BIO 101 Practice Exam 2A

A. ADP and phosphate

The subunits from which ATP is made are: A. ADP and phosphate. B. FAD and NAD+. C. FAD and NADPH. D. ADP and FAD. E. ADP and NAD+.

D. The chemical compounds in cells lose their organization over time because there is no longer an input of energy to maintain the organized state

A living organism represents stored energy in the form of chemical compounds. When an organism dies, what happens to this stored energy? A. All chemicals immediately lose their high-energy bonds. B. All molecules immediately degrade into basic elements. C. All energy immediately leaves, and that is one manifestation that the organism is dead. D. The chemical compounds in cells lose their organization over time because there is no longer an input of energy to maintain the organized state. E. The chemical compounds remain exactly intact and ready to start up again unless digested by a consumer or decay organism.

D. All the choices are correct

A major chemical that regulates the fluidity of animal cell membranes by stiffening the membrane at higher temperatures and preventing the membrane from freezing at lower temperature is: A. cholesterol. B. lipid in nature. C. a steroid. D. All of the choices are correct.

D. The adenosine diphosphate and the third phosphate

ATP is considered a high-energy compound because under cellular conditions, 7.3 kcal per mole of energy is released when a bond is broken between: A. the base adenine and the sugar ribose. B. the adenosine and the phosphate groups. C. the base adenine and the phosphate groups. D. the adenosine diphosphate and the third phosphate. E. All of the bonds release energy as ATP is completely broken down.

C. A molecule that carries a great deal of chemical energy in a chemical bond

ATP is considered to be A. an enzyme used widely in all kinds of cells. B. a coenzyme used to inhibit or activate different enzymes. C. a molecule that carries a great deal of chemical energy in a chemical bond. D. the precursor of a high-energy membrane-bounded protein.

A. Mitochondria

According to the endosymbiosis theory _______ were engulfed by larger eukaryotic cells. A. mitochondria B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. ribosomes

A. Requires an input of ATP

Active transport A. requires an input of ATP. B. is involved in diffusion. C. occurs in osmosis and facilitated transport. D. All of the choices are correct.

C. Golgi Apparatus

After proteins are formed by the ribosomes located on the endoplasmic reticulum, what is the next organelle to which they could be transported? A. mitochondria B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Golgi apparatus D. nucleus

False

All cells have a cell wall that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. True / False

E. Metabolism

All of the biochemical pathways in a cell constitute A. coupling reactions. B. free energy. C. endergonic reactions only. D. exergonic reactions only. E. metabolism.

D. All of the choices are correct

An amino sugar called N-acetylmuramic acid is an important building block of the cell wall of some bacteria. Penicillin prevents this amino sugar from being incorporated into the bacterial cell wall. Therefore, A. penicillin affects bacteria but not eukaryotes because eukaryotic cell walls are different. B. bacterial cells that had already formed their cell walls would be unaffected. C. penicillin would stop the growth of active colonies of susceptible bacteria. D. All of the choices are correct.

C

As they flow over rotten logs as a fluid sheet, slime molds appear to lack any partitioning into individual cells; however, slime molds do become cellular when they change form to produce spores. The surface of some parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are a "syncytium" or layer of living material that contains many nuclei and cell organelles but lacks partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues consume food and produce wastes. In light of the cell theory that "all living things are composed of cells," then A. these tissues are not living because they are not cellular. B. these tissues are obviously a bridge between nonliving and primitive living cells. C. the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds because these organisms are cellular at specific stages in their life cycle, but this shows that cell membrane partitions can be abandoned. D. this proves that a "vital force" beyond cell chemistry can give life to substances. E. All of the choices are true.

B. Photosynthesis, Mitochondria

Chloroplasts are to ____________ as ___________ are to aerobic respiration. A. stroma, cristae B. photosynthesis, mitochondria C. thylakoid membranes, matrix D. protein synthesis, lysosomes

B. Used to drive an endergonic reaction

Coupling occurs when the energy released by an exergonic reaction is: A. used to drive another exergonic reaction. B. used to drive an endergonic reaction. C. lost as nonusable heat to the environment. D. used to decrease the entropy of the universe. E. All of the choices are correct.

