BIO 181 Chapter 4

Due to the limited resolution of the human eye, microscopes are needed to visualize points as two separate objects if they are closer than which of the following?

100 um

The arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotic cilia and flagella made from a circle of microtubule pairs and two central microtubules is referred to as the ______ structure.

9+2

The microtubules in a eukaryotic flagellum are derived from a(n) _____________.

Basal Bodies

Which structure is involved in eukaryotic cell division?

Centrosome

Which of the following accurately describes the major function of the nucleus?

It houses most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell

A long lasting or permanent connection between cells is which of the following?

Junction

Which of the following is found in all cells?

Ribosomes

Identify the functions of cell vacuoles.

Segregation of waste Water balance Storage

The internal scaffolding of eukaryotic cells is termed the

cytoskeleton

The space between the two membranes of a mitochondrion is known as the

intermembrane or inter membrane

Ribosomal assembly areas in the nucleus are the __________?

nucleoli or nucleolus

The ____________ is the region of the nucleus where intensive synthesis of ribosomal RNA takes place.

nucleolus

Ribosomes are responsible for __________ synthesis in the cell.

protein or polypeptide

When a eukaryotic flagellum moves, the up and down waving motion is called

undulation

Small sacs that store and transport a variety of materials are called?

vesicles

Peroxisomes contain the enzyme catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and

water

If the radius of the cell increases by ___________ time, then the surface area will increase by times and the volume will increase by a __________ times (please fill blanks with numbers).

100 1000

How many subunits make up a ribosome?

2

The digestive enzymes in the lysosomes are optimally active at which of the following pH ranges?

Acidic

During the contraction of muscle cells, which fiber is used?

Actin

Which fiber is involved with cellular crawling?

Actin

Identify the fibers which are used in the cell division of animal cells.

Actin Microtubules

At the leading edge of a crawling cell, ____________ filaments force the edge of the cell forward, and the extended region is stabilized by microtubule polymerization. Forward movement of the cell is then achieved through the action of the protein _________________.

Actin Myosin

The interaction of which two proteins allows cells to crawl?

Actin and myosin

Which of the following are responsible for cellular movements such as contraction and crawling?

Actin filaments

Some bacteria produce protective polysaccharide capsules. Disease-causing bacteria use these capsules to aid in which of the following?

Adhering to surfaces

_______________ junctions mechanically attach the cytoskeleton of a cell to the cytoskeleton of another cell or to the extracellular matrix.

Adhesive

Select the organisms that contain chloroplasts.

Algae Plants

Which of these statements is not a part of the cell theory? All cells are replaced. Cells are the smallest units of life. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division.

All cells are replaced.

Which of the following substances can pass through a gap junction?

Amino acids Glucose

An unknown cell type contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and centrioles. Other internal structures may be present. Which type of cell might this be?

Animal

Which of the following are structurally similar to prokaryotes, but are in fact more closely related to eukaryotes (base on their molecular biology)? Yeast Archaea Bacteria Fungi

Archaea

Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include which of the following? Multiple select question. Glycoprotein synthesis Assembly of membrane lipids Steroid synthesis Storage of calcium

Assembly of membrane lipids Steroid synthesis Storage of calcium

Prokaryotes consists of two categories of organisms: ____________ and _____________.

Bacteria Archaea

An unknown cell type contains ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell wall. Which type of cell might this be?

Bacterial Plant

Noncellulose polysaccharides that form part of the cell wall of plants are synthesized in the

Blank 1: Golgi Blank 2: apparatus, body, or complex

Ca2+ ions are stored in the __________ endoplasmic ____________.

Blank 1: smooth Blank 2: reticulum

Bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall of peptidoglycan. Which of the following accurately describes peptidoglycan?

Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units

What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances in peroxisomes?

Catalase

Which of the following is the theory that is the unifying foundation of cell biology?

Cell theory

When certain bacteria are exposed to penicillin, which of the following structures are compromised?

Cell wall

Which of the following cells have extensive smooth ER?

Cells in the testes Brain cells Intestinal cells

Actin fibers are involved with which type of movement?

