beginnings of English America

native american tribes ch1

Examination of Some Native American Tribes and Civilizations before 1492 (Note: If link does not open as a second window or tab, to return to this page click on previous and then on next to get back to "Examination of Some Native ...") Outside the U.S.The most prominent and sophisticated were the Maya, Aztecs, and Incas (See map.): MayaThe Maya (southern Mexico and Central America) thrived from 300 A.D. to 900 A.D. They developed a written language, calendars, and temples built of stone. Astronomical observatories were developed to study the stars and to explain the existence of humans. Mayas also played a rudimentary form of basketball where a rubber ball was thrown through a ring suspended high off the ground. The Maya were never a united kingdom as the society consisted of various city states. Internal problems, war amongst the city states, invaders from the north, along with weather and agricultural problems, all probably contributed to people leaving the urban areas and thus the decline of the Maya. Here is a link to maps and images of the various Maya city-state ruins. AztecsThe Aztec (Mexica) civilization to the north conquered neighboring tribes and began work on another great civilization starting in the early fifteenth century. The capital was Tenochtitlán (present-day Mexico City), which was an island on Lake Texcoco. Dredging up muck from the bottom of the lake, the Aztecs created extremely fertile land that was superb for farming as they harvested as many as seven crops a year. The Aztecs constructed large temples for religious and burial purposes. They also practiced human sacrifices. Ironically, these sacrifices allowed Aztec doctors to gain a great understanding of the human body. Long before the Europeans understood about circulation and the function of the heart, the Aztecs had identified nearly every organ. Led by conquistador Hernando Cortés, the Spanish conquered the Aztecs by 1521. IncasThe heart of the Inca civilization was in present- day Peru, which is in South America. Extending more than 3,000 miles, this sophisticated civilization may have had a population as large as seven million people. As Columbus was beginning his explorations, the Inca empire was reaching its zenith in 1492. The Incas were not as religious as the Aztecs or Mayas. They concentrated on building roads to connect their vast empire that consisted of 200 separate ethnic groups. Many of these roads were constructed in the rugged Andes Mountains. The Incas were superior farmers and constantly experimented with new crops and growing methods such as farming terraces. They grew potatoes and other crops that could withstand the cold in the mountains. They also developed different methods of freeze drying vegetables and meats that the Europeans would later adopt. The word "jerky" -- as in beef jerky -- is derived from the Inca word "charqui." The Inca empire fell to Spanish conquistador Pizarro in 1533. U.S. tribesAnasaziThe Anasazi ("Ancient Ones") lived near the "four-corners' region" of the U.S. which is where present-day Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico meet. The golden age of the Anasazi was during the European medieval period. To avoid enemies, they lived in multilevel apartments in cliffs. Some were five stories high so they used a ladder to move up and down. At Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, there are the remains of one of the largest Anasazi settlements. Cliff Palace is the largest cliff dwelling at Mesa Verde with 217 rooms and 23 kivas (underground chambers). Having to use sophisticated irrigation because of the dry climate, the Anasazi created dams and terraces to water crops. Corn was a staple crop. The Anasazi weaved baskets, painted beautiful pottery, and held colorful festivals with dancing and storytelling. But during the thirteenth century, the Anasazi fled their dwellings. Archaeologists do not know for sure the reasons why. One theory states lengthy droughts forced the "Ancient Ones" to leave home and raids by Apaches made them scatter south. As a result, many of the Anasazi died. Present-day Pueblo tribes such as the Hopi are descendants of the Anasazi. MoundbuildersCahokiaMound-building societies of the Southeast and lower Midwest built large temples and tombs out of dirt and grass. The Adena Hopewell, who resided in the Ohio Valley from 500 B.C. - 400 A.D., designed mounds in the shapes of humans, snakes, and birds. Important people were buried with wealthy merchandise. Some of these mounds still exist today. By 1250, the largest city north of Mexico was Cahokia. With about 40,000 people and located just across the river from present-day St. Louis, this city was the same size as London. The Cahokians were a Mississippian tribe that built many mounds including the magnificent Monk's Mound, which was 100 feet high and more than 1,000 feet long. Unfortunately, this Cahokia tribe died out before the Europeans arrived. NatchezThe Natchez, another Mississippian tribe south of Cahokia, did survive past 1492. French explorers made contact and witnessed ela..borate