial decisions alike
Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)
Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson
Japanese Immigration
Japan did not allow citizens to emigrate until 1884 when many worked on sugar plantations of Hawaii; recruited to work in California where they performed the most dangerous jobs; barred from citizenship and faced racism
MacArthur Constitution
Japanese constitution, made Japan a parliamentary democracy
Asian Migrant Workers
Japanese migrants circumvented land-ownership restrictions by buying property in their American-born children's names; Chinese migrants were generally less prosperous than their Japanese counterparts, as they were classified as illegal and ineligible for citizenship until 1943 (and as such were excluded from most New Deal programs; Filipino immigrants were not affected by bans because they came from a US territory until the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, which granted the Philippines independence, classified Filipinos as aliens, and significantly restricted immigration
Revolution of 1800
Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."
John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry
John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South w/ armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, N. abolitionists; seized the fed. arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union
Jay's Treaty
John Jay said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley.
Congress v President Johnson
Johnson vetoed both the revised Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, Congress overrode both vetoes, Congress proposed Fourteenth Amendment (1868)--opposed by Johnson but public opinion against him; the House tried to impeach Johnson, although they failed--> showed power, Johnson largely irrelevant at end of term
Credit Mobilier
Joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes to allow them to do the work.
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
John Fremont
Leader of the Bear Flag Revolt in California; helped overthrow Mexicans in revolt. First Republican Presidential Nominee.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union.
Warren G. Harding
Laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over
Sputnik
Launched by Moscow in 1957, fears of Soviet dominance in technology, led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage
Selective Service Act
Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft
Civil Rights Act 1875
Law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation later deemed unconstitutional.
Black Codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Tecumsuh
Native American who spread ideas and belief to unite other Native American tribes to fight against the US
A Philip Randolph
Leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, America's largest black union; threatened a march on Washington if the government failed to promote racial equality.
Elizabeth Candy Stanton
Leading feminist who wrote the "Declaration of Sentiments" in 1848 and pushed for women's suffrage
League of Women Voters
League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Led the Allied invasion of North African and planned and executed the D-Day invasion at Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge
Beer-Wine Revenue Act
Legalized light alcohol no more than 3.5% concentration by weight, and put a $5 tax on each barrel. Many "drys" were upset; all alcohol was later legalized.
Economic Tax Recovery Act
Legislation passed by Congress in 1981 that authorized the largest reduction in taxes in the nation's history. The tax cuts disappointedly benefited affluent Americans and widened the distribution of wealth in favor of the rich.
Naval Act of 1900
Legislation that authorized a large increase in the building of ships to be used for offensive purposes; this measure helped ensure the creation of a world-class American navy.
Teller Amendment and Platt Amendment
Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war in 4 years time. Platt Amendment reversed that and instead severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
Election of 1864
Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.)
Legal Tender Act
Lincoln signed in 1862, authorized $150 million in greenbacks. - Confederacy never made its paper money legal tender, responded by making more paper money, which accelerated southern inflation.
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over.
Election of 1860
Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery (Stephen Douglas). As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.
17th Parallel
Line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). Billy Sunday was a very influential fundementalist.
Literary Realism
Literature reflecting real life, rather, than imaginary or idealistic life.
Loose and Strict Construction Interpretation
Loose construction: the government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid Strict construction: the government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do
African Americans and the New Deal
Low-paying jobs with the WPA and the CCC (even though these jobs were often segregated). Moral support from Eleanor Roosevelt One hundred African Americans were appointed to middle-level positions in federal departments by President Roosevelt.
Federal Home Loan Bank Act
Lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure
Election of 1844
Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected. "54 40 or Fight!"
Strikes of 1919
Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops.
Isolationist Sentiment
Majority of the US believed the nation should focus on domestic issues (such as the lingering poverty of the Great Depression) rather than intervene abroad
Spread of Railroads
Manufacturers convinced the state governments to subsidize railways across the country, which quickly became the primary method of transportation of goods across america.
Seward's Folly
Many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly. Became an oil asset. (1867)
United Negro Improvement Association
Marcus Garvey, promoted settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland" - black separatism
Companionate Marriage
Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation.
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren, Andrew Jackson's former vice-president, was elected.
McCulloch v. Maryland
Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law
California Gold Rush
Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848
Entertainment in the 1920s
Mass production of culture and entertainment as people couldn't get it from the rest of their lives. Rise of the penny press, dime novel, and sentimental romance. Magazine sales went way up, books were sold through dept. stores or by mail instead of book stores. Lots of radio and movies. Lots of baseball and boxing.
