ATY 213-01: EXAM 1

English has a large vocabulary to describe technical gadgetry. The Inuit has a large vocabulary to describe qualities of ice, snow and wind. These respective linguistic differences are an example of

The cultural emphasis of language

The Back-to-the-Land movement reflects

The desire of Americans and Europeans to live sustainably and off the grid

Anthropological theory first developed as a response to

The desire to explain the diversity of the human experience

An anthropologist begins fieldwork in a small-scale, pre-literate society in the Amazon. Since the primary social ties in such a society tend to be kinship-based, what research method would be an obvious choice early in the fieldwork process?

The genealogical method.

The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) is

The largest anthropological database in the world.

An anthropologist sees a group of farmers set a small field on fire and calmly watch it burn. What is the anthropologist likely to assume?

The men are using shifting cultivation.

In anthropology, the term "fieldwork" means

The primary way of conducting anthropological research

The nature of language is arbitrary. Rephrased, this means that

There is no rational or logical system in language that attaches words to meanings.

Susan Andreatta researched the effects of agrochemicals on humans and the environment. What did her research confirm?

Using agrochemicals harms workers, the environment, and the population.

The most important ethical issue applied anthropologists face is

Whether the people being studied will benefit from proposed changes.

If an anthropologist can't learn the local language before beginning fieldwork, then it will be necessary to

add time to the field experience so the local language can be learned.

Ethnoscience requires that

A culture be described from the point of view of the people being studied

One principle of functionalism is that of "functional unity." This means

A culture is an interrelated whole made up of interrelated parts.

What is the difference between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme?

A free morpheme stands alone and has meaning; a bound morpheme can't and doesn't.

Which is an example of a behavioral adaptation to an environment?

A man from Seattle moves to Las Vegas and quickly learns to keep sunglasses and water in his car at all times.

What is the difference between a phoneme and a morpheme?

A morpheme is the smallest linguistic form that conveys meaning; a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language that conveys meaning.

Which type of employer is most likely to hire a new anthropology graduate for their first job?

A non-profit, non-governmental organization which needs an individual qualified to work in an changing environment with multiple challenges

What is a subsistence strategy?

A pattern or way of getting food.

What is one reason anthropologists moved toward applied anthropology as a career choice in the 1970's?

A reduction in the number of university positions available to anthropologists.

A euphemism is

A word that is used to conceal something that is in adequate or unpleasant

In modern applied anthropology, research tends to be

About not only how and why problems exist, but also what can be done to solve them

At its core, applied political economy anthropological research is focused on

Abstract issues like power, conflict and ideology, so as to help the disenfranchised

Describing a culture as "low-touch" is in reference to its

Acceptable level of person-to-person touch in non-verbal communication

An example of an anthropologist being involved at the level of policy would be

Advising a legislator who wants to draft a bill concerning workers' rights

The success of a fieldwork experience is generally in direct proportion to the

Amount of preparation done beforehand.

What type of linguist studies the change of language over time?

An historical linguist.

Franz Boas' primary contribution to American Historicism was the notion that the way to formulate universal theories of culture was to use

An inductive approach

Pastoralist peoples build their way of life around

Animals

What was the controversy over Project Camelot?

Anthropologists were, or were not, being used as spies by the government.

What is the main reason the public does not think anthropologists are useful contributors to public policy?

Anthropologists, for the most part, do not engage in publicly discussing political issues.

We know that applied anthropologists played a key role in shaping modern anthropology because

Applied anthropologists have always been part of anthropology and anthropological organizations

Ethnographic anthropologists and applied anthropologists do research projects in different ways. Which statement is true?

Applied anthropology can take either a few months or a long period and is done collaboratively.

Problem-oriented research is a characteristic of which anthropological perspective?

Applied.

The purpose of the Human Terrain System is to have social scientists

Assist the U.S. military in understanding the language and local cultures in the Middle East

A guest comes to a dinner party in Kansas City and announces that he is a locavore. Which food is he most likely to eat and feel good about doing so?

