Bio 110
In the same population as above, what is the frequency of people with type A blood?
0.32
What would be the complimentary strand replicated from this piece of DNA? 5' AAGCTTAGAGCCTTCA 3'
5' TGAAGGCTCTAAGCTT 3'
This picture is a male calico cat. How can this happen?
This cat has an XXY chromsome compliment.
5. A cell has circular DNA, is small and structurally simple, and has no nucleus. It is capable of performing photosynthesis. What type of cell is this?
Prokaryote
In a life cycle that exhibits alternation of generations, the sporophyte produces __________ spores through ________, and the gametophyte produces haploid gametes through _________.
haploid/meiosis/mitosis
During photosynthesis, oxygen
is produced as a by-product.
8. The ___________________ contain(s) hydrolytic enzymes used to degrade materials inside the cell.
lysosomes
By the end of glycolysis there is a net gain of two molecules of _______________ which can immediately be used to do cell work.
ATP
What type of dominance best explains a phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1 in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross for a character with two traits (two alleles)? Select all that apply.
Codominance Incomplete dominance
________________ are fungi that are involved in a mutualistic association with the roots of plants. The plants benefit from this relationship by getting ________________ from the fungi.
Mycorrhizae; water and minerals
Paraquat is a general herbicide that kills most types of plants. In a population of ferns, it was found that 60% of the gametophytes showed resistance to paraquat (resistance is caused by a recessive allele). What is the expected frequency of resistant sporophytes in this population?
0.36
In humans, polydactyly is due to an autosomal completely dominant allele. In Blue Ball, PA the frequency of the dominant allele is 0.30. In this town, what is the frequency of people with polydactyly?
0.51
In humans, the ability to taste the compound PTC is due to an autosomal completely dominant allele. In Blue Ball, PA the frequency of the dominant allele is 0.30. In this town, what is the frequency of people who can taste PTC?
0.51
In addition to glucose, inputs to glycolysis are
2 ATP and 2 NAD+.
In the Calvin cycle, G3P is the
3-C product of the cycle.
The reaction: glutamate+ NH3 --> glutamine has a ΔG of +3.4kcal/mol. If this reaction is coupled to ATP hydrolysis (ΔG =-7.3kcal/mol) what is the overall ΔG.
3.9 kcal/mol
A woman with PKU is married to a man who is a carrier for the condition. If they have three children, what is the probability that one of them will have PKU and the other two will not?
3/8
If 2 mice of genotype FfGgHhIiJj are repeatedly mated, and the five genes (all inherited as a complete dominant) assort independently, how many different phenotypes will be found in the offspring?
32
The female swamp wallaby, an Australian marsupial, has a diploid chromosome number of 10. How many different chromosomal arrangements are possible in the eggs of the swamp wallaby as a result of independent assortment?
32
The number of amplified pieces of DNA equals _________ after five cycles of PCR.
32
1. The skeletal remains of a wooly mammoth, found on Wrangel Island in northern Russia, were found to have approximately 50% of their original level of Carbon-14. What is the approximate age of the mammoth's skeleton? (The half-life of C14 is 5730 years).
5730 years
3. Nitrogen fixation is an essential process for all living organisms. This is because most nitrogen on earth is found in the form of _________ and must be converted to the more biologically useful form of ________. This process can only be carried out by certain species of _________.
N2/NH3/prokaryotes
In oxidative phosphorylation, the energy released from ___________ is used to produce ______________.
NADH ; ATP
The herbicide diquat works to kill plants by disrupting the electron transport chain associated only with Photosystem I. What immediate effect does this disruption have on the cell?
NADP+ cannot be reduced.
Of the factors that are responsible for evolutionary change, which of the following describes a difference between natural selection and the other factors?
Natural selection leads to adaptation.
Is it possible to use PCR to produce many copies of all DNA of one chromosome?
No, PCR copies short sequences of DNA only.
ATP hydrolysis has a ΔG =-7.3kcal/mol. Can a reaction with a ΔG of +9.8 kcal/mol be driven by ATP hydrolysis?
No, the overall ΔG is positive.
As the ozone layer becomes thinner, which of these plants' genomes is more likely to phenotypically express damage to its DNA by UV radiation during the prominent (dominant) stage in their life cycle?
Nonvascular plants
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Prokaryotes tend to have fewer nutritional modes than eukaryotes.
1. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
Prokaryotic cells evolved before eukaryotic cells
In the pentahybrid cross between individuals with the genotype AaBbCCDdEe X AabbCcDdEe, what proportion of their offspring with have the genotype AAbbccDdEe.
This genotype is not possible in their offspring.
2. Which of the following is the best use of dendrochronology?
To determine climate patterns in the last 5000 years.
3. While prokaryotes do not have meiosis and fertilization as part of the life cycles, they can exchange genetic material with other prokaryotes. ______________ is the exchange of genetic material through infection by a phage.
Transduction
This bacterium lacks an F factor and F plasmids. Which of the following are possible ways in which it can transfer its genetic material horizontally? Choose all that apply.
Transduction. Transformation.
3. Biology is the study of life - but there is no simple definition of life. How do we recognize living things from non-living things?
We recognize living things by their shared features such as energy transformation or reproduction.
Many species of dinoflagellates (single-celled organisms) are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually. In which of the following scenarios would they most likely reproduce sexually?
