ARH100 - Final Review

Rococo

" development and extension of the Baroque style" "an extravagant, ornate style, but there are several points of contrast. Baroque, especially in the south, was an art of cathedrals and palaces; Rococo was more intimate, suitable for the aristocratic home and the drawing room. Baroque colors are intense; Rococo leans more toward the gentle pastels. Baroque is large in scale, massive, dramatic; Rococo has a smaller scale and a lighthearted, playful quality." (Getlein 409-410)

High relief sculpture

"A sculpture in which forms project more boldly from their background" (Getlein 246)

Jacques Louis-David

"Upon his return to France, David quickly established himself as an artist of great potential, and it was none other than the new king, Louis XVI, who commissioned his first resounding critical success, The Oath of the Horatii" (Getlein 412)

Hellenistic Era

"refers to the spread of Greek culture eastward through Asia Minor, Egypt, and Mesopotamia" "continuing Classical style that emphasized balance and restraint" "overthrew Classical values in favor of dynamic poses and extreme emotions" "a tendency toward realistic portrayals of individuals, as opposed to idealized portrayals of types of people" (Getlein 348-350)

Gothic

A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries Known for pointed arches, flying buttresses, and lots of windows "followed the Romanesque" period (Getlein 296)

Color field painting

A technique in abstract painting developed in the 1950s. It focuses on the lyrical effects of large areas of color, often poured or stained onto the canvas. Newman, Rothko, and Frankenthaler painted in this manner. "downplayed the drama of the gesture in favor of broad areas, or "fields," of color" (Getlein 514)

Tree of Jesse

Chartres Cathedral, France "The central motif is a branching tree that portrays the royal lineage of Mary, mother of Jesus. The tree springs from the loins of the biblical patriarch Jesse, depicted asleep at the base of the window. Growing upward, it enthrones in turn four kings of Judaea, then Mary, then Jesus himself." (Getlein 272)

Nave

The long central part of a church, extending from the entrance to the altar, with aisles along the sides. "the long central area" (Getlein 295)

Flying buttress

an arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls "If you stand away from the wall and press against it with outstretched arms, your body is a pier, and your arms are flying buttresses." (Getlein 297)

Daguerreotype

photograph created by exposing a positive image on a metal plate "light sensitive surface was a copper plate coated with silver iodide" (Getlein 206)

Portraits

pictures of people, usually showing only the face and upper part of the body (Getlein 207)

Krater

"a vessel used for wine" (Getlein 342)

Donatello

"Among Early Renaissance artists, the finest sculptor by far" From Florence Created David (Getlein 374-375)

Windsor McCay

"One of the pioneers of animation in the United States" Most famous for "Gertie the Trained Dinosaur" (Getlein 219)

Genre painting

"a painting that focused on a scene of everyday life" (Getlein 406)

Contropposto

"meaning "counterpoise" or "counterbalance," sets the body in a gentle S-shaped curve through a play of opposites" (Getlein 259)

Kouros

"Thousands of such figures were carved—perhaps as many as 20,000—all of them in the same pose, and all nude, young, and idealized, with broad-shouldered, slim-waisted, and fit bodies. They were placed as offerings in sanctuaries to the gods and set as grave markers in cemeteries." (Getlein 343)

Feminist art

"Because images are powerful and pervasive in contemporary society, visual culture quickly became a feminist concern, both in art and in the media. Women art professionals organized to recover women's art of the past, to push for more equitable representation in museums and galleries, and to nurture contemporary women artists. During this first phase of feminism, a project that intrigued many artists was the creation of a specifically female art, rooted in the biological, psychological, social, and historical experience of women." (Getlein 528)

Animation (animated cartoon)

"Bringing to life" "Animation takes advantage of the fact that although a film camera can shoot continuously as motion unfolds, it can also shoot a single frame of film at a time" Can be done with photographs or drawings (Getlein 219)

Carving

"In this process, the sculptor begins with a block of material and cuts, chips, and gouges away until the form of the sculpture emerges. Wood and stone are the principal materials" (Getlein 251)

Renaissance in Italy

"Italy had been among the first areas to recover economically from the chaos of the early Middle Ages. Powerful city-states engaged in extensive trade, and banking had developed. Wealthy, independent, and fiercely competitive, the city-states would vie with one another to engage the finest artists, as would the merchant-princes whose fortunes sustained them. The Church, also an important patron of the arts, was centered in Italy as well. Humanism arose first in Italy, and it was in Italy that the first university position in Greek studies was established. Finally, Italians had long lived amid the ruins of ancient Rome, and they viewed themselves as the direct descendants of the citizens of the earlier civilization. If anyone could bring back its glories, surely it was they." (Getlein 374)

Additive

"The sculptor begins with a simple framework or core or nothing at all and adds material until the sculpture is finished" (Getlein 247)

Assemblage

"combines found objects with paint and collage." (Getlein 516)

Egyptian Art

"did not change for ten thousand years; although that is an exaggeration, there were many features that remained stable over long periods." (Getlein 335) "strove to show each part of the body to best advantage, so that it could be "read" clearly by the viewer." "But action was not important to Egyptian art. Order and stability were its primary characteristics, as they were the goals of Egyptian society." (Getlein 336)

Skeleton-and-skin system

"might be compared to the human body, which has a rigid bony skeleton to support its basic frame and a more fragile skin for sheathing. We find it in the tipi of the American Plains Indians, which consists of a conical skeleton of wooden poles covered with a skin made of animal hides. We find it again in modern skyscrapers, with their steel frames (skeletons) supporting the structure and a sheathing (skin) of glass or some other light material." (Getlein 289)

Romanticism

"not a style so much as a set of attitudes and characteristic subjects." "urged the claims of emotion, intuition, individual experience, and, above all, the imagination. Romantic artists gloried in such subjects as mysterious or awe-inspiring landscapes, picturesque ruins, extreme or tumultuous events and the struggle for liberty, and scenes of exotic cultures." (Getlein 485)

Mannerism

"practiced an art of grace and sophistication" "a decadent reaction against the order and balance of the High Renaissance." "grew out of possibilities suggested by the work of High Renaissance artists, especially Michelangelo, whose influence on the next generation was enormous. His own late work also changed to reflect new ideas." (Getlein 393)

Performance art

"the artist appears "live and in person."" "had been a recurring presence in 20th-century art, beginning with events staged by Futurist and Dada artists in the first decades of the century and continuing through Kaprow's happenings. During the Postminimal years, such actions, events, and happenings became more formalized, and the name Performance art came into general use." "concerned the relationship between artist and spectator" (Getlein 523)

Leonardo da Vinci

"the artist who most embodies the term "Renaissance man"; many people consider him to have been the greatest genius who ever lived. He was possessed of a brilliant and inquiring mind that accepted no limits. Throughout his long life, he remained absorbed by the problem of how things work, and how they might work." "Leonardo's interest in mathematics is also evident from his careful rendering of perspective." "Leonardo's rival in greatness was Michelangelo" (Getlein 379)

The Parthenon

Athens, Greece "Dedicated to the goddess Athena parthenos, or Athena the warrior maiden, the Parthenon is a Doric-style temple with columns all around the exterior and an inner row of columns on each of the short walls. The roof originally rose to a peak, leaving a pediment (visible in the reconstruction) at each end. The pediments were decorated with sculptures, as was the frieze. In the manner of Greek temples, the Parthenon was painted in vivid colors, principally red and blue. The architects Iktinos and Kallikrates, directed by Phidias, completed the structure in just fifteen years." (Getlein 346)

Ishtar Gate

Babylon "built about 575 B.C.E. and now restored in a German museum. The gate consists of thousands of glazed mud bricks, with two massive towers flanking a central arch. On ceremonial occasions, Nebuchadnezzar would sit under the arch in majesty to receive his subjects. The walls of the gate are embellished with registers of glazed ceramic animals, probably meant as spirit-guardians." (Getlein 335)

Masaccio

Inspired by Classical architecture Trinity with the Virgin, St. John the Evangelist, and Donors (Getlein 375)

The Sistine Chapel frescoes

Michelangelo "To tame the vast expanse of the ceiling vault, Michelangelo invented an illusionistic architecture. Painted to look like stone, its lintels, cornices, pedestals, and supporting sculptural figures create a large grid that divides the surface into discrete zones. In the niches thus created along the sides, Michelangelo portrayed Old Testament prophets and ancient Greek sibyls— women gifted with prophecy. All were believed to have predicted the coming of Christ. Along the central spine of the ceiling, the painted architecture frames a series of nine pictorial spaces. Here, Michelangelo depicted scenes from Genesis, from the creation of the world through the story of Noah and the Flood. The detail of the ceiling illustrated here shows, from bottom to top: God, his hands outstretched, his cloak billowing, looking down at the Earth as he separates the waters from the dry land; the creation of Adam, with the dynamic figure of God about to pass the spark of life to the languid first man; and God creating Eve as Adam slumbers. The Genesis scenes alternate rhythmically in size across the ceiling—large, small, large, small—creating the effect of a pulse or a heartbeat. The small scenes are framed by four nude youths holding garlands and ribbons that support bronze shields, painted as though decorated with reliefs illustrating still more biblical scenes. The youths are known by the Italian name for them, ignudi, and their meaning is much debated. They may be some kind of perfected beings, perhaps even angels." (Getlein 382-383)

