BI 116 Exam 1 Criswell
axopodia
the pseudopodia and their supporting microtubules that capture other protists for food.
reticulopodia
thin pseudopodia extend pseudopodial networks that entraps prey
hydranth of obelia
this as well as the gonangium, can retreat into the perisarc when threatened. Feed the polyp, or zooid, by catching food similar to the method used by hydra,
dinoflagallates
A flagella bearing alveolate that has members responsible for the "red tides" in the Gulf of Mexico.
cup ocelli
two eyespots present on the head of the planarian. The planarian cannot visualize an image, but can easily detect changes in light using these sensory organs.
Diploblastic
two tissue layers
Amoeba proteus
typical amoebozoa that moves by thick cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia. It feeds on smaller protozoa and bacteria that it contacts in its environment. It lives in freshwater and constantly has water diffusing into the cell
contractile vacuole for euglena
typically located on the end of the cell with the flagella and can be observed in action in living specimens on high power
gonad of obelia
typically visible surrounding each of the gastric pouches.
Subphylum Euglenida
Euglena
eyespot for euglena
an orange colored pigment shield. This structure allows light from only a certain direction to strike the light detector, which in turn directs the euglena towards light sources enabling it to perform photosynthesis.
phylum foraminifera
bearing openings which describes the structure of the exoskeleton shell or test that is formed by these animals
paramecium
belong to a large group of protozoa that use cilia for locomotion and feeding.
Basal disc
can secrete a substance to adhere to a substance or secrete gas to allow the hydra to float to a new location.
animal cells
cell membrane, no cell wall, no plastias (chloroplast), centrioles, motility
Phylum Euglenozoa
cells have a rod that has either a spiral or crystalline structure inside the flagella. members can be predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, or parasites. All are identified by the presence of *FLAGELLA BY LOCOMOTION*
Calcium Carbonate
chemical compound with the formula CaCO₃. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggs. What tests are made of
Paramecium caudatum
ciliate commonly studied in bio labs. a species of unicellular organisms belonging to the genus Paramecium of the phylum Ciliophora. They can reach 0.25mm in length and are covered with minute hair-like organelles called cilia. free-living, seen as fine dust particles *USE CILIA FOR LOCOMOTION*
ectoplasm of amoeba
clear area just underneath the cell membrane. It is portion of the cytoplasm. It has a thick consistency similar to a boiled egg, which helps provide support and protection to the amoeba cell
parenchyma of planaria
composed mostly of nervous tissue, proteins and reproductive structures.
coenosarc
composed of epidermis and gastrodermis
Phylum cnidaria
comprised of animals that are both freshwater and marine
circular muscle tissue of planaria
contracts to make the planarian thinner to extend the body during locomotion
cell membrane of amoeba
dark line forming the outer barrier in the preserved amoeba and in the living amoeba
Three groups of alveolates
dinoflagallates, apicomplexans, paramecium
Contractile vacuole of ameoba
enlarges as it fills with water and then suddenly disappears as it contracts to expel excess water from the cell. designed to remove excess water from cell and prevent cell from swelling with water and bursting
kinetoplastids
euglenozoa that have a single large mitochondrion containing a large organized mass of DNA
Auricles on planaria
"ears" on the side of the head identifies the anterior end of the planarian. Auricles look like ears but not involved in sound perception. Sensitive to touch and chemicals in the environment
cilia
"hairs" that make the paramecium move and feed
Cnidaria Characteristics
-Stinging cells (cnidocysts) - Free-swimming medusa stage and/or a sessile polyp stage in the life cycle - An incomplete digestive system with gastrovascular cavity - radial symmetry - diploblastic animals with two layer cells, an outer epidermis. A third layer, the mesoglea, is made of a gel-like protein. - no head. nervous system comprised of nerve net.