When the environment is changing.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of members of the plant kingdom? (Select all that apply)
photochemotrophy chlorophyll c
2. You are working in the Antarctic and discover a new species of bacteria that obtains its energy from sunlight, but is dependent upon other organisms as a source of carbon. This species can be categorized based upon its mode of nutrition as a
photoheterotroph
Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a purple bacteria. It usually gets its energy from sunlight and its carbon from organic molecules. If there is no sunlight, it can obtain energy from organic molecules. Therefore, this bacterium is: (select all that apply)
photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph
A phenotypic ratio of 3:1 in the offspring of a mating of two organisms is expected when ___________________. Select all that apply.
the alleles segregate during meiosis. both parents are heterozygous.
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis resemble cellular respiration in that both processes
use an electron transport chain to generate ATP.
Given two genes on different chromosomes (they assort independently), A and B, with A completely dominant to a and B completely dominant to b, what is the probability of getting an AB gamete from an individual who is heterozygous at both genes?
¼
In pea plants, purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. If a heterozygous purple flowered plant is crossed with a white flowered plant - what fraction of their offspring is expected to be purple?
½
A man without red-green colorblindness marries a woman who is a carrier for red-green colorblindness. What is the probability that if they have a son, he will have red-green colorblindness?
½ (50%)
If a nucleic acid is found to contain 20% A and 20% T, the molecule is probably
double-stranded DNA.
The angiosperms are the most successful group of plants on earth. This is most likely due to the presence of
flowers.
During cellular respiration, electrons lose energy as they are transferred from
food --> glycolysis --> Krebs Cycle --> NADH --> ATP
1. Many of the properties of water, including cohesion, the lower density of ice when compared to liquid water, and its high heat of vaporization all are a result of the:
hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules.
The bottleneck effect causes evolution in a population mainly because
in a bottlenecking event, the remaining randomly selected survivors may not have the same allele and genotype frequencies as the original population.
A chromosome that consists of two sister chromatids is (select all that apply):
in a cell going through cell division. replicated.
2. Ribosomes are found
in the cytoplasm
In some breeds of dogs, a form of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder and causes blindness. Two dogs that are heterozygous for the PRA allele and have normal vision are mated and have a litter of puppies. What proportion of puppies in the litter will NOT become blind?
¾
A smooth talking gentleman is looking for investors in his new invention that he says will solve the energy crisis. It is based on perpetual motion and he claims to be the first person to successfully develop this technology. You wisely decide not to invest in his plan because
it would violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
During DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are produced along the ____________ strand because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the ___________________________________
lagging / 3' end of the new strand of DNA.
The genetic code is said to be redundant because
many amino acids are encoded by more than one codon.
Taxol is a chemotherapeutic drug that was first isolated from a plant, the Pacific Yew Tree. It prevents microtubules from breaking down into the subunit proteins, tubulin dimers, that form them. This drug particularly affects rapidly dividing cells, such as those found in tumors. This is because it would prevent:
microtubules from shortening during anaphase.
11. Ciliates (such as Paramecium) are single-celled organisms that are covered with cilia. They use these cilia to propel them through the water in which they live. The components of the cytoskeleton that allows theses cilia to move are
microtubules made of tubulin.
Ciliates (such as Paramecium) are single-celled organisms that are covered with cilia. They use these cilia to propel themselves through the water in which they live. The components of the cytoskeleton that allows theses cilia to move are:
microtubules made of tubulin.
A chimpanzee bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 48 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain?
96
Fruits have contributed to the success of flowering plants by:
facilitating dispersal of seeds by wind and animals.
Suppose you are hiking in the Allegheny National Forest and come across a multicellular, eukaryotic photoautotroph. Being an experienced biologist, you determine this organism has vascular tissue, flagellated sperm, and photosynthetic free-living gametophytes. This organism is probably a(n):
fern.
6. Olive oil is a liquid at room temperature, while butter is a solid. You extract the fatty acid molecules from both of these fats and compare their chemical composition. Based just on your knowledge of their state at room temperature, you hypothesize that the fatty acids from the olive oil will contain _______________ hydrogen atoms compared to the fatty acids found in butter.
fewer
If a DNA molecule contains 20% Adenine, approximately what percentage of Guanine is present?
30%
During cellular respiration
ATP is produced.
6. Cytokinesis begins during which phase?
telophase
If the same couple from the question above has a daughter, what is the probability that she will have colorblindness?
0
The gene that codes for the ABO blood group in humans has three alleles. In a population of 1000 people, the frequency of the IA allele is 0.2, and the frequency of individuals in the population with type O blood is 0.49. What is the frequency of the IB allele in this population?
0.1
In a cross between AABbCc x AaBbcc parents, what is the probability of having an AaBBcc child?
1/16
What is the probability of getting an AB gamete from an individual who is AABb?
1/2
A form of diabetes, renal diabetes insipidus, is inherited as an X-linked dominant trait in humans. A man without diabetes marries a woman who has diabetes; her mother also had this disease but her father did not. What is the possibility that this couple will have a son with renal diabetes insipidus?
1/2 (50%)
Fur color in Labrador retrievers is determined by two genes (gene B for coat color and gene E for deposition of pigment). Nose, lip and gum color is determined only by gene B. A black female with black nose and lips (she has a brown mother and a yellow father) is mated with a brown (chocolate) male whose mother was yellow. What is the probability that they will have a puppy that is yellow with a brown nose?
1/8
How many water molecules are needed to completely hydrolize a polymer that is 11 monomers in length?