May Day Bombings
May Day, a day renowned for Communist revolution, was the subject of more than 36 homemade bombs delivered to unsuspecting targets.
Constitutional Convention
Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed its complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
Greensboro Sit-ins
Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters at the Woolworth. RESULT: Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters. NOTE: Dr. King DID NOT organize or lead these protests.
Incan Empire
Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas
Open Door Notes
Message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.
Santa Anna
Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)
Braceros
Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.
Classic Liberalism
Middle class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosophes, the French Revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its political goals were self government; a written constitution; natural rights (speech, religion, press, property, mobility); limited suffrage; its economic goals were laissez-faire
Daily life for northern farmers and city dwellers
Middle class could send children to school, but lower class had to make their kids work.
New Woman
Middle class, dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself
Harlem Race Riots
Migration of African Americans to northern cities increased racial tensions, leading to violence in many cities. Two famous race riots occurred in Harlem (N.Y.) and Watts (Calif.)
Race Riots
Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.
Suez Canal Crisis
Military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel in 1956 after Egypt seized the Suez Canal from British administration.
Consequences of WWII
Millions killed, US became world power, USSR now distrusted because of imperialist behavior, US helps reshape Japan, went from Isolationist to international, US established, Israel, decolonization and independence for many colonized countries
Cold War Liberalism
Moderate liberal policies that preserved the programs of the New Deal welfare state and forthright anticommunism that vilified the Soviet Union abroad and radicalism at home. Truman!
Colored Farmers' Alliance
More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org.
Living in the Wild, Wild West
Most cowboys were the African-Americans and Latinos that were farmhands. Long, harsh hours for low pay. Prostitution and drinking were rampant.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Most epic naval turnaround in history. Spain's large ships could not land troops on English shores. Swifter English and Dutch ships outmaneuvered Spain.
Southern Migration
Move from the south in a hope to escape the elite planter dominated society, but land in Kentucky/Tennessee/Virginia was sold to more elite people. Widespread landlessness, forcing people into Mississippi and the like.
Redemption
Movement in 1870s as southern Dems began to muster more political power. Led to Compromise of 1877.
Upton Sinclair
Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen. Roosevelt used it in the Pure FDA Act, which forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs.
Emmett Till
Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.
In re Jacobs
NY court struck down public health law in 1882 that prohibited cigar manufacturing in tenements. The court argued that such a law exceeded the state's police powers. A blow for workers' safety. Pro-business. p. 634
Mexican Wage
Name given to the lower wage that Mexican miners received, showed how racism and discrimination were still at large in the west
National Audubon Society
Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife.
NIRA
National Industrial Recovery Act, created NRA to enforce codes of fair competition, minimum wages, and to permit collective bargaining of workers.
NLRA
National Labor Relations Act, outlawed company unions and other unfair labor practices in order to insure collective bargaining for unions. Replaced NRA.
Malaise Speech (Crisis of Confidence)
National address by Jimmy Carter in July 1979 in which the President chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships. Although Carter intended the speech to improve both public morale and his standings as a leader, it had the opposite effect and was widely perceived as a political disaster for the embattled president.
Slaves and Native Americans' roles in the war
Native americans were a big part of the british force, and slaves also played a part in the army after the Philipsburg Proclamation. Native americans were screwed over by the British later at the Treaty of Paris when they signed much of their land away to the colonists
John Locke
Natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens. Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US. Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.
Code Talkers
Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language
National War Labor Board
Negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war
Slavery in the new republic
New Lights encouraged abolitionism, as Enlightenment disagreed with the notion of slavery. New England began to abolish slavery as well, and a wave of pro-slave laws helped slaves buy their freedom across the nation.
Education in the New Republic
New movements to establish public schools were readily undertaking in 1800-1830, with most states having some sort of private schools and some states having secondary and grammar schools.
Splendid Little War
Nickname for Spanish American war coined by Hay, indicative of US attitude and cockiness
Bull Moose Party
Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912
Scottsboro Boys
Nine young black men between the ages of 13 to 19 were accused of of raping two white women, charged and convicted of rape by white juries, despite the weak and contradictory testimonies of the witnesses. "Lily-white Jury"
French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)
Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.
