APUSH Unit 6

Most important cause of the Great Depression...

(B) serious dislocations in international trade

Franklin D. Roosevelt's farm policy was primarily designed to...

(C) reduce production in order to boost farm prices

Tennessee Valley Authority

(FDR) 1933, , A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Erskine Caldwell's Tobacco Road

...

James T. Farrell's Studs Lonigan

...

John Dos Passo's U.S.A.

...

John Steinbekc's The Grapes of Wrath

...

Most important General in the Pacific Theatre of WWII

...

Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy

...

What was the U.S. strategy in its war against Japan?

...

Why were the American writers of the 1920's called the lost generation?

...

Emergency Quota Act

A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished.

A. War Production Board B. Office of Price Administration C. War Labor Board D. Fair Employment Practices Commission 1. assigned priorities with respect to the use of raw materials and transportation facilities 2. controlled inflation by rationing essential goods 3. imposed ceilings on wage increases 4. saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against blacks seeking employment in war industries

A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

National Origins Act

Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Causes of the Great Depression

American stock market boom saw stock prices double between early 1928 and Sept 1929 built on borrowed money (investors, speculators bought by only paying small fraction of total price and borrowing rest from stockbrokers); prices tarted falling and margin buyers started selling to pay debts and panic and crisis ensued; internationally, American bankers and investors recalled short-term loans to other countries leading to Europeans withdrawing savings from banks and general collapse of world prices; production then dropped and countries put up high protective tariffs; international economy lacked a leadership to maintain stability when crisis came (brits couldn't, americans wouldn't); countries slashed budgets and spending

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

An independent federal agency created by Glass-Steagall Reform Act. It insures up to $100,000 for bank deposits, thus helping put faith back into the banks.

Ku Klux Klan in the 1920's

Based on the post-Civil War terrorist organization, the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Georgia in 1915 by William Simmons to fight the growing "influence" of blacks, Jews and Catholics in US society. It experienced phenomenal growth in the 1920's, especially in the Midwest and Ohio Valley states. It's peak membership came in 1924 at 3 million members, but its reputation for violence led to rapid decline by 1929.

9 power treaty

China, the U.S., Great Britain, Japan, Italy, France, Belgium, Portugal, and the Netherlands, signed this treaty, which made them agree to respect the sovereignty, independence, and territorial and administrative integrity of China

The _________ was probably the most popular New Deal program; the ___________ was one of the most complex; and the ______________ was the most radical.

Civilian Conservation Corps; National Recovery Act; Tennessee Valley Authority

Civilian Conservation Corps

Created during the Hundred Days to provide relief for the unemployed this program employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums.

Which of the following best characterizes the writers associated with the literary flowering of the 1920's, such as Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald?

Criticism of middle-class conformity and materialism

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor occurred after

Diplomatic negotiations with the United States reached a stalemate

Public Works Administration

Directed by the Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes, this New Deal program for the unemployed allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works. The construction projects that this program, which was created during the Hundred Days for the needs of millions of unemployed workers, created were a source of thousands of jobs.

The main purpose of the Wagner Labor Relations Act of 1935 was...

Ensure workers right to organize and bargain collectively.

In terms of the way that he lived, as well as the themes of his work, the author most representative of the "Lost Generation" was

Ernest Hemmingway

FDRs "bank Holiday"

FDR closed every bank in the country for four days and asked Congress to pass the Emergency Banking Relief Act which only allowed those banks with enough funds to meet depositors' demands to reopen

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

How did President Hoover approach the task of caring for unemployed workers during the Great Depression?

He emphasized the importance of private charities

Calvin Coolidge

He refused to use Federal economic power to check the growing boom or to ameliorate the depressed condition of agriculture and certain industries. His first message to Congress in December 1923 called for isolation in foreign policy, and for tax cuts, economy, and limited aid to farmers.

Albert B. Fall

He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.

Which of the following accurately describe(s) the Harlem Renaissance? I. It flourished during the 1920s II. It was centered among Black people in the South III. It consisted of a period of dramatic Black intellectual and artistic creativity IV. It brought about significant gains in civil rights

I and III only

In the 1930's, the movement led by Dr. Francis Townsend contributed to congressional approval of a law that....