10
Transcription and translation of a gene composed of 30 nucleotides would form a protein containing no more than ______ amino acids.
10
You are an archaeologist who has just found an ancient fire ring containing charcoal fragments. You send these fragments to the lab for Carbon-14 analysis. The report you receive from the lab states that these fragments have 25% of the amount of Carbon-14 compared to modern wood. Using 5730 years as the half-life of Carbon-14, you conclude that these charcoal fragments are about ____ years old.
11460
4. The Meadowcroft Rock Shelter near Avella, Pennsylvania is an early Native American archeological site from which many artifacts have been recovered. An archaeologist uses Carbon-14 dating to examine an elk bone found at that site. The half-life of C14 is 5730 years. She discovers that the bone dates to about 17,100 years before the present. The bone now contains 2 mg of C14. Approximately how many milligrams did it contain when the elk died?
16 mg
Some cats are born without a tail - they are called Manx cats. The gene responsible for this condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant; it is lethal in the homozygous form and kittens with this genotype are not born. If two Manx cats are mated, what proportion of kittens in the litter are expected to be Manx?
2/3
There are two types of Mexican hairless dogs. Some have hair but most do not. The gene responsible for hairlessness is inherited as an autosomal dominant; it is lethal in the homozygous form and puppies with this genotype are not born. Dogs that have hair are homozygous recessive. If two Mexican hairless dogs without hair are mated, what proportion of puppies in the litter are expected to be hairless?
2/3
A genetic cross between two F1-hybrid pea plants having yellow seeds will yield what percent green-seeded plants in the F2 generation? Yellow seeds are dominant to green.
25%
A woman who is a carrier for red-green colorblindness has children with a man who has normal color vision. What is the probability that they will have a child with red-green colorblindness? ____ (Your answer should be given as a percentage, for example "99%", not as a proportion)
25%
Given this DNA template strand, what would be the sequence of nucleotides in the newly synthesized DNA strand? DNA Template 3' ATTGGCATGCCGAGACC 5'
3' GGTCTCGGCATGCCAAT 5'
A woman who is a carrier for sickle cell anemia marries a man who has the disease. They are thinking of having 4 children. What is the probability that they will have one child with the disease and three without the disease?
4/16
The recessive alleles for dumpy wings (d) and black body (b) identify two autosomal genes in Drosophila melanogaster. When females, heterozygous at these two genes (DdBb) , were crossed with dumpy-winged, black bodied males, the following classes and numbers of progeny (n=1000) were obtained: Wild-type wings, wild-type body color 218 Wild-type wings, black body color 294 Dumpy wings, black body color 205 Dumpy wings, wild-type body color 283 What is the map distance between these two genes?
42.3 map units
DNA Replication proceeds in a ______ to ______ direction.
5' ; 3'
Which strand below would make the sequence 5' AAACGCTT 3' a double stranded DNA molecule?
5' AAGCGTTT 3'
5. Uranium-238 decays to Lead-206 with a half-life of 4.5 billion years. You are using this radiometric clock to date a moon rock. The moon formed at approximately the same time as the earth but because there is no plate tectonic activity, moon rocks can be found that are the age of the earth. If this moon rock is the same age as the earth, you would expect to see _____________ of the original amount of uranium remaining in this moon rock.
50%
A man with cystic fibrosis and a woman who is a carrier for the disease have two children with cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that their next child will have the disease?
50%
A woman who is a carrier for red-green colorblindness has children with a man who has normal color vision. What is the probability that they will have a boy with red-green colorblindness? _____ (Your answer must be a percentage, for example "99%", not a proportion).
50%
In cats a form of polydactyly is inherited as an autosomal, complete dominant trait. In Key West, Florida 16% of the cats have a normal number of digits. What is the frequency of the polydactyly allele in that population?
60%
An individual with the genotype DdEeFFGg can produce ____ different gametes. Note: All of these genes assort independently.
8
Most species of earthworms have 3 homologous pairs of chromosomes. How many different chromosomal arrangements are possible in the gametes of earthworms as a result of independent assortment?
8
An individual with the genotype DdEeFfGg under goes self fertilization. How many different genotypes will there be in the offspring of this cross?
81
How many different genotypes will be found in the offspring of a plant with the genotype AaBbCCDDee if it undergoes self-fertilization?
9
From a cross of two people heterozygous at two different genes that assort independently, what is the probability of having a child that expresses the dominant phenotype for both genes?
9/16
In a cross between a female AaBbccDdee and a male AabbCcDdee, what proportion of the offspring will be phenotypically identical to the female parent? (Assume independent assortment of all genes and complete dominance).
9/64
You are interning as a genetic counselor. In one of your first cases, you are meeting with a couple who have both undergone genetic testing for the cystic fibrosis allele. You inform them that both are heterozygous for that allele. They are planning to have three children. What is the probability that they will have two children with cystic fibrosis and one who is unaffected by the disease?
9/64
You have performed a trihybrid cross between two peas, both with the genotype PpTtRr for flower color (purple is dominant over white), height (tall is dominant over short), and shape (round is dominant over wrinkled). What proportion of their offspring will have the phenotype purple tall and wrinkled?
9/64
Which of the following characteristics do the fungi share with plants?
A cell wall
Calico cats are an example of a mosaic phenotype. Female calicos are heterozygous for the black (B) and orange (b) alleles at a color gene. Which of the following statements regarding calico cats must be true?
A female calico usually will have either black or orange male kittens.
