Astronomy chapter 3

Listed following are distinguishing characteristics and examples of reflecting and refracting telescopes. Match these to the appropriate category.

Refracting: incoming light passes through glass, very large telescopes become "top-heavy," Galileo's telescopes, the world's largest is 1 meter in diameter. Reflecting telescopes: The hubble space telescope, worlds largest telescope, most commonly used by professional astronomers today.

Consider again the diagrams from Parts D and E, which are repeated here. Again, imagine that you observed the asteroid as it traveled for one week, starting from each of the positions shown. This time, rank the positions (A-D) from left to right based on how fast the asteroid is moving at each position, from fastest to slowest. If you think that two (or more) of the diagrams should be ranked as equal, drag one on top of the other(s) to show this equality.

Same as before

Which of the following is not true about scientific progress?

Science advances only through strict application of the scientific method.

Einstein's theory, like Newton's, predicts that, in the absence of air resistance, all objects should fall at the same rate regardless of their masses. Consider the following hypothetical experimental results. Which one would indicate a failure of Einstein's theory?

Scientists dropping balls on the Moon find that balls of different mass fall at slightly different rates.

Let's now consider possible scientific claims. Recall that a scientific claim is falsifiable if it could in principle be shown to be false by observations or experiments, even if those observations or experiments have not yet been performed. Classify each claim according to whether or not it is falsifiable.

[Falsifiable: could be proven false] - The chemical content of the universe is mostly hydrogen and helium - Earth is at the center of the solar system - The Sun is at the center of the solar system - The observable universe contains approximately 100 billion galaxies [Not falsifiable: could not be proven false] - We are all playthings in a computer program created by advanced aliens - The laws of nature are magnificent and beautiful - The universe was created by God

According to the universal law of gravitation, if you triple the distance between two objects, then the gravitational force between them __________.

decreases by a factor of 9 Submit

Earth is located at one ______ of the Moon's orbit.

focus

If Earth were twice as far as it actually is from the Sun, the force of gravity attracting Earth to the Sun would be

one-quarter as strong. Submit

Consider again the set of observations from Part A. This time, classify each observation according to whether it is consistent with only the Earth-centered model, only the Sun-centered model, both models, or neither model. (Note that an observation is "consistent" with a model if that model offers a simple explanation for the observation.)

(Earth-centered only) - a planet beyond Saturn rises in west, sets in east (Sun-centered only) - Mercury goes through a full cycle of phases - positions of nearby stars shift slightly back and forth each year (Both models) - stars circle daily around north or south celestial pole - moon rises in east, sets in west each day - a distant galaxy rises in east, sets in west each day (Neither model) - we sometimes see a crescent Jupiter

Tycho Brahe's contribution to astronomy included:

*collecting data that enabled Kepler to discover the laws of planetary motion. Submit. *Kepler used Tycho's data to test how well various models could predict planetary positions.

The great contribution of Nicholas Copernicus was to __________.

*create a detailed model of our solar system with the Sun at the center. *Although his model still had numerous flaws, it started the Copernican revolution and ultimately led to our modern understanding of the cosmos.

Based on the video, which Venus phase would be impossible to see (from Earth) if Venus orbited Earth as described in Ptolemy's Earth-centered model?

*gibbous (nearly full). *Phases that show more than a crescent are not possible in Ptolemy's Earth-centered model, so a gibbous or full Venus could never occur if Venus orbited Earth.

Which of the following was not observed by Galileo?

*stellar parallax. *Stellar parallax, which essentially offers direct proof that Earth orbits the Sun, was not observed until some two centuries after Galileo.

In Ptolemy's geocentric model, the retrograde motion of a planet occurs when

*the planet actually goes backward in its orbit around Earth. *In an Earth-centered model, the planet would really have to go backward to explain backward motion in the sky.

Part C: Why are astronauts (and other objects) weightless inside the International Space Station as it orbits Earth?