David

Michelangelo "reveals Michelangelo's debt to Classical sculptures." "not, however, a simple restatement of Greek art. The Greeks knew how bodies looked on the outside. Michelangelo knew how they looked on the inside, how they worked, because he had studied human anatomy and had dissected corpses. He translated this knowledge into a figure that seems to be made of muscle and flesh and bone, though all in marble." (Getlein 379) "it has a tension and an energy that are missing from Greek art." "David is not so much standing in repose as standing in readiness. Another Renaissance quality is the expression on David's face. Classical Greek statues tended to have calm, even vacant expressions. But David is young and vibrant—and angry, angry at the forces of evil represented by the giant Goliath." (Getlein 381)

Venus of Urbino

Titian "It is a feast for the eyes. The viewer can almost feel the texture of the bed sheet, the fabric wall covering, the dog's fur, and the woman's hair and skin. The colors are rich and saturated, with passages of red repeated across the canvas: bed, flowers, dress. Titian's command of linear perspective is demonstrated by the convincing illusionistic space the figures occupy, although the green backdrop keeps the viewer's eye in the foreground. There, the woman's gaze meets ours as she coyly lowers her head and displays her body for our viewing. Such sensuality caused paintings like this to spend most of the time covered, only to be revealed for a select audience." (Getlein 386)

Oculus

the round central opening of a dome (Getlein 298)

Photography

the use of light to record an image using a camera "a tool for making images instead of as a tool for recording the world, then there are no right or wrong ways to use it—only choices, discoveries, and experiments." (Getlein 214)

Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)

Édouard Manet "shows a kind of outdoor picnic. Two men, dressed in the fashions of the day, relax and chat in a woodland setting. Their companion is a woman who has, for no apparent reason, taken off all her clothes. In the background another woman, wearing only a filmy garment, bathes in a stream." (Getlein 488)

Internet art (net art)

"Art that uses the Internet as a medium" "often interactive, allowing visitors to explore a space that has been created on the Internet or to influence an image as it evolves on the computer monitor." (Getlein 226)

Rembrandt van Rijn

"Born in the Dutch city of Leiden, Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was the son of a miller. At fourteen, he began art lessons in Leiden, and he later studied with a master in Amsterdam. By the age of twenty-two, he had pupils of his own. About 1631 he settled permanently in Amsterdam, having by then attracted considerable fame as a portrait painter. Thus began for Rembrandt a decade of professional success and personal happiness—a high point that would never come again in his life." "Rembrandt's range as an artist was enormous. He was a master not only of painting but also of drawing and of the demanding printmaking technique of etching." "In all media, Rembrandt created strong contrasts of light and dark that set the mood of the work. In many of his images, shadows partially obscure the main figure's face. Yet only by looking into the shadows do we see the person's character." "displayed unparalleled genius with other themes, including landscapes, religious scenes, and images of his family engaged in daily activities." (Getlein 407)

Colossal Head

"Certainly, they went to great lengths to quarry and transport it. Boulders weighing up to 44 tons seem to have been dragged for miles to the riverbank, then floated by barge to a landing point near their final destinations. Olmec sculptors shaped the hard stone using still harder stone tools, probably quartz blades. Carved in a broad style of plain surfaces and subtle modeling, the monumental sculptures are thought to represent Olmec rulers. Scholars believe that basalt was selected for its symbolic value. A volcanic stone that emerges in molten form from the Earth's interior, basalt was associated with the awesome power of nature. It was thus a fitting material for rulers, who were believed to have the awesome power of journeying to the spirit world and back." (Getlein 251-252)

Jackson Pollock

"The quintessential Abstract Expressionist" "the late 1940s had perfected his "drip technique."" "said his method of working allowed him to be "in" the painting, to forget himself in the act of painting, and that is also the best way to look at his works, to lose ourselves in them." (Getlein 513)

Avant-garde

"They were the boldest artists, going first into uncharted territory and waiting for others to catch up. Their "battle" was to advance the progress of art against the resistance of conservative forces. Newness and change became artistic ideals. Each generation, even each group, believed it was their duty to go further than the one before." (Getlein 498)

Sculpture in the round

"a freestanding work that can be viewed from any angle, for it is finished on all sides" (Getlein 245)

Earthwork

"a work of art made for a specific place using natural materials found there, especially the earth itself" (Getlein 261)

Glaze

"consist of powdered minerals in water. When fired, they fuse into a nonporous, glasslike coating that bonds with the clay body." (Getlein 270)

Ceramics

"the art of making objects from clay, a naturally occurring earth substance." (Getlein 268)

The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

Spain Frank Gehry "a satellite museum of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York." Used CATIA and CNC technology to create the curving form of the building (Getlein 313)

Renaissance

"Covering the period roughly from 1400 to 1600, the Renaissance brought vast changes to the world of art. The way art looked, the subjects it treated, the way it was thought about, the position of the artist in society, the identities and influence of patrons, the cultures that served as points of reference—all these things changed. We might even say that the Renaissance was the time when the concept of "art" began to take shape, for it was during these centuries that painting, sculpture, and architecture began to earn their privileged positions in Western thought." "means "rebirth," and it refers to the revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that is one of the key characteristics of the period. Scholars of the day worked to recover and study as many Greek and Latin texts as possible." "Artists became newly interested in observing the natural world, and they worked to reproduce it as accurately as possible. Studying the effects of light, they developed the technique of chiaroscuro; noting that distant objects appeared smaller than near ones, they developed the system of linear perspective; seeing how detail and color blurred with distance, they developed the principles of atmospheric perspective." (Getlein 372)

The Harlem Renaissance

"Creative energy was in the air, and for a time it seemed as though almost every Harlemite was doing something wonderful—a book, a play, a Broadway show, a sculpture series, a jazz opera, a public mural." "Much of the spirit embodied in the Harlem Renaissance had to do with merging three experiences: the rich heritage of Africa, the ugly legacy of slavery in America (ended barely more than fifty years earlier), and the reality of modern urban life." (Getlein 509)

Dada

"Dada was anti. Anti art, anti middle-class society, anti politicians, anti good manners, anti business-as-usual, anti all that had brought about the war. In that sense, Dada was a big no. But Dada was also a big yes. Yes to creativity, to life, to silliness, to spontaneity. Dada was provocative and absurd. Above all, it refused to make sense or to be pinned down." (Getlein 504)

Female Figure from Willendorf

"It is made of stone, was formed about 25,000 years ago, and was found near Willendorf, a town in present-day Austria. Less than 5 inches tall, the rounded figure is small enough to fit comfortably in the palm of a hand. Its face is obscured by a minutely detailed hairstyle that covers the entire head. The body's proportions are exaggerated. Skinny arms bend at the elbows to rest on a pair of heavy breasts. The ballooning midsection tapers down to legs that end just below the knees." (Getlein 328)

Julia Margeret Cameron

"One of the first portraitists of the time, however, was an amateur, and English woman" (Getlein 207) "Explored more poetic effects, with a softened focus and a moody play of light and shadow" (Getlein 208)

Serpent Mound

"One of the most famous earthworks in the United States" "was long thought to have been formed by the Hopewell people during the early centuries of our common era. Recently, however, scientific methods have suggested a date of around 1070 C.E., long after the decline of Hopewell culture. Serpent Mound contains no burials, and one archaeologist has suggested that the mound may have been created in response to a celestial event, the sighting of Halley's comet, which flamed through the skies in 1066" (Getlein 261)

Neo-Platonism

"The Medici sponsored an academy—a sort of discussion group—where humanist scholars and artists met to discuss Classical culture and its relationship to Christianity. The reconciliation of these two systems of thought gave rise to a philosophy known as Neo- Platonism, after the Greek philosopher Plato." (Getlein 377)

Dale Chihuly

"The artist uses a full palette of 300 colors to create the organic, bell-like forms he calls macchia, Italian for "spots." He uses one color for the inside of the form, another for the outside, and a complementary color for the lip. Chihuly adds a layer of colored glass chips between the interior and exterior layers to create the spotted effect. Like other forms by the artist, the macchia are created by heating colored glass rods until they melt, then blowing through a long stainless-steel pipe to create the final shape. Chihuly displays his macchia either alone or in groups, allowing light to pass through the glass walls for a luminescent effect." (Getlein 283)

