BIO 202 Ch. 22 Resp System
What equation represents the alveolar ventilation rate?
(volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (resp rate)
What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2?
95 mm Hg
According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following? A. Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2 B. CO2 released from carbaminohemoglobin in the erythrocytes C. CO2 released from carbamino compounds in the plasma D. CO2 carried in the plasma as dissolved gas
A
The larynx is located: A. btw the laryngopharynx and the trachea B. btw the pharynx and nasal cavity C. btw the pharynx and nasal cavity
A
Which is true about carbon dioxide loading? A. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of Co2 and H2O into bicarbonate and H ions B. CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma C. Carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into RBCs D. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3) bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside RBCs
A
Which of these occurs during exhalation? A. Lung volume decrease, intrapulmonary pressure increases B. Lung volume decrease, intrapulmonary pressure decreases C. Lung volume remains constant and air expands D. Lung volume increase, intrapulmonary pressure increases
A
Which term describes the ear w/ which lung tissue expands during breathing? A. Pulmonary compliance B. Compartmentalization C. Angiogenesis D. Ventilation- perfusion coupling
A
________ is the collapse of a lobe or lung due equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure
Atelactasis
A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing? A. passive B. forced C. eupneal D. quiet
B
Contraction of the diaphragm leads to which of the following? A. apnea B. inspiration C. reflexive coughing D. expiration
B
Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about 2/3rds of pulmonary airflow? A. Intercostal muscles B. Diaphragm C. Erector spinae D. Scalene muscles
B
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus? A. alveolus B. lobe C. bronchopulmonary segment D. pulmonary lobule
B
How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in btw two nasal conchae? Select all that apply A. it is absorbed B. it is warmed C. it is humidified D. it is cleaned
B, C, D
The respiratory system does which of the following? Select all that apply A. influences calcium metabolism B. assists in the removal of carbon dioxide C. plays a role in the regulating bp D. functions in vocalization and speech E. supplies the body with oxygen
B, C, D, E
Which structures are part of the conducting zone to the resp system? Select all that apply A. alveoli B. trachea C. main bronchi D. pharynx E. larynx
B, C, D, E
The functional residual capacity is obtained by adding together which of the following respiratory volumes? Select all that apply. A. Tidal volume B. Residual volume C. Inspiratory reserve volume D. Expiratory reserve volume
B, D
Which structures are responsible for generating sounds w/in larynx? Select all that apply A. vestibular ligaments B. vocal folds C. vestibular folds D. vocal cords
B, D
Which are components of the upper resp tract? Select all that apply A. alveoli B. pharynx C. trachea D. larynx E. bronchi F. nasal cavity
B, D, F
Besides keeping food out of airway, the larynx is also responsible for? A. filtering the air B. absorbing oxygen C. producing speech D. detecting odors
C
Which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung? A. Alveolar macrophages B. Type I alveolar cells C. Type II alveolar cells D. Chondrocytes
C
You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law?
Charles's Law
Peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following? A. High blood pH values B. Low levels of blood CO2 C. High levels of blood O2 D. High levels of blood CO2
D
Which factor is typically responsible for setting the resp rate in healthy individuals? A. Arterial blood pH B. PCO2 of arterial blood C. PO2 of arterial blood D. Cerebrospinal fluid pH
D
List the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air enters the lung?
Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole
What is the function of the trachealis muscle?
They constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air
The central __________ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid
chemoreceptors
The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called _______. The upward beating of these structures move the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.
cilia
Which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the soft tissue btw the arytenoids and epiglottis?
cunieform
The respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following? a. Larynx b. pharynx c. nostrils d. alveoli
d
Relaxation of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity which leads to which of the following?
expiration
When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This process is known as ________
expiration
The ______ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral resp group
expiratory
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the _________ _________ volume
expiratory reserve
T/F: All of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary
false
T/F: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure
false
T/F: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary w/ circumstances w/in a given individual.
false
T/F: the residual volume may be exhaled w/ a forceful expiration
false
T/F: the pleural cavity contains the lungs
false; it wraps around the lung
Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled?
forced expiratory volume
Deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide, whereas oxygenated blood has a lower carbon dioxide carrying capacity. This phenomenon is known as the _______ effect
haldane
_____ law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air
henry's
The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the ________ capacity
inspiratory
In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical valve?
inspiratory reserve volume
Which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration?
internal and external intercostals
What describes the action of carbonic anhydrase?
it converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?
laryngopharynx
The oropharynx contains _________ tonsils
lingual
Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food?
nasopharynx
Where are the sensory receptors for small located?
olfactory epithelium
Which terms receptors for small located?
olfactory epithelium
BPG promotes which of the following?
oxygen unloading
Which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present?
partial pressure
Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called _____________ chemoreceptors
peripheral
The __________ tonsil(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx
pharyngeal
Which segment of the resp system extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink?