*they are in free-fall. *Note that this question is nearly identical to the one answered within the video.

Which of the following statements correctly state general principles of motion? (Assume that the moving object's mass is not changing.)

1. An object that is accelerating is also undergoing a change in momentum. 2.Accelerated motion includes any motion involving a change in speed, change in direction, or both. 3.An object that is accelerating is also being acted upon by a (nonzero) net force.

Part B: Drag the words in the left-hand column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences in the right-hand column. You may use the same words more than once.

1. If your momentum is changing, then a(n) __net_force__ must be acting on you. 2.An object's ___momentum__ is its mass times its velocity, and we say that it has __angular momentum_____ if it is rotating or turning on a curved path. 3.If you stand on a scale on the Moon, your ___weight___ will be different than it is on Earth but your __mass_____ will be the same. 4.If you are in free-fall, then your __weight___ will be zero. 5.On Earth, the __acceleration of gravity___ tells us that the __velocity____ of a falling object increases by about 10 m/s for each second it falls.

Part A: The six statements below represent Newton's three laws of motion and Kepler's three laws of planetary motion. Match each statement to the scientist (Kepler or Newton) associated with it. Drag the names in the left-hand column to the appropriate blanks in the right-hand column. The names can be used more than once.

1. ___Newton_____ : For any force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. 2. __Kepler____: More distant planets orbit the Sun at slower average speeds, obeying the precise mathematical relationship p2 =a3. 3.__Kepler____ : The orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. 4.__Newton_____ : Force = mass x acceleration 5.___Kepler____ : A planet moves faster in the part of its orbit nearer the Sun and slower when farther from the Sun, sweeping out equal areas in equal times. 6.____Newton___ : An object moves at constant velocity if there is no net force acting upon it.

Suppose that the Sun were to collapse from its current radius of about 700,000 km to a radius of only about 6000 km (about the radius of Earth). What would you expect to happen as a result?

A tremendous amount of gravitational potential energy would be converted into other forms of energy, and the Sun would spin much more rapidly.

If you actually performed and compared the two trials chosen in Part C, you would find that, while the basketball and marble would hit the ground at almost the same time, it would not quite be exact: The basketball would take slightly longer to fall to the ground than the marble. Why?

Because air resistance has a greater effect on the larger ball.

Assume you have completed the two trials chosen in Part A. Which of the following possible outcomes from the trials would support Newton's theory of gravity? Neglect effects of air resistance.

Both balls fall to the ground in the same amount of time.

Suppose the Sun were somehow replaced by a star with twice as much mass. What would happen to the gravitational force between Earth and the Sun?

Doubling the Sun's mass would double the strength of the gravitational force between Earth and the Sun.

The following diagrams all show the same star, but each shows a different planet orbiting the star. The diagrams are all scaled the same. (For example, you can think of the tick marks along the line that passes through the Sun and connects the nearest and farthest points in the orbit as representing distance in astronomical units (AU).) Rank the planets from left to right based on their average orbital distance from the star, from longest to shortest. (Distances are to scale, but planet and star sizes are not.)

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Suppose that two asteroids are orbiting the Sun on nearly identical orbits, and they happen to pass close enough to each other to have their orbits altered by this gravitational encounter. If one of the asteroids ends up moving to an orbit that is closer to the Sun, what happens to the other asteroid?

It will end up on an orbit that is farther from the Sun.

Consider again the diagrams from Part A, which are repeated here. Again, assume that all the shaded areas have exactly the same area. This time, rank the segments of the comet's orbit from left to right based on the distance the comet travels when moving from Point 1 to Point 2, from longest to shortest. If you think that two (or more) of the diagrams should be ranked as equal, drag one on top of the other(s) to show this equality.

Lognest to shortest -Shades part is in the west. -Shaded part in the south. 3.shaded part in northeast. 4.shaded part to the east

Suppose Earth were moved to one-third of its current distance from the Sun. What would happen to the gravitational force between Earth and the Sun?