Coiling

"The ceramist rolls out ropelike strands of clay, then coils them upon one another and joins them together. A vessel made from coils attached one atop the other will have a ridged surface, but the coils can be smoothed completely to produce a uniform, flat wall." (Getlein 269)

Realism

"The first art movement to be born in the 19th century" "arose as a reaction against both Neoclassicism and Romanticism. "artists sought to depict the everyday and the ordinary rather than the historic, the heroic, or the exotic. Their works unmasked for art viewers the true lives of the middle and lower classes." (Getlein 486)

Sumerian

"The first cities of Mesopotamia arose in the southernmost area, a region called Sumer. By about 3400 B.C.E., some dozen Sumerian city-states— cities that ruled over their surrounding territories—had emerged. The Sumerians were the first people to leave behind them not just artifacts but also words: The wedge-shaped marks that they pressed into damp clay to keep track of inventories and accounts developed over time into a writing system capable of recording language. Called cuneiform (Latin for "wedge- shaped"), it served as the writing system of Mesopotamia for the next three thousand years." (Getlein 331)

Ziggurat

"The largest structure of a Sumerian city" "a temple or shrine raised on a monumental stepped base" "were visible for miles around. They elevated the temple to a symbolic mountaintop, a meeting place for Heaven and Earth. Here priests and priestesses communicated with the gods and the faithful placed small figures offering their prayers." (Getlein 331)

Greek orders (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian)

"The most distinctive feature of each was the design of the column" "By the 7th century B.C.E., the Doric style had been introduced. A Doric column has no base, nothing separating it from the floor below; its capital, the topmost part between the shaft of the column and the roof or lintel, is a plain stone slab above a rounded stone. The Ionic style was developed in the 6th century B.C.E. and gradually replaced the Doric. An Ionic column has a stepped base and a carved capital in the form of two graceful spirals known as volutes. The Corinthian style, which appeared in the 4th century B.C.E., is yet more elaborate, having a more detailed base and a capital carved as a stylized bouquet of acanthus leaves." (Getlein 292)

Wood

"Widely available, renewable, and relatively easy to work with" "has been used by almost all peoples across history to fashion objects for ritual or daily use. As an organic material, however, wood is vulnerable—heat and cold can warp it, water can cause it to rot, fire will turn it to ash, and insects can eat away at it. We must assume that only a small fraction of the wooden objects made over the centuries have survived." (Getlein 273)

High Renaissance

"a brief but glorious time in the history of art. In barely twenty-five years, from shortly before 1500 to about 1520, some of the most celebrated works of Western art were produced. Many artists participated in this brilliant creative endeavor, but the outstanding figures among them were unquestionably Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael." (Getlein 379)

Jade

"a common name for two minerals, nephrite and jadeite. Ranging in color from white through shades of brown and green, the two stones are found principally in East and Central Asia and Central America. Although their underlying structures differ, they share the extreme hardness, the ice- cold touch, and the mesmerizing, translucent beauty that have caused jade to be treasured in cultures lucky enough to have access to it." (Getlein 280)

Dome

"a curved vault built to cover an interior space" "Sliced vertically, a dome is an arch form. Sliced horizontally, a dome is a complete circle. These two aspects are united in a single, continuous surface. Because of this, domes differ from arches in two significant ways. First, a dome can be much thinner in relation to its span than an arch can. Second, a dome exerts far less outward thrust at its base, because the circles, called parallels, act like page 298restraining hoops, preventing the dome from opening up." (Getlein 297-298)

Auteur

"a director whose films are marked by a consistent, individual style, just as a traditional artist's paintings or sculptures are." "closely involved in conceiving the idea for the film's story and in writing the script. He or she will direct the film, work with the camera operators to plan and frame each shot, then work closely with the editor when the final film is assembled." (Getlein 222)

Fiber

"a pliable, threadlike strand. Almost all naturally occurring fibers are either animal or vegetable in origin. Animal fibers include silk, wool, and the hair of such animals as alpacas and goats. Vegetable fibers include cotton, flax, raffia, sisal, rushes, and various grasses. Fibers lend themselves to a variety of techniques and uses. Some can be spun into yarn and woven into textiles. Others can be pressed into felt or twisted into rope or string. Still others can be plaited to create baskets and basketlike structures such as hats." (Getlein 275)

Assembling (assemblage)

"a process by which individual pieces or segments or objects are brought together to form a sculpture" (Getlein 252)

Mesopotamia

"a region in the Near East (today more widely known as the Middle East)" "occupied a large area roughly equivalent to the present-day nation of Iraq. Fertile soil watered by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers made Mesopotamia highly desirable, but a lack of natural boundaries made it easy to invade and difficult to defend. Successive waves of people conquered the region in ancient times, and each new ruling group built on the cultural achievements of its predecessors. Thus, we can speak with some justice of a continuing Mesopotamian culture." (Getlein 330-331)

Low relief (bas-relief) sculpture

"a technique in which figures project only slightly from the background" (Getlein 246)

Stained glass

"a technique used for windows, lampshades, and similar structures that permit light to pass through. Stained glass is made by cutting sheets of glass in various colors into small pieces, then fitting the pieces together to form a pattern. Often, the segments are joined by strips of lead, hence the term leaded stained glass." (Getlein 272)

Steel-frame construction

"a true skeleton-and-skin arrangement. Rather than piling floor upon floor, with each of the lower stories supporting those above it, the builders first erect a steel "cage" that is capable of sustaining the entire weight of the building; then they apply a skin of some other material." (Getlein 306)

Balloon-frame construction

"a true skeleton-and-skin method. It developed from two innovations: improved methods for milling lumber and mass-produced nails. In this system, the builder first erects a framework or skeleton by nailing together sturdy but lightweight boards (the familiar 2-by- 4 "stud"), then adds a roof and sheathes the walls in clapboard, shingles, stucco, or whatever the homeowner wishes." (Getlein 305)

Green architecture

"addresses the materials that buildings are made of, the construction methods used to make them, and the technology used to heat and cool them, to light their interior spaces, and to supply them with electricity and water." (Getlein 322)

Installation art

"an artist modifies a space in some way and then asks us to enter, explore, and experience it" (Getlein 262)

Avatar

"animated persona who will represent them in the virtual world." (Getlein 128)

Greek Art

"architecture and sculpture had an enormous influence on the later civilizations of Rome and, through Rome, Europe. We assume that Greek painting was equally brilliant, for ancient historians wrote vividly about it. Descriptions abound of such marvels as fruit painted so convincingly that even ravenous birds were fooled, and of rival artists striving to outdo one another in skill. But of the works themselves almost nothing has survived. Instead, we must content ourselves with images painted on terra-cotta vessels, which archaeologists have uncovered in large quantities." (Getlein 342)

Conceptual art

"art in which ideas are paramount and the form that realizes those ideas is secondary—often lightweight, ephemeral, or unremarkable" "especially indebted to Marcel Duchamp, whose self-proclaimed goal was to eliminate what he called the "retinal aspect" of art—its appeal solely to the eye—in favor of an engagement with ideas." (Getlein 525) "not a style but a way of thinking about art, and artists have put it to many different uses. Many Conceptual artists worked with language, for words, when written, take on a double life as image and idea." (Getlein 526)

Abstract Expressionism (the New York School)

"associated with the first major postwar art movement" "Primary among them were Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning" "the most direct influence was Surrealism, with its emphasis on the creative powers of the unconscious and its technique of automatism as a way to tap into them. The painters of the New York School developed highly individual and recognizable styles, but one element their paintings had in common was scale" "Viewers are meant to be engulfed, to be swept into the world of the painting the way we may be swept into a film by sitting so close that the screen fills our entire field of vision." (Getlein 513)

Digital video

"became available, along with technology that allowed video stored digitally on disk to be projected onto a wall or some other surface instead of being fed to a monitor. Because it can be fed into a computer for further manipulation, digital video gives artists access to the same programs that today's filmmakers use for editing, adding a soundtrack, and creating special effects.. (Getlein 225)

Neolithic Period

"beginning around 9000 B.C.E. and continuing for the next four thousand years. The Neolithic is named for new types of stone tools that were developed, but these tools were only one aspect of what in fact was a completely new way of life. Instead of gathering wild crops as they could find them, Neolithic people learned to cultivate fruits and grains. Farming was born. Instead of following migrating herds to hunt, Neolithic people learned to domesticate animals. Dogs, cattle, goats, and other animals served variously for help, labor, meat, milk, leather, and so on. Dugout boats, the bow and arrow, and the technology of pottery—clay hardened by heat— vastly improved the standard of living. Settled communities grew up and, with them, architecture of stone and wood. The most famous work of Neolithic architecture in Europe is the monument of megaliths known as Stonehenge, in England" (Getlein 328-329)

