BIO 181 Chapter 4
Due to the limited resolution of the human eye, microscopes are needed to visualize points as two separate objects if they are closer than which of the following?
100 um
The arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotic cilia and flagella made from a circle of microtubule pairs and two central microtubules is referred to as the ______ structure.
9+2
The microtubules in a eukaryotic flagellum are derived from a(n) _____________.
Basal Bodies
Which structure is involved in eukaryotic cell division?
Centrosome
Which of the following accurately describes the major function of the nucleus?
It houses most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell
A long lasting or permanent connection between cells is which of the following?
Junction
Which of the following is found in all cells?
Ribosomes
Identify the functions of cell vacuoles.
Segregation of waste Water balance Storage
The internal scaffolding of eukaryotic cells is termed the
cytoskeleton
The space between the two membranes of a mitochondrion is known as the
intermembrane or inter membrane
Ribosomal assembly areas in the nucleus are the __________?
nucleoli or nucleolus
The ____________ is the region of the nucleus where intensive synthesis of ribosomal RNA takes place.
nucleolus
Ribosomes are responsible for __________ synthesis in the cell.
protein or polypeptide
When a eukaryotic flagellum moves, the up and down waving motion is called
undulation
Small sacs that store and transport a variety of materials are called?
vesicles
Peroxisomes contain the enzyme catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and
water
If the radius of the cell increases by ___________ time, then the surface area will increase by times and the volume will increase by a __________ times (please fill blanks with numbers).
100 1000
How many subunits make up a ribosome?
2
The digestive enzymes in the lysosomes are optimally active at which of the following pH ranges?
Acidic
During the contraction of muscle cells, which fiber is used?
Actin
Which fiber is involved with cellular crawling?
Actin
Identify the fibers which are used in the cell division of animal cells.
Actin Microtubules
At the leading edge of a crawling cell, ____________ filaments force the edge of the cell forward, and the extended region is stabilized by microtubule polymerization. Forward movement of the cell is then achieved through the action of the protein _________________.
Actin Myosin
The interaction of which two proteins allows cells to crawl?
Actin and myosin
Which of the following are responsible for cellular movements such as contraction and crawling?
Actin filaments
Some bacteria produce protective polysaccharide capsules. Disease-causing bacteria use these capsules to aid in which of the following?
Adhering to surfaces
_______________ junctions mechanically attach the cytoskeleton of a cell to the cytoskeleton of another cell or to the extracellular matrix.
Adhesive
Select the organisms that contain chloroplasts.
Algae Plants
Which of these statements is not a part of the cell theory? All cells are replaced. Cells are the smallest units of life. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division.
All cells are replaced.
Which of the following substances can pass through a gap junction?
Amino acids Glucose
An unknown cell type contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and centrioles. Other internal structures may be present. Which type of cell might this be?
Animal
Which of the following are structurally similar to prokaryotes, but are in fact more closely related to eukaryotes (base on their molecular biology)? Yeast Archaea Bacteria Fungi
Archaea
Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include which of the following? Multiple select question. Glycoprotein synthesis Assembly of membrane lipids Steroid synthesis Storage of calcium
Assembly of membrane lipids Steroid synthesis Storage of calcium
Prokaryotes consists of two categories of organisms: ____________ and _____________.
Bacteria Archaea
An unknown cell type contains ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell wall. Which type of cell might this be?
Bacterial Plant
Noncellulose polysaccharides that form part of the cell wall of plants are synthesized in the
Blank 1: Golgi Blank 2: apparatus, body, or complex
Ca2+ ions are stored in the __________ endoplasmic ____________.
Blank 1: smooth Blank 2: reticulum
Bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall of peptidoglycan. Which of the following accurately describes peptidoglycan?
Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units
What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances in peroxisomes?
Catalase
Which of the following is the theory that is the unifying foundation of cell biology?
Cell theory
When certain bacteria are exposed to penicillin, which of the following structures are compromised?
Cell wall
Which of the following cells have extensive smooth ER?
Cells in the testes Brain cells Intestinal cells
Actin fibers are involved with which type of movement?