Moving Earth to one-third of its current distance from the Sun would make the gravitational force between Earth and Sun 9 times stronger.

Part C: Drag each statement into the correct bin based on whether the motion requires the action of a net force. Note: For the motions that are on Earth (e.g., car, ball, elevator), ignore any effects of Earth's rotation or orbit.

Net Force (nonzero) - a planet is orbiting the Sun in an elliptical orbit, a car is slowing down for a stop sign, a ball is in freefall after being dropped from a high window, a car is speeding up after being stopped, a car is holding a steady speed around a curve, a planet is orbiting the Sun in a circular orbit. No Net Force - an elevator is going upward at constant speed, a car is driving 100 km/hr on a straight road, a spaceship is coasting without engine power in deep space.

When would you expect to see Venus high in the sky at midnight?

Never

Which of the following claims can be tested by scientific means?

People born when the Sun appears in the constellation Leo have larger average incomes than other people.

How does quadrupling the distance between two objects affect the gravitational force between them?

Quadrupling the distance between two objects make the gravitational force between them 16 times weaker.

Which of the following statements best describes the two principle advantages of telescopes over eyes?

Telescopes can collect far more light with far better angular resolution. Submit.

The following diagrams are the same as those from Part A. This time, rank the five positions of the spaceship from left to right based on the strength of the gravitational force that the Moon exerts on the spaceship, from strongest to weakest.

The opposite of the one before which is the strongest is the ones closest to the moon and weakest is closest to the sun.

In Ptolemy's Earth-centered model for the solar system, Venus always stays close to the Sun in the sky and, because it always stays between Earth and the Sun, its phases range only between new and crescent. The following statements are all true and were all observed by Galileo. Which one provides evidence that Venus orbits the Sun and not Earth?

We sometimes see gibbous (nearly but not quite full) Venus.

Let's start with an example from history. Listed below are a series of claims regarding United States President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). Classify each statement according to whether or not it is falsifiable.

[Not falsifiable: could not be proven false] - Kennedy's death was the will of God - The murder of John F. Kennedy was an act of evil - If he'd lived, Kennedy would have ended the Vietnam War - Kennedy's murder was orchestrated by an undetectable shadow government of the United States. [Falsifiable: could be proven false] - Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States - Kennedy died from a bullet in his brain

According to Kepler's second law, Jupiter will be traveling most slowly around the Sun's ______.

aphelion

Imagine that Venus is in its full phase today. If we could see it, at what time would the full Venus be highest in the sky?

at noon

When would a new Venus be highest in the sky?

at noon

In Ptolemy's Earth-centered model for the solar system, Venus's phase is never full as viewed from Earth because it always lies between Earth and the Sun. In reality, as Galileo first recognized, Venus is __________.

full whenever it is on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth

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When Einstein's theory of gravity (general relativity) gained acceptance, it demonstrated that Newton's theory had been

incomplete

According to Kepler's second law, Pluto will be traveling fastest around the Sun when at ______.

perihelion

The mathematical form of Kepler's third law measures the period in years and the ______ in astronomical units (AU).

semimajor axis

In science, a broad idea that has been repeatedly verified so as to give scientists great confidence that it represents reality is called a __________.

theory

Scientific models are used to __________.

*make specific predictions that can be tested through observations or experiments. *A "model" that does not make such predictions cannot be tested and hence is not scientific.

The video shows a collapsing cloud of interstellar gas, which is held together by the mutual gravitational attraction of all the atoms and molecules that make up the cloud. As the cloud collapses, the overall force of gravity draws the cloud inward __________ because __________.

1. Gradually becomes stronger 2. The strength of gravity follows an inverse square law with distance.

Part A: Drag the words in the left-hand column to the appropriate blanks in the right-hand column.