Separate Spheres
Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
Southern Strategy
Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party
Legacy of the Cold War
No person, country, or party necessarily won the Cold War, enormous financial toll for the U.S. and Soviet Union, negatively benefitted society members, fear of nuclear warfare, fall of communism and the Soviet Union demonstrated that free-market capitalism and a democracy were the "right" forms of government
14th Amendment Due Process Clause
Nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law - corporations were seen as an entity and were protected by this clause
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement, allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
Difference Between North and South Carolina
North Carolina was isolated, and mainly consisted of poor farmers. South Carolina was aristocratic, and ruled by wealthy landowners.
Economies of Different Settlements
North had textile industry, middle colonies (Chesapeake) had wheat and grain, South had cotton, indigo, and molasses
Wage Slaves
Northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)
Carpetbaggers
Northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation.
United Farm Workers
Organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez
George H.W. Bush
President during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%
Clara Barton
Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross
Anti-Imperialist League
Objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900
Argonne Forest
On September 26, an American force of over 1 million soldiers advanced against the Germans in the Argonne Forest. After 42 days, the force had helped push the Germans back toward their own border and had cut the enemy's major supply lines to the front.
Omnibus Bill
One very large bill that encompasses many separate bills of the Compromise of 1850
Haitian Revolution
Only successful slave revolt in history. Is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
Trench Warfare
Opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.
Impact of Television
Overpowered newspapers, magazines, radios as source of news info and diversion, advertising, pro sports, popular image of american life.
Continentals
Paper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the revolution; supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them basically worthless.
Silver Legion
Paramilitary group allied with Hitler's Nazis in LA.
Family life in the 1700s
Parents only able to provide one child with suitable inheritance, caused much smaller family sizes; women and children worked in groups to spin, sew, and shuck corn
Total War
Participating sides devote all their resources to the war effort
Criticism of U.S. involvement in WWI
Parties such as the Women's Peace Party, founded by Addams and Chapmon, and the Progressive Party, were against American involvement in the war.
Greenbackers
Party that supported the circulation of paper money to stimulate the economy.
Declatory Act 1766
Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.
Judiciary Act of 1801
Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.
Anti-Masons
People who believed that the Free-Mason Society was "undemocratic" and "exclusive" because it was a secret society. Formed part of the Whig Party, because both Jackson and Van Buren were Free-Masons
Pax Americana
Period of relative peace in the Western world since the end of World War II in 1945, no armed conflict, no nuclear weapons have been used, although the United States and its allies have been involved in various regional wars.
Pennsylvania Constitution
Philadelphia in July 1776. The constitution gave the right to vote to all men, judges could be removed at any time by a vote of the people (very democratic - protects against abuse of judicial power), and it was the most democratic constitution in America.
Valley Forge
Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops
Election of 1972
Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon
Stamp Act of 1765
Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies
Wilson's Fourteen Points
Plan for post-World War I outlined by President Wilson in 1918. This plan called for self-determination (countries in Africa and Asia govern themselves), freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.
Dawes Plan
Plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.
Nathaniel Bacon
Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony (Governer William Berkeley)
Eisenhower Doctrine
Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country
Omaha Platform
Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.
Second Continental Congress
Political authority that directed the struggle for independence beginning in 1775.
Glorious Revolution
Political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Tammany Hall
Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.
Horatio Alger
Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work
Population Surge in 1770s and Repurcussions
Population surged as women tended to have more children during the Revolutionary War. This caused an increase in economic sectionalism (Northern emphasis on textiles, Southern emphasis on sugar and cotton, middle states focus on providing food for the nation)
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
Montezuma
Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors
Lyman Beecher
Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States.
Grant's Peace Policy
President Grant end the Plains Indian wars by creating a series of reservations on which tribes could maintain their traditional ways
Specie Circular
President Jackson, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. Sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
Great Society
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
War on Poverty
President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly
Vietnamization
President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
Barbary Pirates
President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations that cost quite a bit
Peace Without Victory
President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others. Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".
Mohammed Mossadegh
Prime Minister of Iran before overthrown in CIA coup, accused of treason, and convicted as a Communist
Deindustrialization
Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment
National Child Labor Committee
Progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor
Keating-Owen Act
Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children
Williams Lloyd Garrison
Prominent abolitionist who started his own newspaper, The Liberator. Founded American Anti-Slavery Society, which argued for "no Union with slaveholders".
Office of War Information
Promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.
New South
Promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.
Rosie the Riveter
Propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.
Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party
Propelled by nationalism of Germans, outlawed all other political parties. Withdrew from league of nations in 1933. Remilitarized Germany and invaded Sudetenland, Rhineland, and Poland. Was appeased in Munich Agreement.
Enforcement Laws
Protect freedmen's rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, largely succeeded in shutting down Klan activities.
Selma March
Protest to register African American voters in the South, violence against protesters
Panic of 1907
Proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts.
Explosion of the USS Maine
Provide evacuation opportunity for Americans in Cuba; internal accidental explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish-American War
National Defense Education Act
Provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans, upgraded funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.
Taft-Hartley Act
Provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)
John Winthrop
Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"
Creation of National Parks
Purpose was to protect public land from any exploitation or development at all. This led to the creation of parks such as: Yellowstone in Wyoming, Yosemite and Sequoia in California, and Mt. Rainier in Washington
Underwood Tariff
Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax
Lynching
Putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law
Congressional Reconstruction
Radical Republicans usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.
Charles Sumner
Radical republican along with Thaddeus Stevens from Massachusetts. Wanted to break the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote. Guy who got caned.
Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US - boosted trade and the economy
National Bank Act
Raised money for the Union in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds, and taxed state bonds out of existence. It helped the Union war effort economically.
Women in the Revolutionary War
Ran boycotts (homespun clothes) in the Daughters of Liberty, ran homes in wartime
Military Spending and the National Budget
Reagan pushed military spending and put the nation into debt.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families
Shays' Rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act
Reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax.
Arsenal of Democracy
Referred to America's Ability to supply its European allies with war supplies prior to the U.S. entry into WWII.
Ethnocultural Politics
Refers to the fact that the political allegiance of many American voters was determined less by party policy than by their membership in a specific ethnic or religious group.
Dorothea Dix
Reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada.
Florence Kelley
Reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers
Sunbelt
Region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government
Enlightenment in America
Rejected vengeful God, exalted man's capacity for knowledge and social improvement. Tilotson influential- morality over dogma. Most Harvard graduated ministers embraced this view, that of no hell or divinity of Jesus.
Great Awakening
Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.
Malcolm X
Renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality
Election of 1944
Renominated Roosevelt but changed vice president to Harry S. Truman. Roosevelt won with sweeping victory. 4th term for Roosevelt.
Taney Court
Replaced Marshall Court. Dred Scott. Sandford. Economic opportunity was expanded. Also under the Taney court the ideas of private property were protected.
Republican Government vs Democratic Government
Republican ideals resonated with those that saw the Revolution as a way to create freedom. Democratic ideals resonated with those that saw inequalities in society such as slavery.
Role of Tariff Revenue and Civil War Debt
Republican's protective tariffs helped to build other U.S. industries including textiles and steel in the NE and Midwest, and sugar beet farming and sheep ranching in the West; also provided a bulk of treasury revenue, Civil War left the Union with a debt of $2.8 million (erased by tariff income and generated huge budget surpluses)
Compromise of 1877
Republicans promise to remove military from South, appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), and for federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river in order to award Hayes the presidency
Internal Security Act of 1950
Required Communist organizations to register and to publish membership lists
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.
William McKinley
Responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism.
General Amnesty Act
Restored right of ex-Confederates to hold office after the passage of the 14th amendment
Building Black Communities
Reunite families, education, migration to urban areas, Religion, migration to frontier.
Primogeniture
Right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son
Anti-Rent Riots
Riots in New Jersey where families refused to pay rent.
Bread Riots
Riots that occurred in the South in the Civil War as the blockade from the North decreased the amount of available food and increased food prices.
Second Red Scare
Rise of "Red China" and the Shocks of 1949; Origins from formation of HUAC who made accusations about "subversives" (traitors/Communists) in government. Included FELP, blacklist, Alger Hiss Case, Rosenberg Case, and Joe McCarthy (rise of McCarthyism); deportations; escalated by Korean War
Buying on Credit
Rise of credit and its "buy now, pay later" philosophy helped Americans improve their standards of living (at least in the short-term) but had an important role in the start of the Great Depression
Pulitzer and Hearst
Rival newspaper publishers who used yellow journalism (clickbait-y titles, exaggeration) to sell
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
Northern Securities Case
Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.