Bread made at a bakery associated with a nearby grain elevator.

Applied anthropology can be simply defined and characterized as being primarily aimed at

Changing human behavior to remedy human problems

After studying Spanish in Columbia for six months, Gwen comes home to Connecticut. She finds she is blurting out certain words in Spanish, even though she knows them perfectly well in English. This is a linguistic example of

Code switching.

Applied anthropologists use the people they are studying to help conduct the research project itself. This is method is called

Community-based participatory research.

Bronislaw Malinowski's theory of functionalism carries as its major assumption

Contemporary culture is comprised of parts that contribute to the well-being of individuals

Which two basic adaptations do humans make to their environment?

Cultural and biological

Anthropologists often face physical challenges in fieldwork that are uncomfortable and sometimes life-threatening. A common psychological challenge of fieldwork is known as

Culture shock

After data is collected in the field, what happens next in the research process?

Data must be analyzed.

"Breakbone fever" is another name for

Dengue fever.

A linguistic anthropologist is researching how teenagers are incorporating text-message language into their everyday speech. Specifically, she is measuring the rate of the use of the phrase "OMG" from 2008 to 2012. She is engaged in

Diachronic analysis.

A teenager who lives in southern California only speaks English. However, he has an ability to sing lots of songs in Spanish that he learned from a Mexican-American friend. The theory of ________ can explain this.

Diffusionism.

An anthropologist wants to research Egyptian market vendors, so he studies Egyptian Arabic at university before starting fieldwork. When he finally begins to talk to the vendors, they laugh and respond in an Arabic he cannot understand. This is an example of

Diglossia.

The purpose of obtaining a research clearance before beginning fieldwork is to

Ensure the anthropologist has official government permission to do research.

Research shows that the ancient Incas in Peru were highly skilled in

Environmental conservation and water management.

A woman in Bolivia becomes sick and seeks treatment from a shaman using local herbs and remedies. This is an example of

Ethnomedicine.

Research into grammar's effect on perception suggests

Even small grammatical features can influence perception

Teenagers worldwide have found text-messaging to be a wonderful way to

Exclude parents from teen culture.

Ethnographic mapping is the process of

Finding out how a culture interacts with its environment.

Which example shows a temporary challenge to a society's carrying capacity?

Fleeing tribal violence, ten thousand people cross a border into a remote village of 200.

A city with three million people is quarantined from the rest of the country because of an outbreak of plague. Assuming no food trucks can enter the city, what are people most likely to do to stay alive for the short term?

Forage.

The neolithic revolution was a shift from ________ as a means of food collecting.

Foraging to farming

Once the research problem has been defined, the next step in the field research process is to

Formulate a research design.

A teenage boy knows he is going to miss lunch, but still has to go to football practice after school. Using the optimal foraging theory as his guide, what is he most likely to buy if he only has two minutes to shop in a convenience store before his last class?

Four Snickers bars and a Red Bull energy drink.

The earliest well-known writing on ethical issues anthropologists face in doing research was by

Franz Boas.

Which theorist believed that a society's standard of living, as measured by technology and material wealth, is the most important aspects of a human society?

Geertz

What was Franz Boas' influence on anthropological theory with respect to language?

He linked language to culture, which eventually became the field of cultural linguistics.

How does human language differ from animal communication?

Human language has the characteristic of displacement.

Another way to describe food foragers is to call them

Hunters and gatherers.

In order to begin carrying out a research project, you must first have a/an

Hypothesis.

Leslie White's model of neoevolutionism holds that a culture evolves when people are able to

Increase the amount of energy they can control

Why do languages borrow words from other languages?

Need and prestige.

Anthropologists can tell the difference between what people say they do, and what people actually do. In other words, the anthropologist can distinguish between

Normative behavior and real behavior.

Detroit is experiencing mass depopulation and a high rate of unemployment. As more grocery stores close, many residents now live in food deserts. A practical, concrete response to this would be

Organizing a community garden.