1. __Kepler's 3rd Law______: more distant planets orbit the Sun at slower average speeds, obeying the precise mathematical relationship p2 =a3. 2.___Kepler's 2nd Law_____: a planet moves faster in the part of its orbit nearer the Sun and slower when farther from the Sun, sweeping out equal areas in equal times. 3.____Newtons 3rd Law____: for any force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. 4.___Kepler's 1st Law_____: the orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. 5.____Newtons 2nd Law___: force = mass x acceleration 6. ____Newtons 1st Law___: an object moves at constant velocity if there is no net force acting upon it.

Which of the following is not true about a scientific theory?

A theory is essentially an educated guess. Submit

Kepler's second law states that as a planet orbits the Sun, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times. Which of the following statements describe a characteristic of the solar system that is explained by Kepler's second law?

1. Pluto moves faster when it is closer to the Sun than when it is farther from the Sun.

Part A: Drag each statement into the correct bin based on whether it describes motion that involves acceleration or motion at constant velocity. Note: For the motions that are on Earth (e.g., car, ball, elevator), ignore any effects of Earth's rotation or orbit.

Acceleration - a car is speeding up after being stopped, a ball is in free fall after being dropped from a high window, a car is slowing down for a stop sign, a planet is orbiting the sun in an elliptical orbit, a car is holding a steady speed around a curve, a planet is orbiting the sun in a circular orbit. Constant Velocity - an elevator is going upward at constant speed, a car is driving 100 km/hr on a straight road, a spaceship is coasting without engine power in deep space

Each of the four diagrams below represents the orbit of the same asteroid, but each one shows it in a different position along its orbit of the Sun. Imagine that you observed the asteroid as it traveled for one week, starting from each of the positions shown. Rank the positions based on the area that would be swept out by a line drawn between the Sun and the asteroid during the one-week period, from largest to smallest. If you think that two (or more) of the diagrams should be ranked as equal, drag one on top of the other(s) to show this equality.

All in one pile in the middle

Kepler made a major break from ancient beliefs when he

*abandoned circular orbits in favor of elliptical orbits. *Ancient traditions held that heavenly motion must be in "perfect" circles, and it was with great reluctance that Kepler finally realised this ancient belief was wrong.

What was the Ptolemaic model?

*an Earth-centered model of planetary motion published by Ptolemy. *The Ptolemaic model was published in about a.d. 150 and held sway for nearly the next 1500 years.

A geocentric model of the universe is

*any model that places Earth at the center of the universe. *The word geocentric literally means "Earth-centered".

Consider again the experimental trials from Part A. This time, you wish to test how the size of an object affects the rate of its fall. Which pair of trials should you compare?

1. Size- marble, height- 30 m, mass= 0.5 kg 2. Size- basketball, height- 30 m, mass= 0.5 kg

Part B: Match the correct laws to the examples in which they apply. Use each law only once. Drag the words in the left-hand column to the appropriate blanks in the right-hand column.

1.___Force equals mass times acceleration___ explains why applying a force to a baseball with your arm can cause the baseball to accelerate from rest to the speed at which it leaves your hand. 2.___A line between a planet and its Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times__ explains why Earth's orbital speed varies over the course of each year. 3.__For planets orbiting the Sun, period (p) and orbital distance (a) obey the relation p2 = a3___ explains why Earth orbits the Sun at a faster average speed than Mars. 4.___For any force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force___ tells us that, when you are pushing on a table, the table is pushing up on you with a force that precisely balances the force of your push. 5.___An object moves at constant velocity if there is no net force acting on it___ explains why a spaceship with no forces acting on it will continue moving even if it has no fuel. 6.___The orbit of each planet is an ellipse, with the Sun at one focus___ explains why Earth's distance from the Sun varies over the course of each year.

The extent to which Mar's orbit differs from a perfect circle is ______.

eccentricity

Earth is closer to the Sun in January than in July. Therefore, in accord with Kepler's second law:

*Earth travels faster in its orbit around the Sun in January than in July. *Kepler's second law states that a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times as it goes around its orbit, which means it must move faster when it is closer to the Sun.