Cellular crawling
The organelles that contains chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis are called which of the following?
Chloroplasts
Which of the following are types of plastids? Multiple select question. Chloroplasts Amyloplasts Tonoplasts Leucoplasts
Chloroplasts Amyloplasts Leucoplasts
Select all the locations where ribosomes can be found in the cell. Chloroplasts Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Cytosol Central vacuole Endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplasts Mitochondria Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum
In cells that contain a nucleus, the DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes which are organized into a complex structure called _____________ .
Chromatin
_______________ are composed of microtubules, but are typically shorter than flagella and tend to cover all or part of the surface of a cell.
Cilia
The flattened stacks of membrane typical of the Golgi apparatus are called which of the following?
Cisternae
Which of these is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells?
Compartmentalization
A _____________________ microscope magnifies the object in stages using several lenses.
Compound Microscope
These membrane-bound structures prevent excess water buildup in some protists by expanding as water enters the cell, contracting, and expelling their contents to the exterior of the cell.
Contractile vacuole
Which type of cell movement is involved in inflammation, clotting, wound healing, and the spread of cancer?
Crawling
Constant assembly and disassembly is characteristic of which of the following?
Cytoskeleton
Which part of the cell's primary function is to support cell shape and anchor organelles to fixed locations?
Cytoskeleton
___________ are a cadherin-based junction found only in vertebrates. They join adjacent cells and support tissues against mechanical
Desmosomes
______________ are a cadherin-based junction found only in vertebrates. They join adjacent cells and support tissues against mechanical stress.
Desmosomes
Which of the following is the the most important factor that limits the size of cells?
Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell
Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the _____________ of substances into and out of cells.
Diffusion, movement, transport, moving, transfer, or passage
Which of the following is the motor protein needed to move eukaryotic flagella?
Dynein
________________ is the motor protein involved in the movement of eukaryotic flagella.
Dynein
What term describes a relationship, in which a smaller cell lives inside a larger cell?
Endosymbiosis
Archaea appear to be most closely related to which of the following?
Eukaryotes
Archaea appear to be most closely related to which of the following? Eukaryotes Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Which structure forms a protective layer rich in glycoproteins on the surface of cells?
Extracellular matrix
True or false: Peptidoglycan in the membranes of archaea provide thermal stability to their cells.
False
True or false: Prokaryotes lack cytoskeletal elements.
False
In comparing flagella and cilia, which ones are longer and found singly or in pairs?
Flagella
The long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of prokaryotic cells that are used for locomotion are which of the following?
Flagella
_____________ are long, threadlike structures, which are used to provide motility to bacterial cells.
Flagella
During cell division, cell-wall deposition is influenced by
FtsZ proteins
Organisms that may have cell walls composed of cellulose or chitin include which of the following (Select all that apply) ?
Fungi Plants Protists
Identify two ways that lysosomes can be activated.
Fusing with an old organelle Fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis
Where are the genes needed for mitochondrial function located?
Genes required for mitochondrial function are located both in the mitochondrial DNA and in the nucleus.
During photosynthesis, chloroplasts capture light energy and synthesize which of the following organic molecules?
Glucose
Most tissue-specific cell-surface markers are which of the following types of compounds?
Glycolipids
The cell-surface markers for human blood types A, B, AB, and O are due to which type of compounds?
Glycolipids
The extracellular matrix is made primarily of which of the following?
Glycoproteins
Lysosomes are formed from vesicles which bud off which of the following organelles?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum
Cells that carry out extensive lipid synthesis have abundant SER. Which of these cell do not have abundant smooth ER? Intestinal cells Heart cells Cells in the testes Brain cells
Heart cells
If plant cells make secondary cell walls, where are they located?
Inside primary cell wall
Fibronectin binds to which of the following?
Integrins Glycoproteins
Keratin, found in human hair and nails, is composed of which of the following type of cytoskeletal element?
Intermediate filaments
The most durable type of cytoskeletal element in humans is which of the following?
Intermediate filaments
Septate junctions are found in which of the following?
Invertebrates Vertebrates
Which of the following are distinctly different in archaeal cells as compared to bacterial cells?
