BA302 Organizational Behavior - Chapter 5 Motivation
To reduce the frequency of negative behaviors, remove the rewards that followed those unwanted behaviors.
true
What hypothesis suggests that individuals who are frustrated trying to satisfy one need may regress to another?
frustration-regression hypothesis
Alderfer's existence needs correspond to Maslow's
safety needs.
Benevolents expect to receive substantial compensation for relatively little input.
false
Expectancy theory's instrumentality dimension refers to the degree to which one believes that effort leads to performance.
false
Extinction is increasing the frequency of desirable behaviors.
false
Motivation is a function of the interaction between performance, ability and environment.
false
Negative reinforcement
increases the desired behavior.
Positive reinforcement
increases the desired behavior.
Which of the following is not a hygiene factor in Herzberg's theory of motivation?
recognition
Process-based theories view motivation as a rational process.
true
Individuals with a high need for affiliation
want to be accepted by others.
Ability is
having the skills and knowledge required to perform the job.
According to ERG theory, if an individual is frustrated in the growth opportunities of his job,
he may regress to either relatedness or existence needs.
Research on procedural justice suggests
it is best to be consistent in the manner in which employees are disciplined for violating company policy for situations like cell phone usage.
Aldefer's existence needs corresponds to Maslow's physiological and safety needs
true
Giving an employee a sales commission every time he makes a sale is an example of a continuous reinforcement schedule.
true
High levels of justice create higher levels of employee commitment.
true
Hygiene factors are part of the context of the job.
true
Individuals with a high need for achievement may neglect managerial activities like coaching as a waste of time.
true
Job security is an example of Maslow's safety needs
true
Michael needs to discipline one of his employees. Before doing so, he should make sure the punishment he is administering fits the crime.
true
Motivation is culturally based.
true
One effective way of achieving procedural justice is to allow employees a voice in decision making.
true
One way to deal with perceived inequity is to decrease your own inputs.
true
People perceived as fair recognize that what they believe is fair may differ from what others perceive as fair.
true
Reinforcement theory is based on behavioral and operant conditioning.
true
The absence of hygiene factors in the work environment leads to worker dissatisfaction.
true
The frustration-regression hypothesis offered by Alderfer suggests individuals frustrated in their attempts to satisfy one need regress to another.
true
The phenomenon of "the folly of rewarding A while hoping for B" suggests that at times, people are rewarded for the wrong kind of behavior.
true
Using the extinction approach to get a coworker to quit using inappropriate jokes during his conversations means you ignore the jokes instead of laughing at them.
true
Praising the employee occasionally when the person shows up on time is an example of __________________ of reinforcement.
variable ratio
If you wanted to be perceived as a fair person, take this piece of advice:
"Think before you speak. Be considerate of others."
The ERG Theory groups Maslow's basic human needs into what 3 categories?
1. Existence2. Relatedness3. Growth
Equity theory suggests that those perceiving inequity can react to the situation by having the referent decrease inputs.
false
Expectancy theory is a need-based theory.
false
Analyzing Trader Joe's success using Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation would suggest that
Contextual, content, and growth needs factors all help to contribute to Trader Joe's success.
In comparing Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory to Alderfer's ERG theory
ERG theory recognizes more than one need may operate at one time.
Which of the following is a need based theory of motivation?
ERG theory.
Research on motivation suggests the following:
Ethical behavior is learned behavior.
A need for power can have an altruistic form.
True
Performance is a function of the interaction between motivation, ability and environment.
True
Alderfer's theory of motivation does all of the following EXCEPT
assume needs are hierarchically-based
Maslow's social needs could be satisfied by
attending a department picnic after work.
Over-rewarded individuals experience a great deal of guilt and substantially increase their effort to restore their feelings of equity.
false
Salary is a motivator in Herzberg's two-factor theory.
false
To influence instrumentality, managers can
consistently reward high performers.
When reinforcers follow all examples of positive behavior you are using a __________ ___________ of reinforcement.
continuous schedule
All of the following are tips to make disciplining an employee more effective EXCEPT
discipline when you have time
Maslow's theory of motivation suggests
employee needs are ordered.
Individuals who expect yearly wage increases without exhibiting increased performance may be labeled
entitleds.
Alderfer's growth needs correspond to Maslow's
esteem needs.
A high need for power is always a destructive element in the workplace.
false
Being among the best paid workers in the retail industry is the sole reason why employees at Trader Joe's are so motivated.
false
Herzberg believed that hygiene factors, not motivators, are what truly motivate employees
False
Michael has two finals, accounting and organizational behavior, on the same day of finals week. Based on expectancy theory, which of the following statements suggest how he should allocate his limited study time?
Accounting is Michael's major, OB is a general business requirement in his academic program. Michael aspires to be a CPA, so he decides to focus his study time on Accounting.
Which of the following statements is true about the manner in which managers can influence the perceptions of expectancy theory?
Conduct employee surveys periodically to ascertain what they consider to be rewards for performance and integrate that in some manner into the performance evaluation program.
