Bio 102 Chapter 53 Mastering Biology

Which of the following is consistent with a recent study of ecological footprints?

the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high

Analyzing ecological footprints reveals that

the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.

Use the graph to answer the following question. Based on the data graphed here, which size clutch would likely result in the highest estimated overall reproductive success (fecundity) after one year?

3

The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____.

sharks

Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

temperature

Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity?

Genetic variation in the population

Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true?

Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.

Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true?

If N is greater than K, the population will shrink.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement on Earth's carrying capacity for humans?

Our technology has allowed the human population to keep increasing K.

Use the figure to answer the following question. Which conclusion below is best supported by the data?

The effect of excluding predators and adding food in the same experiment is greater than the sum of excluding lynx alone plus adding food when considered individually.

True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.

True

True or false? The growth rate of a certain population increases very quickly for a time and then levels off to zero. The most likely reason that the growth rate leveled off to zero is that the population reached the carrying capacity of that environment.

True

Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth?

Young populations with few individuals.

Resource competition, territoriality, disease, and toxic wastes are some of the factors that provide __________ and help regulate population.

negative feedback

Which of the following traits is characteristic of K-selected populations?

offspring with good chances of survival

In the models that describe population growth, r stands for __________.

per capita population growth rate

Which of the following is most consistent with the logistic growth equation, (look at photo for equation)

population growth is zero when N equals K

Part complete According to the logistic growth equation below, dN/dt=rN(K−N)/K

population growth is zero when N equals K.

Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that

predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling.

Which of these was the first of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

the advent of agriculture

The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that

the members of the population are competing for access to a resource.

Starting from a single individual, which estimate best predicts the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a 2-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)

64

A population of white-footed mice becomes severely overpopulated in a habitat that has been disturbed by human activity. Sometimes intrinsic factors cause the population to increase in mortality and cause lower reproduction rates to occur in reaction to the stress of overpopulation. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic population control?

Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation, and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation. Submit

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square kilometer (km2) in one woodlot and 20/km2 in another woodlot. These data could be best used to answer which of the following question?

How does the density of deer vary among similar habitats?

Ecologists define carrying capacity (K) as the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. Which statement about K is correct?

K varies among populations and in space and time.

Which of the following statements about age pyramids is true?

Predictions of a population's future take into account such factors as increasing survivorship and fecundity levels that remain the same.

The graph shows the growth of a laboratory culture of Paramecium aurelia. Suppose that after 15 days, the researcher removed ~400 paramecia from the culture. How will the population growth rate (dN/dt) change as a result of this action?

The growth rate of the Paramecium population will increase.

The State of Nature report benefitted most from which of the following?

Volunteers

In wild populations, individuals most often show a __________ pattern of dispersion.

clumped

Which of the following graphs best illustrates the growth curve of a small population of rodents that has increased to a static carrying capacity?

look at photo

Which of the following graphs illustrates the growth over several seasons of a population of snowshoe hares that were introduced to an appropriate habitat also inhabited by predators in northern Canada?

look at photo

Which of the following conditions favors "big-bang" reproduction?

low rates of offspring survival

A population's carrying capacity

may change as environmental conditions change.

Which of these was the third of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

the discovery of vaccines and the discovery of antibiotics

Researchers marked 800 turtles in a population, and six months later they were able to trap a total of 300 more individuals, of which 150 were marked. Which of the following is the best estimate of the total population size?

1,600

In 2019, the United States Census Bureau reported the various components of population change as estimated below. One birth every 8 seconds One death every 11 seconds One international migrant (net of immigrants versus emigrants) every 33 seconds Net gain of one person every 17 seconds Use the information to estimate the net population growth for that year.

1,855,058

Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare?

10 MendAliens per hectare

To measure the population of lake trout in a 250-hectare lake, 500 individual trout were captured using nets and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the trout capture was repeated, and out of the 200 lake trout that were caught, 50 had fin clips. Using the mark-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size is predicted to be closest to which of the following?

2,000

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Using these birth and death rates, calculate the total number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year.

40 individuals added

Use the figures to answer the following question. Based on the age-structure diagrams in the figure and on the large population of baby boomers (a demographic cohort born at a reproductive peak after World War II between 1946-1964 in the United States), which graph best reflects U.S. population in 20 years?

B

Which processes increase a population's size?

Births and immigration Submit

Identify the factor that you think may ultimately be most important for density-dependent population regulation in humans.

