BIO - 152 Final
In vertebrates, the analogous structure to the notochord is a. jaws b. a backbone c. a nerve cord d. a skull e. fins
b. a backbone
Plants must exhibit the following traits 1) Photosynthesis 2) Multicellular embryos 3) alteration of generations a. 1,2,3 b. 1,3 c. 2,3 d. 1,2
a. 1,2,3
Which type of reproductive isolation occurs because two individuals have different mating rituals? a. Behavioral isolation b. Temporal isolation c. Mechanical isolation d. Ecological isolation
a. Behavioral isolation
Dental plaque is an example of a. an endospore b. a biofilm c. a cell membrane d. bacterial flagella e. beneficial bacteria
b. a biofilm
Which notable scientist first published the theory of evolution and natural selection? a. Charles Darwin b. Jean Baptiste Lamarck c. James Watson d. Hardy-Weinberg
a. Charles Darwin
On the basis of differences in DNA and structure, West African elephants are thought to be different species from Central, East and South African savanna elephants and Central African forest elephants. Which isolation mechanism has occurred? a. Geographical isolation b. Ecological isolation c. Temporal isolation d. Behavioral isolation
a. Geographical isolation
Hyphae of certain fungus that penetrate root cells of plants form symbiotic connections called a. Mycorrhiza b. Basidiospores c. Zygomycota d. Endophytes
a. Mycorrhiza
The disease Ellis-van Creveld syndrome affects 1 in 60,000 - 200,000 newborn babies according to the US National Library of Medicine. Most commonly, the disease is found in the Old Order Amish community. Why is the Amish more susceptible to this than any other American community? a. The founder effect b. Genetic drift c. Population bottleneck d. The Hardy-Weinberg principle
a. The Founder effect
Evolution can be defined as: a. a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time b. a change in the phenotype o an individual over his or her lifetime c. a change in the genetic makeup of an organism over time d. an individual changing into another species e. one species diverging into two species
a. a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time
What is a gland? a. a cluster of epithelial or nervous cells that release a secretion b. a type of tissue that makes cartilage c. a special connection between muscle cells d. a group of cells that replaces the stomach lining every few days e. the functional unit of the skeletal system
a. a cluster of epithelial or nervous cells that release a secretion
What is a gland? a. a cluster of epithelial or nervous cells that releases a secretion b. a type of tissue that makes cartilage c. a special connection between muscle cells d. a group of cells that replaces the stomach lining every few days e. the functional unit of the skeletal system
a. a cluster of epithelial or nervous cells that releases a secretion
Which mutation provides a survival advantage? a. a flower that attracts more bees b. a tree that grows shorter than the surrounding trees c. a brightly colored fish that attracts predators d. a horse that lacks the ability to digest either grains or grass e. a shrub that loses the ability to make seeds
a. a flower that attracts more bees
Which of the following is present in all chordates? a. a notochord b. four limbs c. chloroplasts d. an external skeleton e. a verebral column
a. a notochord
Convergent evolution is a. a process in which natural selection causes non-homologous structures, that serve similar functions, to resemble one another b. a process in which natural selection causes non-homologous structures, that serve similar functions, to not resemble one another c. a process in which natural selection causes homologous structures, that serve similar functions, to not resemble one another d. a produces in which artificial selection causes homologous structures, that serve similar functions, to resemble one another
a. a process in which natural selection causes non-homologous structures, that serve similar functions, to resemble one another
Which of the following tissues is used for energy storage? a. adipose b. blood c. cartilage d. dense connective e. epithelial
a. adipose
Which tissue helps endotherms maintain body temperature? a. adipose b. bone c. cartilage d. dense connective e. simple epithelium
a. adipose
Gap junctions: a. allow the rapid passage of electrical signals among heart cells b. prevent the back flow of blood from the ventricles to the atrium c. connect veins and arteries d. are found in white blood cells
a. allow the rapid passage of electrical signals among heart cells
The characteristic that separates cartilaginous fishes from lampreys is: a. bony skeletons b. four-chambered hearts c. lungs supplemented by air sacs d. a backbone e. sucker-like mouths lined with teeth
a. amphibians
Which were the first tetrapods to move to land? a. amphibians b. reptiles c. hagfishes d. ray-finned fishes e. monotremes
a. amphibians
The human upper arm bone (the humerus) is structurally similar to the upper wing bone of a bat. The structural similarity is an example of a. analogous structures b. homologous structures c. vestigial structures d. adaptation e. mutation
a. analogous structures
Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of a. bacteria b. plants c. fungi d. viruses e. archaea
a. bacteria
Other than sterilization, the most effective method of contraception is the a. condom b. birth control pill c. diaphragm d. IUD e. contraceptive sponge
a. condom
All of the following are true of the SA node EXCEPT that it a. directly stimulates the ventricles b. directly stimulates the atria c. is the pacemaker d. is influenced by nerve impulses and hormones
a. directly stimulates the ventricles
Two species of garter snakes live in the same geographic area. One lives mainly in water and the other mainly on land, so they rarely encounter each other and do not interbreed. What type of isolation is this? a. ecological b. temporal c. mechanical d. behavioral e. geographic
a. ecological
How did photosynthetic Protist come to possess chloroplasts? a. endosymbiosis b. chemiosynthesis c. homologous structures d. adaptive radiation
a. endosymbiosis
The lining of the trachea is formed from ____ tissue. a. epithelial b. connective c. muscle d. nerve e. undifferentiated
a. epithelial
The lining of the trachea is formed from ______ tissue. a. epithelial b. connective c. muscle d. nerve e. undifferentiated
a. epithelial
Which tissue type is most suited to areas of the body in which the cells need continuous replacement to repair damage from daily wear and tear? a. epithelial b. connective c. nerve d. muscle
a. epithelial
The biological species concept cannot be applied to: a. extinct organisms b. sympatric populations c. allopatric populations d. polyploid populations e. species resulting from adaptive radiation
a. extinct organisms
How is reproduction in fungi different from reproduction in plants and animals? a. fungi produce spores b. fungi produce pollen c. the sperm of fungi are unprotected d. the egg of fungi are unprotected
a. fungi produce spores
The specific allele borne on the organism's chromosomes is called: a. genotype b. phenotype c. gene d. trait
a. genotype
Having greater evolutionary fitness means: a. having more offspring b. being stronger c. being able to produce more sperm or eggs d. being better able to survive e. being larger or faster
a. having more offspring
It is important that the atrioventricular (AV) node produce a delay between contraction of the atria and the contraction of the ventricles because this allows the: a. heart to rest for a brief period of time b. ventricles to fill to capacity c. atria to contract in smooth synchrony d. ventricle to contract in smooth synchrony
a. heart to rest for a brief period of time
One biological example of a positive feedback system is: a. heatstroke b. temperature regulation c. blood pH levels d. water balance
a. heatstroke
Natural selection can act on a certain trait only if the trait is a. heritable b. behavioral c. favorable d. morphological e. new
a. heritable
The aorta a. is a major artery b. is a major vein c. contains blood with low pressure d. connects the right and left ventricles of the heart
a. is a major artery
Tropical rain forests provide all of the following EXCEPT: a. large supplies of gasoline b. wood used for cooking by local residents c. traditional medicines d. hardwoods for consumers worldwide e. ecotourism
a. large supplies of gasoline
When your blood pressure is measured from an artery in your arm, it is a measurement of the pressure produced by your: a. left ventricle b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. right atrium
a. left ventricle
Widely scattered cells embedded in large amounts of extracellular material composed of randomly arranged collagen fibers make up: a. loose connective tissue b. cardiac muscle c. adipose tissue d. dense connective tissue e. stratified epithelial tissue
a. loose connective tissue