Analyzing Zappos success using Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation would suggest that
Contextual, content, and growth needs factors all help to contribute to Trader Joe's success.
How could a firm best satisfy an employee's safety needs?
Create a job security clause in the employment contract.
Chloe and Francois are graphic designers at Highland Lithographics. Both have the same job description. Earlier this month, Chloe found out that Francois makes $12.50 an hour while she makes $11.00. What theory of motivation best explains why Chloe went to her boss to complain about the pay disparity?
Equity theory
Ramone feels that he was unfairly passed over for a promotion at his firm. How might he deal with the perceived inequity?
Increase his outcomes.
You work for your college's annual alumni fund. You have averaged 25 phone calls in a three-hour shift throughout your employment. Your supervisor now demands that you increase that number to 40 calls per three-hour shift. You feel that you do not have the skills or the time to make 40 calls; this is an unrealistic goal. According to expectancy theory, you are experiencing
Low expectancy
Which of the following need-based theories has received the greatest amount of support?
McClelland's acquired needs theory
Which of the following is true about motivation?
Motivation is a key influence over an employee's performance level.
Which of the following statements is NOT an effective approach to disciplining employees?
No two employees or incidents are the same, so no two employee should be disciplined the same way.
Which of the following summary statements is true regarding motivation theories?
Research indicates that what is perceived as fair and unfair is culturally defined.
What job would be best suited for someone with a high need for affiliation?
Sales
Which of the following is a process based theory of motivation?
Skinner's reinforcement theory.
When organizational behavior modification is used to examine employee absenteeism, which step looks at why employees are absent?
Step 3: Analyze behavior antecedents and outcomes.
Research on equity theory suggests
those who feel over-rewarded experience little distress over the situation.
To influence instrumentality, make sure rewards are seen as desirable.
false
You worked really hard on your paper and were very proud to get an A on it. Then you found out that everyone who wrote ten pages or more got an A and now you are upset. You are experiencing high distributive justice.
false
Maslow's physiological needs may be satisfied by:
food
Joaquin received the Chancellor's Award and an $8,000 scholarship for a research paper and formal presentation he created. He believes that he worked hard for the paper and the presentation. Joaquin would feel a sense of
high distributive justice.
Abdul tends to emphasize harmonious interpersonal relationships, prefers to be with friends, and enjoys family events. Abdul would probably be categorized as being
high in need for affiliation.
Nejah is reading a report on employee justice perception. The article notes all of the following points EXCEPT
high levels of justice lead to support of unionization.
The simple premise of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory is
human beings have needs that are hierarchically ranked.
The first step of an organizational behavior modification program is
identify behavior to be modified.
An example of extinction is
ignoring a coworker who is telling dirty jokes.
Research on motivation in different cultures indicates that
in industrialized nations, satisfaction with esteem needs was a more powerful motivator than satisfaction of physiological or security needs.
Michele is being considered for a managerial position at Halliburton. She completes a TAT as part of an assessment center exercise for prospective managers. Facilitators will examine the results carefully for their manager choices knowing that
individuals high in need for achievement may find it difficult to delegate authority to subordinates.
Motivators are (extrinsic/intrinsic) to the job
intrinsic
What is the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal-directed behavior?
motivation
Your paycheck could likely satisfy which of the following needs identified by Maslow?
physiological, esteem, safety
What are hygiene factors?
policy, working conditions, security, salary
All of the following are actions those who perceive inequity can undertake to "balance the scales" EXCEPT
produce higher quality work.
One way to satisfy self-actualization needs is to
pursue a master's degree through a company's tuition reimbursement program.
Maslow's theory of motivation is criticized because
research does not support the argument that satisfied needs no longer motivate behavior.
Steve Kerr's phenomenon, "the folly of rewarding A while hoping for B" is demonstrated by
rewarding a manager who orders the release of a shipment of manufactured parts full of defects to meet a deadline in spite of the company's highly advertised quality commitment.
Which of the following is a hygiene factor in Herzberg's theory of motivation?
salary.
The collaborative work environment at Trader Joe's satisfies which of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
social
While relatedness corresponds to ________ needs, growth refers to self-esteem and self-___________________
social, actualization
In simulations examining whether reinforcement theory explains ethical behavior, all of the following are findings EXCEPT
subjects were less likely to cut kickback payments if there was a threat of punishment.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory of motivation
suggests once basic needs are satisfied, higher order needs become motivators.
In expectancy theory, valence is
the anticipated satisfaction that will result from an outcome.
Interactional justice is
the degree to which people are treated with respect, kindness and dignity in interpersonal interactions.
Esteem needs are
the desire to feel important.
Motivation is
the intention of achieving a goal, leading to goal-directed behavior.
What are the 3 types of needs as a result of an individuals life experience?
the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power
All of the following are criticisms of Herzberg's theory of motivation EXCEPT
the theory suggests that improving the environment only goes so far in motivating employees.