Lipids
Which type of RNA carries information from DNA?
Messenger
One of the principal ways animal and plant cells organize their metabolism is by distributing enzymes in which of the following structures?
Microbodies
Integrins are proteins in the plasma membrane that extend into the cytoplasm, attaching to which two types of filaments?
Microfilaments Intermediate
_____________ are the instruments used to magnify and visualize cells and cellular components.
Microscopes
Which of the following cytoskeletal elements are made up of α-and β-tubulin subunits?
Microtubules
_________ are the largest cytoskeletal elements are responsible for moving materials within a cell.
Microtubules
The production of ATP is performed by which of the following organelles?
Mitochondria
Which organelle divides independently of the cell?
Mitochondrion
Indicate the functions of the Golgi apparatus.
Modifying and packaging proteins Packaging molecules into transport vesicles Collecting molecules to be transported through the cell
What property do flagella provide to bacterial cells?
Motility
Which of the following is not a function of the bacterial cell wall? Maintain cell shape Prevent loss of water Prevent excessive uptake of water Motility
Motility
Select the statements that are true concerning bacterial flagella. Multiple select question. Bacteria move due to the undulating motion of flagella. Movement is powered by a proton gradient. Flagella propel bacterial cells forward. Bacteria move by rotating their flagella like screws.
Movement is powered by a proton gradient. Flagella propel bacterial cells forward. Bacteria move by rotating their flagella like screws.
Which cells are most affected in an individual suffering from Tay-Sachs disease?
Nerve cells
Lysosomes contain enzymes which are able to break down which of the following?
Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids
Most of the DNA in prokaryotes is located in the __________ region.
Nucleoid
Which of the following structures are only found in prokaryotic cells (choose all that apply)?
Nucleoid Pili
A ribosome consists of a large and small subunit, and each contains RNA molecules, which are made in which of the following?
Nucleolus
The repository of the genetic information that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins in a living eukaryotic cell is which of the following structures?
Nucleus
Which of the following is the largest organelle present in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
The genes needed for mitochondrial division are located in which areas?
Nucleus Mitochondria
Antibiotics such as penicillin and vancomycin interfere with which of the following?
Peptidoglycan synthesis
Of the following choices, the presence of which would definitively identify a cell as prokaryotic?
Pili
The largest vacuoles, which can occupy most of the cell volume, are found in which type of cell?
Plant
Vesicles are found in which of the following types of cells (Select all that apply)? Plant Prokaryotes Bacteria Animal
Plant Animal
Microbodies are found in which of the following cells?
Plant Fungi Animal Protists
Large vacuoles are characteristic of which two types of cells?
Plant cells Fungal cells
In the cyanobacterium, Prochloron, the bacterial pigments associated with photosynthesis are located in which of the following structures?
Plasma membrane
The rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in sorting proteins that are destined for which of the following locations?
Plasma membrane Vacuoles Lysosomes
Which of the following allows communicating between plant cells?
Plasmodesmata
Which of the following junction types is only found in plants?
Plasmodesmata
Compare the complexity of plasmodesmata and gap junctions.
Plasmodesmata are more complex than gap junctions.
Which of the following are similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts (choose all that apply)?
Presence of DNA Presence of protein synthesizing ribosomes
Plants produce which of the following cell walls while the cell is still growing.
Primary
DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in which of the following?
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
The functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum include which of the following?
Protein synthesis Protein sorting Glycoprotein synthesis
Ribosomes are necessary to manufacture which of the following molecules?
Proteins
The cytoskeleton is made up of long fibers of which type of macromolecule?
Proteins
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is composed of which component?
Proteins
Organisms that may have cell walls composed of cellulose or chitin include which of the following (Select all that apply)? Protists Bacteria Plants Archaea Fungi
Protists Plants Fungi
_____________ (use the 3 initials) is the nucleic acid manufactured in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores.
RNA
Which of the following molecules are manufactured in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and enter the cytoplasm by way of the nuclear pores? RNA RNA and DNA RNA-protein complexes DNA
RNA RNA-protein complexes
________ is the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points.
Resolution
Which of the following are synthesized in the nucleolus?