Protozoa Characteristics
-Unicellular -microscopic -asymmetrical -specialized organelles with single or multiple membrane bound nuclei -locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia -reproduce asexually by fission, budding and cysts, and sexually by conjugation and syngamy -heterotrophic, some autotrophic or saprotrophic
Platyhelminthes Characteristics
1. Body flattened dorsoventrally 2. Bilateral symmetry 3. Adults are triploblastic (three tissue layers) 4. Acoelomate. No body cavity 5. Gastrovascular cavity. (incomplete digestive system) in most. 6. asexual reproduction by fragmentation
Phylum Amoebozoa
Amoeba Proteus
Linnean Taxonomic System Order
Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primate, Family Hominoidea, Genus Homo
Protozoa Classification
Domain Eukarya- phylum ciliophora- paramecium (Clade Alveolata) Phylum Apicomplexa- Plasmodium (Clade Alveolata) Phylum Euglozoa- trypanosma and Euglena (Clade Excavata) Phylum Radiolaria- radiolarians ( Clade Rhizaria) Phylum Foraminefra- Foraminefrans (Clade rhizaria) Phylum Ameobozoa- Ameoba Proteus
Phylum Foraminfera
Foraminiferans (Clade Rhizaria)
oral groove of paramecium
In paramecium, on one side of the cell and is visible as a groove in the side of the cell. This provides a channel for potential food swept into the cell of the paramecium.
euglena
In this, the chloroplasts provide the green coloration that is easily observable. under high power magnification, individual chloroplasts are visible in here. The nucleus is visible as a darker area in the living ______.
Clade Alveolata
Large group of protozoa that has alveoli just below the outer cell membrane
Mouth of hydra
Located located at the hypostome at the base of the tentacle
Pharynx of planaria
Mouth opens into a muscular pharynx, which appear as a large tube in the center of the planarian body.
perisarc of obelia
Non living chitnous sheath, protects the stalk or main body of obelia
mesoglea of hydra
Non-cellular, the gel in a jellyfish, is made of protein and provides some support for the hydra body.
Hydra
One of the smallest cnidarians at 2.5-3 cm. They lack the free-swimming medusa stage in their life cycle. has a slender stalk that ends in a basal disc used to attach to any substrate
Phylum Ciliophora
Paramecium (Clade Alveolata)
Phylum Apicomplexa
Plasmodium (Clade Alveolata)
Phylum Radiolaria
Radiolarians (Clade Rhizaria)
Contractile vacuoles of paramecium
The paramecium has two of these located on either end of the cell, which regulates the water content of the cell. look like big clear bubbles
subphylum kinetoplastida
Trypanosoma
Phylum Euglenozoa
Trypanosoma; Euglena (Clade excavata)
Euglena viridescens
a common euglenid
reservior for euglenid
a euglenid has a pocket called this at the end on one cell from which one or two flagella emerge
forams
a shortened form of their name, produce tests made of calcium carbonate and small other compounds
Food Vacuole of amoeba
a vacuole that fuses with a lysosome with enzymes. they are visible in a living amoeba as dark brown or black grains in the amoeba cell and as small granular structures in preserved specimens.
mixotroph for euglenozoa
acquires food from inorganic carbon through photosynthesis and by acquiring organic carbon through phagocytosis or by absorbing organic carbon across the cell membrane
dorsoventral muscle fibers of planaria
flatten the planaria during locomotion
Phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms. These animals are characterized by a body that is compressed from the back to the belly (dorsoventrally)
polyp
form of cnidaria. sessile, elongated, and hollow attached to a substrate.
medusa
form of cnidarian. the body is formed like an umbrella (jellyfish)
naked amoeba
free-living and commonly found in soil and aquatic environments at concentrations of thousands of individuals per cubic centimeter
planula larva of obelia
free-swimming; attaches to a new substrate and a new obelia colony establishes on the ocean floor as the planula larva develops into the structures of a mature obelia polyp
Internal Anatomy of planaria
gastrovascular cavity, diverticula, epidermis, circular muscle tissue, longitudinal muscle fibers, dorsoventral muscle fibers, parenchyma, pahrynx, pharyngeal cavity, ventral longitudinal nerve cords
Multi-chambered tests
gives microscopic appearance of small snail
pellicle of paramecium
gives the paramecium its foot print shape.
