BIO 190 Ch. 14-16

Which of the following are mechanisms that protect the respiratory system from infection? 1. mucus, 2. mucociliary escalator, 3. peristalsis, 4. acidic environment

1, 2

Which of the following cells are important in the process of inflammation? 1. macrophages, 2. monocytes, 3. basophils/mast cells, 4. neutrophils/PMNs, 5. megakaryocytes

1, 2 ,3, 4

Place the following events in the order in which they would occur during the process of phagocytosis. 1. Chemotaxis. 2. Engulfment. 3. Digestion. 4. Attachment.

1, 4, 2, 3

Which of the following contribute to antibiotic-associated colitis? 1. Lactobacillus, 2. damage to the normal flora, 3. Clostridium difficile, 4. antibiotics damaging the intestines, 5. under-developed MALT

2, 3

Which of the following is classified as a cytokine? 1. complement, 2. interferon, 3. interleukins, 4. tumor necrosis factor, 5. catalase

2, 3 ,4

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the cell-mediated immune response? A) B cell involvement B) MHC class I molecules C) cytotoxic T cells D) CD8 molecules E) None of these are correct.

A

How long does it take for a substantial amount of antibody to accumulate after being exposed to an antigen?

Approx. 10-14 days

Which of the following is FALSE about B lymphocytes? A) They develop in the bone marrow. B) They are responsible for cell mediated immunity. C) They are associated with antibodies. D) Some B lymphocytes form memory cells. E) All of these choices are true statements.

B

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by eukaryotic parasites to avoid the human immune defenses? A) Hide (sequester) within host cells B) Produce T-helper cell degrading toxins C) Prevent antigen presentation by infected cells D) Periodic changes in surface antigens (antigenic shift) E) Parasite cells coat themselves with host ('self') antigens

B

Which of the following statements about apoptosis is FALSE? A) It refers to the programmed cell death. B) It induces inflammation. C) It induces phagocytosis of cells by macrophages. D) It induces membrane budding. E) It damages DNA.

B

Which of the following substances is produced by the cells in our body and interferes with the multiplication of viruses by stimulating the production of antiviral proteins? A) antivirase B) interferon C) inhibitase D) complement E) multiplicase

B

Which of the following substances is produced by the cells in our body and interferes with the multiplication of viruses? A) antivirase B) interferon C) inhibitase D) complement E) multiplicase

B

A plasma cell is a ____ cell that has matured and produces _____.

B antibodies

Cells that mature to produce immunoglobulins/antibodies are called

B cells

Which of the following is NOT an example of an innate defense mechanism? A) skin B) mucous membranes C) antibodies/immunoglobulins D) inflammation E) flushing action of tears, saliva, and urine

C

Fungi in the normal flora, such as the yeast Candida albicans are capable of causing disease in the compromised host. An example of a compromised host would be a A) diabetic patient. B) newborn infant. C) patient receiving antibiotic treatment. D) All of these choices are correct.

D

Which is NOT true about the incubation period of a disease? A) It is the time between contracting an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms. B) Its duration may depend on the health condition of the host. C) Its duration will vary depending on the pathogen. D) It is always a period between three and ten days.

D

Which of the following statements about complement is FALSE? A) It damages plasma membranes of foreign cells. B) It is involved in the development of inflammation. C) It can bind to the surface of microbes and promote phagocytosis. D) It is an immune process that is specific to the invading microbe. E) It is a cascade pathway

D

Which of the following statements about inflammation is FALSE? A) The same sequence of events occurs in response to any injury, whether it is a burn, an infection, or a trauma. B) The signs of inflammation are pain, redness, swelling, heat, and possibly loss of function. C) Cytokines, histamine, complement, and other chemical mediators are released. D) Monocytes are the first cells to arrive from the bloodstream at the site of inflammation. E) The purpose of inflammation is to remove foreign invaders and heal the damaged tissue.

D

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) T helper cells release cytokines. B) T helper cells activate specific B cells. C) T helper cells are antigen specific. D) T helper cells kill virus-infected cells. E) T helper cells have CD4 on the cell surface.

