Bio Ch 26

polymerase chain reaction

DNA fingerprinting is useful for CSI studies and evolutionary studies. But to do these you must first use the ___________ to get enough of the target DNA

short tandem repeat

GATAGATAGATA is an example of

RNA or a protein

a gene's final product can be either the three types of

DNA fingerprint

a pattern of distinctive bands is formed when DNA is forced through a porous gel material. these bands are called a

vector

a piece of DNA that can be manipulated such that foreign DNA can be added to it is called a

recombinant

a segment of DNA containing genes from both mice and humans would be called

plasmid

an accessory ring of DNA in bacteria, often used as a vector in gene cloning is a(n)

transgenic organisms

another name for genetically modified organisms is

cancer, cystic fibrosis, and blood diseases

drugs may soon be available to treat what as a result of gene pharming

biotechnology products

genetically modified organisms produce products that are referred to as

protein

homologous genes are different genes that code for the same _________

cloning

identical twins and members of a bacteria colony in a petri dish are considered examples of

transgenic bacteria

if a bacteria expresses a cloned gene, it is referred to as a(n)

protoplasts

immature plant embryos, plant cells with their cell wall removed

microinjecting foreign DNA directly into egg cells, and vortex mixing of animal cells with foreign DNA

methods of creating genetically modified animals are

introns

often spliced out in the process of making functionals mRNA transcript

Transgenic

organism that contains foreign DNA

model organisms

organisms used in genetic analysis because of their cellular/genetic mechanism similarities to humans

antibodies against ebola virus, antibody to deliver radioisotopes to tumor cells, and treatment of genital herpes

products produced by transgenic plants are

proteins of a species

proteomics is the study of all of the

telomeres

repetitive DNA sequences found near the ends of chromosomes and are thought to help maintain their structural stability

cleave the vector DNA

restriction enzymes are used to

hybrid crops, increased crop yield, stronger crops, and production of human proteins

some of the uses of genetically modified plants are

exons

spliced together to produce a mRNA transcript that will undergo translation

functional genomics

the aim of __________ ______________ is to understand the function of the carious genes discovered within each genomic sequence

genome

the complete genetic makeup of any organism or virus is called its

proteome

the entire collection of proteins resulting from translation of genes is called a(n)

nucleotides and DNA polymerase

the main components necessary for the polymerase chain reaction to occur are

gene pharming

the production of pharmaceuticals using transgenic animals is called

1. DNA denaturation 2. DNA hybridization with primers 3. DNA extension by DNA polymerase

the steps in the polymerase chain reaction in the correct order

polymerase chain reaction

the technique that uses DNA polymerase with heating/cooling cycles to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA is called

Recombinant DNA

the type of DNA that contains DNA from two or more different sources is called

gene cloning

the type of cloning through which identical copies of a functional unit of DNA are made is called

DNA ligase

this enzyme is used during recombinant DNA production to seal openings created by restriction enzymes

foreign DNA/electrical current

transgenic plants can be produced by allowing protoplasts to be suspended in a liquid containing ________ _______ and exposing it to a(n) ____________ ___________.

genetic profile

used to show an individual's genome

gel electrophoresis

used to study fragments of DNA, which separate according to their sizes on the gel

bioinformatics

uses computer technologies to analyze genomic and proteomic information

determining evolutionary relationships, comparing genomes over time, and finding model organisms to test human gene therapies

uses of comparative genomics include:

a root of a single hair, a flake of skin, a drop of semen

what can be used from crime scene investigations using PCR analyses

bacteria

which transgenic organisms are being used to produce insulin, give frost-resistance to plants, confer pesticide resistance to plants, and clean up oil spills

1. the end product of some DNA is RNA (not a protein) 2. some prokaryotes have RNA genes 3. genes can be split across several loci across the genome

why do we need a broader definition of gene