C. Can only occur if there is an input of energy

Endergonic reactions: A. release energy. B. have a negative G and occur spontaneously. C. can only occur if there is an input of energy. D. have products with less free energy than the reactants. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. Hypotonic, a contractile vacuole

Freshwater protozoans react to a/an _____ environment by removing water through _____. A. hypertonic, turgor pressure B. hypotonic, turgor pressure C. isotonic, a contractile vacuole D. hypertonic, a contractile vacuole E. hypotonic, a contractile vacuole

D. All of the choices are involved in tissue transplantation

Having similar ____________ would allow tissues and organs to be transplanted easily. A. cell recognition proteins B. major histocompatibility complex proteins C. carbohydrate chains in the cell membrane D. all of the choices are involved in tissue transplantation

B. Water will move in to the cell from the surrounding solution

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which will occur? A. Salts will move into the cell from the surrounding solution. B. Water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution. C. Salts will move out of the cell into the surrounding solution. D. Water will move out of the cell into the surrounding solution. E. None of the choices will occur.

E. Phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell or toward the cytoplasm

In a phospholipid bilayer, the A. phosphate groups are hydrophobic. B. fatty acid tails are ionized. C. fatty acid tails are hydrophilic. D. proteins are located only between the two layers. E. phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell or toward the cytoplasm.

True

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are able to reproduce independently from the division of the cell. True / False

True

Mitochondria are thought to be derived from aerobic bacteria that became part of the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis. True / False

False

Mitochondria have an inner membrane system called thylakoid membranes. True / False

B. Provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from swelling

Most bacteria live in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the bacteria. The cell wall of a bacterium is a peptidoglycan polymer that is tightly cross-linked. This would therefore function to A. regulate the flow of most molecules into and out of the bacterial cell. B. provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from swelling. C. provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from shrinking. D. confirm a close relationship to plant cells that have a similar structure and live in hypotonic solutions. E. make all bacteria fairly uniform in metabolic chemistry.

D. All of the choices are correct

Proteins in a membrane are: A. peripheral if they are on the inside surface held in place by the cytoskeleton. B. integral if they are embedded in the membrane and protrude from both surfaces of the bilayer. C. integral if they protrude from only one surface of the bilayer. D. All of the choices are correct.

C. On the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane

Red blood cells come in many "blood types" including type A, type B, type AB, type O [lacking proteins A and B], Rh positive, and Rh negative [lacking Rh+] and many others. If blood is transfused, the recipient detects any new or "foreign" proteins. These blood type proteins are A. in the plasma where they have been secreted by the red blood cells. B. inside the red blood cell cytoplasm. C. on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane. D. evenly distributed throughout the cell contents and plasma. E. in the red blood cell nucleus.

E. Different glycolipids and glycoproteins are produced internally and moved into the plasma membrane

Some parasites and disease agents regularly change their identity before our immune system can build up substantial antibodies. How could cells change their chemical identity on a regular basis? A. Rapid evolution produces mutations. B. A new phospholipid bilayer is generated to replace the old layer. C. Because the membrane is "set," the cell must reproduce and then the cell with the old membrane must die. D. Cells eliminate all surface proteins and present only a naked lipid bilayer. E. Different glycolipids and glycoproteins are produced internally and moved into the plasma membrane.

D. The presence of lead

The activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except ________. A. increase in substrate concentration B. a vitamin C. a 2-4 degree increase in temperature D. the presence of lead

E. Production of proteins used in construction of the cell wall

The major functions of the plasma membrane do NOT include A. separation of the fluid environments inside and outside the cell. B. regulation of molecules and ions that pass into and out of the cell. C. recognition and communication between different cells and tissues. D. maintaining connections between adjacent cells. E. production of proteins used in construction of the cell wall.

