Bio 120 Test 3 Questions

A patient with a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat will have a cardiac output of ______.

4,900 mL/min

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is_____.

40 mm Hg

A person with tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of _______.

5000 mL

Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about one third the pressure at sea level, which is 760 mm Hg. If oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) on Mount Everest is approximately ________.

53 mm Hg

Based on the graph which of the following statements is correct?

Hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen under high temperature conditions

Vertebrate immune cells, which are phagocytic, include ________.

I,II, and III

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates?

I,II,and III

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. An otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with EBV (the virus that causes infections mononucleosis) when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. When she is exposed to EBV again later in life, she does not get sick or have any symptoms of mono. Which of the following statements explains why your classmate does not exhibit symptoms of the EBV infection?

Memory T cells quickly recognize the virus upon the second exposure and destroyed the virally infected cells

Which of the following events would you predict as carbon dioxide is released from your muscles into the surrounding capillary bed?

Oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon

Hyperventilation (rapid inhalation and exhalation) can result in respiratory alkalosis (increased blood pH). Why?

Rapid breathing depletes the blood of carbon dioxide, thus the blood pH increases.

Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct?

The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why?

The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.

Humans infected with some types of parasitic worms develop a condition called elephantiasis, which is characterized by swelling of the limbs. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of elephantiasis?

The worms are blocking the lymph vessels.

While jogging, a person has a stroke volume of 130 ml/beat and a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. If their resting stroke volume was 70 ml/beat and resting heart rate was 60 beats per minute, how did this person's cardiac output change?

Their cardiac output increased from 4,200 ml/min to 15,600 ml/min

__________. are receptor molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens

Toll-like receptors

Although having evolved independently, the tracheal tubes of mammals and insects are both supported by rigid tissues. The trachea of a mammal is supported by cartilage, and the tracheae of an insect are supported by chitin. What selective pressure most likely led to the convergent evolution of these respiratory structures?

When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risks that the tracheal tubes will collapse.

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _______.

a closed circulatory system

The complement system is ____.

a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin_____.

activate a group of proteins called complement

Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria. The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that _______.

adding the defense gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection

Consider the following reaction. If the pH of the blood was decreased, then the _____. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3=HCO3- + H+

amount of carbon dioxide would increase

Clonal selection is an explanation for how ______.

an antigen can provoke production of high amounts of specific antibodies

How is a viral antigen, like EBV, recognized by T cells?

an antigen fragment is presented within class I MHC to the T cell receptor

An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the ______.

animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely _________.

be unable to differentiate and mature T cells

Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to______.

be unaffected

An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it_______.

blocks the openings into the tracheal system

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the ______.

blood pressure being greater than 140mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90mm Hg diastolic

In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the ______.

blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

body cell becomes infected with a virus -> a new viral protein appears -> class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface

Which of the following are similarities between B cells and T cells?

both II and III (they both recognize antigen using immunoglobulin receptors, both B and T cells undergo clonal selection after encountering the antigen)

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

Compared to mammals that are not adapted for diving, diving mammals _______.

can store more oxygen in their muscles

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of_______.

carbon dioxide

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to __________.

certain bacterial infections

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _______.

converted to bicarbonate ions

During aerobic exercise, the partial pressure of oxygen in muscles cell will _____, thus the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the muscle tissue from the blood will ______.

decrease, increase

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ________.

development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

Damage to the sinoartial node in humans would ____.

disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning rot the heart are the_____.

fishes

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in mammals, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross _____.

five membranes - in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin

If the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds is lower than the hydrostatic pressure, then ______.

fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) ______.

four-chambered heart

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

frogs

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

giraffe

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ______.

give up more oxygen molecules

Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater _____.

has more dissolved oxygen than seawater

Pulse is a direct measure of

heart rate

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.

helper T cells release cytokines

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arterioles has a

higher PO2

Inflammatory responses typically include ______.

increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with ____.

increased activity of the immune system

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?

inflammatory response

Acidity in human sweat is an example of _____.

innate immunity

innate immunity ______.

is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens

Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal?

larynx-> trachea-> bronchi-> bronchioles-> alveoli

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

left atrium

Blood cells that function to fight infection are called _____.

leukocytes

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of________.

lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

The cells and signaling molecules that initiate the stages of inflammatory responses are_______.

mast cells and histamines

________ is a characteristic of adaptive immunity but not innate immunity

memory

A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrae hosts immune system for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell?

memory cell

______________ are cells of the mammalian innate immune response that help destroy tumors.

natural killer cells

In an open circulatory system, blood is _____.

not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

atrial systole _____.

occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole

An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of any class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of _________.

one C region and one V region

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by_______.

only I and II (the binding of antibodies to the surface microbes, antibody-mediates opsonization of microbes)

Which of the following statements about epitopes are correct?

only I,II and III (B and T cell receptors bind to epitopes and there can be 1o different epitopes on an antigen)

Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?

only I,II and IV

Which of the following proteins can be classified as immunoglobins?

only II (B cell receptors)

Lymphocytes mature in the ________.

only II and III

What type of immunity is associated with breast feeding?

passive immunity

Mucus in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?

physically trapping of pathogens

Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from the ________.

placental transfer of antibodies

Within a difference B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable region and joining regions is accomplished by an______.

recombinase

What would be the consequence if we were to reserve the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, then out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would _____.

reduce efficiency of gas exchange

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

rising CO2

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of ______.

short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

systole of the left ventricle

Immunological memory accounts for _____________.

the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

Which of the following would you expect of a species that has high resting cardiac output?

the animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from______.

the antibody having at least two binding regions

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____.

the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water, causing some water to evaporate. Because the water has become warmer and saltier,_______.

the oxygen content will decrease

The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks, are most similar to ______.

the portal systems of mammals where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

the pulmonary vein

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava

An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides information about ______.

the rhythm of heart contractions

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by _____.

the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces

Circulatory systems compensate for _______.

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____.

the total cross-sectional are of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.

Which of the following respiratory system is not closely associated with a blood supply?

the tracheal system of an insect

Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________.

triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____.

two capillary beds

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery

A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability the produce Dicer-2 protein. You might expect this strain to be more susceptible to _____ infections.

viral

You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?

you had an immunological memory of that virus