ASL Final Terms
Heather Whitestone
first deaf Miss America
Jim Kyte
first deaf NHL player
I. King Jordan
first deaf president of Gallaudet University
Helen Keller
first deaf/blind to earn BA, served on International Blind Foundation
Derrick Coleman
football player (Seahawks), 3rd deaf player in NFL,1st deaf player in Super Bowl
Kenny Walker
football player, 1st deaf football player to play in a championship game
Julius Wiggins
founder of the first deaf newspaper (The Silent News)
Collectivism
goals of community surpass those of individuals; Individuals are expected to conform to the expectations of the community so as not to disrupt the harmony against its members.
Sean Forbes
hip hop artist
There are some who fear that with advances in technology and genetics, that eventually
DEAFNESS will DISAPPEAR (and along with it, the deaf world and the language used by them.)
1988
DPN March 6th: The university selected another hearing president even after the students and faculty made it clear they wanted the university to select a deaf president. Deaf president now protest.
Why do some view Deaf as "subhuman"?
Using hands instead of tongues
Movies and ASL are both
VISUAL.
A new HEARING professor at GALLAUDET UNIVERSITY named
WILLIAM STOKOE is credited with a major milestone... recognizing that ASL is a language all of its own. Not just some gestures or hand movements that represent English words. ASL and movies are very COMPLIMENTARY of each other. When STORYTELLING in ASL, you often would use many of the same features used in movies.
Only recently has ASL and the DEAF CULTURE started to be something interesting and unique rather than inferior and embarrassing. However, there is still a lot of
discrimination.
Deaf
implies about your language and culture with the sense of being hearing-impaired or deaf (capital D introduced in 1980s) Primarily use ASL, Participate in Deaf culture and community, Proudly associate with the Deaf Community
Society has long regarded Deaf people as
inferior.
SILENT MOVIES (talkies), the invention of the TTY(communication over the phone), and later the invention of the VIDEO phone are all examples of
inventions that benefit the deaf.
Mandy Harvey
jazz singer, songwriter
Deaf can't take audism to court but discrimination is a legal term for an action that warrants a
lawsuit.
1975, Tom Humphries felt it was time to find a name for
oppression against Deaf.
Willy Conley
photographer, playwright, actor, writer, prof at Gallaudet
Thomas Gallaudet
pioneer for education of the deaf. Co-Founded 1st institution with Laurent Clerc and Mason Cogswell. Hartford, Connecticut
NAD was est. in 1880 in response to the Milan Conference. Their goal was to
preserve ASL and to discuss issues that are important to the Deaf in general.
Being born deaf is considered
punishment for family
System of teaching deaf people to communicate by the use of speech and lip
reading rather than sign language:- Oralism.
deaf
refers to different degrees of hearing deficiency with nothing related to the individual or who they are. Inability to hear, Medical term, May choose not to be part of Deaf community
Name
signs were given based on something UNIQUE about each person and are given by the rest of the DEAF.
Sheena McFeely
social media, blogger
Members of the Deaf COMMUNITY have often gotten together and spent time developing
stronger BONDS. That has DECLINED somewhat recently due to technology making it easier to communicate with the outside world.
Linguisticism
teaching Deaf children that ASL is bad; one language is inferior to another. Ex. Spoken language > ASL
It wasn't until AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT was passed in 1990
that it became illegal to discriminate against someone with a disability. This included employment, public services, and accommodations.
Normalization:
the education system viewed sign as a language for animals. It was thought by teaching speech deaf students would be molded into this.
What does NAD stand for?
National Association of the Deaf
Ludwig van Beethoven
classical music composer and pianist
Chuck Baird
deaf culture artist (De'via), some acting
Deaf people have frequently been
discriminated against.
Many clubs, churches, and businesses have popped up over the years that CATER specifically to the
DEAF.
Beginning in the 1970's, mainstreaming has become more common
(deaf students going to hearing schools) It was not until laws were passed in 1973 that deaf kids were GUARANTEED the same education that hearing kids take for granted.
How many cures were successful in fixing deafness?