Cellular crawling

The organelles that contains chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis are called which of the following?

Chloroplasts

Which of the following are types of plastids? Multiple select question. Chloroplasts Amyloplasts Tonoplasts Leucoplasts

Chloroplasts Amyloplasts Leucoplasts

Select all the locations where ribosomes can be found in the cell. Chloroplasts Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Cytosol Central vacuole Endoplasmic reticulum

Chloroplasts Mitochondria Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum

In cells that contain a nucleus, the DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes which are organized into a complex structure called _____________ .

Chromatin

_______________ are composed of microtubules, but are typically shorter than flagella and tend to cover all or part of the surface of a cell.

Cilia

The flattened stacks of membrane typical of the Golgi apparatus are called which of the following?

Cisternae

Which of these is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells?

Compartmentalization

A _____________________ microscope magnifies the object in stages using several lenses.

Compound Microscope

These membrane-bound structures prevent excess water buildup in some protists by expanding as water enters the cell, contracting, and expelling their contents to the exterior of the cell.

Contractile vacuole

Which type of cell movement is involved in inflammation, clotting, wound healing, and the spread of cancer?

Crawling

Constant assembly and disassembly is characteristic of which of the following?

Cytoskeleton

Which part of the cell's primary function is to support cell shape and anchor organelles to fixed locations?

Cytoskeleton

___________ are a cadherin-based junction found only in vertebrates. They join adjacent cells and support tissues against mechanical

Desmosomes

______________ are a cadherin-based junction found only in vertebrates. They join adjacent cells and support tissues against mechanical stress.

Desmosomes

Which of the following is the the most important factor that limits the size of cells?

Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell

Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the _____________ of substances into and out of cells.

Diffusion, movement, transport, moving, transfer, or passage

Which of the following is the motor protein needed to move eukaryotic flagella?

Dynein

________________ is the motor protein involved in the movement of eukaryotic flagella.

Dynein

What term describes a relationship, in which a smaller cell lives inside a larger cell?

Endosymbiosis

Archaea appear to be most closely related to which of the following?

Eukaryotes

Archaea appear to be most closely related to which of the following? Eukaryotes Bacteria

Eukaryotes

Which structure forms a protective layer rich in glycoproteins on the surface of cells?

Extracellular matrix

True or false: Peptidoglycan in the membranes of archaea provide thermal stability to their cells.

False

True or false: Prokaryotes lack cytoskeletal elements.

False

In comparing flagella and cilia, which ones are longer and found singly or in pairs?

Flagella

The long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of prokaryotic cells that are used for locomotion are which of the following?

Flagella

_____________ are long, threadlike structures, which are used to provide motility to bacterial cells.

Flagella

During cell division, cell-wall deposition is influenced by

FtsZ proteins

Organisms that may have cell walls composed of cellulose or chitin include which of the following (Select all that apply) ?

Fungi Plants Protists

Identify two ways that lysosomes can be activated.

Fusing with an old organelle Fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis

Where are the genes needed for mitochondrial function located?

Genes required for mitochondrial function are located both in the mitochondrial DNA and in the nucleus.

During photosynthesis, chloroplasts capture light energy and synthesize which of the following organic molecules?

Glucose

Most tissue-specific cell-surface markers are which of the following types of compounds?

Glycolipids

The cell-surface markers for human blood types A, B, AB, and O are due to which type of compounds?

Glycolipids

The extracellular matrix is made primarily of which of the following?

Glycoproteins

Lysosomes are formed from vesicles which bud off which of the following organelles?

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum

Cells that carry out extensive lipid synthesis have abundant SER. Which of these cell do not have abundant smooth ER? Intestinal cells Heart cells Cells in the testes Brain cells

Heart cells

If plant cells make secondary cell walls, where are they located?

Inside primary cell wall

Fibronectin binds to which of the following?

Integrins Glycoproteins

Keratin, found in human hair and nails, is composed of which of the following type of cytoskeletal element?

Intermediate filaments

The most durable type of cytoskeletal element in humans is which of the following?

Intermediate filaments

Septate junctions are found in which of the following?