B. Aquaporin

The newly discovered membrane channel protein that accounts for why water can cross a membrane more quickly than expected is: A. ATP synthetase B. Aquaporin C. The sodium-potassium pump D. Integrin

D

What is the smallest unit of living matter? A. atom B. element C. Golgi apparatus D. cell E. nucleus

E. All of the choices are correct

Whether a molecule can cross the plasma membrane depends upon A. the size of the molecule. B. the shape of the molecule. C. the chemical properties of the molecule. D. the charge of the molecule. E. All of the choices are correct.

B. Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another

Which best describes the first law of thermodynamics? A. Energy is changed from one form to another with a loss of usable energy. B. Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another. C. Energy can be created from matter or used to produce matter. D. Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs. E. Energy transfers are always 100% efficient in changing energy from one useful form t

D. Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs

Which best describes the second law of thermodynamics? A. Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change into matter. B. Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another. C. Energy can be created from matter or used to produce matter. D. Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs. E. Energy transfers are always 100% efficient in changing energy from one useful form to another.

A. Kinetic energy: fat molecules

Which form of energy is NOT correctly associated with the related example? A. kinetic energy: fat molecules B. kinetic energy: movement of muscles C. chemical energy: glucose D. potential energy: water held behind a dam E. potential energy: ATP

D. It states that bacteria and other small organisms can arise spontaneously

Which is NOT true about the cell theory? A. Its various parts were described by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. B. It states that all organisms are composed of cells. C. It states that all cells come from preexisting cells. D. It states that bacteria and other small organisms can arise spontaneously. E. It is accepted today by biologists as applying to virtually all forms of life.

C. They contain ribosomes that are smaller than those of prokaryotic cells

Which is NOT true of eukaryotic cells? A. A true nucleus contains the chromosomes. B. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bounded compartments. C. They contain ribosomes that are smaller than those of prokaryotic cells. D. They all contain mitochondria. E. They contain many organelles in the cytoplasm.

C. Ribosomal subunits leave the nucleus after being formed by the nucleolus

Which is a true statement about ribosomes? A. Ribosomes contain DNA and protein. B. Ribosomes are active in carbohydrate synthesis. C. Ribosomal subunits leave the nucleus after being formed by the nucleolus. D. Polyribosomes are the subunits of ribosomes. E. Ribosomes are only found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotic cells.

B. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Which is the best definition of osmosis? A. The movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration. B. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. C. The movement of molecules from an area of their lower concentration to an area of their higher concentration. D. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration. E. The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient through the release of energy from ATP.

B. Nucleus

Which of the following features is NOT found in a bacterial cell? A. cell wall B. nucleus C. cell membrane D. nuceloid region E. ribosome

A. Nucleoid Region

Which of the following features is unique to bacterial cells? A. nucleoid region B. nucleus C. cell membrane D. cell wall E. ribosome

C. Golgi appartus

Which of the following gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles? A. rough endoplasmic reticulum B. mitochondria C. Golgi apparatus D. ribosomes

D. All of the above

Which of the following help direct the movement of materials or organelles throughout the cell? A. rough endoplasmic reticulum B. cytoskeleton C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. all of the choices are true

B. Plasmodesmata

Which of the following is NOT associated with animal cells? A. an extracellular matrix B. plasmodesmata C. gap junctions D. adhesion junctions (desmosomes) E. tight junctions

C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts can actively break away from eukaryotic cells

Which of the following is NOT offered as evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory, the belief that a eukaryotic cell has evolved as a "committee" of prokaryotic cells? A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size and structure to some species of bacteria. B. The ribosomes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to bacteria. C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts can actively break away from eukaryotic cells and live on their own. D. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA coding separate from the eukaryotic nucleus. E. All of the choices offer support of the endosymbiotic theory.

C. There is a greater amount of cellulose in secondary cell walls than in primary cell walls of plants

Which of the following is true with respect to plant cell walls? A. They contain n-acetylglutamic acid. B. They all have secondary cell walls to some extent. C. There is a greater amount of cellulose in secondary cell walls than in primary cell walls. D. Lignin is found in primary cell walls of plants.