0
1st Cochlear implant had how many channels?
1
Audism:
1 superior based on ability to hear or behavior of ability of hearing or speak.
What was one way that teachers punished Deaf students for signing?
10 -15 minute speech lessons
What percentage of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing population use ASL as their primary means of communication?
10%
Nowadays, approximately 85% of deaf kids are mainstreamed while
15% still attend deaf schools.
ASLFirst deaf school opened
1817
When was the Milan Conference?
1880
When was the National Association for the Deaf est.?
1880 (NAD)
What year were TTYs introduced?
1964
National Theatre of the Deaf (NTD) established in
1967
NTD (National Theatre of the Deaf) was est. in
1967 and was the first Deaf theatre group to perform for hearing audiences.
Education of Handicapped Children Act
1975: Ensures that children with disabilities have the opportunity to receive a free appropriate public education just like other children
When did DPN occur? DEAF PRESIDENT NOW
1988
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)
1990: Amendments were made and name was changed
Gertrude Ederle
1st woman to swim across English Channel in 1926, olympic swimmer in 1924, hearing loss due to measles
Deaf Art
3 categories: General art, Deaf culture, Art about deaf experience
How many sterilization laws did not include Deaf citizens?
30
How many deaf genes were identified?
300 to 400
How many locations of Clarke schools are in the US?
5
What percentage of deaf children live in homes where members do NOT use sign language regularly?
69%
What makes the Deaf community unique?
ASL and Culture
A hero of sorts; inventor of the telephone and also working hard to teach deaf people to speak and lipread:
Alexander Graham Bell
Mother and wife were both born deaf:
Alexander Graham Bell
The use of sign language in schools
Alexander Graham Bell: advocated for forcing learning ASL out of schools and wanted them to learn how to speak and lipread. Taught not only in Deaf schools now but hearing schools as well. It can enhance the learning process by bringing visual, auditory, and kinesthetic feedback to help reach all students.
Girl that inspired Gallaudet to create the American School for the Deaf:
Alice Cogswell
How many Deaf and Hard of Hearing people live in the United States?
Approximately 25 million people
Deaf President Now Protest (DPN)
At the school of Gallaudet, the student body started a protest stating that they wanted a deaf president. March 6, 1988
The Four Domains of the Deaf Community
Audiological, Social, Political, Linguistic
Person believes a hearing/speaking person is superior to a deaf person:
Audism
deaf experience artists
Betty Miller, Ann Silver, Susan Dupor
What CODA stands for and what it means
Child Of Deaf Adult: a person who was raised by one or more deaf parents or guardians
Evelyn Glennie
Classical percussionist, plays barefoot
How does religion supposedly cure deafness?
Cleanse soul of impurities to create a more perfect body.
Deaf people consider themselves to be a
Cultural and Linguistic minority.
What are examples of discrimination throughout the world?
Cut out deaf kids tongues, Didn't want to help deaf women give birth
Deaf Art in relation to Deaf community:
Deaf Art in relation to Deaf community: Fully deaf are not limited to only visual art. The world of Deaf art encompasses a multiplicity of media, philosophies, and expressions, as well as a unique way of experiencing the world. It is through art that the Deaf essence is portrayed for public viewing. For the Deaf community, this art reflects back their common history, resonates with moments from daily life, and illuminates dreams for the future.
DPN is?
Deaf President Now
Who are members of the Deaf Community?
Deaf and HH who use ASL. Hearing people who respect the Deaf Community
DPN not only influenced Gallaudet University but also...
Deaf education, Closed captioning, Legal protection
DPN
Deaf people were determined to show the world that they were just as capable as anyone else and demanded a Deaf president for Gallaudet University. (4 Deaf presidents since)
Why do some hearing families view having a deaf child as devastating?
Deafness is a problem that needs to be fixed
Focuses on the ears(sound...Hearing,friendly).
EARth
In the 19th and 20th centuries, a scientific movement in genetics began that was called
EUGENICS and was created to IDENTIFY PURE HUMAN RACE.
Two worlds... Focuses on the eyes (visual...Deaf friendly)
EYEth.
Who opened the first college for the deaf?
Edward Gallaudet
1864
Edward Gallaudet, first deaf university
In the US, deaf children of Deaf parents or older Deaf siblings generally learn ASL as their
FIRST language.
American School for the Deaf (ASD)
Founded: 1817 by Thomas Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc. First deaf school in the United States. Inspired by Alice Cogswell and Mason Cogswell who helped co-found it as well.
Curtis Pride
Founder of Together with Pride Foundation, played multiple sports in college, went pro with baseball, currently coaching baseball at Gallaudet
Values within the Deaf Community
Full Access to Communication: ASL. Information Sharing: Informed by things that they cannot understand without ASL. Health Identity Formation: Sense of self. Self Determination: right to make decisions affecting one's own community and not to be controlled or dominated by the majority population
What was the first deaf College in the US?
Gallaudet University
90% Formula
Invented by Dr. Jerome Shein in 1989, States that 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents, with recent studies showing the figure to be close to 95%, Also that 90% of hearing parents have difficulty communicating with deaf children
What were some scientific methods for curing deafness?
Greuling, Horns, amps, X-ray radiation, Cochlear implants
HGP stands for what?
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Where was the first deaf school?
Hartford, Connecticut
What labels are used by hearing people when talking about members of the Deaf community?
Hearing impaired, Profoundly deaf, Deaf mute, Deaf dumb
Mentioned hearing people often focus on what they can't do if they became deaf whereas Deaf people focus on what we can do?
I. King Jordan
What does the medical view focus on?
Inability to hear, Inability to speak vocally
IEP:
Individualized Education Program
What is I.D.E.A.?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
What is one punishment for signing in school?
Kneel down on broomstick with arms out
Deaf schools were frightening because many kids had
LITTLE communication abilities with their parents.
What are forms of audism amongst families?
Lack of communication, Lack of support, Left out of conversations, Isolated: You wouldn't understand, Never mind, It's boring, Wait a minute
What similar barrier do deaf people and Spanish speaking Americans have in common?
Language and communication
Who brought French Sign Language to US and is known as the "father of ASL"?
Laurent Clerc
Who was seen as the positive influence on Deaf America for coming back with Gallaudet and together forming the first school for the deaf in America?
Laurent Clerc
What can you do to help overcome a communication barrier between deaf and hearing persons?
Learn ASL
Deaf people's resistance of oppression is revealed through....
Literature, Film, Drama, Art
Main reason parents mainstream their deaf child:
Location and ease for Child
Sign was not seen as English so they manipulated it into MCE.
Manually Coded English.
What day for DPN?
March 6, 1988
Who was the deaf community upset with for voicing instead of signing after winning an oscar?
Marlee Matlin
What 2 things has Deaf education consisted of?
Medicine & Education
BLACKS were segregated in separate deaf schools and not allowed to join the
NAD (40 years).
Is ASL a universal language?
NO.
Bernard Bragg was part of the group that helped found
NTD and was one of the first actors.
Are all deaf and hard of hearing people considered members of the Deaf community?
No: about 10%
What responses do Deaf hate the most from hearing people?
Not important, Tell you later
Marlee Matlin received an
Oscar for her performance in Children of a Lesser God in 1986. (youngest to ever get best actress at age 21)
3 ways to prevent deafness genetically are?
Preconception → In Vitro Fertilization, Amniocentisis → Testing to abort the baby, Cure once born → graft stem cells in ear to restore hearing
Three ways this movement prevented Deaf from entering the gene pool of the "pure" race.
Prevent from entering the country, Sterilization, Euthanasia
Different names for oppression:
Racism, Sexism, Heterosexism
2 types of Deaf Art
Resistance - shows oppression. Affirmative - shows deaf culture, celebration of Deaf identification-De'VIA (Deaf View/Image Art)
NAME
SIGNS are often considered a rite of passage into the Deaf World.
Hearing people tend to measure a deaf person's intelligence on their ability to ________ rather than on the deaf person's actual abilities etc.
SPEAK AND LIPREAD
After religion fails what do parents turn to?
Science. Medicine
What was used to keep speech in the classrooms?
Simultaneous communication
When does oppression occur?
Superior group controls and dominates minority groups
What point do the Deaf emphasize at the end of the movie?
THEY ARE HUMAN, FULL BODIED HUMANS.
Forms of communication that Deaf people have access to
TTY (teletypewriter) an electronic device for text communication over a telephone line, that is designed 0for use by persons with hearing or speech difficulties. Video Phone.
Oralism
The system of teaching deaf people to communicate by the use of speech and lip-reading rather than sign language, ASL was almost diminished because ASL was banned. People at the deaf schools ended up using ASL very secretly. If they would have not done that, then we might have not had ASL today.
What is the medical perspective of deaf people?
They are "hearing" people whose ears don't work
To the deaf world..."BOOGIE MAN".
They resent the fact that he tried to make it so deaf people could not interact with each other, not marry each other, and could not have children. Lobbied against using sign language and felt that deaf people should only speak. Goal: Get rid of deafness. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
Who opened the first deaf school?
Thomas Gallaudet
Audiological
You must have a hearing level significantly different than a typical hearing level, easier if fully deaf but can be partially deaf
Interesting CURES were attempted to fix DEAFNESS...
[plane rides, meeting someone famous, pouring hot candle wax inside the ear, using heat waves in the ear, revivals with promised miracle cures.
Sean Berdy
actor (Sandlot 2 and Switched at Birth)
Lou Ferrigno
actor (The Hulk), fitness trainer, bodybuilder
Russell Harvard
actor (There Will Be Blood, Switched at Birth, C.S.I. NY) see
Bernard Bragg
actor (was part of group that helped found National Theatre of the Deaf or NTD and one of the first actors), producer, director, playwright, artist, author
Deanne Bray
actress (Heroes, F.B.I. Eye), won a Grace Award for F.B.I. Eye
Marlee Matlin
actress, Oscar (youngest best female actress at age 21)
Curtis Pride
baseball player and coach
Linguistic
be able to ask questions and carry on a conversation, knowing and using
Social
being apart of the social aspect. Example: Having deaf friends or family members or going to a deaf school
Political
being passionate and up to date with ASL issues, caring about well-being of deaf community and advocating for them
As they interacted with the other DEAF KIDS at the SCHOOLS they would
bond together and become like family, often even more than their real families.
90% of all deaf kids are born to
both hearing parents. There is a big push to try to make these kids "normal". This may include high-end HEARING AIDS, cochlear implants, speech and lipreading training, etc.
Audism
the notion that one is superior based on one's ability to hear or behaves in the manner of one who hears. Ex. "Poor english skills are because the Deaf cannot hear and because Deaf people's first language is ASL. Broken and need to be fixed with hearing aids or cochlear implants."
Ableism
the notion that practices and beliefs that assign inferior value to people who have developmental, physical or psychiatric disabilities. Ex. Calling someone retarded (idiot or moron). Planning events that are inaccessible. Transportation. Talking to someone else instead of the person directly.
Individualism
the success of the community depends on contributions made by the individuals. U.S. = individualism (only 30% of the world thinks this way)
There are two divided worlds...
those who believe that deaf kids should be raised ORALLY (taught to speak and lipread) and those who believe deaf kids should be exposed to SIGN LANGUAGE. Both of them have very strong arguments about which is better.
A frightening first
time experience for deaf kids?- Deaf schools
MILAN CONFERENCE:
vote to forbid sign language in schools and only use speech and lipreading. Despite the American delegates voting against it, many deaf schools in America forbade the use of sign language. Deaf teachers were no longer allowed to teach because they couldn't communicate with sign. Forced to wear mittens with short strings so they couldn't sign.
The US GOV. temporarily banned deaf people from
working for the post office.
Correct terms to call a Deaf person
worn with pride, Hard of hearing, Hard of hearing people are more like hearing people according to Deaf community, Late deafened, Person with a hearing loss, Use term that individual prefers, Not politically correct - hearing impaired