Zaha Hadid

"born in Baghdad in 1950 into an intellectual family. She was educated in Iraq, Switzerland, Lebanon, and England. She became fascinated by the Russian avant-garde painters of the early 20th century, and her conviction grew that Modernism was an unfinished project. She took up painting as a design tool and adapted the formal vocabulary of the Russians she admired. Her paintings so little resembled traditional architectural renderings that many people had a hard time understanding them as buildings at all. Hadid insisted that they could be built and that her unusual technique allowed her to envision an architecture that would express more complex flows of space and capture the dynamism of fragmented and layered geometric forms." "Hadid's early years as an architect were difficult. Her firm entered competition after competition, winning several, yet almost nothing was built. She reached the 21st century with only one significant building to her name and a reputation as a "paper architect"—brilliant in theory, but impractical and untested. Hadid looked back on this period philosophically: "During the days and years we were locked up in Bowling Green Lane with nobody paying attention to us, we all did an enormous amount of research, and this gave us a great ability to reinvent and work on things."" "Then, finally, Hadid's luck turned. A series of commissions received during the late 1990s were completed, and the public got its first sustained look at the architecture of Zaha Hadid: the Bergisel Ski Jump in Austria (2002), the Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati (2003), the Phaeno Science Center in Wolfsburg, Germany (2005), and the BMW Central Building in Leipzig, Germany (2005). Hadid's buildings could indeed be built, and they were ravishing. In 2004, she was awarded the coveted Pritzker Architecture Prize, the first woman to be so honored." (Getlein 317)

Metal

"can be shaped by heating it to a liquid state and pouring it into a mold, a process known as casting" "Another ancient metalworking technique is forging, in which metal is shaped by hammer blows. " (Getlein 272)

Video

"could be recorded and then played back immediately on a monitor, eliminating the wait for film to be developed." (Getlein 224)

Expressionism

"describes any style where the artist's subjective feelings take precedence over objective observation. Spelled with a capital E, it refers especially to an art movement that developed in Germany in the early 20th century, where the expressive ideal had its greatest influence." (Getlein 499)

Geodesic dome

"developed by the American architectural engineer R. Buckminster Fuller" "Fuller's dome is essentially a bubble, formed by a network of metal rods arranged in triangles and further organized into tetrahedrons. (A tetrahedron is a three-dimensional geometric figure having four faces.) This metal framework can be sheathed in any of several lightweight materials, including wood, glass, and plastic." "The geodesic dome offers a combination of advantages never before available in architecture. Although very light in weight in relation to size, it is amazingly strong, because its structure rests on a mathematically sophisticated use of the triangle. Because it requires no interior support, all the space encompassed by the dome can be used with total freedom. A geodesic dome can be built in any size." (Getlein 311)

Northern Renaissance style

"did not happen with the sudden drama that it did in Italy, nor were its concerns quite the same." "evolved gradually out of the late Middle Ages, as artists became increasingly entranced with the myriad details of the visible world, and better at capturing them." (Getlein 387)

International style

"emphasized clean lines, geometric (usually rectilinear) form, and an avoidance of superficial decoration. The "bones" of a building were supposed to show and to be the only ornament necessary." (Getlein 307)

Firing

"fired in a kiln, at temperatures ranging between about 1,200 and 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit, or higher. Firing changes the chemical composition of the clay so that it can never again be made plastic." (Getlein 268)

Relief sculpture

"forms project from but remain attached to a background surface" "meant to be viewed frontally, the way we view a painting" (Getlein 245)

Baroque Art

"full of emotion, energy, and movement. Colors are more vivid in Baroque art than in Renaissance art, with greater contrast between colors and between light and dark. In architecture and sculpture, where the Renaissance sought a classic simplicity, the Baroque favored ornamentation, as rich and complex as possible. Baroque art has been called dynamic, sometimes even theatrical." (Getlein 396)

Michelangelo

"had established his reputation as a sculptor by the age of twenty-five." (Getlein 379) "He is beyond legend. His name means "archangel Michael," and to his contemporaries and those who came after, his stature is scarcely less than that of a heavenly being. He began serious work as an artist at the age of thirteen and did not stop until death claimed him seventysix years later. His equal may never be seen again, for only a particular time and place could have bred the genius of Michelangelo." "born in the Tuscan town of Caprese. According to his devoted biographer and friend, Giorgio Vasari, the young Michelangelo often was scolded and beaten by his father for spending too much time drawing. Eventually, however, seeing his son's talent, the father relented and apprenticed him to the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. At the age of fourteen, Michelangelo was welcomed into the household of the wealthy banker Lorenzo de' Medici, who operated a private sculpture academy for promising young students. There he remained until Lorenzo's death, after which Michelangelo, just seventeen years old, struck out permanently on his own." (Getlein 384)

Christo and Jeanne-Claude

"husband- and-wife team" "For more than five decades, they planned and carried out vast art projects involving the cooperation of hundreds of people." Specialized in temporary public art installations (Getlein 265) "accepted no funding from outside sources for such projects, preferring instead to raise the money themselves by selling drawings and collages generated during the planning stages, as well as early artworks. They were careful to emphasize that their art was not just the result, but the entire process, from planning through removal, including the way it energized people and created relationships." (Getlein 266)

Weaving

"involves placing two sets of parallel fibers at right angles to each other and interlacing one set through the other in an up-and-down movement, generally on a loom or frame. One set of fibers is held taut; this is called the warp. The other set, known as the weft or woof, is interwoven through the warp to make a textile. Nearly all textiles, including those used for our clothing, are made by some variation of this process." (Getlein 275-276)

Postmodernism (postmodern)

"it became clear to many people that ideas about art that seemed to have been in place for much of the modern era were eroding and that something different was taking their place." "a more complex view of history. Feminism had shown clearly that within art history as it was usually told lay other histories that were untold. Art history was not the straightforward progression of one style to another that it had been made to seem. Rather, each historical moment was full of multiple directions, contradictions, and debates. Perhaps a fairer way to study history would be to study everything that happened, not just the "winners" whose style seemed to be part of "progress."" (Getlein 529-530)

Lacquer

"made from the sap of a tree that originally grew only in China. Harvested, purified, colored with dyes, and brushed in thin coats over wood, the sap hardens into a smooth, glasslike coating. The technique demands great patience, for up to thirty coats of lacquer are needed to build up a substantial layer, and each must dry thoroughly before the next can be applied." (Getlein 281)

Ivory

"may refer to the teeth and tusks of a number of large mammals. In practice, it is elephant tusks that have been the most widely sought-after and treasured form." (Getlein 278)

Post-Internet art

"may reside online or it may take the form of an object, often one that embodies critical thinking about the Internet itself-its visual culture, its networks of information and communication, and its role in our experience of the world." (Getlein 228)

Shell system

"one building material provides both structural support and sheathing (outside covering). Buildings made of brick or stone or adobe fall into this category, and so do older (pre-19th-century) wood buildings constructed of heavy timbers, the most obvious example being the log cabin. The structural material comprises the walls, marks the boundary between inside and outside, and is generally visible as the exterior surface. It may also serve as the ceiling of the building, and even, although more rarely, the roof." (Getlein 288)

Subtractive

"process in which one starts with a mass of material larger than the planned sculpture and subtracts, or takes away, material until only the desired form remains." (Getlein 247)

De Stijl

"reduced art to essential geometric shapes and primary colors, believing that these were a universally understood visual language. This pared-down art would promote harmony and order across national and ethnic boundaries. De Stijl broadcast its ideals in a magazine of the same name" (Getlein 508)

Appropriation

"refers to the artistic recycling of existing images. In this sense, it acknowledges that images circulate in such vast quantities through our society that they have become a kind of public resource that anyone can draw on. More strictly, appropriation is linked to Duchamp himself, who presented the creations of others (a urinal, or a postcard in L.H.O.O.Q.) as his own and in doing so gave them a new meaning. In music, many of the same ideas lie behind the practice of sampling—taking bits of music from prerecorded songs and giving them new meaning by placing them in a new context. Both appropriation and sampling form part of larger theories that question whether any artist is the sole creator of his or her work, or the final authority about what it means. All artists borrow ideas in one way or another, and the meaning of a work is unstable and varies from viewer to viewer. The creation of meaning, and thus of art, is a communal project." (Getlein 531)

Burial Mask of Tutankhamun

"rested on the head and shoulders of his mummified body inside, were meant to confer immortality. Projecting over the young king's forehead are the alert heads of a cobra and a vulture, symbols of the ancient protective goddesses of Lower and Upper Egypt." (Getlein 340)