Invertebrates Vertebrates

Which of the following are distinctly different in archaeal cells as compared to bacterial cells?

Lipids

Which type of RNA carries information from DNA?

Messenger

One of the principal ways animal and plant cells organize their metabolism is by distributing enzymes in which of the following structures?

Microbodies

Integrins are proteins in the plasma membrane that extend into the cytoplasm, attaching to which two types of filaments?

Microfilaments Intermediate

_____________ are the instruments used to magnify and visualize cells and cellular components.

Microscopes

Which of the following cytoskeletal elements are made up of α-and β-tubulin subunits?

Microtubules

_________ are the largest cytoskeletal elements are responsible for moving materials within a cell.

Microtubules

The production of ATP is performed by which of the following organelles?

Mitochondria

Which organelle divides independently of the cell?

Mitochondrion

Indicate the functions of the Golgi apparatus.

Modifying and packaging proteins Packaging molecules into transport vesicles Collecting molecules to be transported through the cell

What property do flagella provide to bacterial cells?

Motility

Which of the following is not a function of the bacterial cell wall? Maintain cell shape Prevent loss of water Prevent excessive uptake of water Motility

Motility

Select the statements that are true concerning bacterial flagella. Multiple select question. Bacteria move due to the undulating motion of flagella. Movement is powered by a proton gradient. Flagella propel bacterial cells forward. Bacteria move by rotating their flagella like screws.

Movement is powered by a proton gradient. Flagella propel bacterial cells forward. Bacteria move by rotating their flagella like screws.

Which cells are most affected in an individual suffering from Tay-Sachs disease?

Nerve cells

Lysosomes contain enzymes which are able to break down which of the following?

Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids

Most of the DNA in prokaryotes is located in the __________ region.

Nucleoid

Which of the following structures are only found in prokaryotic cells (choose all that apply)?

Nucleoid Pili

A ribosome consists of a large and small subunit, and each contains RNA molecules, which are made in which of the following?

Nucleolus

The repository of the genetic information that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins in a living eukaryotic cell is which of the following structures?

Nucleus

Which of the following is the largest organelle present in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

The genes needed for mitochondrial division are located in which areas?

Nucleus Mitochondria

Antibiotics such as penicillin and vancomycin interfere with which of the following?

Peptidoglycan synthesis

Of the following choices, the presence of which would definitively identify a cell as prokaryotic?

Pili

The largest vacuoles, which can occupy most of the cell volume, are found in which type of cell?

Plant

Vesicles are found in which of the following types of cells (Select all that apply)? Plant Prokaryotes Bacteria Animal

Plant Animal

Microbodies are found in which of the following cells?

Plant Fungi Animal Protists

Large vacuoles are characteristic of which two types of cells?

Plant cells Fungal cells

In the cyanobacterium, Prochloron, the bacterial pigments associated with photosynthesis are located in which of the following structures?

Plasma membrane

The rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in sorting proteins that are destined for which of the following locations?

Plasma membrane Vacuoles Lysosomes

Which of the following allows communicating between plant cells?

Plasmodesmata

Which of the following junction types is only found in plants?

Plasmodesmata

Compare the complexity of plasmodesmata and gap junctions.

Plasmodesmata are more complex than gap junctions.

Which of the following are similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts (choose all that apply)?

Presence of DNA Presence of protein synthesizing ribosomes

Plants produce which of the following cell walls while the cell is still growing.

Primary

DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in which of the following?

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

The functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum include which of the following?

Protein synthesis Protein sorting Glycoprotein synthesis

Ribosomes are necessary to manufacture which of the following molecules?

Proteins

The cytoskeleton is made up of long fibers of which type of macromolecule?

Proteins

The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is composed of which component?

Proteins

Organisms that may have cell walls composed of cellulose or chitin include which of the following (Select all that apply)? Protists Bacteria Plants Archaea Fungi

Protists Plants Fungi

_____________ (use the 3 initials) is the nucleic acid manufactured in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores.

RNA

Which of the following molecules are manufactured in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and enter the cytoplasm by way of the nuclear pores? RNA RNA and DNA RNA-protein complexes DNA

RNA RNA-protein complexes

________ is the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points.

Resolution

Which of the following are synthesized in the nucleolus?