4. The bacterium Streptococcus cremoris is able to ferment lactose and is used in dairy production. It has a cell wall that is approximately 90% peptidoglycan and has no outer membrane. Based upon these characteristics, this bacterium is
A gram positive coccus.
6. Which of the following populations is most likely to be represented in the fossil record?
A population of beetles living in the floodplain of the Mississippi river.
In pea plants, green pods (G) are completely dominant to yellow pods (g). You have a plant with green pods but are not sure of its genotype for pod color. Which of the following pea plants would you cross it with to determine if this plant with green pods is homozygous or heterozygous at the pod color gene?
A true breeding plant with yellow pods.
7. Azospirillum brasilense is a free-living soil bacterium that is attracted to the low oxygen environment near plant roots and plays an important role in nitrogen-fixation. The bacterium has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer cell membrane. Which of the following statements is true of A. brasilense?
A. brasilense is a gram-negative spirillum that exhibits chemotaxis.
In the presence of oxygen, the oxidation of NADH has a ΔG of -50 kcal/mole and FADH2 has a ΔG of -40 kcal/mole. The production of ATP from ADP has a ΔG of + 10 kcal/mole. Given these values, if cellular respiration is working at an efficiency of 25%, how many molecules of ATP will be produced/molecule of glucose. Assume all NADH and FADH2 enters the electron transport chain.
About 9 ATP
10. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?
Addition of carbohydrates to proteins (glycolysation)
Which of the following statements is true of the fungi?
All are predominantly haploid during their life cycle.
2. Which one of these statements is true of Stramenopiles?
All of the species have a characteristic flagella with hair-like projections.
Fur color in mice is determined by the same two genes that determine coat color in Labrador retrievers (gene B for coat color and gene E for deposition of pigment). If a brown female (her father was white) is crossed with a black male from a true breeding line, what colors and proportions would you expect in their offspring?
All the offspring will be black
Listeriosis is a serious bacterial infection in humans and is most often contracted by eating food contaminated with the bacteria. It can cause sepsis and meningitis, and is able to cross the placenta. Species within the genus Listeria have lots of peptidoglycan in their cell walls and are rod-shaped. Which of these terms apply to these bacteria (choose all that apply)?
Bacilli Gram positive Parasitic
2. Why is water a polar molecule?
Because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms.
You are doing fieldwork and you discover a new type of bacteria that has never been fully described but you know to be closely related to several species that are found nearby. Which concept would be least useful for designating these as a new species or not?
Biological Species Concept
13. Which of the following does NOT support the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotic symbionts?
Both organelles divide by mitosis.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the sex chromosomes in humans?
Both the X and Y chromosome can undergo inactivation.
A man with type AB blood marries a woman with type 0 blood. Which of the following blood types would be possible in their children?
Both type A and type B would be possible.
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration synthesis reactions?
C18H32O16
Match the following molecules or structures needed for translation with their role in that process. A. Amino acids B. mRNA C. Ribosomes D. rRNA E. tRNA
Carries the information to produce a polypeptide. B Site of translation. C Carries amino acids to the ribosome. E Join to form the polypeptide chain. A Catalyzes the formation of the peptide bond. D
In a tissue that is going through active growth, cell A has twice as much DNA as cell B. Which of the following is most likely true?
Cell A is in G2 and Cell B is in interphase.
4. How is biological evolution defined most succinctly?
Changes in the genetic structure of a population over time.
Organisms that use glycolysis can be classified as (select all that apply):
Chemoheterotroph. Photoheterotroph. Photoautotrophs. Chemoautotrophs
You have discovered a new species of algae but are having trouble determining which group of algae it belongs to. For each of the algae listed, choose the one character that, if present, would allow you to definitively determine into which group of algae this new species should be placed. A. Brown Algae (Phaeophyte) B. Green Algae (Chlorophyte) C. Red Algae (Rhodophyte) D. Golden Algae (Chrysophyte)
Chlorophyll B B Body with a holdfast, blade and stipe A Mixotroph D Phycobilins C
Which of these statements are true of two genes that are completely linked? Choose all that apply.
They have a map distance of zero. They cannot be separated by crossing-over.
1. Bacteria show many types of symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Which of the following is not a mutualistic relationship between bacteria and another organism?
Decay causing bacteria living on teeth in the human mouth.
Which one of these groups of protists does NOT contain species that are human parasites?
Diatoms (bacillariophytes).
7. Which of the following are true of the dinoflagellates? Select all that apply.
Dinoflagellates cause Red Tides.. Dinoflagellates secrete toxins that can kill fish. . Dinoflagellates are an important component of coral reefs.. Dinoflagellates are an important component of phytoplankton.
This disorder is caused by a dominant mutation at an autosomal gene. It leads to progressive neurological degeneration and death, but symptoms do not begin to appear until later in life.
Huntington's disease
3. Because they have chloroplasts for energy production, plant cells lack mitochondria.
False
All lipid molecules are completely nonpolar.
False. While fats are nonpolar, phospholipds have both nonpolar and polar characteristics.
7. The recessive genetic condition Tay - Sachs disease is the result of a mutation in the gene for production of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A that breaks down gangliosides in the brain. This disease is characterized by loss of motor skills beginning between three and six months of age with progressive evidence of neurodegeneration, including seizures, blindness, and eventual death, usually before four years of age. Which of the following is the predicted pathway of this protein in an individual who does not have the disease?