Neomercantilism
Run an export surplus to achieve social or political objectives
Freedmen's Bureau
Run by army to care/protect southern Blacks after the Civil War
Brest-Litovsk Treaty
Russia and Germany stating Russia's withdrawal from the war and letting German gain Poland, Ukraine and other territories to the Germans
Eugenics
Science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. In the 1900s, forced sterilization of physically or mentally disabled became not uncommon
Albert Gallatin
Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission, regulated stock market; determined how stocks and bonds were sold, rules for margin (credit) transactions, and prevented insider trading
Island Hopping
Selectively attacking enemy-held islands and bypassing others
Rhode Island Colony
Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablishment, universal suffrage for white males w/ property qualifications; most democratic
Huey Long
Senator, promoted "Share Our Wealth" programs, a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million.
Lewis and Clark
Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.
Aaron Burr
Served as a U.S. Senator, principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. Was VP to Jefferson. Treason charges after raising small army on frontier in order to secede Midwest-area...
Special Field Order 15
Set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for forty-acre grants for freed slaves; rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year.
Horizontal Integration
Several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
Great Recession
Severe ongoing global economic problem that began in December 2007 and took a particularly sharp downward turn in September 2008; has affected the global economy, with higher detriment in some countries than others; sparked by the outbreak of the late-2000s financial crisis
Panama Canal
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915. Obtained through assisting Panama with gaining independence from Colombia.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).
Vertical Integration
Single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
Stagflation
Slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)
Susan B. Anthony
Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation
Anarchism
Socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state, thought governments do nothing but promote exploitation.
American Colonization Society
Society that thought slavery bad, but bought land in Africa in order to try to get blacks out of America.
Oneida Community
Socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.
Dawes Act of 1887
Sought to "Americanize" Native Americans.
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification
Draft (North and South)
South: 1862 required existing soldiers to serve for the duration of the war and mandated three years of military service from all men 18-35 (exempted one white man per 20 slaves and draftees could hire substitutes) govt. in Richmond could not compel military service North: Militia Act of 1862, towns/states used cash bounties and signed up nearly 1 million men, allowed men to avoid military service via substitute or paying a fee Enrollment Act of 1863--German and Irish immigrants refused to serve
SEATO
Southeast Treaty Organization: Includes USA, UK, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success
Dixiecrats
Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.
Big Three
Soviet Union - Stalin United Kingdom - Churchill United States - Roosevelt
Warsaw Pact
Soviet Union and Eastern European nations alliance in response to NATO
Glasnost
Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.
De Lome Letter
Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.
Hernando de Soto
Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
Reconcentration Camps
Spanish refugee camps into which cuban farmers were herded to prevent them from providing assistance to rebels fighting for Cuban independance from Spain.
Four Freedoms
Speech, Religion, from Want, and from Fear, used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured.
Sir Walter Raleigh
Sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."
George W. Plunkitt
Stalwart of New York's Tammany Hall machine, good-naturedly defended what he called "honest graft": making money from inside information on public improvements
Roger Taney, "Pet Banks"
State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank in an effort to destroy the bank. Taney, Secretary of Treasury, was appointed to Supreme Court for doing this.
Proclamation Line of 1763
Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains-- made the colonists very upset
Border States
States between the north and the south: Delaware, Mayland, Kentucky, and Missouri. Lincoln thought they were crucial to winning the war for soldiers but primarily for Washington DC, which is in Maryland. Kentucky was also vital for transportation.
Black Thursday
Stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone. Cause by uneven distribution of wealth, stock market, excessive use of credit, agricultural overproduction, laissez-faire, gold standard, natural slowdown
United Mine Workers Strike
Strike in PA that TR realized would make people run out of coal resulting in a loss of heat. So, he threatened to send troops to work the mines unless the owners agreed to negotiate. This is called collective bargaining.
Five Nations of the Iroquois
Strong ties with Dutch; traded furs for guns and wampum; attacked French and Hurons. Fought w/ British in both French & Indian War and later in the American Revolution. Were originally brought together by mourning ceremonies that Hiawatha learned from spirits. Eventually became Six Nations.
SNCC
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement
Women and Life in the West
Success of a western farm depended on the work of wives and children who tended the garden and animals, preserved food, and helped out at harvest time, some women also decided to strike out on their own
Sumner-Brooks Incident
Sumner was an MA senator and unyielding foe of slavery. He was physically attacked with a cane by Senator Brooks of SC in retaliation for a two-day speech made denouncing the proslavery Missourians who had crossed into Kansas and Brook's pro-slavery uncle who supported the Missourians- showed the split of the government
President Grant
Supported the efforts of the Radical Republicans to enfranchise African Americans and spoke out for the need to control secret societies known as the Ku Klux Klan in the South. Corruption scandals began to plague the administration in 1872.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens
Lochner v. New York
Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8 hour work day for bakers
Fletcher v. Peck
Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution
Underground Railroad
System of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada. Most famous abolitionist: Harriet Tubman.
