BI 116 Exam 1 Criswell

axopodia

the pseudopodia and their supporting microtubules that capture other protists for food.

reticulopodia

thin pseudopodia extend pseudopodial networks that entraps prey

hydranth of obelia

this as well as the gonangium, can retreat into the perisarc when threatened. Feed the polyp, or zooid, by catching food similar to the method used by hydra,

dinoflagallates

A flagella bearing alveolate that has members responsible for the "red tides" in the Gulf of Mexico.

cup ocelli

two eyespots present on the head of the planarian. The planarian cannot visualize an image, but can easily detect changes in light using these sensory organs.

Diploblastic

two tissue layers

Amoeba proteus

typical amoebozoa that moves by thick cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia. It feeds on smaller protozoa and bacteria that it contacts in its environment. It lives in freshwater and constantly has water diffusing into the cell

contractile vacuole for euglena

typically located on the end of the cell with the flagella and can be observed in action in living specimens on high power

gonad of obelia

typically visible surrounding each of the gastric pouches.

Subphylum Euglenida

Euglena

eyespot for euglena

an orange colored pigment shield. This structure allows light from only a certain direction to strike the light detector, which in turn directs the euglena towards light sources enabling it to perform photosynthesis.

phylum foraminifera

bearing openings which describes the structure of the exoskeleton shell or test that is formed by these animals

paramecium

belong to a large group of protozoa that use cilia for locomotion and feeding.

Basal disc

can secrete a substance to adhere to a substance or secrete gas to allow the hydra to float to a new location.

animal cells

cell membrane, no cell wall, no plastias (chloroplast), centrioles, motility

Phylum Euglenozoa

cells have a rod that has either a spiral or crystalline structure inside the flagella. members can be predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, or parasites. All are identified by the presence of *FLAGELLA BY LOCOMOTION*

Calcium Carbonate

chemical compound with the formula CaCO₃. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggs. What tests are made of

Paramecium caudatum

ciliate commonly studied in bio labs. a species of unicellular organisms belonging to the genus Paramecium of the phylum Ciliophora. They can reach 0.25mm in length and are covered with minute hair-like organelles called cilia. free-living, seen as fine dust particles *USE CILIA FOR LOCOMOTION*

ectoplasm of amoeba

clear area just underneath the cell membrane. It is portion of the cytoplasm. It has a thick consistency similar to a boiled egg, which helps provide support and protection to the amoeba cell

parenchyma of planaria

composed mostly of nervous tissue, proteins and reproductive structures.

coenosarc

composed of epidermis and gastrodermis

Phylum cnidaria

comprised of animals that are both freshwater and marine

circular muscle tissue of planaria

contracts to make the planarian thinner to extend the body during locomotion

cell membrane of amoeba

dark line forming the outer barrier in the preserved amoeba and in the living amoeba

Three groups of alveolates

dinoflagallates, apicomplexans, paramecium

Contractile vacuole of ameoba

enlarges as it fills with water and then suddenly disappears as it contracts to expel excess water from the cell. designed to remove excess water from cell and prevent cell from swelling with water and bursting

kinetoplastids

euglenozoa that have a single large mitochondrion containing a large organized mass of DNA

Auricles on planaria

"ears" on the side of the head identifies the anterior end of the planarian. Auricles look like ears but not involved in sound perception. Sensitive to touch and chemicals in the environment

cilia

"hairs" that make the paramecium move and feed

Cnidaria Characteristics

-Stinging cells (cnidocysts) - Free-swimming medusa stage and/or a sessile polyp stage in the life cycle - An incomplete digestive system with gastrovascular cavity - radial symmetry - diploblastic animals with two layer cells, an outer epidermis. A third layer, the mesoglea, is made of a gel-like protein. - no head. nervous system comprised of nerve net.