religious ceremonies. According to the French, food was plentiful as the Natchez served corn, berries, turkeys, bears, and bison in pretty pottery. The Natchez society had a four-tiered caste system where everybody knew his or her place. With good reason, the French referred to the Natchez as Sun worshippers. The chief was seen as the younger brother of the sun. They constructed high mounds so that their chief could be closer to the sun. Carried on a chair everywhere, the chief would howl at the sun. When the chief died, a spectacular funeral that lasted four days occurred. For the privilege to accompany the Chief to heaven, other tribe members committed suicide or perhaps were killed. One method of human sacrifice was people swallowed a tobacco-type drug that left them unconscious. Once unconscious, they were strangled. Then all bodies were thrown into a cabin and burned. Months later, priests in charge of the ceremonies removed the bones and put them in a temple. The temple had carvings of people and animals. The priests also guarded the temple because not everybody could get in. The French explorers who wrote about these ceremonies compared it to ancient Roman mythology. IroquoisThe Iroquois Confederacy was the dominant Native American group of the Northeast. Consisting of five nations (Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga and Onondaga) they lived in upstate New York and Canada. (Some still reside today in New York.) In the fifteenth century, Hiawatha united the five nations. Part myth and part historical figure, Hiawatha compared the Confederacy to an evergreen, explaining each branch was a nation and all the branches were needed to form a strong tree. Hiawatha preached brotherhood and peace amongst the nations. He also taught about medicine, navigation, and agriculture. In the nineteenth century Henry Wadsworth Longfellow immortalized Hiawatha with a lengthy poem. One thing is certain, the Iroquois formed a union to ensure one nation did not get too powerful. (In the eighteenth century, a sixth Iroquois nation, the Tuscaroras of North Carolina, were added to the Confederacy.) At times the Iroquois were extremely warlike, dominating other Indian tribes (mainly Algonquian) in the Northeast. Sometimes the Mohawks were cannibals. Iroquois villages consisted of long houses surrounded by palisades, a wall constructed of large posts to keep out wild animals and enemies. In the eighteenth century Ben Franklin was fascinated by the Iroquois and believed the English colonies could learn from the Iroquoian ideas on governing. In some ways the Articles of Confederation, the U.S. form of government before the Constitution (which we'll look at in Week 3) is similar to the Iroquois Confederacy. Some of the tenets of governing for the Iroquois Confederacy were: All nations had to agree before a rule could be enacted Council decided external issues such as whether to go to war Women picked council members Women also controlled food supplies. Native Americans in TexasAfter the Anasazi disappeared, the Apache became the dominant tribe in the Southwest. Although the Apaches had the reputation of being extremely warlike marauders, some became farmers. The western Apaches in New Mexico and Arizona evolved into the Navajos. The Apaches of west Texas and central Texas were more warlike and drove away other tribes. They lived off the bison, eating many parts including the intestines. In addition, the Apaches took the intestines to create bags to store water, bones to make tools, and hides for clothing, blankets, and shelters. The Spanish introduced the horse to the Southwest in the sixteenth century, and Apaches started using the animals by 1600. They became expert riders and the horse improved their raids of other Indians. But by 1725, the Commanches (originally from Colorado) controlled much of the Southern Plains including Texas. Practically living on the horse, the Commanches surpassed the Apaches as being the best riders out West. In the Galveston Bay area, the Native Americans that resided here were related to the Mississippian tribes. They liked to eat seafood including rangia clams. By the time the first United States citizens started settling in Texas in 1822, no Indians lived in Harris County. Most likely the hot, humid weather was not very hospitabl

study guide for exam 1 history

Study Guide for Exam I Exam I will be based on material from the first five weeks -- lectures, weekly overviews, chapters 1-4 and first half of Chapter 5 (179-193) in the Foner textbook Give Me Liberty!, previously assigned documents in Voices of Freedom (VOF chapters 1-4), Revolutionary Mothers chapters 1-2 and the Mann article. Exam 1 will have two parts with two separate links -- one under the Quizzes area (objective) and the other (essay) under Course Activities > Assignments. The objective portion and the essay portion of the exam are both conducted September 28-October 2 (extended one day from October 1). Both are unproctored so you may take them at home. The Exam 1 Objective will have about 35 multiple choice and true false questions. You will have about 35 minutes to do