Training an animal to respond in a specific way to a stimulus is called a. operant conditioning b. insight learning c. habituation d. trial-and-error learning e. imprinting
a. operant conditioning
Groups of tissues that function together form a(n) a. organ b. organ system c. system d. individual e. gland
a. organ
The corpus luteum is located in the: a. ovary b. testis c. penis d. uterus e. vagina
a. ovary
When walking your male dog, you notice that he urinates on every vertical object in his path. His urine is used to "mark" his territory and serves as a chemical signal to other dogs. What does the urine contain? a. Pheromones b. Hormones c. Apomones d. Releasers
a. pheromones
In bacteria, the small, circular pieces of DNA that are located outside the chromosome are called a. plasmids b. sex pili c. flagella d. endopores e. bacteriophages
a. plasmids
Mutations are important because they: a. provide variation that can result in evolutionary change b. occur in response to environmental demands c. are always beneficial in the individuals affected by them d. usually provide an individual with increased reproductive rates
a. provide variation that can result in evolutionary change
The basement membrane in epithelial tissue a. provides strength and support b. is the layer that contains the dividing cells c. transmits nervous stimuli d. contracts to move the skin e. waterproofs the epithelium
a. provides strength and support
The basement membrane in epithelial tissue: a. provides strength and support b. is the layer that contains the dividing cells c. transmits nervous stimuli d. contracts to move the skin e. waterproofs the epithelium
a. provides strength and support
Inheritable mutations in the genes of an individual arise due to a. random chance b. environmental change c. vigorous exercise or effort d. other species in the environment e. artificial selection
a. random chance
Genetic variations in natural populations develop due to a. random mutations of the DNA b. changes in diet c. changes in the environment d. environmental catastrophes e. individual activities
a. random mutations of the DNA
In mammals, blood with a low oxygen content enters the _____ of the heart. a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. left ventricle e. aorta
a. right atrium
_______ have a dorsal nerve cord. a. sharks b. bugs c. starfishes d. leeches e. earthworms
a. sharks
Which tissue characterized by a basement membrane and a single layer of flattened cells with a free surface? a. simple epithelium b. connective tissue c. muscle tissue d. stratified epithelium e. undifferentiated tissue
a. simple epithelium
Which tissue is characterized by a basement membrane and a single layer of flattened cells with a free surface? a. simple epithelium b. connective tissue c. muscle tissue d. stratified epithelium e. indifferentiated tissue
a. simple epithelium
An artificial pacemaker is a device that replaces the actions of the: a. sinoatrial node b. atrioventricular node c. atria d. ventricles
a. sinoatrial node
Which characteristic differentiates hagfishes from other craniates? a. skeletal elements surrounding the nerve cord b. bony jaws c. two-chambered hearts d. lobe-like fins e. a lack of gills
a. skeletal elements surrounding the nerve cord
When you move your fingers to turn the page, you are using the nervous system and _______. a. skeletal muscle b. adipose tissue c. cardiac muscle d. simple epithelium e. endocrine glands
a. skeletal muscle
When you move your fingers to turn the page, you are using the nervous system and: a. skeletal muscle b. adipose tissue c. cardiac muscle d. simple epithelium e. endocrine glands
a. skeletal muscle
Parasitic lampreys have a. sucker-like mouths lined with teeth b. bony jaws c. a three-chambered heart d. radial proportions e. internal fertilization
a. sucker-like mouths lined with teeth
What is the cardiac cycle? a. the alternating relaxation and contraction of the heart chambers b. the movement of blood fro m the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart c. the passage of electrical impulses from the AV node to the SN node to heart muscle d. the movement of blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation
a. the alternating relaxation and contraction of the heart chambers
In the description of homeostasis, the term "dynamic constancy" refers to a. the fact that even though physical and chemical changes do occur, conditions are kept within a range b. a constant movement toward equilibrium c. the direct interaction of each positive feedback system with its corresponding negative feedback system d. the use of ATP to initiate a cascade effect e. a disregarded theory that suggested there were no external energy requirements to maintain cell homeostasis
a. the fact that even though physical and chemical changes do occur, conditions are kept within a range
Lancelets live in a. the sea b. sulfur springs c. fresh water d. deserts e. treetops
a. the sea
The high body temperature of birds and mammals is due to a. their high metabolic rates b. the presence of sweat, scent, and sebaceous glands c. the fur that insulates them d. behaviors such as basking in the sun and seeking shade e. the exchange of gases and nutrients via the placenta
a. their high metabolic rates
Two fossils may be assigned to different species if: a. they are anatomically different b. they come from different places c. they come from different time periods d. they show no evidence of being capable of interbreeding e. one appears to be ancestral to the other
a. they are anatomically different
What is the advantage of paired appendages? a. they improve mobility b. they protect the nerve cord c. they provide internal support for the animal d. they improve the sensory ability e. they increase
a. they improve mobility
Similar cells that perform a particular function are known as: a. tissues b. organs c. organ systems d. organisms
a. tissues
A homozygous individual has _____ exact same gene(s) at the ______ locus on their chromosomes: a. two/same b. two/different c. one/same d. one/different
a. two/same
After ejaculation, sperm live approximately ____ in the female reproductive tract. a. 24 hours b. 2 to 4 days c. 1 week d. 2 weeks e. 1 month
b. 2 to 4 days
How many domains of life are there? a. 4-bacteria, Protists, Eukarya, Fungi b. 3-bacteria, archaea, eukarya c. 3-bacteria, protists, eukarya d. 4-plants, animals, fungi, protists
b. 3-bacteria, archaea, eukarya
What Greek philosopher held the view of a hierarchy called "Ladder of Nature"? a. Socrates b. Aristotle c. Plato d. Thales
b. Aristotle
Lyme disease is caused by: a. Clostridium botulinum b. Borellia burgadorferi c. contaminated water d. nitrogen-fixing bacteria e. rats
b. Borellia burgdorferi
Survival of the fittest and evolution were proposed by what scientist? a. Isaac Newton b. Charles Darwin c. Reginald C. Punnet d. Thomas Beddoes
b. Charles Darwin
Which type of selection is present when bacteria prolifically reproduce reproduce in an environment with antibiotics? a. Stabilizing b. Directional c. Disruptive d. Sexual
b. Directional
Two populations of the columbine flower had lived at different altitudes in the same area. When the two were reunited, they could no longer breed. Which isolation mechanism had occurred? a. Geographical isolation b. Ecological isolation c. Temporal isolation d. Behavioral isolation
b. Ecological isolation
Which species of bird did Darwin observe to form his hypothesis about evolution? a. Crow b. Finch c. Sparrow d. Robin
b. Finch
Which scientist first proposed that species change over time through natural processes? a. Alfred Russel Wallace b. George Louis Leclerc c. Alfred Russel d. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
b. George Louis Leclerc
Who suggested that giraffes developed their long necks over time by stretching? a. Darwin b. Lamarck c. Wallace d. Cuvier e. Plato
b. Lamarck
Which of the following statements is false regarding Darwin's four postulates? a. Individual members of a population differ from one another in many respects b. None of the differences among members of a population are due to characteristics that may be passed from parent to offspring c. In each generation, some individuals in a population survive and reproduce successfully but others do not d. the fate of individuals is not determined entirely by luck or chance; instead and individual's likelihood of survival and reproduction depend on its characteristics
b. None of the differences among members of a population are due to characteristics that may be passed from parent to offspring
Which of the following can evolve? a. Individuals b. Populations c. Genes d. Communities
b. Populations
What are non-photosynthetic Protists known as a. Euglenids b. Protozoa c. Archaea d. Prions
b. Protozoa
What are single-celled, non-photosynthetic protists called a. Excavates b. Protozoa c. Parabasalids d. Euglenids
b. Protozoa
The first self-reproducing molecule was: a. DNA b. RNA c. Oxygen d. Methane