D

All of the following are true statements about macrophages EXCEPT: A) They are found in most tissues of the body. B) They can live for weeks to months. C) To ingest large particles or to fight chronic infections, they can fuse together and form giant cells. D) Macrophages play an important role in both innate and adaptive immunity. E) They are not present until infection occurs.

E

All of the following are ways that a fever is important in our defense against infections EXCEPT: A) It increases the production of T-lymphocytes. B) It intensifies the effect of interferon. C) It can inhibit the growth of some microbes. D) It increases the body's reactions and increases the rate of tissue repair. E) It denatures the enzymes of bacteria and viruses

E

All of the following statements are true about innate immunity EXCEPT: A) These responses are not directed specifically to the infectious agent. B) These responses are not affected by prior exposure to the agent. C) These responses are innate or inborn. D) These responses are operating constantly to prevent the establishment of any infection. E) All of these choices are correct.

E

Antibodies A) are proteins. B) recognize and bind to foreign substances. C) can enhance phagocytosis. D) neutralize toxins. E) All of these choices are correct.

E

Immunoglobins A) are proteins. B) recognize and bind to foreign substances. C) increase phagocytosis. D) neutralize toxins. E) All of these choices are correct.

E

The normal flora in the urethra includes all of the following EXCEPT: A) Streptococcus B) Bacteroides C) Escherichia D) Mycobacterium E) All of these are correct.

E

The outcome of an infection may depend on which of the following? A) ability of the pathogen to colonize the host B) response of the host to the pathogen C) toxin production by the pathogen D) immune response avoidance capacity of the pathogen E) All of these choices are correct.

E

Which of the following statements about Toll-like receptors is TRUE? A) They are important for innate immunity. B) They recognize compounds on bacteria. C) They are found on the surface of macrophages. D) They promote chemokine production. E) All of these choices are correct (true statements)

E

Which statement about inflammation is FALSE? A) The same sequence of events occurs in response to any injury, whether it is a burn, an infection, or a trauma. B) The signs of inflammation are pain, redness, swelling, heat, and possibly loss of function. C) Cytokines, histamine, complement, and other chemical mediators are released. D) Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive from the bloodstream at the site of inflammation. E) None of these choices are correct.

E

____ are descendants of activated lymphocytes with the ability to produce specific cytokines or other protective substances.

Effector lymphocytes

Who coined the term "antitoxin"?

Emil von Behring

T/F: Balanced pathogenicity is when the pathogen becomes more virulent and the host becomes less susceptible.

False

T/F: Interleukins are produced by thrombocytes and are important in innate and adaptive immunity.

False

Which of the following is important in eliminating parasites, particularly helminths?

IgE

Which of the following can cross the placenta, thus protecting the developing fetus against infection?

IgG

Anti-idiotype antibodies are naturally-occurring antibodies that stick to the antigen-binding sites of specific antibodies. What is their probable effect on the adaptive immune response?

Interferes with the binding of antibodies to antigens

___ are cytoplasmic proteins that detect viral RNA.

RIG-like receptors

CD4 cells are

T helper cells

Adenovirus has genes that suppress expression of class I MHC molecules. This helps Adenoviruses evade the immune response by

T-cytotoxic cells

Food sterilization studies have shown that killing bacteria found on foods does not always prevent illness caused by contaminated food. Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation?

The bacteria may leave behind toxic products not destroyed by sterilization

A study in Central America showed that the diarrhea-causing bacteria survive better when growing with large populations of aquatic fungi. Which of the following statements best explains this observation?