the objective section. For the Exam 1 Essay, you will use a dropbox under Course Activities > Assignments. (The essay is not timed, but needs to be submitted during the exam period.) The objective portion of the exam will be done through Respondus Lockdown browser. The Respondus LockDown browser software is launched within D2L so it operates differently than in the past. The Lockdown Browser will no longer function from a desktop shortcut. Instead, students will open D2L in their usual browser, navigate to the quiz, and choose the "Launch LockDown Browser" button at the bottom of the screen. By now you should have done the PracticeQuiz and several regular quizzes, using Lockdown browser.Identification(Be able to tell what the term is and why it is important. Most of the terms will be used for multiple choice questions.) Iroquois ,NativeAmerican,,ben franklin can learn from them confederation ,constitution Anasazi,,,us live apaprtment Aztec Maya Cahokia moundbuilders,,,,,,,,natchez another tribu * ohio valley 500 bc 400 ad Reformation ,,protestan reformation ,luther posting church door in wittenberg Renaissance indentured servants Navigation Acts were a series of laws passed by British parliament that imposed restrictions on colonial trade Elizabeth I French and Indian fur trade headright system Spanish Armada defeated....off the coast of gravelines ,France,spain Called invisible armadadefeate by English Command of lord Charles howard and sir francis drake Glorious Revolution* America 1500bc John Smith Mound building tribes Mayflower Compact* bound the sign into a civil body politic King Philip's War Salem Witch Trials Bacon's Rebellion Roger Williams minester ,puritan olanned to migrate to the new world John Winthrop Middle Passage Olaudah Equiano John Locke The English philosopher and political theorist John Locke (1632-1704) laid much of the groundwork for the Enlightenment and made central contributions to the development of liberalism. Trained in medicine, he was a key advocate of the empirical approaches of the Scientific Revolution. Enlightenment George Whitefield Great Awakening Line of Proclamation Proclamation of 1763. ... It created a boundary, known as the proclamation line, separating the British colonies on the Atlantic coast from American Indian lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.Oct Stamp Act The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts *Know the specific year for this event. For other terms you should know the basic chronological order. For example, you should know that the Maya set up their society before the Aztecs. Other questions to be prepared for (objective questions):1. In addition to farming, understand the "exchange" and influence that occurred between Native Americans and Europeans. exchange not only brought gains, but also losses. European contact enabled the .... The list of infectious diseases that spread from the Old World to the New is long; ... estimated that upwards of 80-95 percent of the Native American population was ...... industry didnot occur until the process of "vulcanization" was discovered. 2. What role did geography and climate play in shaping the continent of Africa? Rain forest- had heavy rainfalls, it was warm all time, there grew a lot of trees and plants farming was very difficult there because they were at the equator. Tropical vast grassland- which stretched from North and South which was also known as the Savanna which was tropical grasslands, which were dotted with small trees and shrubs also with flat and rolling plans with high temperatures, which had uneven rain, but enough rain to farm and herding deserts- were north and south of the grassland the desserts were hot, dry and sandy which made difficult to travel. 40% was land. The well known Sahara stretches much over north african. Mediterranean- was the north coast and south tip of Africa. Adequate rainfall with warm temperatures; fertile land and abundant crops, food surplus support and large population. 3. How did Native Americans manage the environment? What was the pristine myth? Abstract The myth persists that in 1492 the Americas were a sparsely populated wilderness, "a world of barely perceptible human disturbance' There is substantial evidence, however, that the Native American landscape of the early sixteenth century was a humanized landscape almost everywhere. Populations were large. Forest composition had been modified, grasslands had been created, wildlife disrupted, and erosion was severe in places. Earthworks, roads, fields, and settlements were ubiquitous. With Indian depopulation in the wake of Old World disease, the environment recovered in many areas. A good argument can be made that the human presence was less visible in 1750 than it was in 1492. 4. Based on document 3 in VOF, what did Las Casas criticize Spain about in regards to Native Americans? Bartolomé de Las Casas, the Spanish priest, historian and advocate for Native American rights, was born in Seville. As a young man, he practiced law for a short time, but, like so many other enterprising young men of his day, he went to the New World in search of new opportunities. He served as a soldier and public official at various places in the West Indies and was rewarded for his efforts with an encomienda, a royally-granted landed estate with full authority over the native residents. 