b. RNA
Why does genetic drift affect a small population more than it affects a large population? a. a small population will be left with more allele variations b. a chance event is more likely to eliminate an allele from a small population, leaving it with reduced allelic variation c. genetic drift always kills off small populations d. a small population will experience gene flow
b. a chance event is more likely to eliminate an allele from a small population, leaving it with reduced allelic variation
What is the advantage of a closed circulatory system over an open one? a. a closed system carries more blood b. a closed system moves blood more efficiently c. there are more blood cells in a closed system d. blood flows more slowly in a closed system e. in a closed system, the blood comes nearer to each cell
b. a closed system moves blood more efficiently
Which of the following is essential for birds to maintain their high metabolic rate? a. skin that is used as a respiratory structure b. a four-chambered heart which maximizes oxygen delivery c. embryonic development in a shelled amniotic egg d. hollow bones, which decrease body mass e. extraordinary coordination by a well-developed nervous system
b. a four-chambered heart which maximizes oxygen delivery
Gametic incompatibility is an example of a. a premating isolating mechanism b. a postmating isolating mechanism c. a geographic isolating mechanism d. hybrid inviability
b. a postmating isolating mechanism
The origins of 300 or more species of cichlid fish in Lake Malawi can best be explained by a. polyploidy b. adaptive radiation c. premating isolating mechanisms d. random events e. the fossil record
b. adaptive radiation
There are currently many similar-looking but different species on either side of the Isthmus of Panama. They most likely resulted from a. sympatric speciation b. allopatric speciation c. temporal isolation d. random mutations e. hybridization
b. allopatric speciation
Which vertebrates group has a three-chambered heart? a. lobe-finned fishes b. amphibians c. mammals d. ray-finned fishes e. birds
b. amphibians
In all chordates, the notochord a. appears only in adults b. appears at least during early stages of development c. may or may not appear at all; is it not found in all chordates d. appears only during early stages of development e. a is found throughout the life cycle
b. appears at least during early stages of development
Ventricles force blood directly into the: a. veins b. arteries c. capillaries d. arterioles e. venules
b. arteries
In the soil, ________ convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use. a. plants b. bacteria c. fungi d. worms e. insects
b. bacteria
Interbreeding two different species of lovebirds produces offspring that are unable to build a nest after they mature because they lack the appropriate innate knowledge needed to carry the nesting materials and build a nest. This limits genetic mixing between the species due to: a. hybrid inviability b. behavioral isolation c. ecological isolation d. mechanical incompatibility e. geographic isolation
b. behavioral isolation
A bacterial allele that provides resistance to the antibiotic streptomycin is: a. always beneficial to the bacteria cell b. beneficial to the cell in the presence of streptomycin c. neither beneficial nor detrimental to the cell d. beneficial to the cell in the presence of any antibiotic e. always detrimental to the cell
b. beneficial to the cell in the presence of streptomycin
How are fungi and animals similar? a. both are autotrophs b. both are heterotrophs c. both are prokaryotic d. both have cell walls
b. both are heterotrophs
The pads that cushion the vertebrae are made of: a. bone b. cartilage c. matrix d. fat e. smooth muscle tissue
b. cartilage
A shark is a(n): a. bony fish b. cartilaginous fish c. jawless fish d. amphibian e. invertebrate chrodate
b. cartilaginous fish
In a random screening of athletes at a recent event, a runner was disqualified for testing positive for an injected form of erythropoietin, Which of the following is a consequence of extra erythropoietin in the circulatory system? a.low blood pressure b. cellular components making up 55% of the blood volume c. "thin" blood that does not clot efficiently d. a low white blood cell count
b. cellular components making up 55% of the blood volume
Blood is a type of _____ tissue. a. epithelial b. connective c. muscle d. nerve e. endothelial
b. connective
Blood is a type of ______ tissue. a. epithelial b. connective c. muscle d. nerve e. endothelial
b. connective
Larval sea squirts a. live in fresh water b. display all four chordate characteristics c. are sessile d. lack a notochord e. have a brain encased in bone
b. display all four chordate characteristics
Which of the following is the most prevalent immediate cause of extinction? a. specialization b. environmental change c. disease d. predation e. competition
b. environmental change
Which tissue is in direct contact with the external environment of an animal? a. connective b. epithelial c. muscle d. nerve e. endothelial
b. epithelial
Painful and reoccurring genital herpes are characteristic of a. HIV b. genital herpes c. chlamydia d. syphilis e. HPV
b. genital herpes
In fish, blood leaving the heart goes directly to the: a. kidney b. gills c. swimming muscles d. brain
b. gills
What kind of spores do Fungi develop from? a. diploid b. haploid c. endospores d. egg
b. haploid
A three-chambered heart a. is found in fish b. has two atria and one ventricle c. has one atrium and two ventricles d. has three ventricles e. has three atria
b. has two atria and one ventricle
Horses and donkeys can mate successfully to produce mules, which are always sterile. Which genetic isolating mechanism prevents gorses and donkeys from becoming a single species? a. hybrid inviability b. hybrid infertility c. mechanical isolation d. behavioral isolation e. temporal isolation
b. hybrid infertility
A pet store puts both Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and black rats (Rattus rattus) in the same cage. If mating occurs, the pregnancy will not succeed because the embryos fail to develop properly. This is an example of a. temporal isolation b. hybrid inviability c. hybrid infertility d. hybrid vigor e. gametic incompatibility
b. hybrid inviability
When some hybrid organisms do not live long, it is an example of a. temporal isolation b. hybrid inviability c. hybrid infertility d. hybrid vigor e. gametic incompatibility
b. hybrid inviability
Which of the following controls the temperature in endothermic animals? a. autonomic nervous system b. hypothalamus c. positive feedback systems d. reflexive skeletal muscles e. cerebral cortex
b. hypothalamus
Which of the following controls the temperature in endothermic animals? a. autonomic nervous system b. hypothalamus c. positive feedback systems d. reflexive skeletal systems e. cerebral cortex
b. hypothalamus
In stratified epithelium, cell division occurs: a. in the surface cell layer only b. in the cells at the base layer only c. in the basement membrane only d. throughout all the layers
b. in the cells at the base layer only
Plants help reduce flooding by: a. removing soil b. increasing the soil's ability to hold water c. increasing CO2 levels d. breaking down the soil e. decreasing the amount of water returned to the air
b. increasing the soil's ability to hold water
A behavior that occurs immediately after birth, before any encounter with another member of the same species, is a. learned b. innate c. not under genetic control d. nonadaptive e. based on habituation
b. innate
Speciation requires: a. natural selection b. isolation and divergence c. gametic incompatibility d. hybrids
b. isolation and divergence
A toad avoiding bad-tasting insects is an example of a(n) a. instinctive behavior b. learned behavior c. innate behavior d. random behavior
b. learned behavior
Lungfishes are classified as a. amphibians b. lobe-finned fishes c. jawless fishes d. ray-finned fishes e. cartilaginous fishes
b. lobe-finned fishes
Most body systems maintain homeostasis through ____ systems a. positive feedback b. negative feedback c. monitoring d. alternating e. redundant
b. negative feedback
Most body systems maintain homeostasis through ______ systems. a. positive feedback b. negative feedback c. monitoring d. alternating e. redundant
b. negative feedback
What were the two most important adaptations that seed plants are aided by? a. leaves and branches b. pollen and seeds c. roots and leaves d. branches and roots
b. pollen and seeds
Hypertension damages the lining of the arterioles of the kidneys, which results in the release of molecules that further raise blood pressure. This is an example of a(n) a. negative feedback loop b. positive feedback loop c. controlling mechanism d. uncontrolled mechanism e. electrochemical mechanism
b. positive feedback loop
