Bio 163 exam 4

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how many layers are in the mucosa membrane and what are they?

3; epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

How many layers are in the GI tract?

4 layers

digestion

Breaking down food

What are memory cells?

Cells that remember a specific antigen so that if it returns, the body can quickly respond and are stored in the lymph nodes

what happens when the lower esophageal sphincters doesn't close or delays to close?

GERD; stomach acid enters esophagus causing a burning pain known as heart burn

Ingestion

Intake of food

what is the difference between specific and non-specific defenses?

Nonspecific defenses attack any pathogen that are external barrier, phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, fever, and inflammation. Specific defenses attack a specific identified pathogen which are cell-mediated resistance and antibody-mediated resistance.

What does immunity mean?

Resistance to disease

What are antibodies?

Substances created in the body to attack specific foreign antigens

describe the muscles of the esophagus

The upper third of the esophagus is skeletal muscle, the middle third has both skeletal and smooth muscle, and the lower third is smooth muscle.

what is the function of peristalsis?

To push substances through tubes in the body

what is the muscularis mucosae?

VERY thin layer of smooth muscle; helps with transport

Does the submucosal layer have blood vessels, glands, and lymphatic tissue?

Yes

What is the ileocecal valve?

a sphincter that controls the flow of material from the ileum into the cecum

what are class I cells?

all other nucleated cells, present antigens when they have become infected -only recognized by cytotoxic T cells that are then activated to kill any cells showing a specific antigen

what are the 4 regions of the large intestine?

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

what is the right colic flexure?

bend between ascending and transverse colon

What is the left colic flexure?

bend between transverse and descending colon

what happens when the lower esophageal sphincter doesn't open?

causes burn and stretches out

what are the 2 regions of the muscularis called? What type of muscle?

circular layer and longitudinal layer smooth muscle

What are natural killer cells?

circulating blood cells with cytotoxic granules that destroy viruses and infected cells. they are the first line of defense and are non-specific

what is the function of the meissner's plexus?

control secretion and contraction

what is the function of sphincters?

control the passage of food or chyme through GI tract

what type of tissue is found in the submuscosa?

dense irregular/ connective tissue

what is the function of the stomach?

digestion and storage

What are pathogens?

disease/ infection causing organisms that lead to an immune response

Egestion

elimination of undigested food

What are B cells responsible for?

engulfs pathogens, displays antigens, antibody producers, produce memory B cells

what is chemical digestion?

enzymatic breakdown of food; primarily proteins

What is the duodenum?

first part of the small intestine, functions in digestion

What is the plicae circulares?

first set of folds in the small intestine

What is rugae?

folds in the stomach that allows it to expand

motility

food getting to where it needs to be

what are the functions of the mouth?

food intake, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, taste

Why is there stratified squamous epithelium in the mouth, esophagus, and anus?

for protection, to prevent aberration

what are the 2 sphincters of the anal canal?

internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter

Is the internal anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

Muscularis of the mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, and anus is...

involuntary skeletal muscle

95% of the muscularis is involuntary or voluntary? Is it smooth or skeletal?

involuntary; smooth

Describe the pancreas

it has both exocrine and endocrine functions in the digestive system

what are mature cytotoxic cells?

kills other cells that are infected in the cell body, DESTROYERS

What is the rectum?

last section of the large intestine that stores feces

What is the ileum?

located in the small intestine, high surface area for absorption of nutrients

what are the functions of saliva?

lubrication, chemical digestion

what are class II cells?

macrophages or B cells that engulf pathogens and present antigens. they are not infected and can only be recognized by Helper- T cells

what is another name for mechanical digestion?

mastication

What is the jejunum?

middle section of the small intestine, high surface area for absorption of nutrients

What are antigens?

molecules that have the potential to generate antibodies

what is the function of the muscularis?

motility/plexus

where do you see stratified squamous epithelium?

mouth, esophagus, and anus

what is the innermost layer of the GI tract?

mucosa

which layer comes in direct contact with food?

mucosa

what are the four layers of the GI tract?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

soft palate

muscles covered by stratified epithelium and the mucous membrane

what is the plexus of the muscularis called?

mycentric plexus

What is a plexus?

network of nerves/ nervous tissue

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

pancreatic islets of langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon INTO THE CAPILLARIES

What is mechanical digestion?

physical breakdown of food

What is haustra?

pouches in the large intestine

What is phagocytosis?

process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

produce pancreatic juice aka acinar cells

What is the lower esophageal sphincter?

regulates movement of food from esophagus to stomach, and prevents regurgitation of acidic stomach contents

What are helper T cells?

release cytotoxic, activates B cells,, activates T cells ,COMMUNICATORS

hard palate

roof of mouth, palatine bone, maxilla

what does mucosa form?

rugae

what are the villi in the small intestine?

second layer of folds

what is the function of the mucosa layer?

secretion and absorption

what is the function of the submucosa?

secretion and contains plexus

what is the outermost layer of the GI tract?

serosa

what type of epithelium are in the other GI organs?

simple columnar

What are cytokines?

small proteins that cause changes in many cells types secreted by activated Th cells

what type of muscle are the sphincters?

smooth muscle

what gland secretes the most saliva?

submandibular gland

what glands secrete digestive juices into the lumen? Where is it found?

submucosal gland; submucosa

Where is Meissner's plexus located?

submucosal layer

secretion

substance are released

What is deglutition?

swallowing

where does the pancreatic juices/bile enter

the duodenum

What is the anal canal?

the last segment of the large intestine, feces are passed through here

What is the pyloric sphincter?

the opening through which chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

What is the serosa layer the same as?

the peritoneum

What are macrophages?

they activate helper T-cells, engulf and display entigens

What are lymph nodes?

they house white blood cells, where specific immune responses occur, and they get swollen when sick

What is the lamina propria?

thin layer of loose connective tissue, contains capillaries

What is the microvilli of the small intestine?

third layer that looks like brushes

What is the teniae coli of the large intestine?

three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis

Why do the other GI organs have simple columnar epithelium?

to aid in secretion and absorption

True/ False: The mucosa layer is stratified and produces extra mucous during defecation

true

GI tract

tube from mouth to anus

Absorption

uptake of nutrients into bloodstream

Is the external anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

voluntary

what is salivas made of?

water, mucus, and enzymes


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