Free Ribosome > Signal recognition particle > Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum > Golgi apparatus > Lysosome
Please put these structures/organelles in order based upon their role in the production of a protein that will be secreted from a cell (first to last).
Free ribosome 1 Golgi apparatus 3 Plasma membrane 5 Rough ER 2 Secretory vesicle 4
Which of these statements is true of the fungal life cycle? (Choose all that apply)
Fungi are haploid during most of their life cycle. Most fungi can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction.
1. Which of the following prokaryotes has the most peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
Gram positive bacteria.
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?
H2O --> NADPH --> Calvin cycle
In the Dunker population, the frequency of the IA allele is .30 (30%) and the frequency of the O blood type is .16 (16%). In the general US and German population the frequency of the IA allele is .40 and the frequency of the O blood type is .25 (25%). What are the frequencies of the IB and i alleles in the Dunker populations?
IB = 0.30 and i = 0.40
Which of these statements are true of Meiosis in a diploid organism (choose all that apply):
In an organism with 2N=28, the number of chromatids in each cell at the end of Meiosis I is 28.
Which of the following are characteristics of model organisms? (Select all that apply)
Inexpensive. Easy to raise in a laboratory. Easily accessible.
1. Natural Selection _____________
Is the process by which a population becomes better adapted to its' environment over time
Which of the following is true of an inactive X chromosome?
It appears as a Barr Body.
Which of the following is true of glycolysis?
It does not require oxygen.
Which of the following is true of fermentation? (Select all that apply)
It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ in the absence of O2.. Pyruvate is reduced to either lactic acid or ethanol.
6. Prokaryotes divide via binary fission. Which of the following statements is also true of binary fission?
It results in genetically identical offspring.
Which of the following would be true of a plant that uses an animal pollinator?
It would produce relatively small amounts of pollen.
Which of these groups does NOT include species that are a component of the phytoplankton?
Kinetoplastids
Which of the following is a requirement for the maintenance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population?
Large population size.
In collies, short fur is completely dominant over long fur. You are providing the puppies for a new Lassie movie, so they must have long fur. In order to have a litter of puppies that has only puppies with long fur, which of the following parental crosses must you make?
Long Fur X Long Fur
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a microbial "thug" that may live in the human intestine. It cannot reproduce on its own, but must burrow into another bacterium, kill it, then use its cell to reproduce. It attacks a number of human pathogens that are gram negative bacteria. What is the correct order of the structures that it must penetrate to reach its prey's cytoplasm?
Membrane with mostly phospholipids 4 Capsule 1 Peptidoglycan 3 Membrane with mostly lipopolysaccharides 2
2. The Evolution Canyons are comprised of two mountain slopes - the "African" slope and the "European slope" (see the image). Which of the following statements is a reasonable hypothesis about the mice living on these slopes?
Mice living on the "African" slope are hypothesized to have lighter coat color than the mice living on the "European" slope.
8. In the "Real Life Example" about prokaryote evolution in the Evolution Canyons you were asked to answer the question - "What is a model organism?" Which of the following statements are true of model organisms? (Select all that apply).
Model organisms are genetically related to humans. Model organisms are cheaper and easier to study than humans.
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
Most plants photosynthesize during the day and respire during both the day and night.
Match the following genetics terms with the most accurate description of each term. A. Epistasis B. Heterozygous C. Pleiotropy D. Homozygous E. Polygenic F. Hemizygous
One gene has multiple effects on the phenotype. C A human male expressing the gene on his X chromosome. F Many genes affect a single character E An individual with this genotype produces one type of gamete. D One gene influences the expression of another gene. A A carrier for a recessive genetic disorder. B
1. Members of the slime molds and fungi share ecological similarities with these members of the Stramenopila.
Oomycetes (Downy mildews).
3. Water is essential to life but water is not an organic molecule. Why?
Organic molecules contain carbon and water does not contain carbon.
Organism A B C D Large population Y Y N N Hard shell N Y N Y Lives near the shore (river or ocean) N Y Y Y Lives where oxygen content is low N Y N Y Rank the fossils of these organisms from most common (#1) to least common (#4).
Organism A 4 Organism B 1 Organism C 3 Organism D 2
Which of the following statements about nitrogen are true? Choose all that apply.
Organisms need nitrogen to produce macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. Only some prokaryotes are able to fix nitrogen. Both the nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the plants that they live in benefit from this relationship.
Ustilago maydis is a fungus that grows on corn and invades the corn kernels, turning them into mushroom-like structures that reduce the fertility of the corn plant. What type of symbiotic relationship is this?
Parasitism
Which of the following best explains how plants are able to convert light energy to chemical energy? Select all that apply.
Pigments such as chlorophyll absorb the energy of visible light and convert that energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Absorbed light energy excites electrons to a high energy state and these electrons then participate in redox reactions.
Which of the following is NOT a stage of the Calvin cycle? (Select all that apply)
Reduction of NADPH. Photolysis of water. Absorption of light energy.. An electron transport chain.
3. You are conducting a survey of different types of photosynthetic protists in a marine environment. You expect to find members of the ____________ living in deeper environments than members of the other groups.
Rhodophyta (Red algae).
A paleontologist is radiometrically dating three rocks from three different sites using the Potassium-Argon "clock," which has a half life of 1.25 billion years. The data she has obtained is shown in the table below. Based upon these data, which rock is the oldest? Rock being tested Amount of parent element (Potassium) present Rock A 50 % Rock B 12.5 % Rock C 25 %
Rock B
4. During which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA make a copy of itself?
S
Which of the following features is found in a typical gymnosperm but NOT in a typical fern?