The fungi somehow help the bacteria through a commensal or mutualistic relationship

An antibody is a _____ protein

Y-shaped

An antigen is

a molecule that reacts specifically with an antibody or immune lymphocyte

Which of the following creates "mouthfuls" of antigens making it easier for phagocytosis to occur? A) neutralization. B) opsonization. C) immobilization. D) aggregation. E) None of these are correct.

aggregation

Colostrum, or mother's milk, is highly recommended for infants because it contains

antibodies against various pathogens

The humoral response of human immunity produces

antibody proteins

Antihistamines are used to decrease the inflammatory response. Which cell's function is directly blocked by antihistamine treatments?

basophils

The Fab region of an antibody

binds to the antigen

Microbes can typically be found in each of the following areas of the human body EXCEPT the A) large intestine. B) oral cavity. C) blood. D) urine.

blood

Phagocytic white blood cells move toward chemicals released from infectious agents. This movement is called

chemotaxis

The movement of phagocytes in the direction of an infection due to their attraction to complement, chemicals released by microorganisms, and the remnants of damaged cell membranes is a process called

chemotaxis

In this type of ecological relationship, one species benefits while the other is unaffected

commensalism

IgM

controls bloodstream infections

Dendritic cells and macrophages start the immune response by

degrading foreign proteins and presenting them on MHC class II proteins.

T/F: The secondary lymphoid organs include the bone marrow and thymus

false

Opsonization

helps improve phagocytosis of bacteria

A type of cytotoxin that destroys red blood cells is called a

hemolysin

Molecular Koch's Postulates were developed to

identify virulence factors associated with pathogenic strains of bacteria.

Weakness in the innate or adaptive defenses can leave a person open to invasion. This person is

immunocompromised

When a parasitic organism grows and multiplies on or in the body of the host, a state of ___ exists.

infection

When a parasitic organism grows and multiplies on or in the body of the host, a state of ____ exists.

infection

Humans are born with some general host defenses that are not specifically directed at a particular infectious agent. These defenses are considered

innate

A group of cytokines released by leukocytes that function to induce fever, signal the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow in large numbers, and stimulate macrophages to release cytokines are called

interleukins

IgE is

involved with the allergic reaction

A protein found in milk, mucus secretions, and saliva that binds to iron, thus making it unavailable for microbial growth is called

lactoferrin

This part of the bacterial cell wall is responsible for the toxicity of some bacteria:

lipid A of LPS

An enzyme found in our tears, saliva, serum, and mucus that degrades the peptidoglycan of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is called

lysozyme

The maternal IgG antibodies decrease in a child as he gets older because

maternal antibodies are cleared from the child's system within 6 moths of birth

Actin molecules in a host cell's cytoplasm rearranging so bacterial cells can enter the intestinal walls describes

membrane ruffling

The type of leukocyte that is found in the tissues throughout the body, is actively phagocytic, and constitutes the mononuclear phagocyte system is the

monocyte

The type of ecological relationship Escherichia coli exhibits with the normal human host is best referred to as

mutualism

The granulocytes that are actively phagocytic and the most numerous of the leukocytes circulating in the blood are the __________.

neutrophils/polymorphonuclear cells

Clonal selection

occurs with both T cells and B cells

Commensal relationships are those which

one species benefits, but the other is unaffected

Organisms that cause disease only when introduced into an unusual location or into an immunologically compromised host may best be described as

opportunists or opportunistic pathogens

Complement and immunoglobulins can coat the outer surface of a microorganism to encourage attachment by neutrophils and other phagocytes. This enhancement of phagocytosis is called

opsonization

An epitope is

part of the antigen that is bound by the antibody

Microbes such as Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, that cause disease whenever they are present in a host are referred to as

primary pathogens

Bacillus anthracis, Shigella dysenteriae, and Bordetella pertussis

produce cytotoxins

Smoking inhibits the action of cilia. This would most likely impair the innate defenses of which body system?

respiratory

If a child has chickenpox and contracts a staphylococcal infection associated with the pox, the staphylococcal infection would be classified as

secondary

When classifying the effects of a disease, a rash is considered a

sign

When symptoms do not occur or are mild enough to go unnoticed, the infection may be considered

subclinical

A genetically engineered drug that binds to the heavy chain of IgE would be most useful for

treating allergies

T/F: The hygiene hypothesis proposes that insufficient exposure to microbes can lead to allergies.

true