Casting

"seems like a very indirect method of creating a sculpture. Sometimes the sculptor never touches the final piece at all. Metal, and specifically bronze, is the material we think of most readily in relation to casting. Bronze can be superheated until it flows, will pour freely into the tiniest crevices and forms, and then hardens to extreme durability." (Getlein 247)

Fauvism (fauve)

A painting style developed by Henri Matisse in 1905 that formally lasted until 1908. The means "fierce animal." The style rejects Neo-Impressionism and expresses flat, bold, un-naturalistic color with impulsive brushwork; sometimes the blank canvas shows between brushstrokes. "color was freed from its supporting role in describing objects to become a fully independent expressive element. " (Getlein 499)

Renaissance man

"someone who is very well informed about, or very good at doing, many different, often quite unrelated, things. It originated in the fact that several of the leading figures of the Renaissance were artistic jacks-of-all-trades. Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, poet, architect—incomparably gifted at all. Leonardo was a painter, inventor, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, musician, and all-round intellectual." (Getlein 379)

Dutch Baroque Art

"sometimes called the "bourgeois Baroque," is quite different from Baroque movements in France, Spain, and Italy. In the north, Protestantism was the dominant religion, and the outward symbols of faith—imagery, ornate churches, and clerical pageantry—were far less important. Dutch society, and particularly the wealthy merchant class, centered not on the Church but, instead, on the home and family, business and social organizations, the community. These interests were best represented by the most famous Dutch painter, Rembrandt van Rijn." (Getlein 405)

Installation

"spaces conceived of as works of art for viewers to enter and experience" "it was in the climate of Postminimalism that the practice of creating spaces became widespread and that the name "installation" became standard." (Getlein 522)

Loads

"the forces that act upon a building" "The first and most important of these loads is the building's own weight, which is caused by gravity. Gravity is constantly pulling the building toward Earth, as though daring it to fail. The building's weight is a permanent and unchanging load, but there are other loads that come and go, such as people moving through the building, furnishings placed in the building, snow that accumulates on the roof, wind that blows against the sides, earth that settles beneath its foundations, and even earth that trembles beneath it, as in an earthquake." (Getlein 289)

Modeling

"the most direct of sculpture methods. The workable material responds to every touch, light or heavy, of the sculptor's fingers. Sculptors often use clay modeling in the same way that painters traditionally have used drawing, to test ideas before committing themselves to the finished work. As long as the clay is kept damp, it can be worked and reworked almost indefinitely." (Getlein 247)

Post-and-lintel construction

"the most elementary structural method, based on two uprights (the posts) supporting a horizontal crosspiece (the lintel, or beam; see diagram). This configuration can be continued indefinitely, so that there may be one very long horizontal supported at critical points along the way by vertical posts to carry its weight to the ground. The posts are in compression; the lintel is in compression on its upper side and tension on its lower side—your situation when you were being lifted by your friends. The most common materials for post-and-lintel construction are stone and wood." "has been, for at least four thousand years, a favorite method of architects for raising a roof and providing open space underneath. On a smaller scale, it is used to open up windows and doorways in load-bearing construction, the lintel bearing the weight of the material above and protecting the void below." (Getlein 290)

Load-bearing construction ("stacking and piling")

"the simplest method of making a building, and it is suitable for brick, stone, adobe, ice blocks, and certain modern materials. Essentially, the builder constructs the walls by piling layer upon layer, starting thick at the bottom, getting thinner as the structure rises, and usually tapering inward near the highest point. The whole may then be topped by a lightweight roof, perhaps of thatch or wood. This construction is stable, because its greatest weight is concentrated at the bottom and the weight diminishes gradually as the walls grow higher." "tend to have few and small openings (if any) in the walls, because the method does not readily allow for support of material above a void, such as a window opening." (Getlein 289)

Pointillism

"tiny, precise spots of color merge to form his objects when seen at a distance. One effect of this technique is to make his paintings appear still." (Getlein 492)

Round arch

"was used by the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia several centuries before our common era, it was most fully developed by the Romans, who perfected the form in the 2nd century B.C.E." "The arch is a compressive structure. Its components push against one another to achieve stability. This makes it particularly suited to stone, which has high compressive strength. An arch is not stable until it is complete, however. During construction, it must be supported from below by a temporary wooden framework called a centering. Once the centering is in place, wedge- shaped blocks of stone are set along its arch-shaped top, beginning at both ends simultaneously. When the topmost block, called the keystone, is wedged into place, the two sides of the arch meet and lean against each other. The centering can be removed, for the arch is now self-supporting. An arch exerts an outward thrust at its base. Unless the arch sits directly on the ground, this thrust must be countered or contained (see diagram). The arch has many virtues. In addition to being an attractive form, it enables the architect to open fairly large spaces in a wall without risking the building's structural soundness. These spaces admit light, reduce the weight of the walls, and decrease the amount of material needed. As used by the Romans, the arch is a perfect semicircle, although it may seem elongated if it rests on columns." (Getlein 294)

Classical Period

"which dates from 480 to 323 B.C.E. Although all ancient Greek and Roman art is broadly known as Classical, the art produced during these decades was considered by later European scholars to be the finest of the finest. During this period, Greece consisted of several independent city-states, often at war among themselves. Chief among the city-states—from an artistic and cultural point of view, if not always a military one—was Athens." (Getlein 345)

María Martínez

"worked with the local red clay of New Mexico. The distinctive black tonalities of her finished pots were produced by the firing process. After building, smoothing, and air-drying her pots, Martínez laboriously burnished them to a sheen with a smooth stone. Next, a design was painted on with slip (liquid clay). The pot was then fired. Partway through the firing, the flames were smothered, and the pot blackened in the resulting smoke. Areas painted with slip remained matte (dull), while burnished areas took on a high gloss. The glossy and matte areas create interlocking positive and negative shapes." (Getlein 269)

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing "not aiming for perfection, he wrote, but to capture an impression; they did not want to portray a landscape but the sensation of a landscape." "art moved outdoors" with the invention of portable oil paint tubes (Getlein 489-490)

Neoclassicism

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome "Patrons and artists across Europe were newly fascinated by the Classical past, and their interest was encouraged by rulers and social thinkers hoping to foster civic virtues such as patriotism, stoicism, self-sacrifice, and frugality—virtues they associated with the Roman Republic." (Getlein 412)

Paul Cézanne

A Post-Impressionist artists who "found everything he needed within walking distance of his home in the south of France. He admired the Impressionists' practice of working directly from nature, and he approved of their bright palette and their individual strokes of color. He was dissatisfied, though, with their casual compositions and their emphasis on what is transitory, such as the dappled sunlight on Renoir's spinning dancers. He felt that what had made painting great in the past was structure and order." (Getlein 493) "A favorite subject of Cézanne's last years was Mont Sainte-Victoire, a mountain near his home. Altogether he made seventy-five painted or drawn versions of the scene." (Getlein 494)

Post-Impressionism

A late nineteenth-century style that relies on the Impressionist use of color and spontaneous brushwork but that employs these elements as expressive devices. (Getlein 491)

The Taj Mahal

Agra, India "built in the mid-17th century by the Muslim emperor of India, Shah Jahan, as a tomb for his beloved wife, Arjumand Banu. Although the Taj is nearly as large as Hagia Sophia and possessed of a dome rising some 30 feet higher, it seems comparatively fragile and weightless. Nearly all its exterior lines reach upward, from the graceful pointed arches, to the pointed dome, to the four slender minarets poised at the outside corners. The Taj Mahal, constructed entirely of pure white marble, appears almost as a shimmering mirage that has come to rest for a moment beside the peaceful reflecting pool." (Getlein 300-301)

The Steerage

Alfred Stieglitz "The composition is entirely visualized in advance, framed with the viewfinder, then photographed and printed. With its emphasis on formal values and faithfulness to the essence of the medium, the aesthetic of straight photography was enormously influential for much of the 20th century." (Getlein 213)

Pointed arch

An arch with a pointed crown, characteristic of Gothic architecture. "although seemingly not very different from the round one, offers two advantages. Because the sides arc up to a point, weight is channeled down to the ground at a steeper angle, and therefore the arch can be taller. The vault constructed from such an arch also can be much taller than a barrel vault. In addition, a pointed arch exerts far less outward thrust at its base than does a round arch." (Getlein 296)

Surrealism

An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images "not a style but a way of life. Fascinated by the theories of the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who was then setting out his revolutionary ideas in Vienna, the Surrealists appreciated the power of dreams, the mystery of the unconscious, and the lure of the bizarre, the irrational, the incongruous, and the marvelous." (Getlein 505)