Contraceptive methods that rely on synthetic hormones a. prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus b. prevent ovulation c. prevent the sperm and egg from meeting d. kill sperm e. destroy fertilized eggs
b. prevent ovulation
Stabilizing selection on a trait tend to a. make the trait more extreme b. reduce variability in the trait c. decrease the frequency of alleles associated with the trait d. result in elaborate male ornaments
b. reduce variability in the trait
Brittle stars can multiply by re-growing a whole individual from a severed leg. This is an example of: a. sexual reproduction b. regeneration c. parthenogenesis d. hermaphrodism e. budding
b. regeneration
An allele frequency is the: a. number of all alleles in a population b. relative proportion of a given allele in a population c. sum of all genes in a population d. number of different types of alleles in a population
b. relative proportion of a given allele in a population
Amphibians are not especially successful land-dwellers because of their a. production of a shelled amniotic egg b. reliance on moist skin for gas exchange c. lungs that are supplemented by air sacs d. two-chambered hearts e. choice of prey
b. reliance on moist skin for gas exchange
The ______ valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. a. atrioventricular b. semilunar c. bicuspid d. tricuspid
b. semilunar
Which type of selection is seen in lizards of the genus Aristelliger whose body size favors an average? a. disruptive b. stabilizing c. directional d. allopatric
b. stabilizing
Two species of pines, Pinus radiata and Pinus muricota, live in the same regions of California and are capable of forming hybrids under laboratory conditions. However, they do not interbreed because one releases pollen in February and the other in April. What genetic isolating mechanism is involved? a. ecological b. temporal c. gametic d. geographic e. hybrid inviability
b. temporal
Which adaptation for life on land do reptiles lack? a. shelled, waterproof eggs b. the ability to maintain a higher body temperature c. scaly, waterproof skin d. efficient lungs
b. the ability to maintain a higher body temperature
What is artificial selection? a. the changing of alleles to get desirable features from plants and animals b. the breeding of domestic plants and animals to produce specific desirable features c. the natural breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable features d. the breeding of fake plants and animals
b. the breeding of domestic plants and animals to produce specific desirable features
Imagine that one of the original four mice that escape from a research lab is blind due to a genetic defect. If the escaped mouse breeds and most of the mice born in subsequent generations are blind from birth, this is most likely a case of a. artifical selection b. the founder effect c. selective mutation d. an equilibrium population e. natural selection
b. the founder effect
What would happen to a lichen if the cyanobacteria or green algae were to die? a. the fungi would move to another location b. the fungi would die c. the fungi would undergo asexual reproduction d. the fungi would begin to undergo asexual reproduction
b. the fungi would die
Which condition is not considered to be one of the conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg principle? a. there must be no gene flow b. the population must be small c. no mutations can occur d. all mating must be random
b. the population must be small
The left ventricle is more muscular than the right ventricle because it must push the blood a. through the pulmonary arteries only b. through the body's extensive system of vessels that nourish all cells c. against gas pressure in the lungs d. through wider blood vessels
b. through the body's extensive system of vessels that nourish all cells
The difference between archaea and bacteria is that a. bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and archaea do b.archaea has several types of RNA polymerase and bacteria has only one type of RNA polymerase c. methionine initiates protein synthesis for bacteria and formyl methionine initiates protein synthesis for archaea d. archaea has unbranched hydrocarbons and bacteria has branched hydrocarbons
b.archaea has several types of RNA polymerase and bacteria has only one type of RNA polymerase
In a very small population of birds, assume 5 out of 20 alleles are the type that code for blue feathers. What is the allele frequency of the "blue feather allele" in this population? a. 0.20 b. 0.25 c. 0.40 d. 0.50 e. 5
c. 0.40
The average red blood cell lives for about ____ days. a. 90 b. 100 c. 120 d. 150
c. 120
The process of Natural Selection causes evolution. What is changing over time? a. Traits of a population b. Traits of a single individual c. Acquired traits of a population d. Acquired traits of an individual
c. Acquired traits of a population
What covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water: a. Chloroplasts b. Chlorophyll c. Cuticle d. Cell Wall
c. Cuticle
Who presented the idea of natural selection to the Linnaean Society in 1858? a. Darwin b. Lamarck c. Darwin and Wallace d. Cuvier e. Plato
c. Darwin and Wallace
What is an example of a prion disease? a. HIV b. common cold c. Kuru d. Flu
c. Kuru
The plants that lack water and nutrient structures are a. Angiosperms b. Gymnosperms c. Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses d. club mosses, horsetails, and ferns
c. Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
Which of these is an example of a vestigial structure? a. Metacarpal bones in a bat b. Fins of modern day whales c. Molars in a vampire bat d. Tail feathers of a peacock
c. Molars in a vampire bat
Rumen fungi inhabit the intestines of all EXCEPT a. Elephant b. Cow c. Orangutan d. Iguana
c. Orangutan
Which of Darwin's postulates says that in each generation, some individuals survive and reproduce while others do not? a. Postulate 1 b. Postulate 2 c. Postulate 3 Postulate 4
c. Postulate 3
One firefly population mates right after sundown, and another mates in the middle of the night. Which isolation mechanism is occurring? a. Geographical isolation b. Ecological isolation c. Temporal isolation d. Behavioral isolation
c. Temporal isolation
Sea squirts and lampreys, which are both aquatic animals, have a perforated pharynx, a ventral heart, and a notochord at some stage of development. These similarities are best explained by a. artificial selection b. inheritance of acquired characteristics c. a common ancestry d. uniformitarianism e. the "Ladder of Nature"
c. a common ancestry
Which species is least likely to become extinct? a. a fish species found in all five of the great lakes b. a fish species that feeds on only rare snails found in only one small river c. a mammal species that can live equally well on dry land and in fresh water d. a fish species that has hybridized with another species to produce infertile offspring e. a mammal species that feeds on a rare tropical orchid
c. a mammal species that can live equally well on dry land and in fresh water
Which organism is LEAST likely to survive and reproduce? a. a flower that produces a scent that attracts bees b. a shrub that produces a toxin in its flower buds that repels deer from eating it c. a plant that has a sweet flavor before it flowers d. a dark-furred rodent that comes out only at night e. a seahorse that mimics the weeds in which it lives
c. a plant that has a sweet flavor before it flowers
Wings of a fly, bird, and moth is an example of: a. homologous structure b. vestigial structure c. analogous structure d. convergent evolution
c. analogous structure
In humans, which organ is considered as a vestigial organ? a. Eyelashes b. Metacarpal c. Appendix in abdomen d. Abdominal muscles
c. appendix in abdomen
Darwin's second postulate is... a. the fate of individuals is not determined entirely by chance or luck .Instead, an individual's likelihood of survival and reproduction depends on characteristics b. individuals in a population differ from one another in many aspects c. at least some of the differences among members of a population are due to characteristics that may be passed from parent to offspring d. some individuals in each generation survive better than others
c. at least some of the differences among members of a population are due to characteristics that may be passed from parent to offspring
The causative agents of bubonic plague, which killed 100 million people during the 14th century, were: a. rats b. fleas c. bacteria d. viruses e. fish
c. bacteria
Fossils include rocks and sediments that a. have been shaped by wind and water to resemble lifelike forms b. have been shaped by people to resemble plants or animals c. bear the impressions or shapes of preserved organisms d. all of the above
c. bear the impressions or shapes of preserved organisms