Seeds
6. What advantage does sporulation provide the Clostridium botulinum bacterium? (Hint: look at the "Real Life Example")
Sporulation allows the bacterium to withstand exposure to oxygen.
5. Which of these is not a function of proteins?
Storage of genetic information.
Which of these examples illustrates the process of natural selection?
The appearance of drug resistance in the HIV virus.
An oak tree (image on right) grows from an acorn (image on left). An acorn weighs approximately 10 grams after it has been dried in an oven (this is called the dry biomass and means that all of the water has been removed) while a mature oak tree like the one shown has a dry biomass of over 1000 kg. Where does the majority of this dry biomass come from?
The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
9. As a result of a walking while texting accident, you have broken your nose and your doctor has prescribed painkillers to help you through this difficult time. Which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of your use of painkillers?
The cells in your body will start to produce more smooth endoplasmic reticula to help metabolize the painkillers.
4. In the "Real Life Example: Growing plants in disease-suppressive soil" you were introduced to ongoing research into the disease-suppressive properties of some soils. What hypothesis were the researchers testing in this study?
The disease-suppressive properties of soils are due to the activities of soil microorganisms.
Which of the following is a defining character for a moss?
The gametophyte is the prominent (dominant) stage.
You are studying two different genes and each gene has two alleles. Each allele is either completely dominant or recessive. You cross one parent that is homozygous recessive with a parent that is heterozygous for both genes, and observe four phenotypic classes in a ratio of 1:1:1:1. You conclude that:
The genes may or may not be on the same chromosome.
Which of the following statements about the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is true?
The light-dependent reactions involve the production of a proton (H+) gradient.
Which characteristic of green algae (Chlorophyta) provides evidence for their close relationship to plants?
The presence of chlorophyll b
5. Which of these characteristics provides evidence that plants are more closely related to green algae than to other algae?
The presence of chlorophyll b.
Within the Kingdom Plantae, which of these characters was first seen in the seedless vascular plants?
The sporophyte is the prominent (dominant) stage.
A beaver eats the bark, which includes phloem, all the way around a tree trunk. Why does this eventually cause the tree to die?
The transport of sugars between the leaves and the roots has been interrupted.
You are collecting biological samples and bringing them back to the lab to determine the diversity of organisms present in the sample. Most of the species are already described, but you find one that you think is a new species. It is a prokaryote. Which of the following would you find if it is a member of the Archaea, not a bacteria?
There would be introns in some of its genes.
Two energy organelles within eukaryotic cells originated as prokaryotic endosymbionts. Which of these statements does NOT provide evidence for the origin of these organelles as endosymbionts?
These organelles both perform oxygen generating photosynthesis.
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is most accurate?
They are genetically similar.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of fungal hyphae?
They are predominately diploid.
The frequency of blood type alleles is different between the Dunker population of eastern Pennsylvania and the rest of the United States population. This is an example of
a founder effect.
The high frequency of cats with polydactyly in Key West is the result of a polydactyly male cat that was given to Ernest Hemingway. This cat bred with many of the females on the island and passed on the polydactyly condition. This is an example of
a founder effect.
You are studying a sample extracted from a patient with a history of stomach ulcers and you suspect the cause is an infection due to Helicobacter pylori, a pathogenic species associated with this disorder. In this sample, you find cells with an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides surrounding a thin layer of peptidoglycan. This species is most likely:
a gram negative bacteria.
Sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen, but has low electronegativity. Compared to water molecules, molecules of H2S will have:
a lower tendency to form hydrogen bonds with each other.
6. A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It could be a cell from
a plant, but not an animal.
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It could be a cell from:
a plant, but not an animal.
A plant that produces one type of spore (homosporous) would have
a single type of gametophyte that produces two types of gametes.
The reactions of the Calvin cycle require: (select all that apply)
carbon dioxide. NADPH.
3. Radiometric carbon dating is a type of ________________ dating. During the radioactive decay of C14, it decays into ______________.
absolute / N14
6. Some members of the Phaeophyta (brown algae) have structures similar to the roots, stems, and leaves of true plants but they do not share a recent common ancestor with the true plants. The similarity in appearance and function of these structures is due to __________________________. Select all that apply.
adaptation to similar environmental pressures.. convergent evolution.
A woman who has red-green colorblindness will pass the allele for the disease to
all of her sons and daughters.
A man with red-green colorblindness will pass the allele for the condition to
all of his daughters
Which of the following is a characteristic of the dinoflagellates?
alveoli
5. You are a pathologist studying a sample of blood from a person who has returned from a trip to Africa. Their physician suspects that they have contracted malaria. In order to confirm that diagnosis, you would have to find protists with ________________ in the blood sample.
an apical complex
Dutch elm disease and American chestnut blight are diseases caused by ________________ fungi.
ascomycete
You are walking in the woods and see a fungus that is unfamiliar to you. You remove a reproductive structure and take it home to examine further. When you look at it under the microscope, you find a sac-like structure with eight sexual ascospores. Based on this information alone, this fungus is a(n):
ascomycete.
Non-homologous chromosomes
assort independently of each other during Meiosis I.
Basidiomycetes can be distinguished from other fungi:
by the presence of sexual spores in the club-shaped basidia.
A character trait that behaves in a completely dominant manner
can be seen in the heterozygous state.