Which of the following statements is not one of Newton's laws of motion?

*What goes up must come down. *This is not one of Newton's laws, and it's not even true. Objects with escape velocity can go up without coming back down.

Part A: Suppose you drive from home to your child's school, pick her up, and drive back home, covering a total distance of 25 miles in 1 hour. Which of the following statements are true?

1. Your velocity is different on the return home than it is on the way to school. 2. You must accelerate when you reach the school. 3.Your average speed for the trip is 25 miles per hour.

The following diagrams show five pairs of asteroids, labeled with their relative masses (M) and distances (d) between them. For example, an asteroid with M=2 has twice the mass of one with M=1 and a distance of d=2 is twice as large as a distance of d=1. Rank each pair from left to right based on the strength of the gravitational force attracting the asteroids to each other, from strongest to weakest.

(1.) M = 2, D = 1, M = 2. (2.) M = 1, D = 1, M = 2. (3.) M = 1, D = 1, M = 1.(4.) M = 1, D = 2, M = 2. (5.) M = 1, D = 2, M = 1.

Consider the following observations. Classify each observation based on whether it is a real observation (a true statement of something we can actually see from Earth) or one that is not real (a statement of something that does not really occur as seen from Earth).

(Real:true statements) - Mercury goes through a full cycle of phases - Moon rises in east, sets in west each day - stars circle daily around north or south celestial pole - positions of nearby stars shift slightly back and forth each year - a distance galaxy rises in east, sets in west each day (Not real:false statements) - we sometimes see a crescent Jupiter - a planet beyond Saturn rises in west, sets in east

In Carl Sagan's statement "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence," what does he mean by "extraordinary evidence"?

*Evidence that is extremely strong. *In this context, Sagan is clearly talking about evidence that is extremely strong.

Which of the following was not a major advantage of Copernicus's Sun-centered model over the Ptolemaic model?

*It made significantly better predictions of planetary positions in our sky. *In fact, Copernicus's original model did not predict positions much better than Ptolemaic model.

According to Kepler's third law,

*Jupiter orbits the Sun at a faster speed than Saturn. *Kepler's third law tells us that planets closer to the Sun orbit at higher average speeds than more distant planets, and Jupiter is closer to the Sun than Saturn.

In which of the four time periods did the Sun-centered model gain widespread acceptance, meaning that nearly everyone who looked at the evidence concluded that it was correct?

*Later Copernican Revolution (about 1609-1630). *Notice that this widespread acceptance of the Sun-centered model came before Newton explained why the model works or observations of parallax provided direct proof that Earth orbits the Sun.

In Ptolemy's Earth-centered model, when would Venus appear directly behind the Sun as viewed from Earth?

*Never *In the Earth-centered model, Venus always remains somewhere between Earth and the Sun, and never appears behind the Sun in our sky.

Each of the following diagrams shows a spaceship somewhere along the way between Earth and the Moon (not to scale); the midpoint of the distance is marked to make it easier to see how the locations compare. Rank the five positions of the spaceship from left to right based on the strength of the gravitational force that Earth exerts on the spaceship, from strongest to weakest. (Assume the spaceship has the same mass throughout the trip; that is, it is not burning any fuel.)

*Pictures closer to Earth exhibit a stronger force. Pictures farther from Earth exhibit a weaker force. *Strongest is closest to earth then going to the farthest from the earth and closest to the moon.

Which of the following statements about an ellipse is not true?

*The focus of an ellipse is always located precisely at the center of the ellipse. *An ellipse has two foci (not one), and neither one is located at the center of the ellipse unless the ellipse happens to be a perfect circle.

The video states that the planetary orbits are shown to scale. Which statement correctly describes the way the planet sizes are shown compared to their orbits?

*The planets are all much too large compared to their orbits. *On the scale used to show the orbits in the video, all the planets would be microscopic in size.