Disease, because the transmission rate of a disease increases as the population becomes more crowded.

Use the hypothetical or idealized survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. Which of the following curves describes survivorship that is most typical in marine fish or mollusks?

E

Select the correct statement about the global carrying capacity for the human population.

Estimates of the global carrying capacity for the human population depend on resource use per capita.

The following question refers to the figure below, which depicts the age structure of populations. In the figure, populations of a plant species labeled I, II, and III are depicted using simplified age structures containing three age classes: young seedlings, middle-aged juveniles, and older adults. Which populations appear to have stable growth?

III

Select the correct statement about the factors that limit the growth of a population.

If a factor limits population growth, increasing its availability will increase population growth.

You are a plant population ecologist. You discover that several plants in Europe are declining and should be considered for the Red List. Who manages the list you think these plants belong on?

International Union for Conservation of Nature

Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, (look at photo for equation) which of the factors accounts for the effect of the moose population?

K

Use the graph to answer the following question. Which of the following hypotheses is most consistent with the data with respect to survival and clutch size?

Large clutch size correlates with low survival.

Use the graph to answer the following question. Which hypothesis is most consistent with these data on hare and lynx populations in the graph?

Lynx likely control hare population density.

Which of the following is a critical assumption in order for the mark-recapture method to be useful in generating an estimate the size of wildlife populations?

Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

In a field of corn or lettuce on a farm, plants are cultivated with uniform spacing that will maximize plant growth. In natural habitats however, a uniform pattern of dispersion is much less common. While exceptions do exist, for example in populations of creosote bush in the desert, which of the following best explains why natural populations of plants usually exhibit clumped or random dispersion patterns?

Patterns of higher soil moisture, the concentration of soil nutrients, and the distribution of seeds from parent plants may be highly variable.

Use the graph to answer the following question. In the figure, curves A-D depict per capita rate increases (r). Which of the following best explains the difference between the shapes of these curves?

Population growth within each curve gets steeper as time passes because growth depends on both per capita rates of increase and current population size.

The spruce-fir moss spider is endangered in the United States. Wildlife biologists decide to follow the example of the fen raft spider in the UK to best help. What do they do?

Restore the habitat of the spider.

Use the hypothetical or idealized survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. Which statement best explains survivorship curve B?

Survivorship can only decrease; therefore, this curve could not happen in nature.

Which of the following statements regarding the future of populations in developing, less industrialized countries are correct?

Survivorship will increase, overall population size will increase dramatically, and the fertility rate is predicted to remain high, especially in some regions.

In 2019, the United States Census Bureau reported the various components of population change as estimated below. One birth every 8 seconds One death every 11 seconds One international migrant (net of immigrants versus emigrants) every 33 seconds Net gain of one person every 17 seconds During that year, which component was four times slower than the birth rate?

The birth rate

In 2019, the United States Census Bureau reported the various components of population change as estimated below. One birth every 8 seconds One death every 11 seconds One international migrant (net of immigrants versus emigrants) every 33 seconds Net gain of one person every 17 seconds During that year, which of the components was having the second largest effect on population growth?

The birth rate

Which of the following assumptions is applied when using the mark-recapture method to estimate population size?

The marked individuals have thoroughly mixed with the population after being marked.

In 1970, the average age of childbearing was 28, and the average number of offspring per woman was 3 in a certain country. In 1980, the average age of childbearing was still 28, but the average number of offspring per woman was 2 in that country. If the death rate in the country remained constant during those years, how did the population growth rate change from 1970 to 1980?

The population growth rate decreased.

Which of the following makes the UK unique?

There is more known about the wildlife there than in virtually any other county.

Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that individuals are known to emigrate up to 2 kilometers from where they are born. Over time, immigrants comprise up to 8% of individuals in the new population. Which of the following answers describes an evolutionary benefit from immigration among populations?

These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the receiving populations.

Use the figure to answer the following question. Based on the figure and given the populations of the following countries, which country uses the most oil overall?