Ribosomal RNA
The production of proteins is achieved by which of the following structures?
Ribosomes
The rough ER is so named due to the presence of which structures on the surface of the membrane, which are not present in the smooth ER.
Ribosomes
Of the following features, which are common to bacteria and archaea?
Ribosomes A plasma membrane
Which of the following structures of the endomembrane system is not matched properly? Multiple choice question. - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: lipid synthesis - Nuclear envelope: allows access to and from the nucleus - Lysosomes: degradation of organic molecules - Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ca2+ storage - Golgi apparatus: protein secretion and sorting
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ca2+ storage
Which of the following microscopes can yield three-dimensional images?
Scanning electron microscopes
Identify the scientists who are credited with the cell theory.
Schleiden and Schwann
What organelle in liver cells produces enzymes that detoxify harmful organic molecules?
Smooth ER
The core of lipid droplets could contain which of the following lipids?
Sterols Triglycerides
What are the functions of the central vacuole in plants? Synthesis of proteins Storage of pigments Synthesis of lipids Waste storage
Storage of pigments Waste storage
The central vacuole in plants is primarily involved in which of the following processes?
Storage of water, ions, and pigments
What is the fluid matrix inside the inner membrane but outside the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast called?
Stroma
The functioning of a tissue is dependent upon which of the following?
The arrangement of cells in the tissue
What does the mitochondrial matrix refer to?
The compartment inside of the inner membrane
An organism made up of relatively small cells has an advantage over an organism composed of fewer, larger cells because the rate at which transport of molecules occurs depends on which of the following?
The distance to the membrane and the area of membrane
Which is the largest of the internal membranes in a typical eukaryotic cell?
The endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following factors would decrease the rate of diffusion? (Select all that apply)
The need to produce more macromolecules Greater production of wastes Higher energy requirements
Select problems faced by larger cells compared to smaller cells.
The need to produce more macromolecules Higher energy requirements Greater production of wastes
Which of these is not a variable that affects the rate of diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane?
The volume of the cell
__________ extended Schleiden's hypothesis by suggesting that animal tissue was made up of cells.
Theodor Schwann
Archaea differ from bacteria in which of the following ways?
They lack peptidoglycan.
Vacuoles function in plant cells in which of the following capacities?
They segregate toxic materials. They deal with tonicity. They store items.
Which of the following junctions would be found in the lining of the human digestive tract?
Tight junctions
_________ junctions contain protein which block substances from passing between cells.
Tight or Septate
Which of the following describes the structure of DNA inside of the cell's nucleus?
Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes
The purpose of a compound light microscope can best be described as which of the following?
To allow the visualization of cells and cellular components
The membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells is called which of the following?
Tonoplast.
True or false: Chloroplasts are the organelles that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.
True
The nuclear envelope is composed of which of the following?
Two bilayers of phospholipids
The central __________ of a plant cell is involved in maintaining the tonicity of the cell.
Vacuole
Which of the following cells are macroscopic?
Vertebrate eggs
Which of the following is a cell type that can be seen without the aid of a microscope?
Vertebrate eggs
Tight junctions are found in which of the following? Invertebrates Prokaryotes Vertebrates
Vertebrates
As a cell's size increases, its_________________ increases much more rapidly than its surface area.
Volume
Which of the following cells exhibit a crawling behavior when destroying pathogens?
White blood cells
Some bacteria produce a jelly-like protective _________ made of polysaccharide, which aids in attachment to surfaces.
capsule
The ________ _________ of a bacterium helps the organism maintain its shape and prevents the excessive loss of water.
cell wall
The cell walls of green plants are composed of a polymer of glucose called ________?
cellulose
The cell walls of plants and protists are made of the polysaccharide ____________________________ while the cell wall of fungal cells are made of the polysaccharide ___________________________.
cellulose chitin
Within the centrosome, there is a pair of structures arranged perpendicular to each other called the
centrioles
Nondividing animal cells contain a region near their nucleus called the _________________ , or microtubule-organizing center.