The recently discovered object Eris, which is slightly larger than Pluto, orbits the Sun every 557 years. What is its average distance (semimajor axis) from the Sun? (Hint: Use Kepler's third law.) Express your answer in astronomical units to three significant figures.

*a = P2/3 = 5602/3 = 67.9 AU. This is further from the Sun than Pluto, which has a semimajor axis of ~40AU.

What do we mean by a geocentric model of the universe?

*a model designed to explain what we see in the sky while having Earth located in the center of the universe. *The geocentric model was developed in ancient Greece and was generally accepted until the time of the Copernican revolution.

We never see a crescent Jupiter from Earth because Jupiter __________.

*is farther than Earth from the Sun Submit. *An object must come between Earth and the Sun for us to see it in a crescent phase, which is why we see crescents only for Mercury, Venus, and the Moon.

Galileo's contribution to astronomy included:

*making observations and conducting experiments that dispelled scientific objections to the Sun-centered model. *Galileo's telescopic observations provided strong support to the Sun-centered model, and his physics experiments helped overcome physical objections to the idea of a moving Earth.

The great contribution of Tycho Brahe was to __________.

*observe planetary positions with sufficient accuracy so that Kepler could later use the data to discover the laws of planetary motion. *Tycho's naked-eye observations were accurate to within about 1 arcminute, making them far superior to any prior set of observations.

Consider the hypothetical observation "a planet beyond Saturn rises in west, sets in east." This observation is not consistent with a Sun-centered model, because in this model __________.

*the rise and set of all objects depends only on Earth's rotation Submit *Earth rotates from west to east, so objects in the sky must appear to go across our sky from east to west.

As the cloud shrinks in size, its central temperature __________ as a result of its __________.

1. Increases 2.Gravitational potential energy being converted to thermal energy.

Kepler's third law states that a planet's orbital period, p, is related to its average (semimajor axis) orbital distance, a, according to the mathematical relationship p2=a3p2=a3. Which of the following statements describe a characteristic of the solar system that is explained by Kepler's third law?

1. Inner planets orbit the Sun at higher speed than outer planets. 2. Venus orbits the Sun faster than Earth orbits the Sun.

Each diagram shows a single experimental trial in which you will drop a ball from some height. In each case, the ball's size, mass, and height are labeled. Note that two diagrams show a basketball, one diagram shows a bowling ball of the same size but larger mass, and one diagram shows a much smaller marble with the same mass as the basketball. You have a timer that allows you to measure how long it takes the ball to fall to the ground. Which pair of trials will allow you to test the prediction that an object's mass does not affect its rate of fall?

1. Size- bowling ball, height- 20 m, mass= 5.0 kg 2. Size-basketball, height- 20 m, mass= 0.5 kg

As the cloud shrinks in size, its rate of rotation ______ because ________.

1. Speeds up 2. Its total angular momentum is conserved

Kepler's first law states that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. Which of the following statements describe a characteristic of the solar system that is explained by Kepler's first law?

1. The Sun is located slightly off-center from the middle of each planet's orbit. 2.Earth is slightly closer to the Sun on one side of its orbit than on the other side.

Which of the following were key pieces of evidence that led to widespread acceptance of the Sun-centered model "extraordinary claim" during the period from about 1609 to 1630?

1. The fact that Kepler's laws allowed virtually perfect prediction of planetary positions. Submit 2. Galileo's telescopic observations.

Which of the following can you observe about Venus with the naked eye? Select all that apply.

1. Venus sometimes shines brightly in the eastern sky shortly before dawn. 2. Venus sometimes shines brightly in the western sky shortly after sunset.