Crop Lien System
System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.
Sharecropping
System used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops - created loop of debt bc of buying equipment. Similar to tenant farmers, who also work land owned by another and pay rent either in cash or crops.
Election of 1908
Taft, Republican, won over Byran, Democrat, because of his support of Roosevelt.
Tariff of Abominations and Following
Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South. In 1832, another tariff was given but Southern states still felt it was not correct, as it benefitted North too much. Henry Clay's Tariff of 1833 resolved the issue.
Inventions
Telephone Department Stores Jobs as Telepone Operators Mail-Order Empires Magazines Tourism Mass production Monopolies
Fourth Great Awakening
Televangelists, focus on family with tackling problems using religion.
Solid South
Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.
Solitude of Self
Term coined by Stanton, women did not need equal rights because they were protected by men was false, believes that women are faced with obstacles, criticism, and oppression as much or more than men
Annexation of Texas
Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits.
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Crime of 1873
The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. U.S. set the specie standard in gold and not silver, upsetting miners who referred to it as a crime
HUAC
The House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda
OPEC Oil Embargo
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries that placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. Caused worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the US.
William Pitt
The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.
Quebec Act (1774)
The Quebec Act of 1774 restored the use of French civil law in Quebec, granted rights to Catholics in the territory, and expanded the borders of Quebec. The act was very unpopular among the American colonists, particularly in Virginia which had staked land claims on the territory that had been given to Quebec. Additionally set up non-representative gov.
Spanish Mission System
The Spanish network of missions in the New World established to bring Christianity to Native Americans who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Christian teachings.
Robert McNamara
The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architech for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly
U.S. interest in Cuba
The United States had such interest in this nation due to its $50 million in investments and reliance on its sugar exports.
Peter Stuyvesant
The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.
Tribalization
The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.
Maternalism
The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations.
Edmund Pettus Bridge
The bridge at which people marching in the selma march were stopped, turned around, and were beaten
New Frontier
The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.
Korean War
The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
Sixteenth Amendment
The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.
New Look
The defense policy of the Eisenhower administration that stepped up production of the hydrogen bomb and developed long-range bombing capabilities.
J. Edgar Hoover
The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals.
Election of 1968
The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Hiram Revels
The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.
James I
The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625
Mayflower Compact
The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
Boston Massacre
The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans
National Road
The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.
Tariff Act
The first national tariff in 1789 was designed primarily to raise revenue and not to protect home industries
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
Credibility Gap
The gap between the Johnson Administration and the American public support
Long Telegram
The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.
Stono Rebellion
The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.
Progressivism
The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.
Rust Belt
The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.
Smallpox
The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.
New England Migration
The overcrowded states of New England provided many thousands of migrants to the new northwest territories.
Lost Cause
The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication
Lecompton Constitution
The pro-slavery constitution suggested Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected.
Lousiana Purchase
The selling of Lousiana by the French to the United States in 1803 for about $15 million; Jefferson was hesitant about the purchase, as he didn'g believe it was constitutional, however he eventually submitted to the treaties of Congress. It essentially doubled the size of the U.S.
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Treaty of Paris 1898
The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.
Keynesian Economics
Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.
Turner Frontier Thesis
Theory put forth by Frederick Turner that stated the frontier was the source of American vitality and exceptionalism.
Dual Revolution Theory
Theory that the war for independence was actually two revolutions - the revolution for the freedom of the colonies and the revolution between the colonial rich and poor - how the rich used the anger of the poor against the british and defined a common enemy
YMCA/YWCA
These Christian organizations taught physical education and religious instruction together and were in most major cities in the US.
Workers/Unions After WWI
These groups pushed and received a higher standard of living, while membership in these groups decreased due to an anti-union government after the Red Scare. This group, which was diminishing, also led to the diminishing number of strikes occurring during the 1920s.
Fugitive Slave Law
These laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South.
Queen Elizabeth I
This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England
Currency Act of 1764
This act applied to all of the colonies. It banned the production of paper money in the colonies in an effort to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money.