4. Starch, a polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules, is digested by the enzyme amylase, resulting in the disaccharide maltose. This is a(n) _____________ reaction in which this enzyme catalyzes the _______________ of the polysaccharide.
catabolic / hydrolysis
3. A researcher discovers a new species of bacteria that obtains both its energy and carbon from decaying organisms. This species can be categorized based upon its mode of nutrition as a
chemoheterotroph
5. During cell division, each chromosome consists of 2 ___________________.
chromatids
The centromere is the region where __________________.
chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase.
The most primitive fungi, the ________________________ are mainly aquatic, and have motile zoospores.
chytrids
8. In the formation of proteins and carbohydrates:
condensation (dehydration) reactions combine amino acids into proteins and monosaccharides into carbohydrates.
The Evolution Canyons found in Israel are natural laboratories for exploring evolution and adaptation because _________________________ when you compare organisms that live in both environments.
conditions on the south-facing (African) slope are much more variable than those on the north-facing (European) slope, so you expect to find organisms from the south-slope are better adapted to harsh climates
5. This same bacterium from the question above (Streptococcus cremoris) is able to pass the ability to ferment lactose to other types of bacteria by attaching a pilus to another bacterium. A plasmid that contains the genes for lactose fermentation is then passed to the other bacterium. This is an example of
conjugation.
A reaction with a positive change in free energy (+ΔG) will
consume energy.
4. All of the protists that are called "algaes"
convert light energy into sugars.
Ultraviolet radiation damages DNA by causing an extra ___________________ bond to form between adjacent ______________.
covalent, thymines.
In photosynthesis, the electron transport chain that accepts electrons from photosystem II
creates a proton gradient that is used to generate ATP.
Linked genes
do not assort independently.
The recessive alleles for dumpy wings (d) and black body (b) identify two autosomal genes in Drosophila melanogaster. When females, heterozygous at these two genes (DdBb) , were crossed with dumpy-winged, black bodied males, the following classes and numbers of progeny (n=1000) were obtained: Wild-type wings, wild-type body color 218 Wild-type wings, black body color 294 Dumpy wings, black body color 205 Dumpy wings, wild-type body color 283 What was the genotype of 28.3% of the eggs produced by the female?
dB
1. When it proceeds without errors, the process of mitosis results in (select all that apply)
each new cell receiving the proper number of chromosomes.. division of the nucleus.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that
energy can't be created or destroyed.
The transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways through a phosphorylated intermediate such as when ATP is hydrolyzed is called
energy coupling.
Protein kinases are
enzymes that modify other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them.
During alcohol fermentation in yeast cells pyruvate is reduced to ______________, which__________________
ethanol / regenerates the cell's supply of NAD+.
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____________________.
fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
A molecule that is reduced
gains electrons from another molecule and has a higher energy level.
In plants,
gametes are produced directly after mitosis.
Plant spores give rise to
gametophytes.
Antimycin is a component of chemicals used to kill fish. Its toxicity is due to its inhibition of oxidation of a molecule in the electron transport chain. As a result of exposure to this toxin, fish are not able to (select all that apply)
generate ATP.. reduce O2 to water.. regenerate their cell's supply of NAD+.. produce a proton (H+) gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is used to describe
genotype frequencies in a population.
Gentamicin is an antibiotic used to treat many infections in humans. Gentamicin binds to the small ribosomal subunit of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells. The result is that (select all that apply):
gentamicin will stop translation in prokaryotes.. gentamicin will stop protein synthesis in prokaryotes.
The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is the organism responsible for bacterial pneumonia. It has a cell-wall that is predominately made of peptidoglycan and no outer membrane. Based upon these characteristics, this bacterium is __________________. It has the ability to take up DNA from its environment; this ability is known as __________________.
gram positive / transformation
4. The organisms classified within the kingdom Euglenozoa all
have cells with a flagellum that contains a rod.
2. All of the organisms that are classified as protists
have nuclei.
In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, resulting in:
heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells.
Thalassemia is an inherited autosomal recessive blood disease. People who are carriers for the thalassemia allele show lower rates of heart attacks. This is an example of
heterozygote advantage.
A monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals yields a 3:1 phenotypic ratio if the alleles exhibit complete dominance. However, a 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio is observed if the alleles show incomplete dominance. This is because
heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype between both homozygotes.
During Meiosis I (select all that apply):
homologous chromosomes separate.. crossing-over occurs between homologous chromosomes.. independent assortment of chromosomes occurs.
The genetic variation in prokaryotes can arise through: (select all that apply)
horizontal gene transfer, conjugation, transformation
5. Which of the following can be attributed to bacteria? Select all that apply.
increasing oxygen levels in the atmosphere. decomposition of dead organic matter. nitrogen-fixation. production of antibiotics
The idea that different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently is Mendel's Law of
independent assortment.
A reaction which occurs spontaneously (select all that apply):
is exergonic.. has a -ΔG the reactants have a higher free energy than the products. Increases in entropy.
12. MERFF (Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers) is a genetic condition caused by a mutation in a mitochondrial gene. A man diagnosed with this disease most likely inherited this disease from his
mother
You examine a population of plants that have been interbreeding for several generations. You notice that some plants are totally green, while others also have a prominent red hue. A closer look reveals a gradient of red hue intensity across the population. This trait appears heritable because in each generation you notice the same gradient. The red hue is most likely caused by
multiple genes.