Protozoa Characteristics

-Unicellular -microscopic -asymmetrical -specialized organelles with single or multiple membrane bound nuclei -locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia -reproduce asexually by fission, budding and cysts, and sexually by conjugation and syngamy -heterotrophic, some autotrophic or saprotrophic

Platyhelminthes Characteristics

1. Body flattened dorsoventrally 2. Bilateral symmetry 3. Adults are triploblastic (three tissue layers) 4. Acoelomate. No body cavity 5. Gastrovascular cavity. (incomplete digestive system) in most. 6. asexual reproduction by fragmentation

Phylum Amoebozoa

Amoeba Proteus

Linnean Taxonomic System Order

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primate, Family Hominoidea, Genus Homo

Protozoa Classification

Domain Eukarya- phylum ciliophora- paramecium (Clade Alveolata) Phylum Apicomplexa- Plasmodium (Clade Alveolata) Phylum Euglozoa- trypanosma and Euglena (Clade Excavata) Phylum Radiolaria- radiolarians ( Clade Rhizaria) Phylum Foraminefra- Foraminefrans (Clade rhizaria) Phylum Ameobozoa- Ameoba Proteus

Phylum Foraminfera

Foraminiferans (Clade Rhizaria)

oral groove of paramecium

In paramecium, on one side of the cell and is visible as a groove in the side of the cell. This provides a channel for potential food swept into the cell of the paramecium.

euglena

In this, the chloroplasts provide the green coloration that is easily observable. under high power magnification, individual chloroplasts are visible in here. The nucleus is visible as a darker area in the living ______.

Clade Alveolata

Large group of protozoa that has alveoli just below the outer cell membrane

Mouth of hydra

Located located at the hypostome at the base of the tentacle

Pharynx of planaria

Mouth opens into a muscular pharynx, which appear as a large tube in the center of the planarian body.

perisarc of obelia

Non living chitnous sheath, protects the stalk or main body of obelia

mesoglea of hydra

Non-cellular, the gel in a jellyfish, is made of protein and provides some support for the hydra body.

Hydra

One of the smallest cnidarians at 2.5-3 cm. They lack the free-swimming medusa stage in their life cycle. has a slender stalk that ends in a basal disc used to attach to any substrate

Phylum Ciliophora

Paramecium (Clade Alveolata)

Phylum Apicomplexa

Plasmodium (Clade Alveolata)

Phylum Radiolaria

Radiolarians (Clade Rhizaria)

Contractile vacuoles of paramecium

The paramecium has two of these located on either end of the cell, which regulates the water content of the cell. look like big clear bubbles

subphylum kinetoplastida

Trypanosoma

Phylum Euglenozoa

Trypanosoma; Euglena (Clade excavata)

Euglena viridescens

a common euglenid

reservior for euglenid

a euglenid has a pocket called this at the end on one cell from which one or two flagella emerge

forams

a shortened form of their name, produce tests made of calcium carbonate and small other compounds

Food Vacuole of amoeba

a vacuole that fuses with a lysosome with enzymes. they are visible in a living amoeba as dark brown or black grains in the amoeba cell and as small granular structures in preserved specimens.

mixotroph for euglenozoa

acquires food from inorganic carbon through photosynthesis and by acquiring organic carbon through phagocytosis or by absorbing organic carbon across the cell membrane

dorsoventral muscle fibers of planaria

flatten the planaria during locomotion

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flatworms. These animals are characterized by a body that is compressed from the back to the belly (dorsoventrally)

polyp

form of cnidaria. sessile, elongated, and hollow attached to a substrate.

medusa

form of cnidarian. the body is formed like an umbrella (jellyfish)

naked amoeba

free-living and commonly found in soil and aquatic environments at concentrations of thousands of individuals per cubic centimeter

planula larva of obelia

free-swimming; attaches to a new substrate and a new obelia colony establishes on the ocean floor as the planula larva develops into the structures of a mature obelia polyp

Internal Anatomy of planaria

gastrovascular cavity, diverticula, epidermis, circular muscle tissue, longitudinal muscle fibers, dorsoventral muscle fibers, parenchyma, pahrynx, pharyngeal cavity, ventral longitudinal nerve cords

Multi-chambered tests

gives microscopic appearance of small snail

pellicle of paramecium

gives the paramecium its foot print shape.