5. What prompted Columbus and others to sail west? An eyewitness account of Columbus's first landfall in the New World. ... His objective was to sail west until he reached Asia (the Indies) where the riches of gold, ... of the Admiral, she found the land, and made the signals ordered by the Admiral. ... besides the other rewards promised by the Sovereigns, which were 10,000 ... 6. What contributed to England creating large and successful settlements in North America? The British colonization of the Americas describes the history of the establishment of control, ... North America had been inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years of ... With the settlement of Jamestown on the Chesapeake Bay, the English established their first successful, permanent colony in North America 7. Why did the early colonists at Jamestown struggle? The first settlers of Jamestown endured the problems of hostile Indians, starvation, and poor leadership and government. Jamestown was the second English Colony in the New World (Roanoke being the first) and the Indians attacked the settlers within 3 days of arrival in May of 1607. 8. What were the Puritan/Pilgrim ideas about religion and in what one way did these two groups differ? While both followed the teaching of John Calvin, a cardinal difference distinguished one group from the other: Pilgrims were Puritans who had abandoned local parishes and formed small congregations of their own because the Church of England was not holy enough to meet their standards. They were labeled Separatists.Nov 26, 2015 9. Why did the Puritans in America feel like they were on a mission from God? These well-to-do Puritans and many thousands more left their English homes ... pastimes like bear-baiting—letting dogs attack a chained bear—which were often ... the Geneva Bible, which followed the teachings of John Calvin and placed God's .... How do you think English citizens who belonged to the Church of England ... 10. How did Old World and New World slavery differ? Sculpture of slave boy Slavery in ancient Rome differed from its modern forms in that it was not based on race.But like modern slavery, it was an abusive and degrading institution. Cruelty was commonplace.A common practiceSlavery had a long history in the ancient world and was practiced in Ancient Egypt and Greece, as well as Rome. Most slaves during the Roman Empire were foreigners and, unlike in modern times, Roman slavery was not based on race.Slaves in Rome might include prisoners of war, sailors captured and sold by pirates, or slaves bought outside Roman territory. In hard times, it was not uncommon for desperate Roman citizens to raise money by selling their children into slavery.Life as a slaveAll slaves and their families were the property of their owners, who could sell or rent them out at any time. Their lives were harsh. Slaves were often whipped, branded or cruelly mistreated. Their owners could also kill them for any reason, and would face no punishment.Although Romans accepted slavery as the norm, some people - like the poet and philosopher, Seneca - argued that slaves should at least be treated fairly.Essential laborSlaves worked everywhere - in private households, in mines and factories, and on farms. They also worked for city governments on engineering projects such as roads, aqueducts and buildings. As a result, they merged easily into the population.In fact, slaves looked so similar to Roman citizens that the Senate once considered a plan to make them wear special clothing so that they could be identified at a glance. The idea was rejected because the Senate feared that, if slaves saw how many of them were working in Rome, they might be tempted to join forces and rebel.ManumissionAnother difference between Roman slavery and its more modern variety was manumission - the ability of slaves to be freed. Roman owners freed their slaves in considerable numbers: some freed them outright, while others allowed them to buy their own freedom. The prospect of possible freedom through manumission encouraged most slaves to be obedient and hard working.Formal manumission was performed by a magistrate and gave freed men full Roman citizenship. The one exception was that they were not allowed to hold office. However, the law gave any children born to freedmen, after formal manumission, full rights of citizenship, including the right to hold office.Informal manumission gave fewer rights. Slaves freed informally did not become citizens and any property or wealth they accumulated reverted to their former owners when they died.Free at last?Once freed, former slaves could work in the same jobs as plebeians - as craftsmen, midwives or traders. Some even became wealthy. However, Rome's rigid society attached importance to social status and even successful freedmen usually found the stigma of slavery hard to overcome - the degradation lasted well beyond the slavery itself. 