You are studying a eukaryotic cell and have found that proteins that should be synthesized in the rough ER are instead being synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This would most likely be due to a:
mutation in the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) such that it can no longer bind to signal peptide.
3. Wood-eating cockroaches, such as members of the genus Cryptocercus, have parabasalids living in their intestines. These parabaslids in turn have bacteria living on the surface of their cells that provide the enzymes needed to break down cellulose. The relationship between the bacteria and the cockroaches is _____________________.
mutualism
The Hawaiian Bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) is a small nocturnal marine invertebrate. It is best known for its light organ, which contains only one species of bacteria (Vibrio fischeri). The squid acquires these bacteria from the water shortly after hatching. These bacteria produce bioluminescence, which obscures the shape of the squid to help it avoid predators. The squid provides nutrients for the bacteria. The relationship between the squid and the bacterium is:
mutualism.
2. Xenorhabdus nematophilus are bacteria that live in the gut of a species of nematode that parasitizes insects. Without the bacteria, a nematode would not be able to parasitize an insect and would thus die. In this example the bacteria are ___________ with the nematodes and __________ with the insects the nematodes parasitize.
mutualistic/parasitic
A mass of fungal hyphae is referred to as a:
mycelium.
X-inactivation: (choose all the apply)
occurs in both XX and XXY individuals. results in the formation of a Barr body. leads to dosage compensation for the X chromosomes. produces a mosaic phenotype in XX individuals.
Normally, human females have two X chromosomes and males have one. In spite of this, males do not have less of the proteins produced by the genes on the X chromosome. This is because:
one X chromosome is inactivated in the cells of females.
Cellular respiration is the ________________ of glucose and is an ______________ chemical reaction.
oxidation; exergonic
A plant that has both male and female reproductive parts on the same flower is _________.
perfect
Ice floats in liquid water because:
the water molecules in ice are held further apart than the molecules in liquid water.
Type 1 Albinism is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and its symptoms include lack of pigmentation in the hair, eyes and skin, abnormal development of the retina (affecting vision), a jerky motion of the eyes (nystagmus), photophobia, and an increased risk of skin cancer. Based upon this information, you can conclude that albinism is an example of
pleiotropy
In garden peas, a single gene determines seed shape (round or wrinkled); this gene also influences the form of starch grains within the seed. This is an example of
pleiotropy.
The male gametophyte of a flowering plant is the
pollen.
4. Signal sequences direct proteins to their destinations in the cell and are recognized by signal recognition particles. These signal sequences are found in ________________________________________.
polypeptides.
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain comprises the _______________ structure of the protein.
primary
Considering DNA replication along the 5' to 3' template strand, what event takes place first?
primase adds an RNA primer
A mutation in a fruit fly affects one of the proteins that pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane; this mutation makes that particular protein function more efficiently than the wild-type protein. When comparing aerobic cellular respiration in this fly with a wild-type fly, you would predict that the mutant fly would
produce more net ATP than a wild-type fly.
2. During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes first become visible?
prophase
The oxygen required for aerobic respiration to occur
receives electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
The Calvin cycle ________________ CO2. NADPH supplies the _________________.
reduces ; electrons
A waxy cuticle is an adaptation to the terrestrial environment that:
reduces water loss.
The idea that for any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate and only one allele from each parent passes to an offspring is Mendel's Law of
segregation.
DNA replication is
semiconservative.
In guppies, the females choose their mates. In a series of lab experiments, it was shown that females are more likely to mate with males that have more orange on their bodies. If the amount of orange on the male guppies increases over time, this would be an example of
sexual selection.
5. Insulin is a hormone protein that is secreted from the cells of the pancreas to help regulate blood glucose levels. Because this protein is exported from the cell, one would expect the first amino acids of the protein to be recognized by a __________________. This protein will be produced by __________________.
signal recognition particle ; bound ribosomes
6. The ciliates, dinoflagellates and apicomplexans are members of a monophyletic group of protists. All of the members of this kingdom have
small cavities under the surface of the plasma membrane.
In historical human populations, children with both high and low birth weight have lower survivorship than children of average birth weight. This is an example of
stabilizing selection.
A recessive trait __________________________. (Select all that apply)
tends to skip generations in a pedigree. is only expressed in the homozygous state.
The specialized pores called _______________ allow carbon dioxide to enter a plant with a minimum loss of moisture.
stomata
Glycolysis produces ATP by
substrate-level phosphorylation.
You are studying two different genes, and each gene has two alleles. For each gene, one allele is completely dominant to the other. You cross an individual that is homozygous recessive with an individual that is heterozygous at both genes, and observe four phenotypic classes in a ratio of 3:1:1:3. You conclude that
the genes can only be on the same chromosome.
The Evolution Canyon system in Israel provides a natural laboratory for the study of evolutionary forces in wild populations of organisms. One study looked at the differences in genetic recombination (a measure of genetic diversity) in Sordaria fungi. Which slope do you expect to have the greatest genetic recombination rate? What type of fungus is Sordaria?
the south slope ; ascomycete
7. A characteristic common to all lipids is that
they are all predominantly hydrophobic.
The process of copying a gene's DNA sequence into a sequence of RNA is called
transcription
3. A cell that has 20 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. Which of the following is true?
two daughter cells will be created, each will have 20 chromosomes
In diversifying (or disruptive) selection
two distinct phenotypes in the population are favored.
In double fertilization, two sperm nuclei are discharged by the pollen tube. The endosperm is formed when one of these sperm fuses with:
two polar nuclei.