What are the two primary field techniques used by applied cultural anthropologists?

Participant observation and interviewing.

The "obtrusive effect" happens in fieldwork when

People behave differently when they are being observed

Modern Peruvian farmers revived some ancient Incan farming practices with great success. What does this example illustrate?

People from the past can teach people in the present.

An anthropologist goes to Mexico to study the relationship between drug lords and the local police, and its effects on a local village. Based on his interview questions, he is quickly told to leave the country. Which theory does this applied anthropologist most likely subscribe to?

Political economy.

An anthropologist develops a friendship with an informant, who is later interviewed. After the interview, the anthropologist reflects on his own life and incorporates this into his ethnographic writing. The inclusion of the anthropologist's own voice would be expected by supporters of which theory?

Postmodernism.

Which group of theorists is most concerned with the innate cultural bias of anthropologists, and its subjective effect on anthropological findings?

Postmodernists.

The integration of theory and practice that applied anthropologists strive for is called

Praxis

The anthropologist's Professional Code of Ethics essentially states that

Published insights from research should never hurt the subjects.

Claude Levi-Strauss used the notion of "binary oppositions" in his theory called French structuralism. Which is a valid example of a set of binary oppositions?

Raw/cooked; clean/unclean.

The term "positivism" is a philosophical system based on

Scientific facts that can be observed, and their relations to each other

Project Camelot's focus of research was

The causes of violence and civil unrest in developing countries.

A notable feature of postmodern ethnography is that it centers on

the relationship between the anthropologist and the subject(s).

Anthropology has produced more than a dozen different theoretical frameworks since the first theories arose. Today, most contemporary anthropologists

Tend to be problem oriented, pragmatic, and eclectic in their use of theoretical frameworks

Cultural anthropology is most accurately described as

A continuum of different types of anthropology, from the most theoretical to the most applied.

Which two parts make up a grammatical system of a language?

Morphology and syntax.

A primatologist teaching American Sign Language to a chimpanzee was delighted to see the chimp express the idea of a roller-skate as a "ball-shoe," using the sign for each word. The chimp had

Moved a closed system of communication to an open one

Research suggests that up to ________ of human communication is non-verbal.

70%

Through fieldwork, an anthropologist can learn how to perceive a culture through two different cultural "lenses." This is known as

A bicultural perspective

An anthropologist plans to do fieldwork in a remote African village. However, the local dialect cannot be studied in advance. Therefore, the first thing that should be done on arrival is to get the help of at least one.

Informant.

What is the main difference between intensive agriculture and industrial agriculture?

Intensive agriculture includes animals; industrial agriculture does not.

In development anthropology, what does the acronym "IDP" stand for?

Internally Displaced Person

Which stage of fieldwork is often considered the most difficult and complex?

Interpreting the data.

The Human Terrain System is similar to Project Camelot in that

It ignited similar controversy on the role of anthropologists in the military

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states

Language structure is the causal variable for the world-view of the speaker.

Which theorist is associated with a cultural evolution scale, starting at "lower savagery" and ending at "civilization?"

Lewis Henry Morgan.

North Americans tend to favor using language that is direct, content-based and efficient. Asian cultures, however, tend to use language that is ambiguous, intonation-based, and subtle. These differences are examples of

Linguistic style.

According to the text, what has given anthropologists a heightened respect for the way traditional peoples adapt to their environments?

Looking at how many problems industrial agriculture has created.

What are you most likely to find in a food desert?

Lots of fast-food restaurants and convenience stores.

The two most notable adherents of psychological anthropology were

Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict

A good example of transhumance would be when

Some local shepherds lead the villagers' sheep up into the mountains for the summer.

The term "dysfunction" in an anthropological context means

Something which causes imbalance or stress within a culture.

The job titles "advocate," "expert witness," "trainer," and "needs assessor" are all examples of

Specialized roles within applied anthropology

How do peasant farmers differ from members of small-scale, self-sufficient societies? Peasant farmers

Support the food needs of more powerful city dwellers.