United States (population = 320 million)

In which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of r-selected individuals?

a recently abandoned agricultural field in Colorado

Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?

a rectangle tapering toward the top

Which example best illustrates a semelparous, K-selected species?

a red-winged black bird that typically raises three clutches of eggs per season in a wetland habitat with competition for nesting sites

Use the table to answer the following question. Life Table for Zootoca vivipara in the Netherlands Age Group (Year)Number AliveSurvivorshipFecunditySurvivorship x Fecundity = Average Number of Offspring Produced per Female of Age x01,0001.0000.000.0017630.7631.701.3023080.3082.940.9131580.1584.130.654570.0574.880.285100.0106.500.07670.0076.400.04720.0026.300.01 Data are from Strijbosch and Creemers, 1988. Removing which of the following age-groups from the population would result in the largest decrease in population growth of Z. vivipara?

age-group 1

The number of individuals that a particular habitat can support with no degradation of that habitat is called __________.

carrying capacity

Use the graph to answer the following question. In the figure, which of the following survivorship curves is most consistent with humans who are living in developed countries where most of the population has consistent access to resources such as food, water, shelter and health care?

curve A

Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to

determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population.

A broad-based, pyramid-shaped age structure is characteristic of a population that is __________.

growing rapidly

During exponential growth, a population always

has a constant per capita population growth rate.

Which of the following is an energetic trade-off in natural selection?

high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

A researcher is studying two old-growth forests on the coast of northern California: One is undisturbed, while the other is being disturbed from logging and harvesting of the wood by a lumber company. In which region are more species likely to experience exponential growth, and why?

logged forest, because the disturbed forest affords more resources allowing some species populations to grow rapidly

Use the figure to answer the following question. What is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from the graphs about developed countries?

lower infant mortality rates and higher life expectancy than developing countries

Which of the following techniques would most accurately measure the dispersion pattern of the population being studied?

measuring the average distance between individuals and their nearest neighbor, and then analyzing the variation and comparing those measurements at larger scales

Use the figure to answer the following question. Which of the following topics is represented by the figures showing the fate of individuals in distinct habitat patches over time?

metapopulations

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span?

robins

Use the figure to answer the following question. In the figure, one could depict a different scenario where the death rate per capita was dependent upon (and positively correlated with) the density of the population, and the birth rate was instead density independent. Which of the following would occur as the density of the population increased?

the death rate would increase and the birth rate would remain stable

Use the table to answer the following question. Life Table for Zootoca vivipara in the Netherlands Age Group (Year)Number AliveSurvivorshipFecunditySurvivorship x Fecundity = Average Number of Offspring Produced per Female of Age x01,0001.0000.000.0017630.7631.701.3023080.3082.940.9131580.1584.130.654570.0574.880.285100.0106.500.07670.0076.400.04720.0026.300.01 Data are from Strijbosch and Creemers, 1988. The data in the table are most consistent with which of the following claims about the population of the Eurasian lizard, Zootoca vivipara?

the population is increasing

Use the table to answer the following question. Age (Years) xNumber Alive at Start of Year nxlx 11001.02500.5330y410z In the accompanying life table of a hypothetical population, what are the missing values for lx (y and z)? lx = the proportion alive at the start of year (age specific survivorship rate).

y = 0.5, z = 0.1

You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 are marked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard?

585

In 2019, the population of New Zealand was approximately 4,794,000 people. If the birth rate was approximately 13 births per 1,000 people, approximately how many births occurred in 2019?

62,322

Use the graph to answer the following question. Which of the following claims can be best supported using the data?

Clutch size is inversely related to density.

Which of the following techniques would provide the most accurate data on population density?

Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10-meter-square plots within a population, and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area these plots represent.

Which of the following is an example of a population?

all of the redwood trees that live in a forest

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans?

elephants

Which of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations?

flooding

An undergraduate student research assistant is attempting to help estimate the population size of a prairie dog colony, and completes several counts using mark-recapture methods. Which factors, other than reproductive rate and survivorship, would be necessary to consider when using the data to construct a life table and estimate the population size and future over time?

immigration or emigration of individuals to and from the population

Contrast the selective pressures operating in high-density populations (those near the carrying capacity,

look at photo

Use the graph to answer the following question. Which survivorship curve most closely models a population of mice in which females consistently give birth to a large number of offspring, and the mortality rate of the offspring is fairly regular during each year of their lives, regardless of their age?

curve B

Which equation represents the logistic growth rate of a population?

look at photo

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?

pyramid

To determine the density of a rabbit population, one would need to know the number of rabbits and __________.

the size of the region in which they live

In 2019, the United States Census Bureau reported the various components of population change as estimated below. One birth every 8 seconds One death every 11 seconds One international migrant (net of immigrants versus emigrants) every 33 seconds Net gain of one person every 17 seconds In order to estimate the population growth rate (%) for that year, what other information would be required?