Embargo Act of 1807
This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. Destroyed our economy.
Marbury v. Madison
This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review (declaring a law unconstitutional) by saying that Marbury couldn't bring this case to the Supreme Court.
Impact of the Automobile Industry
This got roads paved, started new types of businesses (gas stations, hotels, shopping centers), cities continued to spread outward, and it was a status symbol for auto owners
Daughters of Liberty
This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.
Article X
This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.
Treaty of Paris 1783
This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River
Ferdinand and Isabella
This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition
Virginia Dynasty
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), James Monroe (1817-1825). All presidents from virginia.
Common Sense
Thomas Paine: claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation, empowered Patriot cause.
Economy after Revolution
Trade with Britain and British colonies was crippled, causing a lack of cheap products for the nation. Debt accumulated from fighting the war.
Dutch West India Co.
Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.
Oregon Trail
Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. Helped propel the women's movement in the postwar years.
Tordesillas
Treaty that divided Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million
1948 Election
Truman (Democrat) v. Strom Thrumond (States' Rights/Dixiecrat) v. Thomas Dewey (Republican); Truman won in a surprising upset
New Morality
Turning people away from traditional values. Glorified weath, youth, and personal freedom.
Battle of Gettysburg
Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.
Frances Perkins
U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.
Wilson and Moral Diplomacy
U.S. should serve as a model of democratic-capitalist development to other nations
Annexation of Hawaii
U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898
President Eisenhower
US President who sent military advisors to Vietnam and decided that the "Domino Theory" would be America's philosophy and reason for entering the Vietnam War
Sanitation Efforts
US Sanitary Commission founded in 1861
Textile Manufacturing in New England
US offered better wages than England in the textile industry, so people like Samuel Slater pioneered the textile industry in America and set off an industrial boom in the Northeast.
Japanese Invasion of Indochina
US responded by restricting trade and then, after a full invasion, freezing assets; expression of non-neutrality that significantly contributed to Japan's decision to bomb Pearl Harbor. Freezed assets and oil embargo caused Japan militaristic and economic damage.
Election of 1872
Ulysses S. Grant ran against Democrat Horace Greeley, who died during the election. Grant still won by a landslide
Quasi War
Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.
William Tecumseh Sherman
Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war. Burned everything, destroyed cities, etc in Sherman's March.
David Farragut
Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge
Women in Unskilled Labor Positions
Unions discriminated against women, said they should stay at home, had a hard time getting jobs, only in certain positions, paid less
General Winfield Scott
United States Army lieutenant general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. He was responsible for defeating Santa Anna. He also conceived the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan, which called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south.
Mary McLeod Bethune
United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)
William Jennings Bryan
United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925). Attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold in his "Cross of Gold" speech.
Battle of Stalingrad
Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.
Abrams v. US
Upheld Sedition Act
National Origins Act
Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.
Maysville Road Veto
Veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky. Went against Clay's system and irritated the West.
Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States
Vetoed the renewal of the 2nd BUS. This partially won him his reelection, and he "killed" the bank.
Double V
Victory against racism at home and victory against the Axis powers
Regulators
Vigilante groups active in the 1760s and 1770s in the western parts of North and South Carolina. They violently protested high taxes and insufficient representation in the colonial legislature.
Appotomax Court House
Village in Virginia that was the site of the Confederate surrender to Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant
Lord Dunmore's War
Virginians and the Shawnee and Mingo Indians in 1774, Indians were defeated. Virginia gained uncontested rights to lands south of the Ohio in exchange for its claims on the northern side.
French Maginot Line
Wall surrounding France that they assumed would help their defenses. Very expensive for France however. Ineffective, Germany took France and established Vichy government only six weeks after they declared war on Germany. It was the only offense and defense used by France.
Fourierism
Wanted to counter the current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity.
Sino-Japanese War
War between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory
Women involvement in WWI
War bonds, conserved food, took over factory jobs
Washington's Farewell Address
Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.
Saddam Hussein
Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.
Battle of the Philippines
Was the invasion of the philippines by Japan from December 8, 1941- May 8, 1942. The defense of the islands was by Filipino and United States Forces
U.S. Response to the French Revolution
Washington wanted to remain neutral. The Republicans supported the French and the Federalists supported the British. Neutrality Act of 1793 made assisting either side a crime.
Aftermath of the Civil War
Waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government. Reconstruction.