Part B: matching

1.__Kepler's 1st Law__ explains why Earth's distance from the Sun varies over the course of each year. 2.____Newtons 1st Law___ explains why a spaceship with no forces acting on it will continue moving even if it has no fuel. 3.__Newtons 3rd Law____ tells us that, when your are standing, the ground is pushing up on you with a force that precisely balances the downward force of your weight. 4.___Keplers 3rd Law___ explains why Earth orbits the Sun at a faster average speed than Mars. 5.____Keplers 2nd Law___ explains why Earth's orbital speed varies over the course of each year. 6.____Newtons 2nd Law____ explains why applying a force to a baseball with your arm can cause the baseball to accelerate from rest to the speed at which it leaves your hand.

Listed below are a series of statements about events that first happened in one of the four time periods identified in the sorting bins. Place each statement in the correct bin corresponding to when it first occurred in human history.

ANCIENT GREECE THROUGH PTOLEMY (about 150 A.D.) : - Suggestion that Earth might orbit the Sun - Recognition that Sun -centered model should lead to stellar parrallax - Ability to predict planetary positions within a few degrees of arc EARLY COPERNICAN REVOLUTION (about 1543-1600) : - Copernicus proposes Sun -centered model - Planetary observations accurate within 1 minute of arc LATER COPERNICAN REVOLUTION (about 1609-1630) : - Ability to predict planetary positions within 1 minute of arc - Observation of phases of Venus - Sun-centered model with elliptical orbits NEWTON AND BEYOND (after about 1687) : - Mathematical descriptions of how gravity determines planetary orbits - Observations of stellar parallax

Part A: Each of the four diagrams below represents the orbit of the same comet, but each one shows the comet passing through a different segment of its orbit around the Sun. During each segment, a line drawn from the Sun to the comet sweeps out a triangular-shaped, shaded area. Assume that all the shaded regions have exactly the same area. Rank the segments of the comet's orbit from left to right based on the length of time it takes the comet to move from Point 1 to Point 2, from longest to shortest. If you think that two (or more) of the diagrams should be ranked as equal, drag one on top of the other(s) to show this equality.

All in one pile in the middle. (Go to this quizlet for pictures https://quizlet.com/322283431/ay-101-002-ch-3-hw-flash-cards/ )

Part B: Drag each statement into the correct bin based on whether it describes motion in which the object's momentum is changing. Note: For the motions that are on Earth (e.g., car, ball, elevator), ignore any effects of Earth's rotation or orbit.

Change in Momentum - A planet is orbiting the Sun in an elliptical orbit, a car is speeding up after being stopped, a car holding a steady speed around a curve, a ball is in freefall after being dropped from a high window, a planet is orbiting the sun in a circular orbit, a car is slowing down for a stop sign. Constant Momentum - a car is driving 100 km/hr on a straight road, a spaceship is coasting without engine power in deep space, an elevator is going upward at constant speed.

Consider again the diagrams from Part D, which are repeated here. Again, imagine that you observed the asteroid as it traveled for one week, starting from each of the positions shown. This time, rank the positions from left to right based on the distance the asteroid will travel during a one-week period when passing through each location, from longest to shortest. If you think that two (or more) of the diagrams should be ranked as equal, drag one on top of the other(s) to show this equality.

Longest to shortest -white dot at the bottom. -white dot bottom to the right. -white dot top to the left. -white dot at the bery top.

As you learned in the video, Galileo's observations of Venus in gibbous (nearly full) phase showed conclusively that Venus orbits the Sun, not Earth. Which figure shows Venus's position when Galileo saw it in gibbous phase?

Notice that the gibbous phase occurs when Venus is farther from Earth than the Sun, and this could never happen in Ptolemy's system. That is how Galileo concluded that Venus must orbit the Sun. (Farthest picture of Venus from the earth)

Earth orbits in the shape of a/an ______ around the sun.

ellipse

Consider again the diagrams from Parts A and B, which are repeated here. Again, assume that all the shaded areas have exactly the same area. This time, rank the segments of the comet's orbit based on the speed with which the comet moves when traveling from Point 1 to Point 2, from fastest to slowest. If you think that two (or more) of the diagrams should be ranked as equal, drag one on top of the other(s) to show this equality.

same as the one before.