Bio 182 Unit 2

In the current taxonomic system, all forms of life are grouped into domains

3

Into how many domains of life are living things grouped?

3

The eukaryotic domain is divided by taxonomists into____supergroups

7

What does a branch point in a cladogram represent?

A character difference between two species

What is a taxon?

A group of related organisms at any hierarchical level

What is an ingroup?

A group of species whose evolutionary relationships are being studied

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A hypothesis depicting evolutionary relationships among species

What is a domain?

A taxonomic level above kingdom

What is a gene pool?

All of the alleles for every gene in a population

What are the three domains of life? Multiple select question. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Plantae Monera Animalia

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

What is a commonly used method to evaluate phylogenetic trees to determine evolutionary relationships?

Cladistics

With very few exceptions, cellular compartmentalization occurs only in the domain

Eukarya

What two taxonomic designations make up a species name?

Genus and species

If genes in two separate organisms are considered homologous:

If genes in two separate organisms are considered homologous:

Which of the following statements are correct about an outgroup? Multiple select question. It contains all shared derived characters found in the ingroup. It diverged after all of the species in the ingroup. It diverged prior to all of the species in the ingroup. It lacks at least one shared derived character found in the ingroup.

It diverged prior to all of the species in the ingroup. It lacks at least one shared derived character found in the ingroup.

What French naturalist proposed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

What was typical of ideas about the origin and diversity of species before the 1700s? Multiple select question. Life-forms were regarded as fixed and unchanging. People thought that each individual form of life was created and then remained the same. Modern species were seen as different but related to fossil organisms. Even though the word evolution was never used, species were thought of as always changing.

Life-forms were regarded as fixed and unchanging. People thought that each individual form of life was created and then remained the same.

What kind of data were used to create the earliest phylogenetic trees?

Morphological data

What phenotypes are favored by directional selection?

One extreme of a phenotypic range

Which of the following provides a description of the evolutionary relationships between different species?

Phylogenetic tree

With respect to vertebrae, what species in this phylogenetic tree belong to the ingroup? Multiple select question. Salmon Lizard Rabbit Lamprey Lancelet

Salmon Lizard Rabbit Lamprey

Prior to the development of tools to analyze DNA and protein sequences, which of the following provided evidence of biological evolution? Multiple select question. Molecular data Selective breeding experiments The fossil record Comparative anatomy DNA sequence differences Distribution of related species

Selective breeding experiments The fossil record Comparative anatomy Distribution of related species

How did the field of taxonomy change due to the birth of systematics?

Taxonomic groups began to be based on evolutionary relationships.

What is reproductive success?

The likelihood of contributing fertile offspring to the next generation

What is fitness?

The relative likelihood that a genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation

Which of the following statements is true for all of the species that come after a branch point in a cladogram?

They will share at least one shared derived character.

What is the purpose of systematics?

To organize groups into clades

How do analogous traits relate to convergent evolution?

Traits that arose from convergent evolution are analogous.

An allele frequency describes the frequency at which a particular occurs within a population.

allele

The term microevolution describes changes in

allele frequencies from generation to generation.

A(n) ______ structure is one that evolved independently in two evolutionary lineages and was not found in their most recent common ancestor.

analogous

Convergent evolution can result in:

analogous structurea

An analogous structure found in two species is a structure that:

arose independently in the evolutionary lineages of the two species

All forms of life are grouped into three domains

bacteria, archea, eukarya

Darwin noticed that among the Galápagos finches, the size and shape of the ______ was related to their feeding habits.

beaks

In natural selection, beneficial traits that are heritable ______ and detrimental traits that are heritable ______ in successive generations.

become more common; become less common

Darwin's observation that there were Patagonian hares but no rabbits in South America would be considered ______ evidence of evolution.

biogeographical

A(n) ______ in a cladogram represents a difference in a character between two related species

branch point

According to Lamarck, species ______ by altering their behavior in response to the environment, resulting in ______.

changed through time; acquired traits

A variant of a homologous trait used for cladistic analysis is known as a(n):

character state

n modern systematics, species are organized into monophyletic groups based on their evolutionary relationships; that is, they are organized into

clades

What term describes the classification of species based on evolutionary relationships?

cladistics

evolution occurs when two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environment

convergent

Consider two species from different lineages that have independently evolved comparable traits because they occupy similar environments. This similarity is the result of

convergent evolution

After a branch on the cladogram, each species will share a set of ______ characters that are not found in species below the branch point.

derived

Darwin's theory of evolution is also known as

descent with modification through variation and natural selection.

