Autonomic Nervous System

Which tone holds the resting heart rate down to about 70 to 80 beats per minute? -Parasympathetic tone -Sympathetic tone

-Parasympathetic tone

Which tone maintains smooth muscle tone in intestines? -Parasympathetic tone -Sympathetic tone

-Parasympathetic tone

The _____________ division excites the heart, but inhibits digestive and urinary function, while the ____________________ has the opposite effect. -Parasympathetic -Sympathetic

-Sympathetic -Parasympathetic

Which tone keeps most blood vessels partially constricted and maintains blood pressure? -Parasympathetic tone -Sympathetic tone

-Sympathetic tone

Name primary organs of the autonomic nervous system.

-Viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities -Structures of the body wall: 1) cutaneous blood vessels 2) sweat glands 3) piloerector muscles

List and describe the steps of the baroreflex when high blood pressure is detected?

1) High blood pressure is detected by the arterial stretch receptors 2) Afferent neuron carries the signal to the CNS 3)Efferent signals on the vagus nerve of the autonomic nervous system travel to the heart 4) The heart then slows, reducing blood pressure

Detail how the body's sympathetic nervous system carries out its "flight" response when running from a bear.

1) Hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the nervous system 2) Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase 3) Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine 4) Blood flow to skeletal muscles increases 5) Stomach contractions inhibited

List and describe the flow of the visceral reflex arc.

1) Receptors: nerve endings that detect stretch, tissue damage, blood chemicals, body temperature, and other internal stimuli 2) Afferent Neurons: leads to the CNS 3) Integrating Center: interneurons in the CNS 4)Efferent Neurons: carry motor signals away from the CNS 5) Effectors: carry out the end response

A signal must travel across two neurons to get to the target organ in a ____________ pathway. -Somatic Pathway -Autonomic Pathway

Autonomic pathway

What is the only nerve type that doesn't have its cell bodies outside the central nervous system?

Motor somatic nerves

What is autonomic tone?

Normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the two systems according to the body's needs

The autonomic nervous system is found in the (PNS/CNS) and within that it is found in the (motor/sensory) nerve and within that it is found within the (somatic/visceral) area.

PNS motor visceral

Which division of the autonomic nervous system calms many body functions reducing energy expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance?

Parasympathetic division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for physical activity: exercise, trauma, arousal, competition, anger, fear?

Sympathetic division

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system that often innervate the same target organ to have a cooperative or contrasting effects?

Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division

Fight or flight response is part of which nervous system? -Sympathetic -Parasymphatetic

Sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord at the ______ to ______ level.

T1 to L2

All sympathetic nerves exit through ____ - _____ of the spinal cord.

T1-L2

What is a presynaptic neuron in the autonomic pathway?

The first neuron has a soma in the brainstem or spinal cord

If sympathetic nerves do not travel with the cranial nerves, then how do they get in the head?

Up the trunk to the Superior Cervical Ganglia

If sympathetic nerves do not travel with the cranial nerves, then how do they get in the head?

Up the trunk to the superior cervical ganglia

(somatic/visceral) effectors do not depend on the autonomic nervous system to function; only to adjust their activity to the body's changing needs.

Visceral

Sympathetic nerve fibers are distributed to (upper, lower, all) levels of the body.

all

A signal in an autonomic pathway must cross a synapse where two neurons meet in an ___________________ ___________________.

autonomic ganglion

In the autonomic nervous system, there are two neurons in between its path from the _________________ nervous system to the _________________.

central effector

The autonomic nervous system has components in both the ____________ and ____________ nervous systems.

central peripheral

All parasympathetic nerves exit through _________ nerves and through ____ - _____ of the spinal cord.

cranial S2-S4

Parasympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord through _____________ nerves and at the _______ to _____ levels.

cranial nerves S2 to S4 level

Is the autonomic nervous system considered an efferent or an afferent pathway?

efferent pathway

What is denervation hypersensitivity?

exaggerated responses of cardiac and smooth muscle if autonomic nerves are severed

The autonomic nervous system regulates fundamental states and life processes such as _________ ________, ______, and body temperature.

heart rate BP

The autonomic nervous system controls nuclei in the _______________ (part of brain) and other brainstem regions.

hypothalamus

The autonomic nervous system carries out actions (voluntarily/involuntarily)

involuntarily

Preganglionic neurosomas in ____________ horns and nearby regions of the spinal cord gray matter lead to nearby sympathetic chain of ganglia (aka _______________ ganglia).

lateral paravertebral

The autonomic nervous system is a (sensory/motor) system that controls __________, __________ muscle, and ___________ muscle.

motor glands, cardiac, smooth

What is the only nerve type that doesn't have its cell bodies outside the central nervous system?

motor somatic neurons Only in spinal cord, ventral horn, and brain

The visceral reflex known as the baroreflex is an example of a homeostatic (positive/negative) feedback loop.

negative

The autonomic nervous system controls _________ __________ that travel through the cranial and spinal nerves.

nerve fibers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is at a "resting and digesting" state?

parasympathetic division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for digestion and waste elimination?

parasympathetic division

The autonomic nervous system controls motor neurons in the spinal cord and ________________ ________________.

peripheral ganglia

(Presynaptic/postsynaptic) neuron cell body is in the peripheral ganglion.

postsynaptic

(Presynaptic/postsynaptic) neuron cell body is located in the CNS.

presynaptic

What are the two neurons in the autonomic pathway?

presynaptic neuron postsynaptic neuron

Autonomic means "______-__________" and the autonomic nervous system is (independent or dependent) of our will.

self-governed independent

The sympathetic division is composed of short _________________ and long __________________ fibers. Postganglionic Preganglionic

short preganglionic long postganglionic

A motor neuron from the brainstem or spinal cord issues a myelinated axon that reaches all the way to skeletal muscle in a _____________ pathway. Where does it synapse? -Somatic Pathway -Autonomic Pathway

somatic pathway synapses in spinal cord

Sympathetic nerves get into the head via the _____________ _____________ ganglia.

superior cervical ganglia

Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases blood flow to the body's core?

sympathetic division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels?

sympathetic division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight response?

sympathetic division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract?

sympathetic division

The sympathetic division is also called the ____________________ division, because it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

thoracolumbar division

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the _____________________ division because it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

thoracolumbar division

What is a visceral reflex?

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors

The autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the __________ motor system

visceral