pharynx
Which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and resp zones that have been damaged by disease?
physiological dead space
The layer of serous membrane called the parietal _______ lines the thoracic cavity
pleura
The visceral ______ covers the lung surface
pleura
What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?
pleura
A(n) ________ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity
pnemothorax
Which tissue lines the nasopharynx?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Which process is facilitated by the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree?
quiet exhalation
What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity?
residual volume + vital capacity
Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?
resp division
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of what system?
respiratory
________ _______ are the first airways capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles
What term refers to one complete breath, in and out?
respiratory cycle
Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in the which primary bronchus?
right
Ambient (outside) air at 22 degrees C is inhaled. The gas are warmed to body temp (37.5 degrees C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air?
the volume will increase
The laryngeal prominence (also called the "adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the ______ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.
thyroid
________ volume is the volume or air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle
tidal
What is the role of erectile tissue w/in inferior nasal conchae?
to alternate airflow btw 2 nasal fossae
T/F: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops
true
The _____ resp group sets the basal resp rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the potinent and/or dorsal resp groups
ventral
The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the _____ capacity
vital
_________ refers to a shift in pH of blood above 7.45
alkalosis
most of the surface area for gas exchange w/in the resp system is found w/in the many ________ of the lungs
alveoli
The nasal vestibule is located in which portion of the nasal cavity?
anterior
Where is the trachea located?
anterior to the esophagus
Movement of the _______ cartilages results in abduction or adduction of the vocal folds
arytenoid
Why does air flow into lungs during respiration?
atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area
The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm
base
Where are the resp control centers located?
brainstem
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?
bronchopulmonary segment
What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin?
carboxyhemoglobin
The dense support material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of what type of tissue?
cartilage
The posterior nasal apertures are also called the _________
choanae
The _________ zone of the resp system serves only for airflow. It is incapable of gas exchange btw the air and circulatory system
conducting
Which are paired, horn-shaped cartilages that articulate w/ the arytenoid cartilages?
corniculate cartilages
What is the role of the epiglottis?
covers the glottis when swallowing
The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the ___________ cartilage
cricoid
_____ law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases
dalton's
The ____ resp group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the resp rate accordingly
dorsal
The ____________ is an elastic cartilage structure in the larynx which helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing
epiglottis
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?
eupnea
When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This process is known as _______.
exhalation
_______ hypoxia is caused by inadequate pulmonary gas exchange
hypoxemic
The trachea, primary bronchi, and alveoli sacs all belong to what?
lower resp tract
The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the _________ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart
medial
What is the respiratory membrane?
membrane thru which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
Where does voluntary control of respiration originate?
primary motor cortex
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?
reduces surface tension
The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?
three
What is the function of coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule?
to trap dust, microbes, and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired
Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?
trachea
The ______ is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages
trachealis
T/F: The chloride shift allows RBCs to continue to produce carbonic acid
true
When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds?
when they are relaxed
Why do women usually have higher pitched voices as compared to men?
women have shorter and thinner vocal cords
The nasal septum is composed of which of the following types of tissue? Select all that apply A. fibrocartilage B. bone C. hyaline cartilage D. dense connective tissue E. elastic cartilage
B, C
Which are examples of obstructive lung disorders? Select all that apply. A. Asthma B. Chronic bronchitis C. Tuberculosis D. Black lung disease
A, B
Name the lobes of human right lung. Select all that apply A. inferior B. superior C. middle D. horizontal E. lateral
A, B, C
Which structures enter the lung at the hilum? Select all that apply. A. Nerves B. lymphatic vessels C. Blood vessels D. Bronchioles
A, B, C
Which are considered principal organs of the respiratory system. Select all that apply A. Larynx B. Lungs C. Pharynx D. Urethra E. Esophagus F. Trachea
A, B, C, F
_____ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35
Acidosis
What is the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) resp group?
Adjusts resp rate; Adjusts resp rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex; Adjusts resp rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors
As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law?
Boyle's Law
Which ligament joins larynx to trachea?
Cricotracheal
Identify the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx.
Cricotracheal,Thyrohyoid
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following? A. Esophagus B. Trachea C. Primary bronchi D. Bronchioles
D
What term refers to an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Hypercapnia
The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is btw 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg?
Hypocapnia
The ________ maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles. The depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination, and defecation
Valsalva
Which receptors associated with resp system respond to inflation of alveoli?
stretch receptors
Name the lobes of the human left lung
superior and inferior
Pulmonary ____________ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension
surfactant
The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?
surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities
What is the function of mucociliary escalator?
sweeps mucus toward the pharynx to be swallowed
What is the distal most portion of the resp system that is incapable of gas exchange?
terminal bronchioles
What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?
tertiary bronchus
What describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Why do lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?
the cohesion of eater causes the visceral pleura to cling to parietal pleura