Female blue-footed boobies of the Galápagos Islands will mate only after a very specific courtship display on the part of the male. He high-steps to advertise his bright blue feet. What mechanism discourages female blue-footed boobies from mating with other species of boobies that have different courtship displays? a. geographic isolation b. ecological isolation c. behavioral isolation d. temporal isolation e. mechanical incompatibility
c. behavioral isolation
In many species of fireflies, males flash light from their abdomens to attract females. Each species has a different flashing pattern. This is an example of a. geographic isolation b. ecological isolation c. behavioral isolation d. temporal isolation e. mechanical incompatibility
c. behavioral isolation
Which of the following have four-chambered hearts? a. spiders b. frogs c. birds d. fish
c. birds
Plants prevent erosion by a. holding water b. supporting animals that consume excess water c. blocking winds and stabilizing soil with extensive root systems d. promoting flooding e. recycling nutrients
c. blocking winds and stabilizing soil with extensive root systems
All chordates have a. a ventral, hollow nerve cord b. a bony endoskeleton c. a post-anal tail d. a backbone e. gills
c. c. a post-anal tail
The skeletons of rays and skates are made of a. muscle b. bone c. cartilage d. chitin e. protein slime
c. cartilage
Which of the following is a bacterial infection that can cause the uterine tubes to be blocked by scar tissue? a. HIV b. genital herpes c. chlamydia d. trichomoniasis e. HPV
c. chlamydia
Cartilage, bone, and blood are examples of ______ tissue. a. muscle b. nerve c. connective d. epithelial e. undifferentiated
c. connective
When unrelated organisms living under similar environmental demands evolve superficially similar structures, it is called a. superficial selection b. comparative anatomy c. convergent evolution d. coevolution
c. convergent evolution
During the past ice age period, many mammal species evolved thicker fur. This is an example of a. coevolution b. disruptive selection c. directional selection d. stabilizing selection
c. directional selection
Which of the following is the correct order from the most inclusive to lease, of the eight major categories of classification? a. kingdom, class, order, phylum, genus, species, domain, family b. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain c. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species d. phylum, order, family, genus, kingdom, species, domain class
c. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
If a person's blood pressure is 120/70 the 70 refers to the pressure a. during contraction of the left ventricle only b. during contraction of both ventricles c. during relaxation of the heart d. during contraction of the vena cava e. lowering between contractions
c. during relaxation of the heart
Which of the following is the best definition of parthenogenesis? a. the creation of new organisms from body parts that have been pinched off from the parent b. the combining of genetic material from two parents to produce offspring with a new genotype c. eggs from a female developing into offspring without being fertilized d. gametes from the male developing into new offspring without combining with an egg e. a single organism producing both eggs and sperm and fertillizing itself
c. eggs from a female developing into offspring without being fertilized
The mucus-secreting glands of the respiratory system are composed of ____ tissue. a. adipose b. muscle c. epithelial d. connective e. nerve
c. epithelial
The mucus-secreting glands of the respiratory system are composed of _____ tissue. a. adipose b, muscle c. epithelial d. connective e. nerve
c. epithelial
The most abundant cell type in blood is the a. platelet b. leukocyte c. erythrocyte d. neutrophil e. basophil
c. erythrocyte
A(n) _______ is a scientist who studies the natural behavior of animals a. naturalist b. psychologist c. ethologist d. physiologist e. sociologist
c. ethologist
An antibiotic is given repeatedly to treat a recurrent ear infection. It worked initially but now is no longer effective. This indicates that the Streptococcus bacterium: a. is very sensitive to the antibiotic b. is being treated with an antibiotic that has experienced a manufacturing error, making it infective c. experienced natural selection that has allowed the resistant Streptococcus to survive and multiply d. is infectious only if it is sensitive to the antibiotic
c. experienced natural selection that has allowed the resistant Streptococcus to survive and multiply
Mobile prokaryotes can move around with the help of a. peptidoglycan b. sex pili c. flagella d. plasmids e. endospores
c. flagella
Which of the following is a reproductive adaptation of chytrids? a. alternation between haploid and diploid life cycles b. mass spawning of sperm and eggs c. flagellated swimming spores d. sperms that are encased in hard seeds
c. flagellated swimming spores
A bee carrying pollen from one flower to another represents what kind of natural function? a. population bottleneck b. genetic drift c. gene flow d. founder effect
c. gene flow
In a scientific name the _____ name is first and then the ______ name is second a. family, species b. species, genus c. genus, species d. domain, phylum
c. genus, species
The Kaibab squirrel lives on the north side of the Grand Canyon, and the Abert squirrel lives on the south side. Even though these two population are only miles apart, their gene pools are kept isolated by: a. mechanical incompatibility b. hybrid infertility c. geographic isolaiton d. ecological isolation e. temporal isolation
c. geographic isolation
Which of these animals has a heart with only two chambers? a. Hummingbird b. Human c. Goldfish d. Bullfrog e. Cat
c. goldfish
When city dwellers fail to respond to ordinary traffic sounds, it is an example of a. operant conditioning b. insight learning c. habituation d. trial-and-error learning e. imprinting
c. habituation
Cartilaginous fishes differ from lampreys because they a. lack a skull b. lack a skeleton c. have jaws d. are ectotherms e. have a three-chambered heart
c. have jaws
of the following answer choices, which would NOT be found in a closed circulatory system? a. blood b. vessels c. hemocoel d. heart
c. hemocoel
Which of the following causes infectious sores on the mucous membranes of the mouth that occur during times of stress? a. Bacillus anthracis b. Escherichia c. Herpes virus d. Listeria e. Prions
c. herpes virus
Crossing a zebra with a horse produces sterile offspring. This is an example of a. temporal isolation b. hybrid inviability c. hybrid infertility d. hybrid vigor e. gametic incompatibility
c. hybrid infertility
A population consist of: a. individuals of a particular species no matter where they live on Earth b. any living organism in a geographic area c. individuals of a specific living in a particular area d. individuals of a species based on phenotype expression
c. individuals of a specific living in a particular area
Nesting geese will roll softballs (placed next to their nests by biologists) into their nests, perhaps because the balls resemble eggs that might have rolled out of the nest. This behavior is most likely a. insight learning b. habituation c. innate d. conditioned e. trial-and-error learning
c. innate
A lamprey is a(n) a. bony fish b. cartilaginous fish c. jawless fish d amphibian e. invertebrate chordate
c. jawless fish
The earliest vertebrates lacked a. a notochord b. gills c. jaws d. brains e. skeletons
c. jaws
How do biologists believe chloroplasts and mitochondria become incorporated into larger organisms? a. Heat energy caused a reaction, changing internal structures into chloroplasts and mitochondria b. Prokaryotic cells spontaneously evolved chloroplasts and mitochondria c. larger, predatory prokaryotes engulfed smaller cells that provided the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria d. cells lived as colonies, each performing a different function
c. larger, predatory prokaryotes engulfed smaller cells that provided the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
The great size and mobility of the vertebrates are likely the result of a. four-chambered hearts b. lungs used for respiration c. lightweight endoskeletons d. uterine development of offspring e. increased brain size and complexity
c. lightweight endoskeletons
Large amounts of extracellular material are characteristic of: a. simple epithelium b. stratified epithelium c. loose connective tissue d. nervous tissue e. smooth muscle
c. loose connective tissue
Plasma contains all of the following components EXCEPT: a. water b. hormones c. lymph d. albumin
c. lymph
The great dane and the chihuahua are both domestic dogs (the same species), but mating between them is limited because of a. hybrid infertility b. hybrid inviability c. mechanical incompatibility d. behavioral isolation e. geographic isolation
c. mechanical incompatibility
