Art History... Chapter 4 5 & 6
Industrial Revolution
fueled scientific discovery and theories (Charles Darwin's writings on the origin of human species,1859) improvements in communication (widespread use of the printing press, inventions of the telegraph(1837)/telephone(1876) and introduction of mass transportation (first passenger railroad, 1830)
"cubic"
has been used to describe the character of the forms composed of parallel brushstrokes -often used to describe cezanne's artwork
camera obscura (dark room)
a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography.
art critics
art critics emerged- publishing his/her opinion in newspapers and journals, thereby introducing more of the public to the world of art while influencing public opinion.
Art Galleries and Museums
1st public art galleries and museums opened finally allowing public access to many masterpieces that had been held in private collections
Realism
A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be
Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaner(harvesters), 1857 oil on canvas, paris
Illustrates transition between romanticism and realism. "oneness with nature," laborers working out in the open landscape. emphasis on class distinctions- hard physical labor of poor rather than comfortable lifestyle of wealthy. Workers are in shadow while the farmland (supervisor on horse) is in sunlight, implying the economic diff. btw. 2 classes of laborer vs. landowner. Shows how mindless, physically exhausting, and repetitive character of physical borne of poverty.
photography
-"Photography" means drawing with light -popular in 19th century -date back to china in 5th century BC
Impressionism
-"slice of life" -a style of art where painters try to catch visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows -early 20th century -scenes of pleasure activities, entertainment, still-life, interiors, and landscapes. -influenced by Japanese prints from west - careful study of light and color with diff weather conditions, time of day, and seasons. -was a negative comment to those rejected by academy "lack of talent"
Rosa Bonheur Artist information
-(1822-1899) Most celebrated woman artist of 19th century and famous for realistic animal paintings "The Horse Fair" -1st female artist to be named to the legion of honor in 1894 -would dress/ behaved as a man -was trained under father who was a painter as well
Louis Sullivan
-A leading architect of skyscrapers in the late nineteenth century, stressed the need for building designs that followed function. His works combined beauty, modest cost, and efficient use of space. -the "soaring verticality" of skyscrapers expressed optimism of the time
James Abbott McNeill Whistler, The falling Rocket (Nocturne in Black and Gold), 1875, oil on panel
-American- born artist -moved to London to study different art -because of this painting he led the 1st documented court case about the validity of art, ruskin (art critic) interpreted whistlers pursuit of artistic freedom as an aggressive assault on tradition -Whistler accused the art to be "throwing a pot of paint in the publics face" -the question of whether or not the value of art can be objectively deteremined -whistler won, made him bankrupt, but he got to perform artistic freedom, so did artists after him
Joseph Nicephore Niepce Inventor
-French inventor who took the first permanently fixed image from nature (1st photograph) 1825, that took 8 hours of light exposure to take. -industrial rev. introduced techniques for printing including lithography, method of transferring images -combination of bitumen of Judea applied to pewter plate
Nadar, Portrait of Sarah Bernhardt, 1859 Photograph
-French photographer who tried to promote photography as an art form. -efforts ignored b/c cameras were thought as a technological invention that did not require artistic skill -used Sarah who was popular in Paris at time to show public a photo. portrait could rival a painted one in beauty. -photography not accepted as art until 20th century
Crystal Palace Exhibition
-May 1, 1851 Queen Victoria presided over the opening ceremony -largest volume of enclosed space ever to be built with minimum structural mass still to date. -recalled gothic dematerialization of form
montmartre was a village when the city of Paris annexed it in 1860
-Napoleon III improved appearance of the city. new architecture with building heights, standard materials and elegant design. real estate values soared in areas closest to center so poorer working class pushed outward. -became center of artistic activity for next century
Eduard Manet, Olympia, France, 1863
-Olympia confronts viewer in a brash aggressive manner. -Created scandal when it was first exhibited. -referencing the classic "reclining female nude" theme -"in your face attitude" -Olympia was widely assumed to be a prostitute -statement on practice of slavery (injustice) no identity blending into dark contrast -salon accepted it
John Everett Millais, Portrait of John Ruskin by a waterfall, 1854. oil on canvas
-Painters like the idea of capturing "a moment in time" so they began composing more informal views -Ruskin was an art critic, professor, mathematician, Artist, Writer "renaissance man of his time" -Represented what he was all about (psychological makeup) in painting -Wife Effie, fell of ruskin fell in love with Millais and left ruskin. They had 6 children.
Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, 1850-1851
-Prince Albert proposed to have exhibition hall for the first World's Fair (holding the latest & greatest inventions & tech. of progress) -245 entries received for design competition, Joseph Paxton (greenhouse designer) won w/ deign of iron/glass. Was only design that would meet the deadline. -designed, fabricated, assembled in 9 months -after successful fair was disassembled & rebuilt in suburb of London where it was a cultural center. -1936 destroyed by a fire
Honore Daumier artist
-Realist artist -satirical drawings & cartoons that showed corruption of political life. -1835 France passed law to limit freedom of press to verbal rather than pictorial expression b/c his drawings had such an impact on pol. opinion. -many of population was illiterate so these kinds of drawings communicated to them
Louis Sullivan, Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri, 1890-1891
-This was Alder and Sullivan's 1st commission for a tall office building -Vertical composition and thus it followed that the architectural expression should be a celebration of verticality. -Sullivan developed a system of ornament generated by forms of nature. -Sullivan's formula for skyscraper design is used by many architects
Claude Monet (1840-1926)
-a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting -most paintings done outdoors on site "en plain air" (in the open air).
Edvard munch, The scream, 1893, oil, pastel, and casein on cardboard
-artist suffered from mental illness, depression and anxiety became dominant in his art -paris -own sense of despair and panic as figure crossing bridge in Oslo, Norway -sky and water unite to endless swirl that echoes his pain, compared to pedestrians who are at peace -highly charged emotional works of art like this give form to states of mind "symbolism"
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, 1887-1889
-built for 1889 Worlds fair in Paris celebrating the centennial of the french rev. -1st seen as "hideous" -Eiffel protested he was not an architect but he could assure it would stand up -Design was modified arches on bottom are decorative -Petition was circulated demanding demolition but saved only for radio antenna -Has proven to be most loved/recognized structure of all time -tallest iron construction in the world at 1063 feet tall
Passenger safety elevator on Eiffel tower
-designed by Elisha Graves Otis -when fair opened public was thrilled w/ a ride to the top/ view over Paris
bi-annual salon exhibition
-every 2 years would have gathering of the best paintings in France -ideal for wealthy to buy paintings for house or as a gift -if art was rejected the artists work had suffered because it was seen as not good quality
Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair, 1853 Oil on Canvas
-exhibits qualities of romanticism & realism -energy of horses/interaction of horses w/ humans speaks romantic style -turbulent sky adds theme of "man vs forces of nature" -detailed/exacting study of anatomy/ movement of animals is the apparent realism -Bonheur dissected animals from butcher shops/ slaughterhouses in order to depict them accurately.
Auguste Bartholdi, and Alexadre-Gustave Eiffel, Statue of Liberty, 1875-1888, Realism
-gift of France to America to commemorate French assistance in revolutionary war -Bartholdi was the sculptor of figure that stands 151 feet tall -hammered thin copper sheets into required shape then attached them w/ iron straps to supporting steel and iron framework that Gustave Eiffel had designed - Eiffel designed most sophisticated structural system of the time using diagonal bracing to increase strength while minimizing weight -1885 was dissembled and shipped to America, stands near ellis island -served as welcoming figure for those who came to seek a better life for themselves/family "American Dream"
Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, 1881-1882, oil on canvas, Courtyard Gallery London
-implies "slice of life" in Paris -barmaid w/ mirror behind her, reflects interior of famous nightclub. -mirror gives opportunity to see what is behind him or her -dabs of white paint add "sparkle" to the painting -clothes echo bar to show she is linked to her work -we are the customer(viewer) -barmaid has face of boredom
technological advances that influenced architecture
-iron/ steel new materials for construction: Cheap/faster construction -passenger safety elevator: allowed buildings to rise as tall as technology would allow. Landowners could maximize profit on rental income, cities held larger populations -new building types were required as result of changes in society; rise of multitude of new opportunities/demands. Examples: train stations, skyscrapers, exhibition halls
Loose Brushstroke
-less precise detail -the configuration given to paint by contact with the bristles of a brush also : the paint left on a surface by a single application of a brush or palette knife —often used figuratively to describe the quality especially of a narrative or description a story told in broad brushstrokes.
Claude Monet, Views of Rouen Cathedral, 1894
-monet became interesting in effects of just light and color -series of 18 paintings -painting the object as an abstract form rather than the thing itself. -different times of day offer contrasting effects of light, which result in very diff colors & mood. -monet later in life lost sight but had enhanced his art -details became elusive & paintings became a realm of mystery
Edouard Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (Luncheon in the Grass), 1863, oil on canvas; Musee D'orsay, paris
-nude woman casually lunching w/ two fully dresses men was a scene that challenged the viewer -seen as a threat to all that was proper/accepted in fresh society -rejected when submitted to "salon" exhibition... to "real" for the public -nude girl not phased.. stares at viewer -painting was a statement of the artists individual freedom
Honore Daumier, Nadar Elevating Photography to the Height of Art, 1862 Lithograph
-political satire -response to ongoing debate about role & status of photography -images shows photographing rooftops of Paris from "Le Giant" the hot air balloon that nadar built in order to photograph panoramic vistas. -precarious position of the balloon symbolizes the status of photography as art form at the time
Henri de Toulouse- Lautrec, La Goulue at the Moulin Rouge, 1891, color lithograph poster
-post impressionism -influenced by Japanese prints -well known by graphic designers -the man who had a permanent leg injury and was fascinated by dancers -nightly music and performance of the dancer "la Goulue" -colors are flattened and of a limited palette -an advertisement medium that was very effective in Paris & gave new work to artists -"slice of life" short stature
Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884-86, oil on canvas
-post impressionism -used divisionism/pointillism -scene of leisure activity at popular spot for Parisians -people doll like and imaginary looking, Seurat went to location several times in order to accurately depict it -figures appear to be frozen in time the stillness alludes to abstraction
Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1900, oil on canvas
-post impressionism -Cezanne was Provence (France) born -was a strong influence to western painting -this painting influenced many artists in the 20th century later influencing cubism -landscape is rendered as a patchwork of colors and shapes -viewer is invited into the pic by the roadway that crests just before the bottom edge -road seems to have viewer embark on a journey -used brushes and palette knives and experimented with patterns of line to create effect -crystalline, faceted and cubic are all words applied to the work
August Rodin, The thinker, 1881, bronze sculpture
-spent time in Italy studying michealangelos art - loose rough texture and quick, sketch like quality -built forms in wax or clay then cast them in bronze or plaster -formal tension, powerful intensity, and harnessed energy
Divisionism
-the characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist painting defined by the separation of colors into individual dots or patches which interacted optically -also known as Pointilism; a distinctive style of painting focusing on the science of color developed by George Seurat
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876, oil on canvas, Musee D'orsay, Paris
-theatrical effect of illuminating from below adds glow to faces and makes scene celebratory -"slice of life" -Renoir achieved the "sparkle" with small dabs of paint dispersed throughout. used to enliven the scene - spinning motion as if you are there
John A. & WA Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge, New York, !869-1883
-truss bridges & suspension bridges could quickly be built using stone supports combined with iron trusses or chain cables -steel cables were economical and stronger -Steel less expensive to produce -connected Brooklyn w/ manhattan & was largest suspension bridge of its time -1650 ft -4 huge cables that support road made of spun steel wire. 5000 strands per cable wrapped with continous spiral of outer steel -Diagonal cables called "stays" provide wind balancing
Joseph Nicephore Niepce, View from the Window at Le Gras, 1826 Photograph
-used a pewter plate covered in silver to capture view from outside window -due to changing light over long exposure the image is nearly unrecognizable
Honore Daumier, The Third-Class Carriage, 1862 Oil on canvas
-used dark sketchy outlines and textured surfaces which make viewer aware of his media -the "poorer" third class people were in crowded dirty carriage -warm colors (friendly) -sense of community
Claude Monet, Water lily Pond, 1904, oil on canvas
-water garden at Giverny (where he moved in 1883) -one of 30 -were studies of color and light rather than solid forms in space -his paintings allow the eye to go through the process itself to the pace, revealing the process itself to viewer
Honore Daumier, The First Class Carriage, 1864 Watercolor
-wealthy class -cold colors, sterile (clean windows) -People seem disconnected -newspaper= educated/literate means to be wealthy -Both paintings show commentary of society/social issue
Post-Impressionism
A late nineteenth-century style that relies on the Impressionist use of color and spontaneous brushwork but that employs these elements as expressive devices. -clearer outlines and sharper color separations
Pointillism
A school of painters who used a technique of painting with tiny dots of pure colors that would blend in the viewer's eye
Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), The Stone Breakers, 1849 oil on canvas
Artist implies relationship btw. 2 figures of father & son (supports romantic scene) circumstances of their life is difficult, show by tattered, patched clothing, & hard physical demands of task. Romantic notion of the 2 working together is tempered by harsher reality. Artist uses color line and composition in addition to the narrative to allow viewer full contemplation of what is implied/depicted. Faces are not visible which is meant to represent a class of people.
Salon des Refuses
French for "exhibition of rejects" is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously used to refer to the Salon des Refusés of 1863.
Louis Daguerre Invention
French inventor of the first practical photographic process, the daguerreotype (1789-1851) -created off of Jospeh Nicephore's ideas -shortened exposure time but images were only able to create images in reverse and could not be reproduced.
Edouard Manet (1832-1883)
French painter who had an important influence on the later Impressionist movement. His paintings evoked outrage among critics and viewers when released in the mid-1800s. -his works depicted a reality of Parisian society that few dared to address.
Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889, oil on canvas
Post-Impressionism -greatest dutch artist since barge period -moved to Paris -powerful brushstroke, vibrant colors -tension with nature and a man made world -captivates both young & old crosses cultural, economic and political boundaries -committed himself into a sanatorium in effort to find relief from illness, this scene was painting from his window at the hospital
pre-fabricated structural system
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located.