centrosome
Plants and algae contain organelles called ____________. Pigments in those organelles allow these organisms to perform photosynthesis.
chloroplasts
Inside the nucleus, DNA is wound tightly around proteins and packaged into compact units called
chromosomes or chromatin
The ____________ face of the Golgi apparatus is located near the endoplasmic reticulum.
cis
The _____________ of the Golgi apparatus are flattened, stacked membrane folds.
cisternae
The internal portion of the endoplasmic reticulum is known as the ________ space, or _______.
cisternal lumen
The fibrous protein, __________________, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells is also a major component of cartilage and tendons.
collagen
The inner folded membrane of the mitochondria has numerous contiguous layers called
cristae or crista
The eukaryotic cell structure involved in supporting the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles to fixed locations is the
cytoskeleton
Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to _________of substances into and out of cells.
diffusion
Scientists have proposed that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose by a process called _____________ , in which a smaller cell comes to live inside a larger cell.
endosymbiosis or endosymbiotic
Fibronectin is a glycoprotein used to attach the _______________ matrix of some cells to the plasma membrane.
extracellular
Proteins called ______ link the ECM to the cytoskeleton of a cell. In addition, they can coordinate the behavior of all cells in a particular tissue by altering gene expression and cell migration patterns.
integrins
In plants, DNA-containing organelles that lack pigment and a complex internal structure are called
leucoplasts or amyloplasts
Tay Sachs disease is a(n) _________ storage disorder caused by a lack of function of a single enzyme necessary to break down a glycolipid.
lysosome
Digestion of substances taken into the cell, break down of macromolecules in the cell, and autophagy are all performed by organelles called
lysosomes
Another term for actin filaments is
microfilaments or microfilament
The _________ are cellular organelles, which use chemical energy stored within the covalent bonds of organic molecules to produce ATP.
mitochondria or mitochondrion
The organelles that are both surrounded by a double membrane, have their own DNA, are involved in energy metabolism, and have their own protein synthesis machinery are the ___________ and _________.
mitochondria or mitochondrion chloroplasts or chloroplast
The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, collectively called the _________ __________
nuclear envelope
The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, collectively called the _____________.
nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic cells achieve compartmentalization through an extensive endomembrane system that weaves through the interior of the cell and by numerous membrane-bound ________ that form compartments where biochemical processes can occur independently.
organelles
Most bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall composed of ___________ which is a carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by polypeptides.
peptidoglycan or murein
Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with
phospholipids
Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with __________.
phospholipids
Gap junctions can typically be in the ________ _________ of a cell.
plasma membrane
Cyanobacteria have folds in their _______ ________which contain the necessary pigments for photosynthesis.
plasma membranes
The _____________ plant cell wall is laid down when the plant cell is still growing.
primary
The ________ may be called the "universal organelle" because it is found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
ribosome
Structures called _________________ are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and are the sites of polypeptide synthesis.
ribosomes
Functions that include glycoprotein production and protein sorting are characteristic of the ___________ endoplasmic reticulum.
rough
Functions that include steroid synthesis and assembly of membrane lipids are characteristic of the ________ endoplasmic reticulum (to receive credit, please spell out your answer and DO NOT include the words endoplasmic reticulum (or ER)).
smooth
In liver cells, enzymes located in the ________ endoplasmic reticulum (ER) detoxify harmful organic molecules.
smooth
Regions of the ER with relatively few bound ribosomes are referred to as __________ ER. Please spell the word out, do not fill with a single letter.
smooth
The most common alteration made in the Golgi body is addition or modification of short __________ chains.
sugar
Cells that are part of the same tissue type recognize each other based on
surface proteins.
Each granum of a chloroplast contains a few to several dozen
thylakoids.
The membrane surrounding the plant cell vacuole that contains channels for water that are used to help the cell maintain its osmotic balance is called the
tonoplast
The membrane surrounding the plant cell vacuole that contains channels for water that are used to help the cell maintain its osmotic balance is called the __________.
tonoplast
The back of the Golgi apparatus is referred to as the ________ face.
trans
Which type of RNA carries amino acids?
transfer RNA