Implementing a federal program of old-age benefits

Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922

Imposed specific limitations on the number of battleships allowed to the signatory nations

The Leopold-Loeb trial

In 1924, two affluent University of Chicago students, Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, both child prodigies, murdered a rich, fourteen-year-old boy just to prove themselves superior to all other humans. They believed that they would get away with the crime as they followed the Nietzschean concept of a "super human" who can get away with vicious crimes. They wanted to commit the "perfect crime." Unfortunately for their beliefs, they were tried and convicted for their crime. Loeb was killed in jail and Leopold was eventually released after serving his time and he ended up dying in some Midwestern state, who knows. Their story spawned some okay-ish films and a two-person musical revolving around suspected homosexuality between them, due to the sexual nature of their murder. The songs from that thing always get stuck in my head. Clearly I know much more about this case than the Scottsboro boys.

John T. Scopes

In 1925 Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee. His trial was watched all over the country. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernalist. In the outcome Scopes was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad.

Despite its isolationist position in the 1920's, the United States government actively intervened throughout the decade in what area of European affairs?

International finance and reparations

Which of the following accurately describes the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s?

It favored immigration restriction as well as White Supremacy

Which of the following is true about the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928?

It was multilateral pact condemning recourse to war

The Palmer Raids were conducted by...

J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI he created. This was authorized by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.

Works Progress Administration

May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

How did Conscription policies in the First and Second World Wars differ?

Monroe Doctrine V. Roosevelt Corollary

Which group did I always got the "short end of the stick" between about 1880 and 1935?

Native Americans

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Orginially began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal.

Warren Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Purpose of the Lend-Lease Act

Provide military supplies to the Allies

Tydings-McDuffie Act

Provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 and the gradual removal of U.S. military presence from the islands. In 1935, the Philippine people elected a president under a new constitution, even though the U.S. was still nominally in control of the territory.

Purpose of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933

Raise farm prices by limiting agricultural production

What did Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon's policies do?

Reduced income-tax rates for the wealthy to release money for private investment

5 power act

Restrict Japan's number of battleships by creating a ratio of tons allowed in navy's; U.S.A. : Great Britain : Japan --> 5:5:3

As a result of the 1937 "Roosevelt recession,"

Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics

The Four Freedoms

Roosevelt's new freedoms: 1. Speech 2. Religion 3. From Want 4. From Fear He talks about a good society and how these freedoms are part of the good society or making the world a better place. We have a minimum standard of living that everyone should have and be provided for

The Republican presidents of the 1920s favored

Tax cuts for wealthy Americans

Know the organizations and the reasons behind the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment legislating Prohibition in 1919 and The Volstead Act.

The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States and its possessions. Contrary to common belief, it did not prohibit the purchase or consumption of alcohol.

What precipitated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?

The Japanese Army controlled the Japanese government and was obsessed with the idea of conquering all of China. The United States was trying to prevent this from happening. The Japanese thought the best way to stop the interference was to destroy as much of the US Navy's battleships, carriers & cruisers in the Pacific as possible in the surprise attack and then hope that this set-back & others would convince Americans that the fight was not worth it, and the US would negotiate a settlement with Japan.

16. Which of the following celebrated trials best illustrates the cultural conflict in the 1920s between fundamentalism and modernism?

The John T. Scopes trial

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

The farmers' version of the NRA. This program encouraged farmers to reduce production (and thereby boost prices) by offering to oay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under. However, it, along with the NRA, was declared unconstitutional in a 1935 Supreme Court case.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Fireside Chats

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

Frederick W. Taylor

The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like.

The Scottsboro trials

The trial of nine black boys, dubbed the "Scottsboro boys", for the gangrape of two white girls in Alabama in 1931. The case includes a frameup, all-white jury, rushed trials, an attempted lynching, and an angry mob.The case is now widely considered a miscarriage of justice that led to the end of all-white juries in the South. All of the boys, except for the twelve-year-old who was convicted, were sentenced to death.

During the presidencies of Harding and Coolidge, what was true about most of the federal regulatory agencies created during the Progressive Era?

They served mainly to aid business

During the presidencies of Harding and Coolidge, which of the following was true about most of the federal regulatory agencies created during the Progressive Era?

They served mainly to aid business

National Industrial Recovery Act

This New Deal measure precipitated the rise of unions. It, along with the Wagner Act of 1935, caused a lasting change in labor-management relations by legalizing labor unions. Subsequently, union membership shot up from under 3 million members in the 1930s to over 10 million by 1941 (more than one out of four were nonform workers).