D

Which of the following organelles is found within an autotrophic, eukaryotic cell? A. lysosomes B. ribosomes C. rough endoplasmic reticulum D. chloroplast

C. Channel proteins block the activity of carrier proteins

Which of the following protein functions is not correctly associated with its correct integral protein? A. carrier proteins-facilitate passage of molecules through the membrane B. enzymatic proteins-catalyze a specific reaction C. channel proteins-block the activity of carrier proteins D. cell recognition proteins-recognize pathogens Incorrect Answers: A. It is true that carrier proteins selectively interact with specific molecules or ions to facilitate their passage across the membrane.

A. Mitochondria

Which of these is NOT part of the endomembrane system of the cell? A. mitochondria B. endoplasmic reticulum C. lysosomes D. Golgi complex

B. Reactions that occur spontaneously are those that increase the amount of useful energy in a system

Which of these statements is NOT a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics? A. While the total amount of energy is unchanged, the energy lost as heat is no longer useful to the cell in doing work. B. Reactions that occur spontaneously are those that increase the amount of useful energy in a system. C. The amount of disorder in the universe is always increasing. D. To maintain organization of a cell, a continual input of energy is required.

B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Which organelles contain functioning ATP synthetase complexes in their membranes? A. Golgi complexes and lysosomes. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts. C. Endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles. D. Vacuoles and vesicles. E. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

B. Initiating the replication of the genetic material

Which phrase does NOT describe one of the functions of proteins of the plasma membrane? A. forming a channel through the membrane B. initiating the replication of the genetic material C. binding to a substance to carry it through the membrane D. acting as a receptor for substances external to the cell E. increasing the rate of a chemical reaction

A. Bacteria contain membrane bound organelles

Which statement is NOT true about bacteria? A. Bacteria contain membrane bound organelles. B. Some are photosynthetic. C. Some are motile due to flagella. D. All bacteria are prokaryotes. E. Bacteria have a cell wall that contains peptidoglycan.

B. The glycocalyx sheath is located inside the cell wall

Which statement is NOT true about bacterial anatomy? A. The cell wall is located outside of the plasma membrane. B. The glycocalyx sheath is located inside the cell wall. C. There may be small rings of accessory DNA called plasmids. D. Bacteria may have fimbriae that help attach the bacteria to other structures.

D. An enzyme's activity is generally reduced by an increase in substrate concentration

Which statement is NOT true about how various conditions will effect the activity of an enzyme? A. Higher temperatures generally increase the activity of an enzyme up to a point. B. Above a certain range of temperatures, the protein of an enzyme is denatured. C. A change in pH can cause an enzyme to be inactivated. D. An enzyme's activity is generally reduced by an increase in substrate concentration. E. When sufficient substrate is available, the active site will nearly always be occupied.

E. Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate chains that are oriented toward the inner surface of the membrane

Which statement is NOT true about the proteins in the plasma membrane? A. Proteins may be attached to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. B. The hydrophobic portion of a protein is embedded within the membrane. C. Some peripheral proteins are connected to cytoskeletal filaments. D. Integral proteins are responsible for membrane functions. E. Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate chains that are oriented toward the inner surface of the membrane.

D. The movement of proteins and phospholipids can occur sideways within the plane of the membrane

Which statement is true about the plasma membrane? A. The proteins make up the matrix of the membrane. B. The model can be likened to a sandwich where phospholipids are like the bread and proteins are like the filling. C. The fluid nature of the membrane is regulated by flip-flopping of the phospholipids from one side of the membrane to the other. D. The movement of proteins and phospholipids can occur sideways within the plane of the membrane.

B. Polar

Which type of molecule will require some amount of energy to cross the cell membrane? A. glycerol B. polar C. non-polar molecules D. carbon dioxide E. oxygen

B. Have an efficient way to transport materials from one organelle to another

Without a cytoskeleton, eukaryotic cells would NOT A. synthesize protein. B. have an efficient way to transport materials from one organelle to another. C. have an efficient means of metabolism. D. communicate with adjacent cells.

D. Proteins; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

_______ are to ribosomes as lipids are to _________. A. carbohydrates; rough endoplasmic reticulum B. nucleoli; lysosomes C. sugars; peroxisomes D. proteins; smooth endoplasmic reticulum