Gold Marilyn Monroe

Andy Warhol "A glamorous but troubled film star, Monroe took her own life in August 1962. Warhol began a series of works devoted to her almost immediately. Significantly, the image is not a direct portrait of the actress herself but, rather, a silkscreen reproduction of one of her black-and-white publicity photographs. Warhol used the image in dozens of works, sometimes printing it several times across the canvas, like newspapers rolling off the press. He colored the image with silkscreen, garishly and clumsily. Monroe is at once debased by the crude, commercial treatment and glorified by the gold setting, like a sacred presence in a Byzantine icon. It is not quite her we see, but the mask of her fame." (Getlein 519)

The Acropolis

Athens, Greece "In about 449 B.C.E., Athens' great general Perikles came to power as head of state, and set about rebuilding. He soon embarked on a massive construction program, meant not only to restore the past glory of Athens but also to raise it to a previously undreamed-of splendor. Perikles' friend the sculptor Phidias was given the job of overseeing all architectural and sculptural projects on the Acropolis. The work would continue for several decades, but it took an amazingly short time given the ambitious nature of the scheme." (Getlein 345)

Dipylon Cemetery Krater

Athens, Greece "a narrative scene of a funeral ceremony is depicted. We see the deceased laid out on a four-legged couch. The checkerboard pattern above probably represents the textile that covered him. Wasp-waisted mourners stand to either side, slapping their heads and tearing their hair in grief. In the lower register, a procession of foot soldiers and horse-drawn chariots passes by. The highly abstracted figures are only beginning to break free from their flat, geometric world. Notice, for example, the triangular torsos of the mourners and the squares framed by their arms and shoulders." (Getlein 343)

Entombment of Christ

Caravaggio "depicts the crucified Christ being lowered into an open grave. The body is held by two of Christ's followers—his disciple Saint John and the Jewish ruler Nicodemus, to whom Christ had counseled that a man must be "born again" to enter Heaven. The group also includes the three Marys—Christ's mother, the Virgin Mary, at left; Mary Magdalene, center; and Mary Cleophas, at right— who look on in despair. Caravaggio's structure is a strong diagonal leading from the upraised hand at top right down through the cluster of figures to Christ's face. The light source seems to be somewhere outside the top left edge of the picture. Light falls on the participants in different ways, but always enhances the sense of drama. Mary Magdalene's face, for example, is almost totally in shadow, but a bright light illuminates her shoulder to create a contrast with the bowed head. Light also catches the pathetic outstretched hand of the Virgin. Christ's body is the only figure lit in its entirety; the others stand in partial darkness." (Getlein 399)

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. (Getlein 311)

The Kodak

Created by George Eastman "lightweight and handheld, which meant it could be taken anywhere" (Getlein 209)

Voltri VI

David Smith "an abstract assemblage made of steel, a material closely identified with our modern era. Steel had been produced in small quantities since ancient times for such purposes as swords and armor, but only during the second half of the 19th century was the technology developed for mass-producing the metal, making steel widely and cheaply available for the first time. The architecture of the 20th century would not have been possible without it. For Voltri VI, Smith assembled steel pieces he found in an Italian factory, combining wheels, tools, and pieces of scrap metal. Voltri VI resembles a chariot or a train car carrying vertical, curved pieces the sculptor referred to as clouds." (Getlein 252)

George Eastman

Developed the Kodak camera

Migrant Mother

Dorothea Lange "From this worried mother and her tattered clothing, from the two children who huddle against her, hiding their faces from the stranger with the camera, Lange created a photograph that touched the hearts of the world." (Getlein 209)

Sasa

El Anatsui "made from bottle caps and small food tins such as sardine cans, flattened and then stitched together with copper wire. It recycles materials imported into Africa, goods that flow from wealthier places into a poor continent. In its visual splendor, Sasa draws on the tradition of African royal textiles such as kente" (Getlein 286)

Man Ray

Emmanuel Radnitzky, American visual artist who spent most of his career in France. A significant contributor to the Dada & surrealist movement. "Trained as a painter, Man Ray initially learned photography to document his paintings. When a year or two later he turned his attention to the art of photography itself, he reacted with characteristic Dada abandon: He threw away the camera. Instead of placing himself before the world armed with a camera and film, Man Ray retired to the darkroom and began to experiment with the light-sensitive paper that photographs are printed on. He discovered that an object placed on the paper would leave its own shadow in white when the paper darkened upon exposure to light. Working with that simple idea, he invented a technique he called the rayograph" (Getlein 214)

Palace of Versailles

France "occupies an area of about 200 acres, including extensive formal gardens and several grand châteaux. The palace itself, redesigned and enlarged during Louis's reign, is an immense structure, more than a quarter of a mile wide" "The exterior of the palace also reflects the continuing Classical tendencies of France, with a vocabulary of arches, columns, and entablatures. The interior revels in full Baroque splendor." (Getlein 404)

Photorealism

Paintings executed in a highly realistic fashion that look almost like photography "inspired artists to look more closely at photographs... began to paint what they saw there." (Getlein 520)

St. Teresa in Ecstasy

Gianlorenzo Bernini "We can imagine that the curtains have just parted, revealing Teresa in a swoon, ready for another thrust of the angel's spear. She falls backward, yet is lifted up on a cloud, the extreme turbulence of her garments revealing her emotional frenzy. The angel, wielding his spear, has an expression on his face of tenderness and love; in other contexts he might be mistaken for a Cupid. Master of illusions, Bernini has anchored the massive blocks of marble into the wall with iron bars so that the scene appears to float. The gilt bronze rods depicting heavenly rays of light are themselves lit from above by a hidden window: This little stage set has its own lighting. The deeply cut folds of the swirling garments create abrupt contrasts of light and shadow, dissolving solid forms into flamelike flickerings. As we stand before the chapel, our experience is also theatrical, for we can both watch the ecstasy and watch people watching the ecstasy; we are both caught up in the performance and aware of it as a performance." (Getlein 398)

The Great Sphinx

Giza, Egypt "the symbol of this most important characteristic of Egyptian art, is the essence of stability, order, and endurance. Built about 2530 B.C.E. and towering to a height of 66 feet, it faces the rising sun, seeming to cast its immobile gaze down the centuries for all eternity. The Sphinx has the body of a reclining lion and the head of a man, thought to be the pharaoh Khafre, whose pyramid tomb is in the center"

The Ambassadors

Hans Holbein the Younger "The painting was commissioned by the man on the left, Jean de Dinteville, the French ambassador to England. To the right is his friend Georges de Selve, a French bishop who also served as an ambassador. They look out at us from either side of a table richly laden with objects symbolizing the four humanist sciences: music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy. The imported Islamic rug speaks of contacts with the wider world, and the globe placed on the lower shelf reminds us that the Renaissance was also the age of European exploration and discovery. Close inspection reveals that the lute resting on the lower shelf has a broken string and that the book before it is open to a hymn by Martin Luther. The broken string symbolizes discord: Europe was no longer in harmony because of the difficult issues raised by Martin Luther's recent accusations against the Church in Rome. The movement Luther started, known as the Reformation, would very soon divide Europe permanently into Protestant countries and Catholic countries. The religious unity that had characterized the Middle Ages would be gone forever." (Getlein 391)

The Joy of Life

Henri Matisse "a major work that he exhibited when the Fauves showed again in 1906. Pink sky, yellow earth, orange foliage, blue and green tree trunks" "broad areas of pure color floating free" "radiates a sense of harmony and well-being." (Getlein 498-499)

Dorothea Lange

Her "travels for the FSA took her to nearly every part of the country. In one summer alone she logged 17,000 miles in her car. Lange devoted her attention to the migrants who had been uprooted from their farms by the combined effects of Depression and drought." (Getlein 209) "photographed the internment camps where Japanese Americans were held against their will during World War II. She had been hired by the U.S. government to take the pictures, yet the photographs were not distributed. Instead, the U.S. Army put her photographs, such as the image of a grandfather with his grandson seen here, in a folder labeled "Impounded," and her work was shut away in the National Archives." (Getlein 212)

Number 1, 1949

Jackson Pollock "Pollock placed the unstretched canvas on the floor and painted on it indirectly, from above, by casting paint from a brush in controlled gestures or by dripping paint from a stir-stick. Layer after layer, color after color, the painting grew into an allover tangle of graceful arcs, dribbled lines, spatters, and pools of color. There is no focal point, no "composition." Instead, the paint rests on the surface of the canvas and we find ourselves in front of a field of energy like the spray of a crashing wave." (Getlein 513)