The egg cell that a sperm penetrates: a. immediately merges chromosomes with the sperm b. has to make a copy of itself before merging with the sperm c. must undergo the second division of meiosis before merging chromosomes with the sperm d. undergo changes that attract other sperm e. is genetically identical to the mother
c. must undergo the second division of meiosis before merging chromosomes with the sperm
Which cells are designed to conduct electrical impulses? a. glial cells b. skeletal muscle cells c. nerve tissue d. connective tissue e. adipose cells
c. nerve tissue
which cells are designed to conduct electrical impulses? a. glial cells b. skeletal muscle cells c. nerve tissue d. connective tissue e. adipose cells
c. nerve tissue
If you teach your dog to sit by giving him a treat for every correct response, this is an example of: a. habituation b. insight learning c. operant conditioning d. trial-and-error learning e. innate behavior
c. operant conditioning
The biological concept of species requires that: a. organisms are morphologically similar b. geographic isolation occurs c. organisms reproduce sexually d. only asexual reproduction occurs e. individuals are able to reproduce outside the group
c. organisms reproduce sexually
All male honeybees develop from unfertilized eggs. This is an example of: a. sexual reproduction b. external fertilization c. parthenogenesis d. hermaphrodism e. budding
c. parthenogenesis
The first protist chloroplast was likely to have been a(n) a. virus b. chemosynthetic bacterium c. photosynthetic bacterium d. example of secondary endosymbiosis e. symbiotic green alga
c. photosynthetic bacterium
Co-evolution is... a. helping mates pass on alleles b. the population drastically being reduced by a natural disaster or over hunting c. process where species mutually affect each other d. similarity in the population
c. process where species mutually affect each other
An animal, such as an earthworm, this is hermaphroditic: a. reproduces by unfertilized eggs b. reproduces by regeneration c. produces both eggs and sperm d. spawns e. reproduces by budding
c. produces both eggs and sperm
Which set of chambers supplies blood to the pulmonary circulation? a. atria b. ventricles c. right atrium and right ventricle d. left atrium and left ventricle
c. right atrium and right ventricle
Which biome probably contains the largest number and most diverse group of large mammals? a. tropical rain forest b. tropical deciduous forest c. savanna d. desert e. chaparral
c. savanna
To prevent dehydration, reptiles have a. embryos that lack gills b. eggs that contain no water c. scaly skin d. a four-chambered heart e. moist, slime-covered skin
c. scaly skin
_______ and ______ are reproductive adaptations that allowed successful habitation of plants on land? a. leaves;seeds b. roots; pollen c. seeds; pollen d. roots; seeds
c. seeds; pollen
MRSA is a bacterium that causes staph infections in hospitals. How do bacteria gain resistance to an antibiotic? a. treatment with an antibiotic causes the bacteria to mutate to adapt to the antibiotic b. the antibiotic stimulates the growth of bacterial cells c. some of the bacteria already have a mutation that confers resistance to the antibiotic, allowing them to survive and pass on the advantageous gene to their offspring d. the hospital environment causes the bacteria to mutate
c. some of the bacteria already have a mutation that confers resistance to the antibiotic, allowing them to survive and pass on the advantageous gene to their offspring
In which vertebrate group are there two atria but only a single ventricle? a. fishes b. crocodiles c. some reptiles d. birds e. mammals
c. some reptiles
Which of these are not considered to be a vestigial structure? a. pelvic bone in whales b. appendix in humans c. spinal cord in humans d. molar teeth for bats
c. spinal cord in humans
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop? a. a hummingbird maintaining a constant internal body temperature b. a person altering her breathing rate to keep blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45 c. stress altering the normal menstrual cycle, which delays menstruation, which causes more stress d. the kidney retaining water when the organism becomes dehydrated?
c. stress altering the normal menstrual cycle, which delays menstruation, which causes more stress
Southern Copperhead snake venom contains a protein called disintegrin. Disintegrins bind to a class of membrane receptors called integrins. Platelets use integrin receptors to aggregate at a site of tissue damage. Why does the snake venom contain this molecule? a. After the snake bites its prey, the molecule helps in wound healing b. the molecule helps kill the snake's prey by producing large clots that travel in the body and produce heart attacks and strokes c. the molecule interferes with clot formation so that the venom can travel more efficiently from the site of he bite to the rest of the body d. by binding to the platelets, the molecule inhibits the formation of fibrin
c. the molecule interferes with clot formation so that the venom can travel more efficiently from the site of he bite to the rest of the body
In angiosperms, how does the sperm reach the egg? a. the sperm uses flagella to swim to the egg b. the sperm and egg are produced inside the seed and grow into an adult form c. the pollen forms a tube in the stigma, through which the sperm travels to meet the egg d. the perm fertilizes the egg outside the plant body
c. the pollen forms a tube in the stigma, through which the sperm travels to meet the egg
Strong evidence for the common ancestry of all vertebrates is a. the all have legs b. their means of reproduction c. the similarity of their embryological stages d. they all evolved from fish e. they all possess DNA
c. the similarity of their embryological stages
Water molds (oomycetes) and fungi _______. a. share a common ancestor b. underwent divergent evolution c. underwent convergent evolution d. belong in the same kingsom
c. underwent convergent evolution
In humans, the body needs to maintain oxygen levels within narrow homeostatic ranges. If the blood oxygen level drops below that range, the body responds by: a. using negative feedback loops to further lower the oxygen level b. using positive feedback to raise the oxygen level c. using negative feedback loops to return the oxygen level to normal d. using positive feedback to further lower the oxygen level e. setting this lower oxygen level as the new normal
c. using negative feedback loops to return the oxygen level to normal
In humans, fertilization normally occurs in the: a. fimbriae b. uterus c. uterine tube d. vagina e. ovary
c. uterine tube
An emu is a flightless bird that still has wings. These wings are an example of a. analogous structures b. homologous structures c. vestigial structures d. adaptation e. mutation
c. vestigial structures
Some animal species found in caves have tiny, nonfunctional eyes. These are best described as a. analogous structures b. homologous structures c. vestigial structures d. mutations
c. vestigial structures
The greatest long-distance sound communication occurs among a. insects b. birds c. whales d. bats e. elephants
c. whales
Natural selection is best described as a. the ability to generate new traits that better suit the species b. increasing the perfection of a species c. working on the existing variation of traits to favor those better suited to the organism's environment d. causing the death of a significant proportion of the population e. driving the species toward an eventual endpoint in which the species possesses the best possible adaptations for that particular enviornment
c. working on the existing variation of traits to favor those better suited to the organism's environment
_____ are the most important and pervasive fungal contributions to the human food supply a. mushrooms b. worts c. yeasts d. truffles
c. yeasts
What piece of evidence does NOT support the theory of evolution? a. Fossils b. Genetics c. Comparative anatomy d. Catastrophism e. Biochemistry
d. Catastrophism
Sexually transmitted diseases caused by viruses include herpes, AIDS and a. syphilis b. gonorrhea c. trichomoniasis d. HPV e. chlamydia
d. HPV
Which of the following sexually transmitted infections causes most cases of cervical cancer? a. chlamydia b. gonorrhea c. trichomoniasis d. HPV e. crab lice
d. HPV
Who first used the phrase "survival of the fittest" to summarize natural selection: a. Charles Darwin b. Alfred Wallace c. Gregor Mendel d. Herbert Spencer
d. Herbert Spencer
What does Archaea have that Bacteria don't have? a. RNA Polymerase b. Membrane liquid structure c. Peptidoglycan in cell wall d. Histone proteins associated with DNA
d. Histone proteins associated with DNA
Which of the following does not support the theory of evolution? a. Genetics b. Fossils c. Embryology d. Modularity
d. Modularity