Obelia
good representation of the class Hydrozoa existing in both the asexual polyp form and the sexual form of medusa. This organism is one of many colonial hydroids that live attached to rocks, pilings, and shells in brackish and marine environments.
endoplasm of amoeba
granular portion of cytoplasm that is made of semi-fluid. It is much thinner in consistency than the ectoplasm and internal to the ectoplasm. It is where the cell organelles are located including the visible nucleus, contractile vacuole, and food vacuole.
planaria anatomy
has gastrovascular cavity , which divides into 2 intestines. the small branches from the intestines and gastrovascular cavity are diverticula
phylum ameobozoa
has many members that have thick or lobe-shaped pseudopodia and shapeless or amorphous cell bodies. is covered by cell membrane cells only and are referred to as "naked amoeba". *LOCOMOTION BY PSEUDOPODIA*
nucleus of amoeba
in the amoeba that are visible as a darker stained area close to the center of the cell body in a preserved stained specimen and as a large gray "football-shaped structure in a living specimen.
macronucleus of paramecium
in the paramecium, primarily controls cell metabolism, movement and other vital functions, dominates the interior of the cell.
Micronucleus of paramecium
in the paramecium, primarily involved in reproduction. If visible, will appear as a small dot
clade Rhizaria
includes amoebae and amoeba like protozoa that move with the use of *psuedopodia*
Apicomplexans
includes parasites that cause malaria
diverticula
increases efficiency of delivering nutrients to the planarian body
trypanosomes
kinetoplasts studied under the microscope in bio labs. kinetoplast in this has a large amount of DNA that absorbs stain to make the mitochondria easily visible in stained preserved specimens. has long flagella or a shadow of the flagella that provides locomotion for this. these are ribbon shaped or spiral shaped cells that infect humans bitten by tse tse flies or reduviid bugs.
kinetoplast
large organized mass of DNA. Dark stained area in the middle of the trypanosome
gastrodermis of obelia
layer inside of epidermis
gastroderm of hydra
made of cells one layer thick that secret enzymes for the digestion of the captured prey
paramylon granules or starch vacuoles for euglena
may be visible in both living and preserved specimens as large unstained areas. specialized complex carbohydrate, enables the organism to live in low-light conditions
Prozotoa
means "first animals". single celled animals that possess typical cellular structures and perform all basic cell functions.
Pseudopodia
means false foot. bulges or extensions that protrude from the cell in almost any direction
phylum radiolaria
members of the phylum support their pseudopodia with thin radiating microtubules
Alveoli
membrane bound sacs
food vacuole of paramecium
membrane-enclosed cell vacuole with a digestive function.
hypostome of obelia
mouth, surrounded by tentacles with cnidocytes similar to the structures found in hydra.
mouth of planarian
not on the head but located about one-third toward the tail of the planarian from the tip of the head.
gullet of paramecium
once food is inside the paramecium, it is packaged into a food vacuole in this area and digested
Linnean Taxonomic System
organizes living things from very general traits, such as those that determine an animal from a plant to more specific traits that seperate species of living things
epidermis of hydra
outer covering of the hydra body plan where additional cnidocysts are located.
gastrovacular cavity of obelia
prey is pushed in here (inside the coenosarc) to feed the entire colony
gastrovacular cavity of hydra
primary feature of the slender stalk, which comprises the hydra body plan.
gonangia of obelia
reproductive polyps, attached to the stalk, produces dioecious (seperate sexes) medusae that are budded from the blastolyte and released from the gonangium through a pore
Clade excavata
some members of this group have a excavated groove on one side of the cell body. Some members have *flagella* that differ in structure from those in other clades.
cnidocysts
stinging cells
stolon of obelia
substrate via a root-like structure that the obelia base attaches to. it gives rise to various stalks
taxonomy
systematic ordering and classification of all living things
silica
what a radiolarian's rigid exoskeleton is made of giving the impression of glass
velum of obelia
what the bell has that projects inward and is an aid in swimming.
gastric pouches of obelia
where digestion begins. The obelia digests food through the mouth and then distributes it among four gastric pouches.