11. Understand the role racism and economics played with slavery. What factors contributed to slavery becoming perpetual in the English colonies? Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries people were kidnapped from the continent of Africa, forced into slavery in the American colonies and exploited to work as indentured servants and labor in the production of crops such as tobacco and cotton. By the mid-19th century, America's westward expansion and the abolition movement provoked a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody Civil War. Though the Union victory freed the nation's four million slaves, the legacy of slavery continued to influence American history, from the Reconstruction era to the civil rights movement that emerged a century after emancipation. Slavery in America started in 1619, when the privateer The White Lion brought 20 African slaves ashore in the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia. The crew had seized the Africans from the Portugese slave ship Sao Jao Bautista. Throughout the 17th century, European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as a cheaper, more plentiful labor source than indentured servants, who were mostly poor Europeans. 12. How did slaves resist their owners? How did slavery differ in the northern and southern colonies in British North America? It's estimated there were at least 250 slave rebellions in America before slavery ... In 1672, there were reports of fugitive slaves forming groups to harass plantation owners. .... Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. For example, slaves could steal from their owner, robbing him of his property ... kill their new-born babies rather than bring a child into the world to be a slave. By the 1700's, The northern and souther colonies had evolved into two distinct societies. This is so because the northern and southern colonies had different environments and also different reasons of settlement. The North was established for mainly religious freedom, while on the other hand, the south had been established for economic freedom. The climate also affected the different turnout of the north and the south. The north was much colder and so their soil was not beneficial for farming, so the people of the north found other jobs, while on the other side, the south had rich soil and the colonists there used that idea to set up huge plantations and farms. 13. What led to the start of the French and Indian War? How did the British eventually prevail? The French and Indian War, which took place between 1754-1763, began due to a conflict between England and France over control of the Ohio River Valley. Both sides wanted the valley so they could expand their settlements into the area. ... This was hardly the first time the French and English had grappled.Jun 8, 2016 . Reasons for Britain's Victory Leadership: when William Pitt was asked to take over the war operations for the British, things came to a turning point and they started to win. He invested a lot in the war as he believed that controlling North America was important for Great Britain as a world power. 14. From VOF document 5, "how do Huron gender and family relations seem to differ from those of Europeans?" The men and women see their spouses differently. 15. From VOF document 26, "What elements of Indian life does Neolin criticize most strongly?" What does freedom mean to Pontiac? Neolin criticizes the need for the white man's goods-Pontiac believes freedom is the land 16. What was the difference between a proprietary, corporate (joint-stock) colony, and royal colony? Be able to give examples of each. Charter colonies were governed by joint stock companies, which received charters from the king and enjoyed quite a bit of self-government. Proprietary colonies were granted by the king to a proprietor or head of a proprietary family, who owned the colony by title and governed it as he saw fit.Apr 10, 2017 Examples................................................... 17. From VOF 18, dealing with Non-English Immigration, "What do the petitioners find objectionable about non-English migrants to Pennsylvania?" They make a great deal of cloth of their own cotton, wool, and flax. 20. 18. Based on document 4 in VOF, how did religion play a role in the Pueblo Revolt? The Pueblo Revolt of 1680—also known as Popé's Rebellion—was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Revolt of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Otermín's Attempted ... for centuries were forced to abandon their religions, adopt Christianity, and pay tribute to ... AJ-009a includes 13 documents written in August 1680 by Spanish leader Don ... 19. How do Europeans and Native Americans differ in regards to land ownership, views of nature, communal living and gender?To European eyes, the structure of Native American society lacked the complexity ... married women in Europe held few rights to their property, family wealth, or even ... America and other lands (including colonists), students will discover that ... resource to study English views of native people, as well as gender roles among. .