If a mutations occurs in one member of a population does that constitute evolution? a. Yes. Any change in an individual's always results in evolution of the entire population b. Yes. Mutations always encode for favorable traits c. No. Mutations always lead to death d. No. Evolution is a product of change in the population, not in the individual
d. No. Evolution is a product of change in the population, not in the individual
The protist that is responsible for the African sleeping sickness is a. Navicula b. Porphyra c. Ulva d. Trypanosoma
d. Trypanosoma
After eating a large meal of pasta, an individual's blood sugar levels are elevated. In response to this, the pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar levels. Once the blood sugar levels drop to the normal level, the pancreas stops secreting insulin. This is an example of a. acid-base imbalance b. reactions between carbon monoxide and acids c.a positive feedback loop d. a negative feedback loop e. energy being made into proteins
d. a negative feedback loop
After eating a large meal of paste, an individual's blood sugar levels are elevated. In response to this, the pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar levels. Once the blood sugar levels drop to the normal level, the pancreas stops secreting insulin. This is an example of a. acid-base imbalance b. reactions between carbon monoxide and acids c. a positive feedback loop d. a negative feedback loop e. energy being made into proteins
d. a negative feedback loop
Which adaptations allowed plants to succeed on land? a. structures to protect sperm and eggs b. waxy waterproof coatings c. development of roots d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Why are Protists difficult to classify? a. Protists can be single-celled, multicellular, or colonial b. Some protists are plant-like, others are animal-like, and still others are fungus-like c. protists can be free-living or live with, in, or on another organism d. all of the above
d. all of the above
A tadpole is a(n) a. bony fish b. cartilaginous fish c. jawless fish d. amphibian e. invertebrate chordate
d. amphibian
What happens if homeostasis is not maintained? a. organisms function better b. cellular metabolism is unchanged c. cells begin dividing uncontrollably d. cells lose the ability to carry out normal functions e. organisms stop using negative feedback loops
d. cells lose the ability to carry out normal functions
Newts of the genus Taricha are poisonous, deterring their predators form eating them. The common garter snake, a predator, has evolved a resistance to the newt toxins. This situation is an example of ______. a. competition b. natural selection c. sexual selection d. coevolution
d. coevolution
The human heart contains cells that do all of the following EXCEPT: a. contract b. respond to signals from the nervous system c. generate electrical signals d. create new red blood cells
d. create new red blood cells
In addition to the nervous system, which vertebrate organ system controls physiological processes in animals? a. reproductive b. skeletal c. muscular d. endocrine e. respiratory
d. endocrine
A change in the genetic makeup of a population is called a. natural selection b. uniformitarianism c. artificial selection d. evolution
d. evolution
The introduction of a few individuals into a new habitat that is unoccupied by other members of the species in a(n): a. extinction b. adaptive radiation c. limited speciation d. founder event e. temporal isolation
d. founder event
How many molecules of oxygen can bind with one molecule of human hemoglobin? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five
d. four
Sea urchins spawn their gametes freely into the surrounding ocean waters. The sperm of one type of urchin will not fertilize the egg of another type of urchin. Which isolation mechanism is occurring? a. Geographical isolation b. Ecological isolation c. Temporal isolation d. Gametic incompatibility
d. gametic incompatibility
The most common cause of extinction is a. asteroid impacts b. interactions with other species c. overspecialization d. habitat change e. limited species range
d. habitat change
Fruit fly species all look similar to one another. If you have a male and a female fruit fly, how can you prove that they are the same species, according to the biological species concept? a. determine the base sequence of the DNA of their chromosomes b. examine them closely with a low-power microscope, comparing their physical characteristics to published species key lists of characteristics c. if they mate when they are put together, they are the same species d. if they mate successfully and their offspring are fertile, they are the same species e. if they can asexually reproduce and their offspring can also successfully asexually reproduce, they are the same species
d. if they mate successfully and their offspring are fertile, they are the same species
A strong association learned during a sensitive period of an animal's development is referred to as a. classical conditioning b. insight learning c. altruism d. imprinitng e. habituation
d. imprinting
What is the evolutionary significance of photosynthesis? a. increased atmospheric water for the evolution of complex organisms b. increased atmospheric hydrogen sulfide allowed for the evolution of complex organisms c. increased atmospheric carbon dioxide allowed for the evolution of complex organisms d. increased atmospheric oxygen allowed for the evolution of complex organisms
d. increased atmospheric oxygen allowed for the evolution of complex organisms
Which of the following is the most important reason to brush your teeth every day? a. it freshens your breath b. it takes the bad taste out of your mouth c. it eliminates harmful archaea that form endospores on your teeth d. it eliminates harmful bacteria that form biofilms on your teeth
d. it eliminates harmful bacteria that form biofilms on your teeth
How does the nerve cord of chordates differ from the nerve cord of animals in other taxonomic groups? a. it does not develop until after the embryonic period b. it develop from the gill slits c. it is surrounded by bone d. it runs along the dorsal side of the body e. a backbone
d. it runs along the dorsal side of the body
In vertebrates, which heart chamber supplies oxygenate blood to the body cells? a. right atrium b. left atrium c. right ventricle d. left ventricle
d. left ventricle
Which heart chamber is the most muscular? a. right atrium b. left atrium c. right ventricle d. left ventricle
d. left ventricle
A marsupial is a(n) a. amphibian b. reptile c. bird d. mammal e. mollusk
d. mammal
The retina of the eye responds to light, converting it into electrical impulses. The retina is made up of: a. bone b. cartilage c. smooth muscle d. neurons e. simple epithelium
d. neurons
What differentiates the bacteria from archaea? a. one is prokaryotic; the other is eukaryotic b. one consists of single-celled organisms; the other consists of multicellular organisms c. one includes all autotrophs; the other includes all heterotrophs d. one has peptidoglycan in its cell walls; the other does not
d. one has peptidoglycan in its cell walls; the other does not
Together, the stomach, intestines, mouth, and esophagus form a(n) a. organ b. tissue c. cell d. organ system e. ectotherm
d. organ system
At some stage of the life cycle, all chordates have a. an external skeleton b. a ventral nerve cord c. a pre-anal tail d. pharyngeal gill slits e. a backbone
d. pharyngeal fill slits
The interaction of genes and environment produces a specific: a. genotype b. allele c. population d. phenotype e. gene pool
d. phenotype
Chemicals produced by an individual that influence the behavior of members of the same species are called a. hormones b. enzymes c. stimuli d. pheromones e. steroids
d. pheromones
Traditional medicines, which are used by the majority of people in less developed countries, are primarily derived from a. water b. rock c. animals d. plants e. commercially purchased ingredients
d. plants
Which of the following is NOT an example of how plant communities continue to support healthy ecosystems? a. plant roots stabilize soil and prevent erosion b. leafy trees provide shade, thereby reducing temperatures c. forests support the water cycle, through evaporation returning water to the atmosphere d. plants increase levels of CO2, by releasing CO2 as a by product of photosynthesis e. Plants prevent flooding by absorbing water through their extensive root systems
d. plants increase levels of CO2, by releasing CO2 as a by product of photosynthesis
Evolutionary change occurs in association with all of the following except ________ a. mutations b. gene flow c. small population size d. random mating
d. random mating
Most ______ have swim bladders a. marine mammals b. lobe-finned fishes c. jawless fishes d. ray-finned fishes e. cartilaginous fishes
d. ray-finned fishes
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control? a. smooth b. cardiac c. epithelial d. skeletal e. oxygen enriched
d. skeletal