Darwin expressed his concept of evolution as "the theory of with through variation and natural selection."

descent, modification

In selective breeding programs, artificial selection modifies domesticated species to produce traits that are

desirable from a human perspective.

A starting population of light fur mice has a mutation that produces a brown colored mouse. This gives it a selective reproductive advantage because it less susceptible to predation and can reproduce more frequently than the light colored mice. Over many generations there is a selection for the darker colored mouse. This is an example of which of the following

directional selection

What type of selection can cause a favored allele to predominate in a population?

directional selection

Which type of selection favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range who have greater reproductive success in a particular environment?

directional stablization

In the current system used for taxonomy, all organisms are placed into three categories of life. Each of these categories is called a(n)

domain

Members of the domain usually have linear chromosomes.

eukarya

Which domain of life is subdivided into seven groups called supergroups?

eukarya

Heritable change in traits of a population from one generation to the next is called

evolution

The term refers to changes in heritable characteristics of a population over time.

evolution

Fill in the blank question. Phylogenetic trees are diagrams used to represent hypotheses about the relationships among organisms.

evolutionary

One of the goals of modern systematics is the creation of taxonomic groups that reflect ______ relationships among species.

evolutionary

What do phylogenetic trees portray?

evolutionary relationships

True or false: A character that is shared by the outgroup and the ingroup is derived.

false

A variation in ______ occurs when some genotypes result in greater reproductive success than other genotypes.

fitness

The of a population consists of all of the alleles for every gene in the population.

gene pool

Fitness is the relative likelihood that a ______ will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation.

genotype

The frequency at which homozygotes and heterozygotes occur within a population can be described by:

genotype frequencies

The scientific name of every organism consists of two components: the name, which is listed first, and the , which is listed second.

genus, species

Compared to members of the domains Archaea and Bacteria, members of the domain Eukarya:

have intracellular compartmentalization

What term describes a system of organization that involves successive levels?

hiearchy

A(n) is a similarity in an anatomical, developmental, or molecular feature that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor.

homolog

Genes in different species are if they are derived from the same ancestral gene.

homologous

Similarity that occurs due to a common ancestor is called a(n)

homology

The term refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor

homology

In a cladogram, a(n) is the group whose evolutionary relationships we wish to understand

ingroup

For a trait subject to stabilizing selection, individuals with ______ have the highest fitness.

intermediate phenotypes

Biogeography

is the study of the geographic distribution of modern and extinct species

With respect to vertebrae, which species in this phylogenetic tree is the outgroup?

lancelet

in this phylogenetic tree for chordates, the most recently diverged species that can be used as an outgroup is the

lanclet

Changes in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation are called

microevolution

Recently, what type of evidence has allowed biologists more insight into how genetic changes relate to the evolution of new species?

molecular

Before the advent of molecular sequencing, _______ data was used to establish evolutionary relationships.

morphological

By an evolutionary mechanism called , individuals with heritable, favorable traits have increased survival and reproduction, and the traits become more common in the population.

natural selection

What is the process by which beneficial traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations?

natural selection

Which of the following elements are required in a taxonomic hierarchy? binary rooting monophylectic groups nested groups successive levels

nested groups successive levels

What is a character state?

one of two or more variations of a character

In cladistics, a(n) _______ is a species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before the species whose evolutionary relationships are being studied.

outgroup

A(n) is a hypothesis depicting evolutionary relationships based on morphologic and genetic homology.

phylogenetic tree

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. A(n) is a diagram that describes the evolutionary relationships among various species.

phylogenetic tree

Biologists can construct a to represent the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species.

phylogeny

What term describes the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species?

phylogeny

A set of individuals of the same species inhabiting the same environment at the same time make up a

population

A(n) is a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and can interbreed with one another.

population

A character state shared by the outgroup and the ingroup is:

primitive

All of the following can provide evidence of biological evolution EXCEPT:

reproduction

Variation in fitness is due to the fact that some genotypes have greater success than other genotypes in a population.

reproductive

The likelihood that an individual will contribute fertile offspring to the next generation is called success.

rproductive

Considering the character of a hinged jaw, the species that make up the ingroup in this phylogenetic tree are

salmon, lizard, rabbit

Procedures in which matings or crosses are designed to modify traits in domesticated species are referred to as

selective breeding

The taxon that lies between domain and kingdom in the domain Eukarya, but not in Bacteria or Archaea, is known as the

supergroup

The groups of the taxonomic hierarchy are called

taxa

Biogeography is the study of

the geographic distribution of modern and extinct species.

Early thinkers about the diversity of life on Earth were strongly influenced by philosophy and religion and regarded life-forms as

unchanging