Obelia

good representation of the class Hydrozoa existing in both the asexual polyp form and the sexual form of medusa. This organism is one of many colonial hydroids that live attached to rocks, pilings, and shells in brackish and marine environments.

endoplasm of amoeba

granular portion of cytoplasm that is made of semi-fluid. It is much thinner in consistency than the ectoplasm and internal to the ectoplasm. It is where the cell organelles are located including the visible nucleus, contractile vacuole, and food vacuole.

planaria anatomy

has gastrovascular cavity , which divides into 2 intestines. the small branches from the intestines and gastrovascular cavity are diverticula

phylum ameobozoa

has many members that have thick or lobe-shaped pseudopodia and shapeless or amorphous cell bodies. is covered by cell membrane cells only and are referred to as "naked amoeba". *LOCOMOTION BY PSEUDOPODIA*

nucleus of amoeba

in the amoeba that are visible as a darker stained area close to the center of the cell body in a preserved stained specimen and as a large gray "football-shaped structure in a living specimen.

macronucleus of paramecium

in the paramecium, primarily controls cell metabolism, movement and other vital functions, dominates the interior of the cell.

Micronucleus of paramecium

in the paramecium, primarily involved in reproduction. If visible, will appear as a small dot

clade Rhizaria

includes amoebae and amoeba like protozoa that move with the use of *psuedopodia*

Apicomplexans

includes parasites that cause malaria

diverticula

increases efficiency of delivering nutrients to the planarian body

trypanosomes

kinetoplasts studied under the microscope in bio labs. kinetoplast in this has a large amount of DNA that absorbs stain to make the mitochondria easily visible in stained preserved specimens. has long flagella or a shadow of the flagella that provides locomotion for this. these are ribbon shaped or spiral shaped cells that infect humans bitten by tse tse flies or reduviid bugs.

kinetoplast

large organized mass of DNA. Dark stained area in the middle of the trypanosome

gastrodermis of obelia

layer inside of epidermis

gastroderm of hydra

made of cells one layer thick that secret enzymes for the digestion of the captured prey

paramylon granules or starch vacuoles for euglena

may be visible in both living and preserved specimens as large unstained areas. specialized complex carbohydrate, enables the organism to live in low-light conditions

Prozotoa

means "first animals". single celled animals that possess typical cellular structures and perform all basic cell functions.

Pseudopodia

means false foot. bulges or extensions that protrude from the cell in almost any direction

phylum radiolaria

members of the phylum support their pseudopodia with thin radiating microtubules

Alveoli

membrane bound sacs

food vacuole of paramecium

membrane-enclosed cell vacuole with a digestive function.

hypostome of obelia

mouth, surrounded by tentacles with cnidocytes similar to the structures found in hydra.

mouth of planarian

not on the head but located about one-third toward the tail of the planarian from the tip of the head.

gullet of paramecium

once food is inside the paramecium, it is packaged into a food vacuole in this area and digested

Linnean Taxonomic System

organizes living things from very general traits, such as those that determine an animal from a plant to more specific traits that seperate species of living things

epidermis of hydra

outer covering of the hydra body plan where additional cnidocysts are located.

gastrovacular cavity of obelia

prey is pushed in here (inside the coenosarc) to feed the entire colony

gastrovacular cavity of hydra

primary feature of the slender stalk, which comprises the hydra body plan.

gonangia of obelia

reproductive polyps, attached to the stalk, produces dioecious (seperate sexes) medusae that are budded from the blastolyte and released from the gonangium through a pore

Clade excavata

some members of this group have a excavated groove on one side of the cell body. Some members have *flagella* that differ in structure from those in other clades.

cnidocysts

stinging cells

stolon of obelia

substrate via a root-like structure that the obelia base attaches to. it gives rise to various stalks

taxonomy

systematic ordering and classification of all living things

silica

what a radiolarian's rigid exoskeleton is made of giving the impression of glass

velum of obelia

what the bell has that projects inward and is an aid in swimming.

gastric pouches of obelia

where digestion begins. The obelia digests food through the mouth and then distributes it among four gastric pouches.