The Red Scare

This is the time period in which many Americans became fearful of radicals. This led to the dismissal of many "radical members" from jobs, removal of subversive books and many arrests or people who were in opposition to the war.

4 power treaty

This treaty between the US, Britain, France, and Japan (all part of Allied Powers) was an agreement that each of these nations would respect each other's right over Pacific island possessions. They say they will not step in and change whatever form of government going on in the island possessions.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Atlantic Charter

With the U.S. actively aiding Britain via the lend-lease act, Roosevelt would foresee the possibility that the U.S. might soon be drawn into the war. He arranged for a secret meeting in August with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill aboard a ship off of the coast of Newfoundland. The two leaders drew up a document known as the Atlantic Charter that affirmed what their peace objectives would be when the war ended. They agreed that the general principles for a sound peace would include self-determination for all people, no territorial expansion, and free trade.

WWII impact on the home front

Women moved into the workforce to replace men who went in the military. Draft boards. Factories worked long and hard, many died of injuries or heart attacks to make sure our servicemen got what they needed, from bullets to socks. gasoline rationing depended on your job. Limited amounts of meat, sugar, coffee. women's stockings were out, silk was needed for parachutes. Ran your tires until nothing left and patched the heck out of them. Planted "Victory Gardens" for fresh foods. Collection of unused aluminum pans to build aircraft. And the worst- bad news from the War Dept.

Why did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) split apart at its national convention in 1935?

a majority of AFL leaders refused to grant charters to new unions organized on an industry-wide basis

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

The work of the "lost generation" of American writers in the 1920's was marked by

a rejection of prevailing middle-class values

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

How did President Hoover attempt to fight the Great Depression?

continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism

All of the following concerns were addressed during the "Hundred Days" of the New Deal EXCEPT

court restructuring

In 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover disagreed most strongly about the desirability of...

federal relief to individuals

Know the reasons why Charles Lindbergh became a national hero.

he advocated American leadership in world affairs Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic made him an American hero especially because his wholesome youthfulness contrasted with the cynicism and debunking of the jazz age.

Social Security Act of 1935

health care for the poor

For American farming, the years 1921 to 1929 were a period of

low prices for agricultural products

When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the United States...

made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.

The objective of the Bonus Expeditionary Force that marched on Washington DC in 1932 was...

payment of money to veterans of the First World War

In Korematsu v. U.S. the Supreme Court upheld the government's practice of

placing Japanese Americans in internment camps

Herbert Hoover

president of the U.S from 1923-1933 leader of the US in the beginning of the great depression. He didn't want the gov involved in the peoples lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights.

The National Industrial Recovery Act sought to combat the Great Depression by...

reducing competition

How did the New Deal attempted to revive the farm economy during the 1930's?

reducing the amount of land under cultivation

Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928

representatives of 62 nations signed a pact in 1928 (aka Pact of Paris) to outlaw war. It was initiated by the French foreign minister Aristides Briand . Briand wanted an agreement whereby 2 countries would never go to war against each other as a ploy to draw the US into a French security system. It would mean that if France ever violated the US's neutral shipping rights, the US would not be able to declare war. Kellogg (the US representative) turned the tables by having 62 nations sign the pact. They reserved "self defense" as an escape hatch

The Palmer Raids of 1919 were conducted by AND Against

suspected communists and anarchists

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

the 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II. He is the only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution.

The Atlantic Charter, developed by the United States and Britain, was also endorsed by

the Soviet Union.

All of the following contributed to the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment legislating Prohibition in 1919 EXCEPT

the high death toll from alcohol-related automobile accidents

As a result of Franklin Roosevelt's unwillingness to support the London Conference,

the trend towards extreme nationalism was strengthened

How did the flappers of the 1920's challenge traditional American Attitudes about women?

they supported gender equality in salaries

1937 "Roosevelt recession",

this is caused by the first economic stall since 1933, Social Security tax, banks interest rates on loans, businesses beginning to hire, and unemployment rising to 10 million

Return to Normalcy

was U.S. Presidential candidate Warren Harding's campaign promise in the election of 1920.

Sacco and Vanzetti

were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime