AST 1002 Test 2
Protoplanetary Disk
The interstellar nebula flattened into a disk is called a/an: a. asteroidal disk. c. proplyds. b. protostars. d. protoplanetary disk.
Earth
Water Planet • Big moon - double planet! • Life everywhere
Jupiter
9.8 hours Short rotation
Uranus
1st planet discovered with a telescope, Ice Giant, Very small rocky core, Little atmospheric activity, Looks like a billiard ball, Aurora, Neptune's twin
Fusion Crust
A thin, glassy coating, usually black and rarely more than 1 millimeter thick, which is formed by ablation on the surface of a meteorite.
Jupiter
Largest Solar System planet Great Red Spot Gives off more heat than receives Small, dense rocky core surrounded by H2 and He Radio source Aurora Lightning and thunderstorms
Water Ice
Found in a lunar South Pole crater: a. Carbon dioxide, CO2. b. NASA's Lunar Module. c. Titanium, Ti. d. Water ice.
...Transit
Looking for a reduction in light due to a planet crossing in front of its star as seen by Earth or the Kepler Space telescope is called a/an: a. Astrometric change. c. Red Shift. b. Gravitational Lensing. d. Transit.
Extremophiles
Organisms which flourish in extreme Earth conditions that would be harmful to most life: a. CHZs. c. Extremophiles. b. Exophiles. d. Volcanoorganisms.
Galileo
Self-Check Quiz First to use the refracting telescope astronomically: (a) Brahe. (b) Galileo. (c) Lipperhey. (d) Newton
Military
Self-Check Quiz Lipperhey thought the best use of the telescope was: (a) astronomy. (b) watching gladiator fights. (c) bird watching. (d) military.
1 c 2 e 3 d 4 b 5 a
Self-Check Quiz Match the telescope with the description: 1. Uses a lens or lenses as the telescope's objective 2. Attuned to specific regions of the spectrum 3. Attuned to the radio end of the spectrum 4. Uses a concave mirror as the telescope's objective 5. Uses a combination of Refractor and Reflector characteristics a) Catadioptric b) Reflector c) Refractor d) Radio e) Specific Wavelength-Sensitive
...1a 2c 3b
Self-Check Quiz Match the type of telescope mount with the description: 1. Move in two directions: left to right, or up and down 2. Tracks the apparent motion of the stars by aligning one of its axes parallel to Earth's axis 3. Enables the telescope to find objects in the sky using a microprocessor, encoders and motors a) Alt-azimuth mount b) Go-To mount c) Equatorial mounts Discussion Question Based on the types of telescopes, characteristics, and telescope mounts, what type of telescope would you select and why?
Giordano Bruno
(1548-1600) was an Italian Dominican Friar, poet, philosopher, astronomer and mathematician. His theories about the Universe were considered extreme for his day, eventually leading to his being burned at the stake. ____ ____ thought the stars were distant suns being orbited by their own planets. He also thought these planets might even harbor life of its own. ____ ____ also believed the Universe was infinite. "There are countless suns and countless earths all rotating around their suns." Friar _____ _____ 1584
Gliese 581
.. .Gliese 581 is a red dwarf star with spectral type M3V, about 22 light years away from Earth in the constellation Libra.
Brown Dwarf
...
Orpheus
...
Tres 4
... Dubbed TrES-4, the planet is about 1.7 times the size of Jupiter and belongs to a small subclass of "puffy" planets that have extremely low density
Achondrites
... a stony meteorite that does not contain chondrules. It consists of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks and has been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree due to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies.
Widmannstatten Pattern
... also called Thomson structures, are unique figures of long nickel-iron crystals, found in the octahedrite iron meteorites and some pallasites. They consist of a fine interleaving of kamacite and taenite bands or ribbons called lamellae.
Nebular Theory
...So...how did the Solar System form and end up with all these different types of objects? Currently the best idea is the _______ ________.. This states that the Solar System developed out of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas, called a nebula. This theory best accounts for the objects we currently find in the Solar System and the distribution of these objects. According to the _______ ________, three processes occurred during the nebular collapse: 1. Temperatures continued to increase 2. The solar nebula spun faster and faster 3. The solar nebula disk flattened The orderly motions of the Solar System today are a direct result of the Solar System's beginnings in a spinning, flattened cloud of gas and dust.
Iron, Stone, Stony-Iron
...What are the three categories of meteorites?
1 a 2 deh 3 bcdfgij 4 bfj
1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars a. Looks like the Moon b. Polar Caps c. Strong magnetic field d. Active volcanoes e. Most volcanoes in the Solar System f. Satellites g. Sometimes called a double planet system h. Sulfuric acid in the atmosphere i. Confirmed life j. Dunes k. Dynamic tectonic activity
Saturn
10.6 hours Short rotation
Jupiter
11.86 years Long revolution
Neptune
1st planet, predicted position mathematically, Ice Giant, Very small rocky core, Great Dark Spot, Scooters, Aurora, Uranus' twin
Saturn
29.46 years Long revolution
Eyepiece
A lens or series of lenses which focuses the light from the telescope's primary objective for the eye is called _________.
Compound Telescopes
Also Called Catadioptric Telescopes
Catadioptric Telescopes
Also Called Compound Telescopes
Saturn
An intricate system of rings: Spokes Twisted F ring Giant outer ring
Hexahedrites
An iron meteorite composed of single (six-sided) crystals or aggregates of kamacite, usually containing 4-6% nickel in the metal phase.
Ataxites
An iron meteorite that lacks the structure of either hexahedrite or octahedrite and contains more than 10% nickel.(petrology)
Protostar
An object in which no nuclear fusion has occurred, unlike a star that is undergoing nuclear fusion. A _______ becomes a star when nuclear fusion begins. Most likely the next step was that the nebula flattened into a disk called the Protoplanetary Disk; planets eventually formed from and in this disk.
Protostar
An object in which no nuclear fusion has occurred: a. Blue Dwarf-like star. c. Population I star. b. Protostar. d. Nebular Star.
Regmaglypts
Any of various small, well-defined, characteristic indentations or pits on the surface of meteorites, frequently resembling the imprints of fingertips in soft clay. Also known as pezograph; piezoglypt.
Jupiter
Atmosphere: Hydrogen, H2 Helium, He Methane, CH4 Ammonia, NH3 Water, H2O
Saturn
Atmosphere: Hydrogen, H2 Helium, He Methane, CH4 Ammonia, NH3 Water, H2O
1000 AD
Atmospheric Refraction was first explained in _______.
Ganymede
Biggest moon in the Solar System, tectonic twists
Astrophotography
CCDs are used in: (a) Astrophotography. (b) Photometry. (c) Spectroscopy. (d) Visual observations.
Venus
Called Earth's twin • Extreme Greenhouse effect • Rains sulfuric acid; H2SO4 • Polar Vortex
Large Space Telescope
Congress approved funding for this telescope in 1978. The Hubble Space Telescope, HST, as it was renamed to honor astronomer Edwin Hubble, was launched April 24, 1990, after numerous design and construction delays, along with flight delay due to the space shuttle Challenger accident.
Pluto, Ceres and Eris.
Currently there are three Dwarf Planets: Pluto, Ceres (previously classified as an asteroid), and Eris.
Extremophiles
Found on Earth, organisms which flourish in extreme Earth conditions that would be harmful to most life are called ______.
Rocky 13567 Gas 2348
Identify each characteristic as being that of a Solar System Rocky or Gas Giant Planet a. Rocky Planet b. Gas Giant 1. Few satellites 2. Rings 3. Atmospheric water 4. Long revolutions 5. Closer to the Sun 6. Craters 7. Solid surfaces 8. Large diameters
giant impact theory, Orpheus
How did the Moon form? There are a number of theories, from capture of the Moon by Earth, formation of the Moon in the same area s Earth, and the blob-spinning-of-early Molten Earth. However the best theory by far is the _______ ______ ______; early Earth being struck by a Mars-sized rogue planet that astronomers call ________.. The evidence seems to highly favor the giant impact theory over others; evidence of lava flows and a small iron lunar core are at the heart of the evidence.
None
How many moons does Mercury have?
None
How many moons does Venus have?
Ray Crater
Impact splash: a. Bowl b. Crater c. Minor Body d. Ray Depressions and scars on a Solar System body's surface: a. Bowl b. Crater c. Minor Body d. Ray
Isaac Newton
In 1668, _____________ designed and built one of the first Reflecting Telescopes; one of his many accomplishments.
Mars
Is liquid water still flowing? • Less dense; very light compared to Venus and Earth • Life?
Olympus Mons
Mars has one of the largest volcanoes in the Solar System:
...Super Jupiters
Massive gas giant exoplanets are called: a. Brown Dwarfs. c. Hot Jupiters. b. Gas Exoplanets. d. Super Jupiters
..1c 2b 3d 4a
Match the brief description with the moon of Jupiter: 1. Biggest in the Solar System, tectonic twists 2. Liquid water oceans below the "crust"? 3. Most active volcanoes in the Solar System 4. A heavily-cratered iceball a. Callisto b. Europa c. Ganymede d. Io
1d 2b 3a 4c
Match the brief description with the moon of Saturn 1. Thick atmosphere of mostly Nitrogen, liquid methane on the surface 2. Gap moon with a moon-splitting crater; looks like the Death Star 3. Geysers, distinctive twisted surface features 4. F-Ring Sheepherder or Shepard satellite a. Enceladus b. Mimas c. Prometheus d. Titan
Neumann Lines
Mechanical deformation twins seen as straight, serrated narrow bands parallel to preferred planes in the crystals of an etched metal which has been strained, usually by sudden impact; most often observed along the 112 planes of body-centered-cubic ferrite. Also known as ________ bands.
...Kepler Mission
NASA's first mission capable of finding Earth-size and smaller planets around other stars using an orbiting space telescope is called the: a. Hubble Space Telescope. c. NASA ARC JPL. b. Kepler Mission. d. Voyager.
light pollution.
One of the biggest challenges to Earth-based telescopes is (a) lack of astronomers. (b) light pollution. (c) space-based telescopes. (d) telescope costs.
425 BC
Optical properties were first discussed in _________.
Jupiter
Planet that has a very strong magnetic field; 20,000 times that of Earth's
Compound Telescope
Self-Check Quiz A corrector plate is used to correct the primary mirror's shortcomings: (a) Compound telescope. (b) Convex mirror telescope. (c) Newtonian Reflecting telescope. (d) refractors.
Newton
Self-Check Quiz Built the first reflecting telescope: (a) Galileo. (b) Kepler. (c) Lipperhey. (d) Newton.
Reflector 1 3 Refractor 2
Self-Check Quiz Select the best qualities of the Reflector and the Refractor from the following list: a) Reflector b) Refractor 1. Great color 2. Can be built large 3. Very sharp focus 4. Inexpensive, relatively speaking
Galileo
Self-Check Quiz The first person to use the telescope astronomically was: (a) Brahe. (b) Janssen. (c) Galileo. (d) Lipperhey.
First Surface Mirror
Self-Check Quiz The mirror is coated on the surface of the glass: (a) Concave mirror. (b) First surface mirror. (c) Second surface mirror. (d) Secondary.
a
Self-Check Quiz The two Marian moons Phobos and Deimos are most likely: a. Captured asteroids. b. Comets. c. Planets. d. Orbiting satellites.
Sun
Self-Check Quiz Which of the following do not provide a number of clues and evidence of Nebular-type development? a. asteroids c. comets b. meteorites d. Sun
yes
Several techniques have been developed. The first technique is to look for a very slight drop in the light from a star when the exoplanet crosses in front of the star, this is like an eclipse but usually called a transit. Another technique is to look for a very small change in the star's spectra from blue shift to red shift back and repeated as the planet revolves around the star and tugs it very slightly back and forth due to the gravitational pull. Another technique is somewhat related to the Doppler blue shift to red shift, where a slight wobble in the star's position is actually observed. And one interesting technique is called gravitational lensing, where one object 'lenses' the image of a second object around it.
dcad
Small moons which orbit Saturn near the outer edges of a ring or within gaps in the rings: a. Cassini b. satellites c. Roche limit moons d. Sheepherder moons e. Spoke moons Hypothesized that Saturn had a ring, based on his telescopic observations: a. Cassini b. Galileo c. Huygens d. Kuiper First suggested that Saturn's ring was actually made up of numerous smaller rings with gaps or divisions between these smaller rings: a. Cassini b. Galileo c. Huygens d. Newton A quite-distant ring of dust was discovered in 2009, called the: a. Cassini b. division c. F-Ring d. Phoebe ring e. Roche limit ring
...
Some Interesting Exoplanets TrES-4 was discovered while looking for transiting planets. It is about 70 percent bigger than Jupiter but less massive. TrES-4 has the density of approximately 0.2 grams per cubic centimeter, or that of balsa wood. The Gliese 581 System is a red dwarf star with a mass about 1/3 that of the Sun. It is located 20.4 light years from Earth and is among the 100 closest stars to Earth. Gliese 581 has at least four planets; some of the earlier planets discovered around Gliese 581 were errors and no longer listed as Gliese 581 planets. • Gliese 581b: ~16X as massive as Earth and completes one orbit of Gliese 581 in 5.4 days; appears to be Neptune-like • Gliese 581c and g: rocky planets; Gliese 581c appears to be in the Goldilocks Zone • Gliese 581d: ~8X as massive as Earth; orbits Gliese 581 in 84 days HD80606b is a strange planet about four times the mass of Jupiter It comes so close to its star at its perihelion point HD80606b would have a surface temperature of 1,200oC. Then there is the strange planet, Wasp-12b. It takes this planet 1.1 earth days to go around its star one time; in other words you would celebrate your birthday every 26.4 hours. Wasp-12b's surface temperature is estimated to be 1,500oC, and it is slowly being eaten by its star.
1285 AD
Spectacles - eyeglasses were invented in _________.
Saturn
Spectacular / intricate rings Would float in water Small, dense rocky core surrounded by H2 and He Polar hexagon Aurora Lightning
...Stellar Systems
Stars with planets orbiting around them are called: a. Extrasolar Systems. c. Solar Systems. b. Kepler Planetary Systems. d. Stellar Systems.
Chondrites
Stony (non-metallic) meteorites that have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body. They are formed when various types of dust and small grains that were present in the early solar system accreted to form primitive asteroids.
Brown Dwarfs
Sub-stellar objects with a mass below that necessary to maintain hydrogen nuclear fusion reactions in their cores: a. Brown dwarfs. c. Exoplanets. b. Super Jupiters. d. Gliese 581c
Binary
Systems in which physically-associated star systems are made up of two stars: a. b Scorpii c. eccentric habitable system b. binary stars d. trinary stars
Librations
The "rocking" of the Moon back and forth is, called ______.
Goldilocks Zone.
The Circumstellar Habitable Zone is also known as ________.
Mercury
The Moon looks like: a. Earth. b. Mercury. c. Phobos. d. Pluto.
Earth
The Moon probably formed from a collision with: a. Deimos. b. Earth. c. Mercury. d. the Sun.
Atmospheric refraction
The deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of altitude.
Primary Objective
The ______ ________ refers to the main lens (refractor telescopes) or mirror (reflector telescopes) which gathers the incoming light.
Alt-Azimuth
The _____________ mounts move in two directions: left to right, or up and down.
Circumstellar Habitable Zone
The area around a star within which a planet or planets with sufficient mass and atmospheric pressure can support liquid water at the planet's surface: a. circumstellar habitable zone c. Goldilocks zone b. exoplanet forming zone d. both a. and c.
Circumstellar Habitable Zone
The area around a star within which a planet with sufficient mass and atmospheric pressure can support liquid water at the planet's surface; also called the Goldilocks Zone.
Refraction
The bending of waves, such as light, when it passes from one substance to another, for example from air through glass, is called ______________.
Nebular Theory
The best theory in regard to development of the Solar System is the: a. Big Bang Theory. c. Protostellar Theory. b. Nebular Theory. d. Relativistic Theory.
...Roche Limit Ring
The distance within one body will break apart due to a second body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's own gravitational attraction: a. Asteroidal collision b. Crater physics c. Ring dynamics d. Roche limit A disk of dust or small objects orbiting a planet or other body: a. Crater b. Planetary anomaly c. Ring or rings d. Roche rings
Galileo
The first to use the telescope astronomically was _______.
Venus
The following describes the atmosphere of which planet? Carbon Dioxide, CO2 Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4 High Pressure Clouds Odd Polar Vortex
1278 AD
The glass mirror was invented and properties of reflection understood in ________.
True...
The refractor works by two lenses first gathering and directing the light (right); Galileo's refractor only used one lens. The eyepiece on the left focuses the light for the eye (or camera, spectrometer. etc.). True False
Circumstellar Habitable Zone
The region around a star within which planetary-mass objects with sufficient atmospheric pressure can support liquid water at their surfaces
Optics
The science that deals with all aspects of visible light is called ____________.
Angular Resolution
The telescope is an instrument designed to collect and magnify visible light and see detail. Detail refers to ________ ________; think of resolving into finer details. Bigger telescopes collect more light and produce better resolution. However, the bigger the better is not always true; our atmosphere can limit a telescope's resolving abilities
Telescope Mounts
The telescope's support structure. The Alt-azimuth mounts move in two directions: left to right, or up and down. The word "alt-azimuth" is a combination of altitude and azimuth. Equatorial mounts track the apparent motion of the stars by aligning one of its axes parallel to Earth's axis. The mount must be stable enough to hold the telescope without shaking. Remember that the telescope is magnifying the object and an unsteady mount with show vibrations.
Alt-Azimuth and Equatorial
The two main types of telescope mounts are __________ and __________.
Telescope
Used to collect and magnify visible light and see detail: (a) glass vessels. (b) liquid lenses. (c) spectacles. (d) telescope.
Schmidt-Cassegrain
Uses a "thin" corrector plate
Liquid Lens
Uses the properties of two different liquids within a small space to provide magnification.
1,600
Venus has over _____ volcanoes - most known on one body in the Solar System
Visual Observations
Viewing the object with the eye is referred to as: (a) Astrophotography. (b) Photometry. (c) Spectroscopy. (d) Visual observations.
bca
What American astronomer initiated Mars Mania? a. Hubble b. Lowell c. Schiaparelli d. Slipher The canals were first described by: a. Hubble. b. Lowell. c. Schiaparelli. d. Slipher. Seeing the canals was probably: a. an optical illusion. b. faked by astronomers. c. conceived by science fiction writers. d. a photographic error.
...gas/dust; proplyds; spiral galaxies;
What Evidence do we have of a Nebular Theory-type development? We have observed discs of gas and dust around other stars. We can also see evidence of stars and planets forming in clouds of gas and dust; young planet systems in the making are called Proplyds. Other disk-forming evidence found throughout the Universe; such as spiral galaxies. Computer modeling is used to model formation of stellar systems, like our Solar System.
Deimos and Phobos
What are the 2 main moons of Mars?
Proteus, Triton
What are the 2 main moons of Neptune?
Callisto, Europa, Ganymede, Io
What are the 4 main moons of Jupiter?
Dione, Enceladus, Mimas, Titan
What are the 4 main moons of Saturn?
Ariel, Miranda, Oberon, Titania,and Umbriel
What are the 5 main moons of Uranus?
...Charge-Couple Device
What does CCD stand for?
New Horizons
What spacecraft will be investigating Pluto close-up, starting in 2015? a. Apollo c. New Horizons b. Curiosity d. Pathfinder
Before 79 AD
When did Pliney and other writers know of "liquid lenses," spheres filled with water?
3000 BC
When did glass first appear in Egypt?
1500 BC
When were the oldest known glass vessels made?
Charon
Which of the following is not considered to be a dwarf planet at this time? a. Ceres c. Eris b. Charon d. Pluto
Venus
Which planet in our Solar System does not have water?
Borealis Basin
Yes; Mars has a very large impact crater ________ ______ (largest known in the Solar System), 6,600 miles across)
Objectives
You should now be able to: - Detail the history of optics that lead up to the telescope, the invention of the telescope, and the telescope's first use in astronomy - Overview telescope types of and telescope mounts - Discuss refracting telescope and reflecting telescope differences - Overview the types of instruments used with the telescope and what each does - Detail space-based telescopes and why they are of such importance to today's astronomers and information collection
Objectives Met
You should now be able to: • Detail the nebular theory of the Solar System formation • Overview the evidence which supports the nebular theory • Be able to list the IAU's criteria to be a planet, and how this changed the status of Pluto • Explain what an exoplanet is as well as the history of their discoveries • Give examples of unusual stellar systems • Explain brown dwarfs and how they differ from stars and planets • Be able to discuss stellar system habitable zones and what that has to do with life
Proolyds
Young planet systems in the making are called: a. planetoids. c. planetes. b. proplyds. d. rocky planets.
Uranus...
________ was the first planet found with a telescope. It was discovered by Sir William Herschel in 1781,
...Neptune
_________, the first planet discovered through mathematical prediction. T
Go-To Telescope Mounts
__________ enable the telescope to find objects in the sky using a microprocessor, encoders and motors.
...Jan (or Han) Lipperhey
___________ of Holland, a spectacle maker, is given credit for inventing the first telescope in 1608; a refracting telescope. He called his telescope Kijker, meaning "looker" in Dutch. _______'s telescope was a refracting or lens-type telescope - as were all early telescopes; this used a convex lens to focus incoming light.___________ thought the telescope's best use was military.
...Lipperhey
_____________ unsuccessfully tried to patent the telescope, as well as telescope binoculars. Since ___________ was denied a patent - probably meaning he did not invent the telescope -
Uranus
a. Jupiter b. Saturn c. Uranus d. Neptune Looks like Neptune Rings Green in color Ringlets Would float in water Great Red Spot 1st planet predicted position mathematically Rotates on its side Gives off more heat than receives Polar hexagon Polar Hexagon Aurora Most volcanoes in the Solar System 1st planet discovered with a telescope Radio source
Octahedrites
ron meteorites with an average nickel content of 6-13 percent. _________ consist of three structural components: kamacite (α-iron), taenite (γ-iron), and plessite, a fine-grained intergrowth of kamacite and taenite. Widmanstätten structure appears on the polished surface of __________ upon etching with a solution of nitric acid or any other acid.
Mercury
• Looks like the Moon • heavily cratered • No real atmosphere • No seasons