Ribosomal RNA

The production of proteins is achieved by which of the following structures?

Ribosomes

The rough ER is so named due to the presence of which structures on the surface of the membrane, which are not present in the smooth ER.

Ribosomes

Of the following features, which are common to bacteria and archaea?

Ribosomes A plasma membrane

Which of the following structures of the endomembrane system is not matched properly? Multiple choice question. - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: lipid synthesis - Nuclear envelope: allows access to and from the nucleus - Lysosomes: degradation of organic molecules - Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ca2+ storage - Golgi apparatus: protein secretion and sorting

Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ca2+ storage

Which of the following microscopes can yield three-dimensional images?

Scanning electron microscopes

Identify the scientists who are credited with the cell theory.

Schleiden and Schwann

What organelle in liver cells produces enzymes that detoxify harmful organic molecules?

Smooth ER

The core of lipid droplets could contain which of the following lipids?

Sterols Triglycerides

What are the functions of the central vacuole in plants? Synthesis of proteins Storage of pigments Synthesis of lipids Waste storage

Storage of pigments Waste storage

The central vacuole in plants is primarily involved in which of the following processes?

Storage of water, ions, and pigments

What is the fluid matrix inside the inner membrane but outside the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast called?

Stroma

The functioning of a tissue is dependent upon which of the following?

The arrangement of cells in the tissue

What does the mitochondrial matrix refer to?

The compartment inside of the inner membrane

An organism made up of relatively small cells has an advantage over an organism composed of fewer, larger cells because the rate at which transport of molecules occurs depends on which of the following?

The distance to the membrane and the area of membrane

Which is the largest of the internal membranes in a typical eukaryotic cell?

The endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following factors would decrease the rate of diffusion? (Select all that apply)

The need to produce more macromolecules Greater production of wastes Higher energy requirements

Select problems faced by larger cells compared to smaller cells.

The need to produce more macromolecules Higher energy requirements Greater production of wastes

Which of these is not a variable that affects the rate of diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane?

The volume of the cell

__________ extended Schleiden's hypothesis by suggesting that animal tissue was made up of cells.

Theodor Schwann

Archaea differ from bacteria in which of the following ways?

They lack peptidoglycan.

Vacuoles function in plant cells in which of the following capacities?

They segregate toxic materials. They deal with tonicity. They store items.

Which of the following junctions would be found in the lining of the human digestive tract?

Tight junctions

_________ junctions contain protein which block substances from passing between cells.

Tight or Septate

Which of the following describes the structure of DNA inside of the cell's nucleus?

Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes

The purpose of a compound light microscope can best be described as which of the following?

To allow the visualization of cells and cellular components

The membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells is called which of the following?

Tonoplast.

True or false: Chloroplasts are the organelles that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.

True

The nuclear envelope is composed of which of the following?

Two bilayers of phospholipids

The central __________ of a plant cell is involved in maintaining the tonicity of the cell.

Vacuole

Which of the following cells are macroscopic?

Vertebrate eggs

Which of the following is a cell type that can be seen without the aid of a microscope?

Vertebrate eggs

Tight junctions are found in which of the following? Invertebrates Prokaryotes Vertebrates

Vertebrates

As a cell's size increases, its_________________ increases much more rapidly than its surface area.

Volume

Which of the following cells exhibit a crawling behavior when destroying pathogens?

White blood cells

Some bacteria produce a jelly-like protective _________ made of polysaccharide, which aids in attachment to surfaces.

capsule

The ________ _________ of a bacterium helps the organism maintain its shape and prevents the excessive loss of water.

cell wall

The cell walls of green plants are composed of a polymer of glucose called ________?

cellulose

The cell walls of plants and protists are made of the polysaccharide ____________________________ while the cell wall of fungal cells are made of the polysaccharide ___________________________.

cellulose chitin

Within the centrosome, there is a pair of structures arranged perpendicular to each other called the

centrioles

Nondividing animal cells contain a region near their nucleus called the _________________ , or microtubule-organizing center.