The estimated number of people living in the United States in 2019

Use the hypothetical or idealized survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. Which of the following curves best describes survivorship in a typical elephant population?

A

Based on the data provided, what factor of those listed below appears to be the most important in stabilizing the population from its initial size over the subsequent 100 years?

A high migration rate

Consider a population whose growth over a given time period can be described by the exponential model: dN/dt = rN. Select the correct statement about this population.

A population with a positive value of r will grow exponentially.

Consider a population whose growth can be described by the logistic growth model: dN/dt = rmaxN[(K − N)/K]. Which of the following statements about this population is true?

At low values of N, the logistic growth and exponential growth (dN/dt = rN) models predict similar population growth.

What are population dynamics?

Changes in populations through time.

Which of the following statements about human populations in industrialized countries is correct?

The population has undergone demographic transition and age distribution is relatively uniform.

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____.

adults

Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth model?

competition for resources

Which factors have permitted the human population to continue increasing despite using nonrenewable resources at an unsustainable rate?

expansion of high-density urban areas improvements in medical care

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters?

grasses

Use the graph to answer the following question. Which of the following examples are plausible explanations for a population that would produce curve A in the figure?

higher predation success by wolves of older, slower elk

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?

inverted pyramid

Which of the following statements about human populations in industrialized countries is incorrect?

Birth rates and death rates are high.

Use the graph to answer the following question. In the figure, which of the arrows represents the carrying capacity?

arrow C

An undergraduate student is working in a research lab, and starting with a single bacterium, she cultures it in a flask of ideal nutrient broth at an optimum temperature over a two-hour period? Assume resources do not become limiting over this time frame.

look at photo

In the process of researching how to manage a large game ranch, historical accounts indicated that a species of deer that once lived there had been extirpated. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, managers reintroduced deer to the ranch. The population then increased for several generations, and the managers graphed the number of individuals (vertical axis) against time, or the number of generations (horizontal axis). If no natural predators are impacting the population, which of the following graphs best represents the population?

look at photo

In the graph shown, for which values of the variable on the x-axis does the value of the variable on the y-axis increase?

0 to 3.5 and 5 to 6.5

In April 2019, the population in the United States was approximately 328,545,050 people. If the estimated growth rate of the population in 2019 was 0.70%, which of the following is the best estimate of the population in April 2020?

330,844,865

Suppose that the number of newborns (N) in an insect population can be predicted from the number of adult insects (II) according to the following equation, where rr and bb are variables related to the rates of population growth: N=rI-bI2. Calculate N if r=1.5, b=0.0015, and I=500. Rounding to the nearest whole number, N equals which of the following? 7491883751880

375

Which of the following is accurate about a population exhibiting exponential growth?

It grows at its maximum per capita rate.

The average age of childbearing in country A is 26, whereas the average age in country B is 30. In each country, the average number of offspring per woman is 3. Which of the following statements about the population growth rate in each country must be true?

It is not possible to compare the population growth rates of countries A and B.

Use the graphs to answer the following question. Graph (b) in the figure shows the normal fluctuations of a population of grouse, a ground-nesting bird. Assuming graph (a) in the figure is the result of some experimental treatment in the grouse population, what can be concluded?

The experimental treatment has most likely identified the cause of population cycling.

Based on current growth rates, Earth's human population in 2019 will be closest to

7.8 billion.

Locusts (grasshoppers in the family Acrididae) undergo cyclic population outbreaks, leading to massive swarms. Of the mechanisms of density-dependent regulation, choose the two that you think most apply to locust swarms.

Competition for resources, because increasing population density intensifies competition for nutrients and other resources, reducing reproductive rates. Intrinsic factors, because locust hormone levels depend on the population size.

Two breeding female fish of the same species successfully reproduce, and one female lays 100 eggs, while the other female lays 1,000 eggs. Which one of the following outcomes is most likely, given the limits of fitness trade-offs?

The female laying 100 eggs lives longer than the female laying 1,000 eggs.

A species population's size (N) may vary depending on a number of factors including crowding and resource limitation. As N approaches K (carrying capacity) for a certain population, which of the following outcomes is predicted by the logistic growth model?

The population growth rate will approach zero.

Which of the following species is most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion?

red squirrels, who actively defend territories

Which of these was the second of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

the Industrial Revolution