native american influence

Native American Influence The Native American influence is one major component that separates the United States from other Western civilizations. It helps make America what it is today. Of course keep in mind that many times the relationship was one-sided as Europeans took Native American ideas, culture and material items without asking. Architecture: Adobe houses of tribes in the Southwest and Mexico are still used today. Long houses of Indians in northeast were duplicated by U.S. military to efficiently house soldiers during World War II. Farming: Tribes of North and South America grew 40 to 50% of the world's different kinds of produce first. The Indians discovered all crops native to the New World. The Europeans did not discover one single plant native to the Americas. Indians introduced such crops as corn (maize), potatoes, squash, and tobacco. Other crops such as coffee, sugar, rice were not native to the Americas and were introduced by the Europeans eventually becoming big cash crops. European colonists adopted the great farming techniques of the Indians in both North America and South America such as terrace irrigation. Land Management: Many tribes were excellent at land management, which was based on the idea of respecting nature. They set fires to forests to kill small sickly trees so that big, strong ones thrived. They wanted big trees for dwellings and canoes (another Indian innovation). Plains Indians burned trees so that there was more grazing for bison. Languages: Tribes that spoke different tongues used sign language to communicate. This was done well before the American Sign Language for the deaf was developed in the nineteenth century. Navajo language used during World War II for secret code to fool Japanese. Military trained Navajo Indians as communication specialists. Japanese never cracked code. As the various tribes died out so did their languages. On reservations most use English, but will use native tongues for ceremonies. Many words from various tribal languages have been absorbed into English. Here are a few:animals -- caribou, raccoon, opossum, chipmunk, skunktrees and plants -- hickory, mahogany, mangrove, mesquitefood plants -- pecan, maize, squash, avocado, tapioca, tomato, potatogeography and weather -- bayou, podunk, hurricanedwellings -- teepee, wigwamstate names and rivers -- Mississippi, Tennessee, Ohio, Connecticut, Minnesotaalcohol -- hooch. Indian discoveries: Rubber used for rubber-coated ponchos (raincoats), rubber-soled shoes, balls for games, bottles for transporting liquids, syringes Petroleum from oil pits in California and Pennsylvania used for glue and paint. Summary of Exchange between Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia) and New World (North America and South America) From Old World to New WordFrom New World to Old WorldDiseasessmallpox, measles, plague, typhus, influenza, yellow fever,diphtheria, scarlet feversyphilisAnimalshorses, cattle, pigs, donkeys, mules, black rats, honeybees, cockroachesturkeysPlantswheat, sugar, barley, coffee, rice, dandelion and other weedsmaize (corn), beans, peanut, potato, sweet potato, manioc, squash, papaya, guava, tomato, avocado, pineapple, chili pepper, cocoa Note on SourcesThe material in this lecture comes from the instructor's lecture notes and additional material, including the chart on cultural exchange, is from David Goldfield's. The American Journey: A History of the United States. Information is also from Jack Weatherford's Indian Giver: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World and Native Roots: How the Indians Enriched America.

the discovery on America , the british writer Adam Smith ,his work THe wealth of nations 1776 changes by Christophe rcolumbus made landfall in the WEST INDIAN ISLANDS IN 1442

because american isolation do not have immunity to the germs that also accompanied the colonizers.result EPIDEMICS

On April 26, 1607, the first ________ colonists sent by the London Company arrived in America.

three small ships carrying Colonist from England called Cape henry into the motuh of Chesapeake bay