The Wainwright Building

Louis Sullivan "built between 1890 and 1891 in St. Louis" "it employed a steel framework sheathed in masonry. Other architects had experimented with steel supports but had carefully covered their structures in heavy stone so as to reflect traditional architectural forms and make the construction seem reliably sturdy. Centuries of precedent had prepared the public to expect bigness to go hand in hand with heaviness. Sullivan broke new ground by making his sheathing light, letting the skin of his building echo, even celebrate, the steel framing underneath. Regular bays of windows on the seven office floors are separated by strong vertical lines, and the four corners of the building are emphasized by vertical piers." (Getlein 306)

The Dinner Party

Judy Chicago "executed with the help of hundreds of women and several men. Arranged around a triangular table are thirty-nine place settings, each one created in honor of an influential woman, such as the Egyptian ruler Hatshepsut and the novelist Virginia Woolf. The names of an additional 999 important women are written on the tile floor. By using such craft techniques as ceramics, weaving, needlepoint, and embroidery, Chicago demanded artistic equality for media that had long been associated with "women's work." Confined to the domestic sphere, the vast majority of women throughout history had been limited to these expressive outlets—including the expressive outlet of setting and decorating a table—and The Dinner Party honors them. The thirteen places on each side of the triangle intentionally evoke the seating arrangement of Leonardo's Last Supper, a central work in the history of Western art, and one that depicts an all-male gathering." (Getlein 528-529)

Maman

Louise Bourgeois "a nearly 30-foot-tall bronze sculpture of a spider" "a metaphor for her own mother as seen through a child's eyes—awesomely tall, protective, patient, and skilled. Perhaps the association of mother and spider was born from the strange logic of dreams. Bourgeois's mother wove and repaired tapestries for a living; a female spider spins a web to provide for herself and a cocoon to protect her young." (Getlein 245)

Apoxyomenos (Scraper)

Lysippos of Sikyon "Here, the athlete's weight rests on his left foot, so that his left hip is raised and his right leg is bent and relaxed. To counterbalance this, his right shoulder is raised. By portraying the dynamic interplay of a standing body at rest, contrapposto implies the potential for motion inherent in a living being. We can easily imagine that a moment earlier the athlete's weight was arranged differently, and that it will shift again a moment from now." (Getlein 259)

Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun

Marie-Antoinette's favorite portrait painter "Inspired in part by the spareness of Classical costume (note the women in David's painting) and in part by an ideal of the "inno-cent country girl," Vigée- Lebrun coaxed her highborn models into posing in airy white muslin dresses, their hair falling loosely about their shoulders, a straw bonnet tied with a satin ribbon on their head, and a flower or two in their hands." (Getlein 414) "Born in Paris, the daughter of a portrait painter, Élisabeth Vigée was convent- educated and encouraged from an early age to draw and paint. At eleven she began serious art studies. After her father's untimely death, she resolved to work as a painter, and by age fifteen she was her family's chief financial provider. Patrons flocked to her studio, eager to have their portraits done by the young artist, and her fees soared. In 1778, Vigée-Lebrun earned membership to the French Royal Academy." Travelled Europe for 12 years in "exile" "She died in her eighty-seventh year, having painted more than 600 portraits." (Getlein 416)

Orange and Yellow

Mark Rothko "we see two soft-edged, horizontal fields of color floating on the larger color rectangle of the canvas" "thinning his colors so much that the pigment powder barely holds to the canvas." (Getlein 514)

Fallingwater

Mill Run, Pennsylvania Frank Lloyd Wright "Wright designed Fallingwater for a wooded site beside a stream with a little waterfall. His clients, the Kaufmann family, assumed he would design a house with a view of the waterfall. Instead, Wright set the house over the falls, so that the sound of the water would become part of their lives. The vertical core of the house is made from stone quarried nearby, giving Fallingwater a conceptual as well as a visual unity with the landscape around it. Cantilevered terraces made of reinforced concrete project boldly from the core. Two of them seem to hover directly over the waterfall, rhythmically echoing the natural cantilever of its massive stone ledge." (Getlein 310)

Yinka Shonibare

Nigerian-British artist "known for installations featuring headless mannequins dressed in 18th- or 19th-century-style clothing made of colorful "African" cloth." (Getlein 539) "Born in London to Nigerian parents, he moved to Nigeria with his family at the age of three, five years after the country had won its independence from Great Britain. Growing up, he spoke Yoruba at home and English at school; the academic year was spent in Africa, but summers were spent in England. "I think those who have actually had that colonial experience shouldn't necessarily be forced to choose one side, because their identity is formed from that mixture," he says. "I see it as making a new kind of global person."" (Getlein 540)

Pont du Gard

Nîmes, France "built in about 15 C.E., when the empire was nearing its farthest expansion. The Pont du Gard consists of three tiers of arcades—rows of arches set on columns or, as here, massive piers. It functioned as an aqueduct, a structure for transporting water, and its lower level served as a footbridge across the river. That it stands today virtually intact after two thousand years (and is crossed by cyclists on the route of the famous Tour de France bicycle race) testifies to the Romans' brilliant engineering skill. Visually, the Pont du Gard exemplifies the best qualities of arch construction. Solid and heavy, obviously durable, it is shot through with open spaces that make it seem light and its weight-bearing capabilities effortless." (Getlein 294)

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Pablo Picasso "It translates as "the young women of Avignon" and refers to the prostitutes of Avignon Street, a notorious district of Barcelona, Picasso's hometown. In early sketches for the painting, Picasso included a sailor entering at left to purchase a prostitute's services, but as the composition evolved, the sailor was eliminated. Instead, the prostitutes display themselves to us." "Picasso has chopped the figures up into planes—flat, angular segments that still hint at three-dimensionality but have no conventional modeling. Figure and ground lose their importance as separate entities; the "background"—that is, whatever is not the five figures—is treated in much the same way as the women's bodies. As a result, the entire picture appears flattened; we have no sense of looking "through" the painting into a world beyond, as with Delacroix or even Manet." (Getlein 501)

Hall of Mirrors

Palace of Versailles "240 feet long and lined with large reflective glasses. In Louis's time, the Hall of Mirrors was used for the most elaborate state occasions, and even in the 20th century it served as the backdrop for momentous events, such as the signing of the treaty ending World War I." (Getlein 404)

The Louvre

Paris, France "Opened in 1793 during the fervor of the French Revolution, it placed the art that had been the private property of the kings of France on public view in what used to be the royal residence." (Getlein 483)

The Eiffel Tower

Paris, France Alexandre Gustave Eiffel "Gustave Eiffel, a French engineer, proposed to build in the center of Paris a skeleton iron tower, nearly 1,000 feet tall, to act as a centerpiece for the Paris World's Fair of 1889. Nothing of the sort had ever been suggested, much less built. In spite of loud protests, the Eiffel Tower was constructed, at a cost of about a million dollars—an unheard-of sum for those times. It rises on four arched columns, which curve inward until they meet in a single tower thrusting up boldly above the cityscape of Paris." (Getlein 304)

Le Moulin de la Galette

Pierre-Auguste Renoir "is a light we have not seen before in painting, the dappled, shifting light that filters through leaves stirred by a breeze. Traditional chiaroscuro required a steady and even source of light for modeling form. But light in nature wasn't always like that. It moved, it shifted, it danced. Like his friend Monet, Renoir sought to capture such optical sensations through fluid brushwork, a lightened palette, and colored shadows. We see these qualities in the spots of light on the seated man's jacket in the foreground and the patches of yellowy light and bluish shadow on the dance floor. Renoir would later modify his style to embrace more rigorously planned compositions and fully modeled forms, but here he is in his full Impressionist glory, capturing a moment's pleasure with flickering strokes of paint that record sensations of light, color, and movement." "was an establishment on the outskirts of Paris where working people gathered on their days off to relax and enjoy themselves. Renoir paints a group of his friends there, dancing and talking, drinking and flirting. The leisure activities of the middle class were a favorite subject of the Impressionists, and we may be forgiven if, because of them, we picture 19th-century France as a land where there is always time to stroll in the country, where a waltz is always playing under the trees." (Getlein 490)

Trafalgar Square

Piet Mondrian 1939 - 1943. Oil on canvas. It's a bunch a squares? Idk (Getlein 509)

Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Reims

Reims, France "shows the Gothic system of buttresses, piers, and flying buttresses, as well as the numerous windows that made them necessary" (Getlein 297)

Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard (The Night Watch)

Rembrandt van Rijn "The painting portrays a kind of private elite militia. Such groups had played a prominent role in defending the city during the recent wars against Spanish domination; although by Rembrandt's time their function was largely ceremonial, they were still widely respected, and all the most important men of the town belonged to one." "Rembrandt composes the figures naturally, in deep space, with Captain Cocq, resplendent in a red sash, at the center. The composition builds on a series of broad V shapes, pointing upward and outward. The nested V shapes make the picture seem to burst out from its core—and may have made its subjects feel they were charging off heroically in all directions, into battle. Lest this geometric structure seem rigid, Rembrandt has "sculpted" it into greater naturalness through his dramatic lighting of the scene. Light picks out certain individuals: Captain Cocq himself; the drummer at far right; the lieutenant at Cocq's side, awaiting orders; and especially the little girl in a golden dress, whose identity and role in the picture remain a mystery." (Getlein 406)