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control? a. smooth b. cardiac c. epithelial d. skeletal e. oxygen enriched
d. skeletal
Two different species of pine release their pollen at different times of the year. This is an example of a. geographic isolation b. ecological isolation c. behavioral isolation d. temporal isolation e. mechanical incompatibility
d. temporal isolation
What is Darwin and Wallace's fourth postulate? a. individual members of a population differ form one another in many respects b. at least some of the diffeences amount members of a population are due to characteristics that may be passed from parent to offspring c. in each generation, some individuals in a population survive and reproduce successfully but others do not d. the fate of individuals is not determined entirely by luck or chance; instead, an individual's likelihood of survival and reproduction depends on its characteristics (natural selection)
d. the fate of individuals is not determined entirely by luck or chance; instead, an individual's likelihood of survival and reproduction depends on its characteristics (natural selection)
The theory of natural selection states that a. all individuals live to reproduce in each generation b. only the largest and strongest individuals survive c. random assortment of genes results in better physical characteristics in the following generations d. the most well-adapted individuals in their environments survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation e. individuals that mutate in response to changes in their environment will contribute the most genes to the next generation
d. the most well-adapted individuals in their environments survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation
What differentiates gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria? a. nutrient requirements b. the appearance of colonies c. the means of locomotion d. the way the cell wall stains e. the use of oxygen
d. the way the cell wall stains
With only two major components, how do viruses stay in existence? a. they can regenerate through their own cellular mechanisms b. they always infect bacteria, and the bacteria infect other organisms c. they cause other organisms to evolve quickly d. they hijack the host's cells for replication
d. they hijack the host's cells for replication
A child learns which foods taste good or bad through a. innate learning b. insight learning c. habituation d. trial-and-error learning e. imprinting
d. trial-and-error learning
After eating at the new restaurant in town, you develop a mild case of food poisoning. Consequently, you never go back to that restaurant again. This is an example of a. habituation b. insight learning c. operant conditioning d. trial-and-error learning e. innate behavior
d. trial-and-error learning
A _______ is one or more species of prokaryote aggregate to form a community typically surrounded by sticky protective slime. a. endospores b. nitrogen-fixing c. viroids d. biofilm
d.biofilm
Two species of squirrels live on either side of the Grand Canyon. It is believed that a long time ago, before being separated by the canyon, they were the same species. This is an example of: a. temporal isolation b. behavioral isolation c. mechanical isolation d. hybrid inviability e. allopatric speciaiton
e. allopatric speciation
_____ is the asexual process by which an organism grows a small version of itself on the body of the adult, which then pinches off when it is large enough to be independent. a. fission b. parthenogenesis c. mitosis d. regeneration e. budding
e. budding
Plants in this biome have small leaves coated with protective waxes to reduce evaporation, and can survive a fire. a. tropical rain forest b. tropical deciduous forest c. savanna d. desert e. chaparral
e. chaparral
When one species evolves a new phenotypic feature and another species evolves new adaptations in response, it is called: a. gene flow b. genetic drift c. sexual selection d. stabilizing selection e. coevolution
e. coevolution
One adaptation that enables an animal to live successfully on dry land is a. external fertilization b. a two-chambered heart c. moist skin used for gas exchange d. gills e. development in a shelled egg
e. development in a shelled egg
Two populations of flowers look identical but are pollinated by different pollinators - one by a night-flight hummingbird moth, the other by honeybees. These two populations of flowers are examples of a. groups within the same species b. identical gene pools c. the same species using different pollinators d. identical evolutionary paths e. different species
e. different species
The mucus that traps dust particles in the lungs is produced by: a. adipose tissue b. connective tissue c. muscle tissue d. endocrine glands e. epithelial tissue
e. epithelial tissue
In a grasshopper, all the body tissues are bathed in blood that is in the a. capillaries b. heart c. tracheae d. spiracles e. hemocoel
e. hemocoel
A newly hatched duck adopts the first large, moving object it sees as its mother. This is an example of a. operant conditioning b. insight learning c. habituation d. trial-and-error learning e. imprinting
e. imprinting
A tunicate is a(n) a. bony fish b. cartilaginous fish c. jawless fish d. amphibian e. invertebrate chordate
e. invertebrate chordate
Two species of snails are physically unable to mate. This is an example of: a. geographical isolation b. ecological isolation c. behavioral isolation d. temporal isolation e. mechanical incompatibility
e. mechanical incompatibility
Which of the following statements about mutations is TRUE? a. mutations have no effect on the survival and reproduction of an organism b. mutations are almost always better for the organism c. mutations almost always leave the organisms worse off than before d. mutations are caused by natural selection e. mutations occur at random and are by chance
e. mutations occur at random and are by chance
Why have populations of many ray-finned fish species decreased in recent years? a. parasitism by lampreys b. bacterial disease c. pollution of their environment d. loss of their prey species e. overfishing by humans
e. overfishing by humans
A population carries two alleles for a trait in which T is dominant and t is recessive. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, 2pq represents the: a. proportion of homozygous dominant individuals b. decrease in heterozygous individuals c. proportion of homozygous recessive individuals d. increase in homozygous individuals e. proportion of heterozygous individuals
e. proportion of heterozygous individuals
What is the function of the vertebral column? a. help increase the metabolic rate b. tear and crush food c. provide weight in aquatic life-forms d. limit muscle attachments e. protect the nerve cord
e. protect the nerve cord
Chondrichthyes includes a. whales b. lampreys c. all fishes d. frogs e. sharks
e. sharks
What characteristic of hagfishes differentiates them from lancelets and tunicates? a. dorsal nerve cord b. bony jaws c. gills d. post-anal tail e. skull surrounding the brain
e. skull surrounding the brain
The parasitic Rhagoletis flies that show a preference for either hawthorn or apple trees and are no longer interbreeding populations illustrate what type of speciation? a. allopatric b. specialization c. polyploidy d. the founder effect e. sympatric
e. sympatric
Which tissue contains large amounts of densely packed collagen fibers that rub parallel to each other? a. nerve b. adipose c. blood d. lymph e. tendons
e. tendons
Why are lampreys classified as vertebrates? a. they are ectothermic b. they lack jaws c. they lack gills d. they have an exoskeleton e. their nerve cord is surrounded by cartilage
e. their nerve cord is surrounded by cartilage
Which of the following hypothetical states is incorrect for and equilibrium population to occur? a. there must be no mutation b. there must be no gene flow c. the population must be very large d. mating must be random with no tendency for certain genotypes to mate with specific other genotypes e. there has to be natural selection
e. there has to be natural selection
Why have reptiles successfully adapted to land? a. they lack gills at any point during their development b. they have a two-chambered heart to maximize oxygen utilization c. they are endothermic d. they nurse their young e. they produce eggs that resist dehydration
e. they produce eggs that resist dehydration
The _____ system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. a. digestive b. reproductive c. respiratory d. circulatory e. urinary
e. urinary
The ______ system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. a. digestive b. reproductive c. respiratory d. circulatory e. urinary
e. urinary
Boa constrictors have tiny pelvic girdles and leg bones inside their bodies. Because these structures are nonfunctional "evolutionary baggage," they are called a. convergent b. analogous c. maladaptive d. homologous e. vestigial
e. vestigial