Protestant Work Ethic
Way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God
Panic of 1837
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Leisler's Rebellion
When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leisler, a militia officer, governor of New York.
Carter and the Oil Crisis
When OPEC created an embargo towards America for oil, and America could not function, caused many problems and tension. Carter stated to ration oil and to look for alternative sources
Zachary Taylor
Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore. As a General in the Mexican American War, he was Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grnade Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River.
Strikes during WWI
While strikes were restricted during the war, they erupted in 1919, as Gompers advised that support war would lead to gains in organized labor.
Race Relations After WWI
White soldiers after WWI come back and want their jobs back, causing severe racial tension
US vs Cruikshank
William Cruikshank argued that his conviction was unconstitutional because the his actions weren't under the authority of federal law. The Supreme Court overturned Cruikshank's conviction, saying that the federal government could only regulate the actions of states regarding civil rights, it was up to the states to regulate the actions of individuals.
Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison was portrayed as a common man, and was shown as living in a log cabin and drinking cider. Considered first modern presidential campaign because all the advertising was done for him. Harrison's presidential administration was the shortest because he catches pneumonia during is long inauguration speech and dies after one month of being president. TIPPECANOE AND TYLER TOO
Brinkmanship
Willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down
Election of 1916
Wilson ran for reelection for the Democrats on the call that he had kept the United States out of the war. Charles Evans Hughes was the Republican candidate who attacked the inefficiency of the Democratic Party. Wilson won the election, so was able to continue his idealistic policies.
Election of 1924
With Republican Coolidge running against Democrat Davis and Progressive LaFollette, the liberal vote was split between the Democrat and the Progressive, allowing Coolidge to win.
Impact of Industrialization on Suffrage
Women's roles shifted greatly. For example, textile making, a previously female-oriented area, was now done by mass-production in factories. Women were being employed by factories of all different types, too. Industrial society tended to be more willing to let women vote will suffrage movements.
WPA
Work Progress Administration, funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII
White Flight
Working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs
Women's Trade Union League
Working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire contributed to this.
Progress and Poverty
Written by Henry George, critical of entreprenuers, after studying poverty in America, determined that rich didn't pay fair share of taxes and proposed "Single Tax" on incremental value of land
Abigail Adams
Wrote letters to her husband (John Adams) describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.
Knickerbocker Group
Wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes
Flapper
Young women of the 1920s who behaved and dressed in a rather radical fashion; represented the lasting impact of the challenging of gender norms during WWI
Beatniks
Youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.
Election of 1848
Zachary Taylor - Whig. Lewis Cass - Democrat. Martin Van Buren - Free Soil Party (Oregon issues). Taylor side-stepped the issue of slavery and allowed his military reputation to gain him victory. Cass advocated states' rights in the slavery issue. Free Soil Party wanted no slavery in Oregon.
START
a treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union that limited the number of nuclear warheads, ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers held by both sides
Rise of the KKK
begins on Stone Mountain in GA; spread due to the spread of African Americans in the Great Migration, but targeted Jews and Catholics as well with a motto of "native, white, Protestant supremacy;" declined only after the passage of the National Origins Act, but remained strong in the South. Founded by William Simmons.
Anglican Church
church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases
New Immigrants
immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe
Intolerable Acts
in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
Fast Food
inexpensive food (hamburgers or chicken or milkshakes) prepared and served quickly
Fireside Chats
informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people
Specie Resumption Act
issued by Congress, limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, causes deflation angering farmers and workers
Business in the 1920s
laissez-faire capitalism, promoted by the era's Republican governments, allowed businesses to grow with few to no restrictions; new inventions, credit purchases, and other factors also fueled this growth
Vichy Government
puppet government Germany set up in France in WWII, French citizens rebelled against it by helping Britain, with this government France was basically out of WWII
Exodusters
the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South
Prohibition
the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment (18th)
Women in the Workforce
the stigma surrounding working women had been diminished by increased female labor force participation during WWI, but discrimination persisted
China's Economic Growth
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Clinton and the Balanced Budget
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Economic Woes of the 1970s
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Forced School Integration
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Frederick Jackson Turner Foreign Policy
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Hillary Clinton and National Healthcare
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Impact of WWII on Civil Rights Movement
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Johnson's Policies toward Vietnam
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Labor Relations in the 1950s
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New York's Near Financial Collapse
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Nixon Silencing Critics
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Patterns of Trade in the Americas
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Protests in the Great Depression
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