The Pantheon

Rome, Italy "a temple dedicated to "all the gods"" "has a perfect hemispherical dome soaring 142 feet above the floor, resting upon a cylinder almost exactly the same in diameter—140 feet. The dome is made of concrete, which would have been applied over wooden centering erected in the interior, although exactly how this centering was constructed remains a mystery. The ceiling is coffered— ornamented with recessed rectangles, or coffers, which lessen its weight. Only about 2 feet thick at its highest point, the dome increases dramatically in thickness toward its base as a series of step rings appear on the outer surface. The rings add weight to the base of the dome and increase its stability. At the very top of the dome is an opening 29 feet in diameter called an oculus, or eye, thought to be symbolic of the "eye of Heaven." This opening provides the sole (and plentiful) illumination for the building. In its conception, then, the Pantheon is amazingly simple, equal in height and width, symmetrical in its structure, round form set upon round form. Yet because of its scale and its satisfying proportions, the effect is overwhelming." (Getlein 298-299)

The Colosseum

Rome, Italy "planned under the emperor Vespasian and dedicated in 80 C.E. as an amphitheater for gladiatorial games and public entertainments. A large oval covering 6 acres, the Colosseum could accommodate some 50,000 spectators—about the same number as most major-league baseball stadiums today. Few of the games played inside, however, were as tame as baseball. Gladiators vied with one another and with wild animals in bloody and gruesome contests." (Getlein 353)

The Persistence of Memory

Salvador Dalí "shows a bleak, arid, decayed landscape populated by an odd, fetal-type creature (some think representative of the artist) and several limp watches—time not only stopped but also melting away. Perhaps in this work Dalí's fantasy, his dream, is to triumph once and for all over time." (Getlein 506)

Primavera

Sandro Botticelli Commissioned by the Medici "The painting is an allegory of spring. It features Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty, in the center. Her son Cupid flies above her and shoots his arrow toward the three women known as Graces. They embody female charm and page 378beauty. To the left is Mercury, the messenger god. He uses his caduceus to drive away the clouds. On the opposite side, Zephyrus, the wind, captures the fleeing spring nymph Chloris. According to ancient myth, Chloris becomes Flora, who stands beside her in Botticelli's painting." (Getlein 377-378)

Romanesque

Style of church architecture using round arches, domes, thick walls, and small windows "the style that was prevalent throughout western Europe from about 900 to 1200" "builders set a stone barrel vault as a ceiling over the nave (the long central area), hiding the roof structure from view. The barrel vault unified the interior visually, providing a soaring, majestic climax to the rhythms announced by the arches below." (Getlein 295)

One Central Park

Sydney, Australia "conserves water and energy, and pays homage to its namesake with green space not just on its grounds, but also on its surface. Built by Ateliers Jean Nouvel and PTW Architects, the twin buildings feature 250 native Australian plant species, which grow on the side of the building. To install the plants on a vertical surface, a botanist placed their roots in felt and crafted a drip irrigation system served by an on-site water-recycling plant. Other plants rest on horizontal balconies, decks, and rooftop gardens. As they grow and die off with the seasons, the plants give the building an ever-changing appearance." (Getlein 322)

Woman IV

Willem de Kooning "We can see the paintings as reflecting de Kooning's conscious and unconscious feelings toward women. Yet they also record a struggle between two ways of thinking about art. Forceful gestures keep trying to establish a painting about the act of painting. Notice the slashing strokes of paint that remind us of the movement of the painter's hand. At the same time, the image keeps reasserting itself, demanding to be recognized with identifiable eyes here, arms and breasts there. The viewer is caught between seeing this as merely paint on canvas and reading that paint as a woman." (Getlein 514)

Cake Man

Yinka Shonibare "bends under the weight of a tall stack of elaborately decorated cakes that he carries on his back. The gesture he makes with his left hand suggests that he has just tossed the last cake up there. Will the stack topple, or will he try for more? In place of a head he has a smooth black globe that tracks the rise and fall of a skittish stock market. Buy. Sell. Buy. Sell....is essentially about greed, the burden of carrying wealth and never having enough," Shonibare says. "Even though it weighs you down, you still want more."" (Getlein 539)

Pablo Picasso

a Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes "In 1907, at age twenty-six, Picasso had already painted what is widely regarded as a pivotal work in the development of 20th-century art, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" (Getlein 501)

Camera obscura

a darkened enclosure in which images of outside objects are projected through a small aperture or lens onto a facing surface (Getlein 205)

Cast-iron construction

a form of architecture where iron has been heated and poured into molds to form basic building pieces Usually in conjunction with the skeleton-and-skin method (Getlein 303)

Lost-wax casting

a method of casting metal by a process in which a wax mold covered with clay and fired, leaves a hollow form for metal molds to be made "First, a core is built up of specially prepared clay (a). Over this core, the sculptor models the finished head in a layer of wax (b). When the sculpture is complete, wax rods and a wax cup are attached to it to form a sort of "arterial system," and metal pins are driven through the wax sculpture to the core inside (c). The whole is encased in specially prepared clay (d). When the clay has dried, it is heated so that the wax melts and runs out (hence "lost wax") and the clay hardens (e). The lost wax leaves a head-shaped void inside the block. Where the wax rods and block were, channels and a depression called a pouring cup remain. The pins hold the core in place, preserving the space where the wax was. Next, the mold is righted, and molten metal is poured into the pouring cup. The metal enters the mold through the channels, driving the air before it (f). When the metal bubbles up through the air channels, it is a sign that the mold is probably filled. Metal, therefore, has replaced the wax, which is why casting is known as a replacement method. When the metal has cooled, the mold is broken apart, freeing the head (g). The channels, now cast in metal as well, are cut away, the clay core is removed (if desired), holes or other flaws are patched or repaired, and the head is ready for smoothing and polishing (h)." (Getlein 248)

Portico

a structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular intervals, typically attached as a porch to a building. "Porch" (Getlein 299)

Minaret

a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer "slender towers" (Getlein 299)

Action painting

an abstract painting in which the artist drips or splatters paint onto a surface like a canvas in order to create his or her work "describe the work of Pollock and others, for their paintings are not images in the traditional sense but traces of an act, the painter's dance of creation." (Getlein 513)

Minimalism

an art movement in sculpture and painting that began in the 1950s and emphasized extreme simplification of form and color ""did not reward the kind of looking skills that viewers had been taught were important, skills such as reading the subject (there was no content), analyzing the composition (this was quickly done), appreciating the use of formal elements (there weren't many), or sensing the artist's physical and emotional involvement (the work had been manufactured)." (Getlein 521)

Cubism

an early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage. "the geometric rhythms of an object could be assembled from multiple views. For example, if you look at a pitcher from the front, the side, the top, the bottom, you will see a number of versions, but your true understanding of a pitcher is the sum of all these. With Cubism, this sum of viewpoints could be painted." "offered the most original and powerful system for rethinking the representation of form and space since the Renaissance." (Getlein 503)

Pop art

art based on modern popular culture and the mass media, especially as a critical or ironic comment on traditional fine art values. "found a gold mine of visual material in the mundane, mass-produced objects and images of America's popular culture: comic books, advertising, billboards, and packaging; the everexpanding world of home appliances and other commodities; and photographic images from cinema, television, and newspapers. Like Neo-Dada, Pop drew art closer to life, but life as it had already been transformed into images by advertising and the media." (Getlein 519)

Dada

artistic movement in which artists rejected tradition and produced works that often shocked their viewers "was formed in 1916 as a reaction to the unprecedented slaughter of World War I, which was then being fought. The word dada itself has no meaning, for, faced with the horror of mechanized killing and the corruption of the societies that allowed it, Dada refused to make sense in traditional ways." (Getlein 213)

Second Life

online virtual world where participants can roam landscapes and interact, simulating real-world activities, including (often real) business transactions "3-D virtual-reality environment" "where they can buy property, build, travel, explore, play, party, and meet other residents" (Getlein 128)

Paleolithic Period

the era of prehistory that lasted from at least 2 million B.C. to about 9000 B.C.; also called the Old Stone Age Preceded the Neolithic Period (Getlein 328)

Photojournalism

the use of photos to document events and people's lives "Although a single photograph may be all the general public sees at the time, photojournalists often create a significant body of work around an event, a place, or a culture." (Getlein 209)