centrosome

Plants and algae contain organelles called ____________. Pigments in those organelles allow these organisms to perform photosynthesis.

chloroplasts

Inside the nucleus, DNA is wound tightly around proteins and packaged into compact units called

chromosomes or chromatin

The ____________ face of the Golgi apparatus is located near the endoplasmic reticulum.

cis

The _____________ of the Golgi apparatus are flattened, stacked membrane folds.

cisternae

The internal portion of the endoplasmic reticulum is known as the ________ space, or _______.

cisternal lumen

The fibrous protein, __________________, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells is also a major component of cartilage and tendons.

collagen

The inner folded membrane of the mitochondria has numerous contiguous layers called

cristae or crista

The eukaryotic cell structure involved in supporting the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles to fixed locations is the

cytoskeleton

Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to _________of substances into and out of cells.

diffusion

Scientists have proposed that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose by a process called _____________ , in which a smaller cell comes to live inside a larger cell.

endosymbiosis or endosymbiotic

Fibronectin is a glycoprotein used to attach the _______________ matrix of some cells to the plasma membrane.

extracellular

Proteins called ______ link the ECM to the cytoskeleton of a cell. In addition, they can coordinate the behavior of all cells in a particular tissue by altering gene expression and cell migration patterns.

integrins

In plants, DNA-containing organelles that lack pigment and a complex internal structure are called

leucoplasts or amyloplasts

Tay Sachs disease is a(n) _________ storage disorder caused by a lack of function of a single enzyme necessary to break down a glycolipid.

lysosome

Digestion of substances taken into the cell, break down of macromolecules in the cell, and autophagy are all performed by organelles called

lysosomes

Another term for actin filaments is

microfilaments or microfilament

The _________ are cellular organelles, which use chemical energy stored within the covalent bonds of organic molecules to produce ATP.

mitochondria or mitochondrion

The organelles that are both surrounded by a double membrane, have their own DNA, are involved in energy metabolism, and have their own protein synthesis machinery are the ___________ and _________.

mitochondria or mitochondrion chloroplasts or chloroplast

The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, collectively called the _________ __________

nuclear envelope

The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, collectively called the _____________.

nuclear membrane

Eukaryotic cells achieve compartmentalization through an extensive endomembrane system that weaves through the interior of the cell and by numerous membrane-bound ________ that form compartments where biochemical processes can occur independently.

organelles

Most bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall composed of ___________ which is a carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by polypeptides.

peptidoglycan or murein

Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with

phospholipids

Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with __________.

phospholipids

Gap junctions can typically be in the ________ _________ of a cell.

plasma membrane

Cyanobacteria have folds in their _______ ________which contain the necessary pigments for photosynthesis.

plasma membranes

The _____________ plant cell wall is laid down when the plant cell is still growing.

primary

The ________ may be called the "universal organelle" because it is found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

ribosome

Structures called _________________ are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and are the sites of polypeptide synthesis.

ribosomes

Functions that include glycoprotein production and protein sorting are characteristic of the ___________ endoplasmic reticulum.

rough

Functions that include steroid synthesis and assembly of membrane lipids are characteristic of the ________ endoplasmic reticulum (to receive credit, please spell out your answer and DO NOT include the words endoplasmic reticulum (or ER)).

smooth

In liver cells, enzymes located in the ________ endoplasmic reticulum (ER) detoxify harmful organic molecules.

smooth

Regions of the ER with relatively few bound ribosomes are referred to as __________ ER. Please spell the word out, do not fill with a single letter.

smooth

The most common alteration made in the Golgi body is addition or modification of short __________ chains.

sugar

Cells that are part of the same tissue type recognize each other based on

surface proteins.

Each granum of a chloroplast contains a few to several dozen

thylakoids.

The membrane surrounding the plant cell vacuole that contains channels for water that are used to help the cell maintain its osmotic balance is called the

tonoplast

The membrane surrounding the plant cell vacuole that contains channels for water that are used to help the cell maintain its osmotic balance is called the __________.

tonoplast

The back of the Golgi apparatus is referred to as the ________ face.

trans

Which type of RNA carries amino acids?

transfer RNA